Gemstones and Tarshish

Tarsis — un puerto marítimo distante que simboliza el comercio ultramarino lejano, frecuentemente identificado con Tartesos en España

Zafiro, lapislázuli — piedra preciosa de intenso color azul muy apreciada en el arte y culto del antiguo Cercano Oriente

Ónice o piedra preciosa bandeada, usada en las vestiduras del sumo sacerdote y entre los tesoros del Edén

Piedras preciosas, corales o perlas; gemas de gran valor usadas figuradamente para la sabiduría y la mujer virtuosa.

Piedra preciosa de color amarillo verdoso, probablemente crisólito o berilo; presente en vestiduras sacerdotales y visiones teofánicas.

Topacio; piedra preciosa amarilla o dorada, posiblemente crisólito, muy valorada en la antigüedad

Vidrioso, hecho de vidrio o cristal; que tiene la apariencia o sustancia del vidrio

cornerina, rubi; piedra preciosa de color rojo, posiblemente sardio

σάρδιον, τό, the Sardian stone, NT+5th c.BC+; as a seal, Refs 4th c.BC+; σάρδια, of female ornaments, Refs 5th c.BC+—This stone was of two kinds, the transparent-red or female being our carnelian, the transparent-brown or male our sardine, Refs 4th c.BC+:—later λίθος σάρδιος, Refs 6th c.AD+ in “de An.” 321.10 (plural); σάρδινος λ., Refs; σαρδόνιον, Refs 5th c.AD+

ὕᾰλος or ὕελος (see. below), ἡ, see Refs 4th c.BC+, ὁ:—the form ὕαλος is said to be Attic dialect, ὕελος Hellenic, Refs 5th c.BC+ and ὕαλο; ὕελος is read in NT+4th c.BC+; compare ὑάλινος:—originally some kind of crystalline stone, such as that used by the Ethiopians to enclose their mummies in, Refs 5th c.BC+rock-crystal, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __2 a convex lens of crystal, used as a burning-glass, λίθος διαφανὴς ἀφ᾽ ἧς τὸ πῦρ ἅπτουσι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II glass, first in Refs 5th c.BC+glass-ware, Refs 4th c.AD+ __III ὕαλος χνοώδης, in Refs 7th c.AD+, is an absorbent of some kind:—ὕαλος is also explained by βόρβορος in Refs 5th c.AD+. [ῠᾰλος, as appears from Refs 5th c.BC+:—but late Poets make ῡ in some derivations to bring them into dactylic verses, ῡάλεος Refs; ῡέλινος Refs; ῡαλόεις Refs; ῡαλοειδής Refs 5th c.AD+; in iambic metre, ῡαλόχροα Refs

† אַחְלָ֑מָה n.f. perhaps amethyst (etym. dub.; sub חלם Thes q.v.; HalJAs 7, x. 426 from חלם être fort, solide; Di Kn comp. Talm. חַלְמִית, malva & think of green malachite; DlHA 36 N der. from Aramaic land Aḫamû), amethyst according to 𝔊 𝔙 Josephus; v. also LagGGA 1884, 285, but cf. Di; one of the gems on the ephod Ex 28:19; 39:12.

† כַּדְכֹּד n.[m.] a precious stone, perhaps ruby (from sparkle?; Aramaic ‖ is כַּדְכְּדָנָא); כ׳ Ez 27:16 as article of commerce; כַּדְכֹד Is 54:12 fig. in promise to Zion.

† I. לֶשֶׁם n.[m.] a precious stone in h. p.’s breast-plate Ex 28:19; 39:12 (√ and meaning dub.; 𝔊 λιγύριον, JosephAnt. iii, 7, 5 λίγυρος, 𝔙 ligurius, and this (= λυγκούριον, lyncurion?) compared with carbuncle PlinNH viii. 57 (38); identif. with amber Demostratus in PlinNH xxxvii.11(2), or with jacinth (Rev 21:20) Braunde Vest. Sacerd. ii. 14 WinerRWB i. 332; cf. further, Di Ex 28:19).

† I. רָאמוֹת n.[f.pl.] usually corals (so Ki; black corals Thes (פְּנִינִים = red corals); cf. Arabic رَأْمَةٌ, sea-shell, WeHeid. 2. 163);—as costly Jb 28:18, as merchandise, רָאמֹת Ez 27:16;—רָאמוֹת לֶאֱוִיל חָכְמוֹת Pr 24:7, reading and sense dub., v. Toy.

† שְׁבוֹ n.[f.] a precious stone (relation to above √ dub.; = Assyrian šubû; 𝔊 𝔙 agate);—Ex 28:19 = 39:12 (+ לֶשֶׁם, אַחְלָ֑מָה).

ἀμέθυστος, ον, (μεθύω) not drunken, without drunkenness, Refs 1st c.AD+: comparative, Refs __II not intoxicating, perhaps so used in Refs 4th c.AD+substantive, ἀμέθυστον, τό, remedy against drunkenness, Refs 1st c.AD+; also ἀμέθυστος, ἡ, Refs 1st c.AD+ —hence, such things as were supposed to act as remedies, i.e. , __II.1 kind of herb, Refs 1st c.AD+; ={σέλινον ἄγριον}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 amethyst, LXX+NT+5th c.BC+:—also ἀμέθυστον, τό, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.3 ἀμέθυστον, τό, kind of grape, Colum.3.2.24.

βήρυλλος, ἡ, gem of sea-green colour, beryl, LXX+2nd c.AD+; β. λίθος Refs 2nd c.AD+:—diminutive βηρύλλιον, τό, LXX+1st c.BC+

σάπφειρ-ος (proparoxytone), ἡ, lapis lazuli, of which two chief kinds, κυανῆ and χρυσῆ, are mentioned by LXX+4th c.BC+. (Cf. Hebrew sappīr, perhaps not Semitic.)

σαρδόνυξ, ῠχος, ὁ, (σάρδιον) sardonyx, NT+4th c.BC+The stone was called ὄνυξ when the dark ground was simply spotted or streaked with white, but σαρδόνυξ if the different colours were disposed in layers.

σμᾰράγδ-ῐνος, η, ον, of smaragdus, [λίθος] NT+4th c.AD+ __II smaragdusgreen, Refs 1st c.AD+; written ζμ- in Refs 2nd c.AD+

τόπαζος, ὁ, a gem of green hue Refs 1st c.AD+, hence probably chrysolite or peridot, Refs 1st c.AD+:—also τόπαζον, τό, Eust.ad Refs 2nd c.AD+; τοπάζιον, LXX+1st c.BC+ gives the name of topazon (variant topazium) to two varieties. (From the Trogodyte language accusative to Refs 1st c.AD+ [same place]; perhaps the same as ταβάσιος.)

Ὑάκινθος [ῠᾰ], ὁ, Hyacinthus, a Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, who killed him by an unlucky cast of the discus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B as appellative, __B.I ὑάκινθος, ὁ, Refs 8th c.BC+; but ἡ in Refs 7th c.BC+:—wild hyacinth, bluebell, Scilla bifolia, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.I.2 blue larkspur, Delphinium Ajacis, ὑ. σπαρτή Refs 4th c.BC+; said to have sprung up from the blood of Hyacinthus or (accusative to others) of Telamonian Ajax: and the ancients thought they could decipher on the petals the initial letters AI, or the interj. AIAI,Refs 2nd c.BC+; hence the epithets γραπτά Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.I.3 ὑ. πορφυρέη, probably Lilium Martagon, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.II ὑάκινθος, ἡ Refs 1st c.AD+:—a precious stone, of blue colour Refs 1st c.AD+, perhaps aquamarine, NT+1st c.AD+ __B.III name of a blue colour, Refs 1st c.AD+; blue stuff, LXX+1st c.AD+

χαλκηδών, όνος, ἡ, chalcedony, NT

χρυσό-λῐθος, ὁ, topaz, LXX+1st c.BC+

χρῡσό-πρᾰσος, ὁ, chrysoprase, a precious stone of golden-green colour, NT+1st c.AD+

† דַּר n.[m.] pearl? mother of pearl? (Arabic دُرٌّ دُرَّةٌ a pearl) Est 1:6.