Natural Substances

Agua en todas sus formas: bebida, ríos, mares, lluvia, diluvios y purificación ritual; el líquido elemental de vida y juicio

Plata como metal precioso; por extensión, dinero o moneda pesada para pago, compra o redención.

Oro; el metal precioso, ya sea mineral en bruto, material refinado, moneda o patrón figurado de valor.

Piedra — roca como material u objeto para construir, lanzar o erigir memoriales; también pesa estándar y, en sentido figurado, título divino.

Cobre o bronce como metal bruto y material labrado; en forma dual, grillos de bronce para atar prisioneros.

Polvo, tierra seca o suelo suelto; materia de la creación y mortalidad humana; también escombro o polvo fino.

Agua; la sustancia natural esencial, usada literal y simbólicamente para vida, purificación y bautismo.

El sustantivo hebreo צוּר se ancla en la solidez de la piedra: un peñasco, un risco escarpado, un lugar donde uno se esconde del enemigo o donde Dios

Hierro — el metal en forma bruta, trabajada o figurada, que simboliza fuerza, dureza y severidad inflexible.

Piedra, roca -- trozo de roca natural, labrada para construcción, preciosa o empleada figuradamente para dureza y rechazo.

Peñasco, risco o formación rocosa grande; metafóricamente, Dios como refugio seguro; también la ciudad edomita Sela (Petra).

Diente o dientes; marfil; peñasco escarpado o risco puntiagudo; también un tenedor (para carne). Parte de la imagen física de una punta afilada y sali

Lluvia; precipitación enviada o retenida por Dios, considerada como bendición sobre la tierra o instrumento de juicio

Sustantivo hebreo estándar para la lluvia en todas sus manifestaciones ordinarias: desde las lluvias del diluvio de Noé (Gn 7:12) hasta los aguaceros

Sal; la sustancia mineral usada para sazonar, conservar y como símbolo de pacto, además frecuente en nombres geográficos (Mar Muerto, Valle de la Sal)

Tarsis — un puerto marítimo distante que simboliza el comercio ultramarino lejano, frecuentemente identificado con Tartesos en España

Humo — vapor visible que se eleva del fuego, presencia teofánica, ciudades incendiadas, o como figura de lo transitorio y la ira

Oro (arameo); el metal precioso, usado en Daniel y Esdras para vasos de oro, estatuas y ornamentación real.

Ceniza; residuo en polvo de la combustión, usado ritualmente para purificación y como señal de duelo o humildad.

Nubes tenues, cielos o firmamento; raramente polvo fino — de la raíz que significa 'pulverizar'

Plata como metal o moneda; dinero en general, ya sean monedas literales o riqueza figurada.

Hierro (el metal), usado en Daniel para la fuerza aplastante del cuarto reino y para cadenas e ídolos. El cognado arameo del hebreo barzel, que aparec

Nieve — el fenómeno meteorológico y un símil bíblico omnipresente de blancura, pureza y limpieza.

De oro, hecho de oro — adjetivo que describe objetos fabricados con oro o recubiertos de oro. Χρύσεος (contraído χρυσοῦς) es el adjetivo que significa

Cerámica, alfarería o tiesto; vasijas de barro o sus fragmentos rotos, que a menudo simbolizan la fragilidad humana ante Dios.

Enviar lluvia o hacer llover; hacer llover juicio destructivo desde el cielo; ser llovido. El verbo hebreo מָטַר en la raíz Hifil capta el dominio sob

Denario: moneda romana de plata equivalente aproximadamente al salario de un dia de un jornalero comun. El δηνάριον era la moneda estandar de plata ro

Arcilla, mortero o lodo; material terroso moldeado por alfareros, usado en construcción o hallado como barro en las calles. חֹמֶר es una de las palabr

Lana — el vellón de oveja como materia prima, producto textil o imagen de blancura. Designa el vellón fibroso de las ovejas tanto en usos prácticos co

Roca, peña, acantilado; una gran masa sólida de piedra, usada literalmente y como metáfora de fundamento firme. Se refiere a una gran masa inamovible

Cenizas grasientas (de ofrendas sacrificiales); gordura, riqueza, abundancia (de bendición divina o fertilidad)

Humo; el vapor visible que se eleva del fuego, usado en contextos de gloria teofánica, juicio y destrucción apocalíptica. Es la palabra griega común p

Plata, dinero — el metal precioso usado como material y moneda (arameo). Sustantivo arameo para la plata, que aparece exclusivamente en Daniel y Esdra

χρυσίον — oro; el metal precioso, ya sea en bruto, refinado o labrado en objetos. El sustantivo neutro χρυσίον ('oro') es un diminutivo de χρυσός pero

Homer, medida de áridos de unos 220 litros (10 efas); también barro o argamasa

Mirra: resina aromática costosa del árbol Commiphora, usada en el aceite sagrado, perfumes y preparación funeraria

Piedra labrada, sillería — bloques cortados y escuadrados para construcción monumental

Zafiro, lapislázuli — piedra preciosa de intenso color azul muy apreciada en el arte y culto del antiguo Cercano Oriente

Ónice o piedra preciosa bandeada, usada en las vestiduras del sumo sacerdote y entre los tesoros del Edén

Oro -- el metal precioso, ya sea como sustancia material, medio de intercambio o simbolo de valor supremo. El sustantivo χρυσός (chrysos) se refiere a

Cobre o bronce; término poético para el metal usado figuradamente para expresar fuerza, dureza u obstinación inflexible

Perla; gema preciosa formada en un molusco, usada literal y figuradamente para expresar valor espiritual supremo.

Mina; antigua unidad de peso y moneda equivalente a unas 100 dracmas, usada en la parabola de Jesus sobre las minas.

Barro, arcilla; sustantivo arameo para material cerámico, usado exclusivamente en la visión de la estatua de Nabucodonosor (Dn 2).

Bronce o cobre (arameo), usado en Daniel para la imaginería metálica de la estatua de Nabucodonosor y visiones afines.

Escoria o impureza metálica; el residuo que se separa del metal durante la fundición, usado figuradamente para la impureza moral.

Plomo, el metal pesado de color gris azulado, mencionado en contextos de metalurgia, inscripción permanente y mercancías comerciales.

Sal: la sustancia mineral usada para sazonar, conservar y como metáfora de fidelidad al pacto e influencia moral.

Piedra (arameo); piedra de construcción o piedra sobrenatural, usada en Esdras para el templo y en Daniel para la roca mesiánica.

Lluvia tardía, lluvia de primavera; los aguaceros de marzo-abril esenciales para madurar el grano antes de la cosecha.

Llover, enviar lluvia desde el cielo; mojar o humedecer con líquido (especialmente lágrimas).

Azufre (piedra de azufre); sustancia combustible asociada al juicio divino, la purificación y el fuego apocalíptico.

Dinero, riquezas, bienes — posesiones medidas en valor monetario, desde propiedades hasta la moneda misma.

Muladar, montón de cenizas, basurero; lugar de desechos que simboliza pobreza extrema y degradación.

Vellón; la lana esquilada de una oveja, usado exclusivamente en el relato de Gedeón como señal divina

Azufre; mineral combustible asociado con el juicio divino y la destrucción catastrófica

Piedras preciosas, corales o perlas; gemas de gran valor usadas figuradamente para la sabiduría y la mujer virtuosa.

Piedra preciosa de color amarillo verdoso, probablemente crisólito o berilo; presente en vestiduras sacerdotales y visiones teofánicas.

Lodo, barro; tierra blanda y húmeda que puede moldearse o aplicarse, usada exclusivamente en Juan 9 para la sanidad del ciego.

Polvo fino, partículas en el aire levantadas por viento o pisadas; usado literal y figuradamente del juicio divino.

Estaño, aleación o escoria; metal base separado del mineral precioso, también usado como peso de plomada.

estiércol, abono; usado figuradamente para cadáveres o muertos dejados insepultos sobre el suelo como desecho

Oro, oro fino; sinónimo poético de זָהָב usado en la literatura sapiencial para expresar el valor material supremo.

Humear, echar humo — de montes ante la presencia teofánica de Dios; figuradamente, arder de ira.

Aguaceros copiosos o lluvia abundante, siempre en plural; usado literal y figuradamente de bendición e influencia.

Plata, como metal precioso o material; usada para monedas, ídolos y materiales de construcción en el NT.

Polvo levantado del suelo; nube de partículas finas alzadas por el movimiento o el viento.

De hierro; que describe objetos o instrumentos hechos de hierro, a menudo transmitiendo fuerza o autoridad inquebrantable.

ὑετός — lluvia, especialmente aguacero abundante; precipitación enviada o retenida por voluntad divina

cobre, bronce o latón — metal base y, por extensión, monedas u objetos fabricados con él

frasco de alabastro; pequeño recipiente sin asas para perfume, típicamente tallado en piedra de alabastro

sin agua, seco, árido; que carece de agua, usado para lugares desolados y metafóricamente para agentes espiritualmente estériles

Jaspe; piedra preciosa o semipreciosa usada en Apocalipsis para simbolizar el resplandor divino y el esplendor celestial

Pedregoso, rocoso; describe terreno poco profundo con una fina capa de tierra sobre roca madre.

Dárico o dracma; moneda de oro usada en las donaciones para la reconstrucción del templo en época posexílica.

salar, sazonar con sal

piedra preciosa, posiblemente turquesa, rubí o carbunclo; aparece en el pectoral del sumo sacerdote y en descripciones simbólicas

Topacio; piedra preciosa amarilla o dorada, posiblemente crisólito, muy valorada en la antigüedad

cal, encalado; óxido de calcio producido al quemar piedra caliza o huesos, usado para recubrir piedras o como metáfora de consumo total

salar, preservar con sal; sazonar o ser salado

De plata, hecho de plata; objetos argénteos

dracma, moneda griega de plata equivalente al salario de un día, usada en la parábola de la moneda perdida

barranco escarpado, precipicio; una pendiente abrupta o acantilado que cae a pico

leptón; la moneda griega de cobre más pequeña, equivalente a aproximadamente 1/128 de un denario

De piedra; hecho o construido con piedra como material

ceniza; el residuo en polvo que queda tras la combustion, usado en rituales de duelo o purificacion

Vidrioso, hecho de vidrio o cristal; que tiene la apariencia o sustancia del vidrio

Piedrecita, guijarro; usado para votar o como ficha; también piedra preciosa

cornerina, rubi; piedra preciosa de color rojo, posiblemente sardio

brea, alquitrán (sustancia bituminosa)

betún, asfalto, brea (producto natural del petróleo usado para impermeabilizar)

grava, piedrecillas (usado figuradamente para expresar penalidad)

Lluvia temprana, lluvias de otoño en Palestina (octubre-diciembre), opuesta a la lluvia tardía de primavera

jaspe, piedra preciosa (préstamo del persa, posiblemente similar al jade)

Escarcha, hielo blanco formado por la congelación del rocío

Lluvia temprana, lluvia otoñal al inicio de la temporada de siembra

Talla, labrado; piedra labrada o de cantera

Sal (arameo)

Muladar, estercolero o montón de ruinas y escombros

Sela, ciudad fortaleza en Edom; posiblemente Petra

quesitá, unidad antigua de valor o peso (posiblemente plata)

asarion, pequeña moneda romana de cobre que vale aproximadamente 1/16 de denario

vapor, neblina, exhalación, humo

no amante del dinero, libre del amor a la plata, sin codicia por las riquezas

lluvia, precipitación, agua de lluvia, aguacero

moneda de dos dracmas; el impuesto del templo de medio siclo pagado anualmente por varones judíos

ἔριον, τό, Ionic dialect εἴριον Refs 8th c.BC+:— wool, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐρίῳ στέψαντες, i.e. with woollen fillets, Refs 8th c.BC+; εἴρια ῥυπαρά, ἔρια οἰσυπηρά, greasy wool, Refs 5th c.BC+; τἄρια, crasis for τὰ ἔ., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. πεπταμένα outspread flocks of wool, Refs 4th c.BC+cotton, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἔ. [τῆς ἀράχνης] a spider's web, Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὰ ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ἔ., of the byssus of the pinna, Refs 4th c.AD+; Latin vervex perhaps not cognate)

καταχράομαι, Delph. καταχρέομαι Refs 2nd c.BC+: future - χρήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+perfect -κέχρημαι both in active and passive senses (see.below): aorist -εχρήσθην (see.belowRefs:—make full use of, apply, τινὶ εἰς.., ἐπί.., πρός τι, Refs 5th c.BC+; μάρτυσι κ. πρὸς τὸ.. Refs 4th c.BC+; λόγους.. οἷσπερ νυνὶ κατακέχρηται (in active sense) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect participle in passive sense, ἐξεύρημα.. Ἀθήνησιν.. κατακεχρημένον ἐν συμποσίοις ἰδίᾳ 'στί is fashionable at private banquets there, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II do what one likes with a person or thing, καταχρήσασθέ μοι, εἰ δοκῶ τοιοῦτος εἶναι Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 use up, consume, of money, etc., with accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κρέα ἐν τὰν δαμοθοινίαν Refs 2nd c.BC+; lay out, apply money, εἴς τι Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐνταῦθα on this, Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect in active sense, ὅσα κατακέχρημαι Ἀθήνησι Refs 3rd c.AD+:—passive, to be spent, consumed, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 misuse, abuse, Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]; κ. ὀνόματι use it in a wrong sense, misapply it, Refs 5th c.BC+; fall into an error, Refs 6th c.AD+misappropriate, Refs __II.4 of persons, in bad sense, make away with, destroy, kill, with accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, aorist -χρησθῆναι, ἐδέοντό μιν κ. requested that he might be put to death, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III pretend, allege, ὡς.. Refs 4th c.BC+; ὅτι.. Refs __B active καταχράω only Ionic dialect, used only in 3rd.pers. singular, ἀντὶ λόφου ἡ λοφιὴ κατέχρα the mane sufficed them for a crest, Refs 5th c.BC+; elsewhere impersonal, it suffices, οὐδέ οἱ καταχρήσει.. ὑμέων ἀπέχεσθαι nor will he be satisfied to keep his hands off you, Refs; ὥς οἱ καταχρᾷ εἰ βούλονται that it is sufficient for him, if.., Refs; καταχρήσει it will suffice, Refs 3rd c.BC+

κεφάλαι-ος [ᾰ], α, ον, (κεφαλή) of the head: metaphorically, principal, chief, ῥῆμα κ. (with a play on κεφαλίτης λίθος) Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ότατος variant in Refs 5th c.BC+ __II mostly substantive κεφάλαιον, τό, ={κεφαλή}, head, parts about the head, especially of fish, θύννου κ. τοδί Callias Comedy texts Refs 5th c.BC+; of an infant, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 chief or main point, κ. δὴ παιδείας λέγομεν τὴν ὀρθὴν τροφήν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in speaking or writing, sum, gist of the matter, κεφάλαια λόγων Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κ. συγγράφων Εὐριπίδῃ drawing up the heads of the play, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κεφαλαίῳ, or ὡς ἐν κ., εἰπεῖν to speak summarily, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κεφαλαίοις ὑπομνῆσαι, ἀποδείξειν, περιλαβεῖν τι, Refs 5th c.BC+; τύπῳ καὶ ἐπὶ κεφαλαίου (variant -αίῳ), opposed to ἀκριβέστερον, Refs 4th c.BC+; especially in an argument, summing up, ἐν κεφαλαίοις Refs 5th c.BC+; κεφαλαίῳ δέ.., Latin denique, Decrees cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; συναγαγεῖν τὸ κ. to sum up, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 metaphorically, of persons, the head or chief, ὅ τι περ κ. τῶν κάτωθεν, of Pericles, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κ. τῶν μαθημάτων, of philosophers, Refs 2nd c.AD+; οἳ τὸ τῆς στάσεως κ. ἦσανRefs 2nd c.AD+ __II.4 Rhet., head, topic of argument, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.5 of money, capital, opposed to interest or income, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5.b sum total, Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλοῦ κ. for a large sum, NT+1st c.AD+; also σιτικὰ καὶ ἀργυρικὰ κ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 crown, completion of a thing, τὸ μὲν κ. τῶν ἀδικημάτων the crowning act of wrong, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.7 chapter, section, PGnom.Prooem., Refs 5th c.AD+; distinguished from τίτλος, Refs

κοδράντης, ου, ὁ, = Latin quadrans, = 1/4 of an as, NT

κοπρ-ία, ἡ, (compare κόπερρα) dunghill, LXX+7th c.BC+; in Egypt, rubbish-heap, Refs 2nd c.AD+, etc.; ἀναιρεῖσθαι ἀπὸ κοπρίας, of foundlings, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II refuse, ἐν σείσματι κοσκίνου διαμένει κ. LXX; manure, NT

κρύσταλλος, ὁ, (κρύος, κρυσταίνομαι) ice, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ παῖς τὸν κρύσταλλον proverbial, of persons who cannot keep a thing, but do not wish to let it go, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 ={νάρκη}, numbness, torpor, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II rock-crystal, Refs 1st c.BC+: as adjective, Refs 1st c.BC+.

ὀστρᾰκ-ῐνος, η, ον, earthen, made of clay, of vessels, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 like earthenware, ὀστράκινατὸ δέρμα, ={ὀστρακόδερμα}, variant in Refs 2nd c.AD+

σάρδιον, τό, the Sardian stone, NT+5th c.BC+; as a seal, Refs 4th c.BC+; σάρδια, of female ornaments, Refs 5th c.BC+—This stone was of two kinds, the transparent-red or female being our carnelian, the transparent-brown or male our sardine, Refs 4th c.BC+:—later λίθος σάρδιος, Refs 6th c.AD+ in “de An.” 321.10 (plural); σάρδινος λ., Refs; σαρδόνιον, Refs 5th c.AD+

σμύρνα, frequently written ζμύρνα as in Refs 3rd c.BC+, myrrh, the gum of an Arabian tree, Balsamodendron Myrrha (itself called σμύρνα Refs 2nd c.AD+, used for embalming the dead, NT+5th c.BC+; called σμύρνης ἱδρώς by Refs 5th c.BC+; burnt as incense, βωμὸς ἀτμίζων πυρὶ σμύρνης σταλαγμούς Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑποθυμιῆν σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; used as an unguent or salve, σμύρνῃ κατάλειπτος Refs 5th c.BC+ __II Indian bdellium, Balsamodendron Mukul, Refs 3rd c.BC+ môrâh; compare κιννάμωμον.)

ὕᾰλος or ὕελος (see. below), ἡ, see Refs 4th c.BC+, ὁ:—the form ὕαλος is said to be Attic dialect, ὕελος Hellenic, Refs 5th c.BC+ and ὕαλο; ὕελος is read in NT+4th c.BC+; compare ὑάλινος:—originally some kind of crystalline stone, such as that used by the Ethiopians to enclose their mummies in, Refs 5th c.BC+rock-crystal, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __2 a convex lens of crystal, used as a burning-glass, λίθος διαφανὴς ἀφ᾽ ἧς τὸ πῦρ ἅπτουσι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II glass, first in Refs 5th c.BC+glass-ware, Refs 4th c.AD+ __III ὕαλος χνοώδης, in Refs 7th c.AD+, is an absorbent of some kind:—ὕαλος is also explained by βόρβορος in Refs 5th c.AD+. [ῠᾰλος, as appears from Refs 5th c.BC+:—but late Poets make ῡ in some derivations to bring them into dactylic verses, ῡάλεος Refs; ῡέλινος Refs; ῡαλόεις Refs; ῡαλοειδής Refs 5th c.AD+; in iambic metre, ῡαλόχροα Refs

φῐλάργῠρ-ος, ον, fond of money, avaricious, NT+5th c.BC+; superlative -ώτατοςRefs 5th c.BC+

χαλκο-λίβᾰνος [ῐ], ου, ἡ, either fine brass, brass of Lebanon, or yellow frankincense, NT

χιών, όνος, ἡ: (see. entry near the end):— snow, in Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly of fallen snow, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐπὶ χιόνι πεσούσῃ Refs 5th c.BC+; also of falling snow, ὥς τε νιφάδες χιόνος πίπτωσι θαμειαί thick fall the snow-flakes, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II snow-water, 'ice-coldwater, Θρῄκην χιόνι.. κατάρρυτον Refs 5th c.BC+; used to cool wine, εἰ χιών ἐστ᾽ ὠνία Refs 5th c.BC+: rare in plural, Refs 4th c.BC+. [ῐ by nature, ῑ Epic dialect for the sake of meter] (Cf. Sanskrit himás 'cold, winter', Latin hiems, Avest. zyam- 'winter', etc.)

χοῦς, ὁ, also ἡ __BRefs 1st c.BC+: (χέω):— soil excavated or heaped up, ὁ χ. ὁ ἐξορυχθείς Refs 5th c.BC+ (un contraction χόου Refs; also (from confusion with χοῦς A) genitive χοός LXX+2nd c.AD+; dative χοΐ Refs 2nd c.BC+ __B.2 ={κονιορτός}, dust, LXX+NT __B.3 χοῦς θανάτου the grave, LXX+5th c.AD+

χρῡσόω, future -ώσωLXX:—make golden, gild, LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, χ. παχέϊ κάρτα χρυσῷ Refs 5th c.BC+; perhaps of gilding the horns of victims, Refs

† [אֹבֶן] n.[m.] wheel, disc.—Du. הָאָבְנָ֑יִם— 1. potter’s wheel Je 18:3 (two discs revolving one above the other; name from likeness to mill-stones; v. AW18). 2. עַל־הָא׳ Ex 1:16 prob. = sella parturientis, = δίφροι λοχειαῖοι bearing-stool, midwife’s stool (fr. likeness to potter’s wheel; on custom of labor upon stool v. PlossDas Weib, 2nd ed. ii, 35, 179 etc. & Cesnola Coll. fr. Cyprus, Metrop. Mus., N. York, No. 614, terra cotta fig. fr. 4th or 5th cent. b.c.; Descriptive Atlas of Cesn. Coll. I, pl. lxvi. No. 435; cf. W. H. W[ard]PESoc. 2nd Statement 1873, p. 76). SpiegelbergZA xiv (1900), 269 ff.; Randglossen 19 ff. expl. as the two stones [read אַבְנַיִם], i.e. bearing-stool of ‘stones’ = bricks, tiles.

† [דַּרְכְּמוֹן, אֲדַרְכּוֹן (א prosthet.)] n.[m.

† אַחְלָ֑מָה n.f. perhaps amethyst (etym. dub.; sub חלם Thes q.v.; HalJAs 7, x. 426 from חלם être fort, solide; Di Kn comp. Talm. חַלְמִית, malva & think of green malachite; DlHA 36 N der. from Aramaic land Aḫamû), amethyst according to 𝔊 𝔙 Josephus; v. also LagGGA 1884, 285, but cf. Di; one of the gems on the ephod Ex 28:19; 39:12.

† אֲפֵר n.[m.] covering, bandage (Assyrian ipru, covering ZimBP 95, êpartu, garment, Id.ib. & DlPr 54) א׳ עַל־עֵינָיו 1 K 20:38 cf. v 41.

† I. [בֶּ֫צֶר] n.[m.] precious ore (AW105 Thes), ingot > ring-gold HoffmZA 1887, 48 f. Hiob 70 (AW Thes ore as that broken off; Hoffm comp. Arabic بَظَرٌ ring, Heb. בָּצְרָה enclosure, Talm בטרא finger-measure, etc.; a √ ii. בצר must then be assumed, = بظر )—בָּ֑צֶר Jb 22:24 (‖ אוֹפִיר q.v.); בְּצָרֶיךָ v 25 (‖ כֶּסֶף) possibly also בִּצְרֵי כָּ֑סֶף ψ 68:31 for MT בְּרַצֵּי־כ׳, cf. Checrit. n. NesJBL, 1891, 151.

† בָּרֶ֫קֶת n.f. a precious stone, emerald, according to 𝔊 𝔙 Josephus; (from flashing, sparkling; LagRel. Jur. Eccl. x. comp. Skr. markata, Gk. μάραγδος, ζμάραγδος) Ex 28:17; 39:10 (both P).

† כַּדְכֹּד n.[m.] a precious stone, perhaps ruby (from sparkle?; Aramaic ‖ is כַּדְכְּדָנָא); כ׳ Ez 27:16 as article of commerce; כַּדְכֹד Is 54:12 fig. in promise to Zion.

† [כֵּף] n.[m.] rock (Assyrian kaæpu DlHWB 346; Aramaic כֵּיפָא, ܟܻܐܦܳܐ; perhaps Aramaic loan-word in Heb.; √ dub.);—only pl. כֵּפִים Je 4:29 as place of refuge; Jb 30:6 as dwelling-place.

† לֹט n.[m.] myrrh, or ‘ladanum’ (Gk.), an aromatic gum exuded by leaves of cistus-rose, cistus villosus, TristrFFP, 235, and especially Nat. Hist. Bib., 458 ff.; RiHWB 897, cf. LöwNo. 79 Di Gn 37:25 NowArch. i. 64 (Sab. לדן, SabDenkm84; Assyrian ladunu (from Damascus) cf. SchrCOT Gn 37:25MBAk. 1881, pp. 413 ff.; Arabic لَادَنٌ, whence Gk. λήδανον, λάδανον Hdt iii. 112);—נְכֹאת וּצְרִי וָלֹט Gn 37:25, merchandise of Ishmaelite caravan, cf. 43:11, present to Joseph (both J; 𝔊 στακτή).

† לֶ֫קֶשׁ n.[m.] prob. after-growth, after-math, i.e. spring-crop (cf. GASm 12 Proph. i. 109);—only (2 times) Am 7:1, בִּתְחִלַּת עֲלוֹת הַלָּ֑קֶשׁ וְהִנֵּה לֶקֶשׁ אַחַר גִּזֵּי הַמֶּלֶךְ׃.—> Other interpr. are: late-rain growth (from מַלְקוֹשׁ q.v.), HoffmZAW iii. (1883) 116; leaf-and-herb-gathering in spring, We after KleinZPV iv. 1881, 83; Anderlindviii. 1886, 62.

† I. לֶשֶׁם n.[m.] a precious stone in h. p.’s breast-plate Ex 28:19; 39:12 (√ and meaning dub.; 𝔊 λιγύριον, JosephAnt. iii, 7, 5 λίγυρος, 𝔙 ligurius, and this (= λυγκούριον, lyncurion?) compared with carbuncle PlinNH viii. 57 (38); identif. with amber Demostratus in PlinNH xxxvii.11(2), or with jacinth (Rev 21:20) Braunde Vest. Sacerd. ii. 14 WinerRWB i. 332; cf. further, Di Ex 28:19).

מִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם n.[m.] du. prob. fire-places or ash-heaps (viz. of the villages or encampments of the tribe) (> Ki Thes and most sheepfolds, v. StuJu);—בֵּין הַמִּשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם Ju 5:16 (poem; cf. GFM); so (-תָּ֑יִם) Gn 49:14 (poem in J).

† נֶ֫תֶר n.[m.] natron, or carbonate of soda, a mineral alkali (NH = BH; Aramaic נִתְרָא, ܢܶܬܪܳܐ; cf. Gk. νίτρον, λίτρον, Lat. nitrum (v. Lexx.));—אִם־תְּכַבְּסִי בַּנֶּתֶר Je 2:22 though thou wash thyself with natron (fig.; ‖ בֹּרִית; on use of ‘nitrum’ for handwashing among Greeks v. MeinekeFragm. Comicorum ii. 638); חֹמֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר Pr 25:20 (fig. of the incompatible).

† עָשֵׁן adj. smoking;—ע׳ of mt. Ex 20:18 (Gi v 15); pl. הָאוּדִים הָעֲשֵׁנִים Is 7:4 the smoking firebrands (dying out; in fig.).

† פּוּךְ n.[m.] antimony, stibium (NH = BH; cf. poss. Arabic فَكَّ open, separate; Syriac ܦܰܟ pulverize; but פּוּךְ perhaps foreign word);—black mineral powder, for increasing brilliance of eyes by darkening edges of lids; וַתָּשֶׂם בַּפּ׳ עֵינֶיהָ 2 K 9:30, תִּקְרְעִי וגו׳ Je 4:30; (on practice in Arabic v. WeGGN, 1893, 443; in Egypt, LaneMod. Egypt. ed. 5, i. 45f.); fig. Is 54:11 of dark cement setting off precious stones (but WeDLZ, Aug. 2, 1890 CheHpt. al. read נֹפֶךְ q.v.); אַבְנֵי פ׳ 1 Ch 29:2 are perhaps stones of brilliant hue of antimony.—Cf. n.pr. קֶרֶן הַפּוּךְ, and כָּחַל.

† I. רָאמוֹת n.[f.pl.] usually corals (so Ki; black corals Thes (פְּנִינִים = red corals); cf. Arabic رَأْمَةٌ, sea-shell, WeHeid. 2. 163);—as costly Jb 28:18, as merchandise, רָאמֹת Ez 27:16;—רָאמוֹת לֶאֱוִיל חָכְמוֹת Pr 24:7, reading and sense dub., v. Toy.

† [רֶ֫גֶב] n.m. clod of earth;—pl. רְגָבִים יְדֻבָּ֑קוּ Jb 38:38 clods are joined together; cstr. רִגְבֵי נָ֑חַל 21:33 clods of (the) wady.

† שְׁבוֹ n.[f.] a precious stone (relation to above √ dub.; = Assyrian šubû; 𝔊 𝔙 agate);—Ex 28:19 = 39:12 (+ לֶשֶׁם, אַחְלָ֑מָה).

† שֶׁנְהַבִּים appar. n.m. [pl.], in list of Solomon’s imports, 1 K 10:22 = 2 Ch 9:21, AV RV ivory (elsewhere שֵׁן alone); hence הַבִּים = elephants according to Ges (in Thes) Ew Hi SchrZMG xxvii (1873), 709 COT 1 K, cf. 𝔊 (2 Ch, and A in 1 K) ὀδόντων ἐλεφαντίνων, 𝔙 (in 1 K) dentes elephantorum, 𝔗; but this very dub.; EB 1154 שֵׁן (וְ)הָבְנִים ivory (and) ebony (Ez 27:15).

ἅλς, ἁλός [ᾰ], h( __B (ἁλὸς πολιοῖοRefs 8th c.BC+, sea (generally of shallow water near shore), εἰς ἅλα δῖανRefs 8th c.BC+in sea-water, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἁλὸς πελάγη or πέλαγος, Refs 8th c.BC+; in plural (with a pun on ἅλς A), Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cf. Latin sal: both masculine and feminine are from the same root.)

ἁλῠκ-ός, ή, όν, salt, LXX+5th c.BC+; brackish, Refs 4th c.BC+

ἀμέθυστος, ον, (μεθύω) not drunken, without drunkenness, Refs 1st c.AD+: comparative, Refs __II not intoxicating, perhaps so used in Refs 4th c.AD+substantive, ἀμέθυστον, τό, remedy against drunkenness, Refs 1st c.AD+; also ἀμέθυστος, ἡ, Refs 1st c.AD+ —hence, such things as were supposed to act as remedies, i.e. , __II.1 kind of herb, Refs 1st c.AD+; ={σέλινον ἄγριον}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 amethyst, LXX+NT+5th c.BC+:—also ἀμέθυστον, τό, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.3 ἀμέθυστον, τό, kind of grape, Colum.3.2.24.

ἄνᾰλος, ον, (ἅλς A) without salt, not salted, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 of salt itself, salt which is no salt, NT.Mark.9.50.

ἀργῠρο-κόπος, ὁ, (κόπτω) coiner, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II silversmith, NT+1st c.AD+

ἀφρός, ὁ, foam, of the sea, ῥόος Ὠκεανοῖο ἀφρῷ μορύρωνRefs 8th c.BC+, etc.; of a river, Refs __2 of persons and animals, foam, slaver, froth, περί τ᾽ ἀ. ὀδόντας γίγνεταιNT+5th c.BC+frothy blood, Refs 5th c.BC+; βακχίου παλαιγενοῦς ἀφρῷ, of wine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II ἀφρὸς νίτρου, ={ἀφρόνιτρον}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. alone, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 ἀ. αἵματος, ={σπέρμα},Refs 4th c.BC+ __III a kind of ἀφύη, Refs 4th c.BC+. (ṃbhrós, cf. Sanskrit abhrám 'cloud', Latin imber.)

βήρυλλος, ἡ, gem of sea-green colour, beryl, LXX+2nd c.AD+; β. λίθος Refs 2nd c.AD+:—diminutive βηρύλλιον, τό, LXX+1st c.BC+

δᾰπᾰν-η, ἡ, cost, expenditure, Refs 8th c.BC+; δ. χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου, χρημάτων, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. κούφα the cost is little, with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+: also in plural, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II money spent, ἵππων on horses, Refs.47; δαπάνην παρέχειν money for spending, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III extravagance, ἡ ἐν τῇ φύσει δ. Refs 4th c.BC+

de marfil, hecho de marfil; describe objetos fabricados con colmillos de elefante

Sulfuroso, semejante al azufre; que tiene el color amarillo o las propiedades del azufre.

Hecho de barro o arcilla; de alfarería, cerámico

Tejas, tejas de barro para techumbre o cubierta cerámica de tejado

Monedas pequeñas, calderilla o dinero en forma de moneda (especialmente de cobre)

enlosado de piedra, pavimento de mosaico o piso teselado

moneda, especialmente pieza de curso legal acuñada por autoridad oficial; dinero en forma acuñada

Aguacero, tormenta de lluvia; chaparrón repentino y a menudo violento, frecuentemente asociado con intervención divina

lluvia tardía, lluvia de primavera (término agrícola)

desecho, escoria, basura; lo que se limpia y se descarta como inservible

σάπφειρ-ος (proparoxytone), ἡ, lapis lazuli, of which two chief kinds, κυανῆ and χρυσῆ, are mentioned by LXX+4th c.BC+. (Cf. Hebrew sappīr, perhaps not Semitic.)

σαρδόνυξ, ῠχος, ὁ, (σάρδιον) sardonyx, NT+4th c.BC+The stone was called ὄνυξ when the dark ground was simply spotted or streaked with white, but σαρδόνυξ if the different colours were disposed in layers.

σίδηρος [ῐ], Doric dialect σίδᾱρος Refs 4th c.BC+, etc.: ; also ἡ, Refs 2nd c.BC+: neuter σίδηρον, τό, Refs 8th c.BC+ (but probably falsa lectio for{σιδήριον} in Refs 2nd c.AD+: —iron, σ. πολιός Refs 8th c.BC+; as an article of traffic, οἰνίζοντο.. Ἀχαιοί, ἄλλοι μὲν χαλκῷ, ἄλλοι δ᾽ αἴθωνι σ. Refs 8th c.BC+; χαλκός τε χρυσός τε πολύκμητός τε σ., of treasures, Refs 8th c.BC+; as a prize, Refs; Σκύθης σ., because brought from the Euxine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 frequently as a symbol of hardness Refs, or of stubborn force, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡσεὶ κέρα ἕστασαν ἠὲ σRefs 8th c.BC+; also of firmness, steadfastness, πέτρης ὅ γ᾽ ἔχων νόον ἠὲ σ. Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II anything made of iron, iron tool or implement, for husbandry, Refs 8th c.BC+: also of weapons, arrow-head, Refs; sword or knife, Refs 8th c.BC+; axe-head, Refs 8th c.BC+: generally, arms, οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι σ. κατέθεντο Refs 5th c.BC+: also, knife, sickle, Refs 8th c.BC+: plural, fishing-hooks, Refs 3rd c.BC+; irons, fetters, Refs 2nd c.AD+; compare σιδήριον. __III place for selling iron, smithy or cutler's shop, ἀγαγόντα εἰς τὸν σ. Refs 5th c.BC+

σκῠβᾰλ-ον, τό, dung, excrement, Refs 1st c.BC+; manure, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 refuse, offal, NT+4th c.AD+; ἀποδειπνίδιον σ. Refs 1st c.AD+; ἄνδρα, πολύκλαυτον ναυτιλίης σRefs; τέφρης λοιπὸν ἔτι σRefs 1st c.AD+; opposed to τὸ χρήσιμον, Refs 3rd c.BC+; ς. χόρτου Refs 3rd c.AD+; σ. ἀνθρώπου LXX

σμᾰράγδ-ῐνος, η, ον, of smaragdus, [λίθος] NT+4th c.AD+ __II smaragdusgreen, Refs 1st c.AD+; written ζμ- in Refs 2nd c.AD+

σμάραγδος [μᾰ], ἡ (ὁ, Refs 1st c.BC+, name of several green stones, including the emerald, LXX+5th c.BC+; also μάραγδος, Refs 4th c.BC+; ζμάραγδος implied in Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II Σμάραγδος, ἡ, name of the emerald mines in Egypt, ἀρχιμεταλλάρχου τῆς Ζμαράγδου Refs 1st c.AD+; μεταλλάρχη (genitive singular) Ζμαράκτου Refs 1st c.AD+; also Σμάραγδος ὄρος Refs 2nd c.AD+

σμυρν-ίζω, flavour or drug with myrrh, ἐσμυρνισμένος οἶνος NT __2 intransitive, to be like myrrh, Refs 1st c.AD+

σπῐλάς, άδος, ἡ, __A rock over which the sea dashes (opposed to ὕφαλοι πέτραι in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐφ᾽ ὑψηλαῖς σπιλάδεσσι Refs 5th c.BC+; πλαγκταὶ σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+; ῥεῖθρον ἀπὸ σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+: generally, slab, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὧδ᾽ ὑπὸ τὸ σπιλάδος μέλαθρον, i.e. under this tombstone, Refs; hollow rock, cave, Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.II as adjective, stony, or perhaps marly, i.e. γῆ, Refs 4th c.BC+

στᾰτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, (ἵστημι Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. Αἰγιναῖος as a weight, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II standard coin, struck in various materials, whether gold, electrum, or silver: __II.1 gold, σ. χρυσοῖ, σ. χρυσοῦ, Refs 5th c.BC+; of various standards, e.g. σ. Δαρεικός (compare Δαρεικός) Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. Φιλίππειος, Ἀλεξάνδρειος, Refs 4th c.BC+; Πτολεμαϊκὸς σ. Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 electrum Refs 5th c.BC+; at Phocaea, σ. Φωκαϊται, Φωκαιῆς, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 silver, σ. Αἰγιναῖοι Refs 5th c.BC+; in Sicily called δεκάλιτρος σ., Refs 5th c.BC+; later applied to the Attic τετράδραχμον, Refs 9th c.AD+; also to the Ptolemaic τ., Refs 3rd c.BC+ “*Geometry texts” 23.55,56; also of the Jewish shekel, NT __III one who owes money, debtor, πολλοὶ σ., ἀποδοτῆρες οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς (οὐδαμεῖ conjecture Kaibel) Refs 5th c.BC+

τόπαζος, ὁ, a gem of green hue Refs 1st c.AD+, hence probably chrysolite or peridot, Refs 1st c.AD+:—also τόπαζον, τό, Eust.ad Refs 2nd c.AD+; τοπάζιον, LXX+1st c.BC+ gives the name of topazon (variant topazium) to two varieties. (From the Trogodyte language accusative to Refs 1st c.AD+ [same place]; perhaps the same as ταβάσιος.)

τύφω [ῡ], Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist infinitive θῦψαι Refs 5th c.AD+perfect τέθῠφα uncertain conjecture in Refs 4th c.BC+ (ὑπο-): —passive, Refs 4th c.BC+future τῠφήσομαι (ἐκ-) Refs 4th c.BC+aorist ἐτύφην (ἐπ-) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect τέθυμμαι (ἐπι-) Refs 5th c.BC+:—raise a smoke, Refs 4th c.BC+ Hdt.[same place]: absolutely, smoke, ἐπὶ σποδῷ μυδῶσα κηκὶς μηρίων ἐτήκετο κἄτυφε κἀνέπτυε Refs 5th c.BC+ __II transitive, smoke, τῦφε πολλῷ τῷ καπνῷ (i.e. τοὺς σφῆκας) Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, [μέλισσαι] καπνῷ τυφόμεναι Refs 3rd c.BC+; τυφόμεθα (variant{-ούμεθα}) ὑπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ Refs 4th c.AD+ __II.2 consume in smoke, burn slowly, τυφέτω, καιέτω τὸν Αἴτνας μηλονόμον Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, Refs 4th c.BC+ [same place]:—passive, smoke, smoulder, τύφεται Ἴλιον Refs 5th c.BC+; λίνον τυφόμενον smouldering flax, LXX+NT smouldering, but not yet broken out, Refs 1st c.AD+; also of the fire of love, πόθοις τυφόμενον γλυκὺ πῦρ Refs 1st c.BC+

Ὑάκινθος [ῠᾰ], ὁ, Hyacinthus, a Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, who killed him by an unlucky cast of the discus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B as appellative, __B.I ὑάκινθος, ὁ, Refs 8th c.BC+; but ἡ in Refs 7th c.BC+:—wild hyacinth, bluebell, Scilla bifolia, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.I.2 blue larkspur, Delphinium Ajacis, ὑ. σπαρτή Refs 4th c.BC+; said to have sprung up from the blood of Hyacinthus or (accusative to others) of Telamonian Ajax: and the ancients thought they could decipher on the petals the initial letters AI, or the interj. AIAI,Refs 2nd c.BC+; hence the epithets γραπτά Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.I.3 ὑ. πορφυρέη, probably Lilium Martagon, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.II ὑάκινθος, ἡ Refs 1st c.AD+:—a precious stone, of blue colour Refs 1st c.AD+, perhaps aquamarine, NT+1st c.AD+ __B.III name of a blue colour, Refs 1st c.AD+; blue stuff, LXX+1st c.AD+

ὑδρο-ποτέω, drink water, NT+5th c.BC+—ὑδροπωτέω is the more correct form accusative to Refs 1st c.AD+

φῐλαργῠρ-ία, ἡ, love of money, avarice, NT+5th c.BC+

χάλκεος, έα, Ionic dialect -έη Refs 8th c.BC+, εον (also εος, εον Refs 8th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect, Doric dialect χάλκιος Refs 7th c.BC+, also Boeotian dialect, compare χαλκοῦ; Attic dialect χαλκοῦς, ῆ, οῦν Refs, but χαλκέων δέλτων Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect also χάλκειος, see at {χάλκειος}: (χαλκός):—of copper or bronze, brazen, οὐδός, δόμος, τεῖχος, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄξων, κύκλα, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially of arms and armour, ἔγχος, ξίφος, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔντεα Refs 5th c.BC+; χαλκέοισικάδοις, χαλκέοις δρεπάνοις, S.[same place]; in Trag. mostly contraction, χαλκοῖς βάθροισι Refs __b of statues, χ. Ζεύς, χ. Ποσειδέων, a bronze statue of.., Refs 5th c.BC+; compare χαλκῆ. __c χ. ἀγών a contest for a shield of brass, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, brazen, i. e. hard, stout, strong, χάλκεος Ἄρης Refs 8th c.BC+ (unless wearing brazen armour, compare χάλκεοι ἄνδρες Oracle texts cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; Χαλκοῦς, nickname of Aristomedes, Refs 4th c.BC+in D.Refs 5th c.BC+; χάλκεον ἦτορ a heart of brass, Refs 8th c.BC+; χαλκέοισι νώτοις, of Atlas, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 χαλκῆ μυῖα, a boy's game, a sort of blind-man's-buff, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II as substantive, see at {χαλκοῦς. [χάλκεοι} is disyllable in Refs 8th c.BC+

χαλκ-εύς, έως, ὁ: plural χαλκεῖς, Attic dialect -ῆςRefs 5th c.BC+:—coppersmith, opposed to τέκτων (joiner, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 generally, worker in metal, of a goldsmith, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a worker in iron. Refs; hence later, blacksmith, smith (χαλκέας τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους LXX+5th c.BC+ __II John Dory, Zeus faber, Refs 4th c.BC+; distinguished from χαλκίς, Refs 2nd c.AD+

χαλκηδών, όνος, ἡ, chalcedony, NT

χαλκίον, τό, copper vessel, cauldron, kettle, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. θερμαντήριον, ={θερμαντήρ}, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 cymbal, τὸ Δωδωναῖον χ., proverbial of a chatterbox, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 bowl of the κότταβος, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 copper ticket given to the dicasts, bearing the name of the court in which they were to serve, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 piece of copper money, πονηρὰ χαλκία Refs 5th c.BC+ __II probably diminutive of χάλκη, ={κάλχη}Refs 4th c.BC+

χρῡσο-δακτύλιος [ῠ], ον, with ring of gold, ἀνήρ NT __2 gloss on{χρυσοκόλλητος}, χ. σφραγίς set in a gold ring, Refs 5th c.AD+

χρυσό-λῐθος, ὁ, topaz, LXX+1st c.BC+

χρῡσό-πρᾰσος, ὁ, chrysoprase, a precious stone of golden-green colour, NT+1st c.AD+

† בַּ֫הַט n.[m.] a costly stone, perhaps porphyry (cf. Egyptian behiti, behet, behat Brugsch Dict. v. 438 Dümichen Gesch. 167 f. WendelAltäg. Bau- u. Edelsteine (1888) 77 f.; 𝔊 has σμαραγδίτης), Est 1:6 עַל רִֽצֲפַת ב׳־וָשֵׁשׁ וְדַר וְסֹחָ֑רֶת upon a pavement of porphyry and marble, etc.

† בָּֽרְקַת n.f. id., Ez 28:13, cf. Ges§ 80 R. 2 PinskEinl. 73.

† [בַּתָּה] n.f. precipice, steep (as cut off, abrupt)—בְּנַחֲלֵי הַבַּתּוֹת Is 7:19 in the ravines of the precipices.

† גָּבִישׁ n.m. crystal (cf. אֶלְגָּבִישׁ hail—on relation of meanings cf. Gk. κρύσταλλος, & Ethiopic usage of እብነ በረድ DiLex. Aeth. 759—Arabic جِبْسٌ gypsum, Assyrian gibšu, mass, abundance, COTGloss)—רָאמוֹת וְגָבִישׁ Jb 28:18 coral and crystal.

† [גִּיר] n.[m.] chalk, plaster (so 𝔗; BH once, p. 162);—emph. גִּירָא Dn 5:5.

† II. גָּלָל n.[m.] dung (Arabic جَلَّةٌ ), הַגּ׳ 1 K 14:10; גְּלָלִים Zp. 1:17.—See also [גֵּל].

† גִּר n.[m.] chalk, lime (perhaps Aramaic loanword cf. Frä9; Aramaic (also Biblical Aramaic) גִּיר, ܓܺܪܳܐ; Arabic جِيرٌ is loan-wd.Fräl.c.)—מִזְבֵּחַ כְּאַבְנֵי גִר Is 27:9.

† [גשׁם] vb.denom. (cf. NH Qal Pt. pass. & Hoph.)— Pu. Pf. 3 fs. גֻּשְׁמָ֯ה Ez 22:24 be rained upon (גֻּשְׁמָהּ Baer, but v. Ke Sm). Hiph. cause or send rain, Pt. מַגְשִׁמִים Je 14:22.

† II. דַּכָּא n.[m.] dust (as pulverized), תָּשֵׁב אֱנוֹשׁ עַד־דַּכָּא ψ 90:3 (on form cf. BaNB 143).

† דַּר n.[m.] pearl? mother of pearl? (Arabic دُرٌّ دُرَّةٌ a pearl) Est 1:6.

† זְכוֹכִית n.[f.] glass (𝔗 זכוכיתא; but v. Frä64); as precious (‖ זָהָב), yet of less value than wisdom Jb 28:17. (Baer as above; זְכוּכִית van d. H., al.)

† חָמִיץ adj. seasoned (viz. with salt, or a salt herb—Arabic حَمْضٌ, Pun. Ἀμουτ [= חמוץ] BlauZMG 1873, 522; v. Thes—rendering it more tasty), of provender for cattle בְּלִיל חָמִיץ יֹאכֵ֑לוּ Is 30:24.

† יִשְׁפָּה n.pr.m. in Benjamin 1 Ch 8:16, Σαφαν, 𝔊L Ιεσφα.—יָֽשְׁפֶה v. p. 448b supr.

† II. כֹּ֫פֶר n.m. pitch (Arabic كُفْرٌ (loan-wd., cf. Frä150), Syriac ܟܽܘܦܪܳܐ, 𝔗 כּוּפְרָא; Assyrian kupru, kupur DlHWB 348; cf. גֹּפֶר?)—Gn 6:14 (P).

† [מְלַח] vb. denom. c. acc. cogn., eat salt;— Pe. Pf. 1 pl. מְלַחְנָא Ezr 4:14 we have eaten the salt of the palace (so most), i.e. have assumed obligations of loyalty, cf. M 69 * K§ 71, 2 (and Syriac ܐܶܬܡܰܠܰܚ be intimate with PS2134); Str (after NesMM 30 f.) thinks n. c. sf.: our salt is the salt of the palace.

† מֶ֫לֶט n.[m.] mortar, cement (etym. dub.; Aramaic ܡܠܳܛܳܐ id., whence Arabic مِلَاطٌ Frä10);—Je 43:9.

† [מַשְׁאָב] n.[m.] appar. drawing-place of water; only pl. מַשְׁאַבִּים Ju 5:11.

† נָחוּשׁ adj. of bronze;—אִם־בְּשָׂרִי נ׳ Jb 6:12 or is my flesh of bronze? fig. for strong, enduring (‖ אֲבָנִים; cf. 40:18).

† II. [נְחֹ֫שֶׁת] n.[f.] sf. נְחֻשְׁתֵּךְ Ez 16:36 where context (‖ עֶרְוָה) favours meaning lust, harlotry, or specif. sens. obscoen. (Co [citing Ki Ra] Berthol, v. also Da); text perhaps crpt. (cf. Nö ZMG xi (1886), 730); Sm proposes תַּזְנוּתַיִךְ, so appar. Toy Hpt; Or בָּשְׁתֵּךְ.

† סַגְרִיר n.[m.] steady, persistent rain (on format. cf. BaNB 215);—abs. יוֹם ס׳ Pr 27:15 a day of steady rain, rainy day.

desecho, despojo, inmundicia; residuos que se descartan