NATURAL_WORLD

קוּם628 vb. arise, stand up, stand;—(NH in der. spec. and deriv.; Ph. Hiph. Pt. and מקם place; Arabic قَامَ (و) stand, rise, Ethiopic ቆመ: stand, stop; Sab. מקם, place, HomChrest. 127; Aramaic קוּם, ܩܳܡ = BH, so Old Aramaic Nab. קום; Palm. Aph. אקים erect statue; cf. prob. Assyrian Kumu (k = כ), place, dwelling, kum, kêmu, in place of, and perhaps kaiamânu, enduring, constant (v. כִּיּוּן); Thes cp. also Sam. ࠒࠏࠌ, live, cf. especially 𝔗 Pa.);— Qal460 Pf. 3 ms. קָם 1 S 17:48 +, וְקָאם consec. Ho 10:14 (Ges§ 72 p); 2 ms. קַמְתָּ 2 S 12:21, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יָקוּם Ex 21:19, juss. יָקֻם Gn 27:31, (לָ֑ךְ) וְיָ֫קָם Jb 22:28 (Ges§ 109 h Dr§ 152(3)); וַיָּ֫קָם Gn 4:8 +, etc.; Imv. ms. קוּם Gn 13:17 +, fpl. קֹמְנָה Is 32:9, etc.; Inf. abs. קוֹם Je 44:29; cstr. קוּם Am 5:2 +, etc.; Pt. fs. קָמָה Mi 7:6; mpl. קָמִים 2 S 18:31 +, הַקּוֹמִים 2 K 16:17 (Ges§ 72 p), etc.;— 1. arise: מִתַּחְתָּיו Ex 10:23 (E). Specif.: a. after lying down (sleep, sickness, mourning, etc.), 1 S 3:6, 8; 2 S 12:21; Ex 21:19; Gn 19:33, 35; 31:17; Ru 3:14; Ec 12:4 + 50 times; from lying dead, וַיָּקָם עַל־רַגְלָיו 2 K 13:21, cf. Jb 14:12 Is 26:14, 19 ψ 88:11; after falling Am 5:2; 8:14; Je 8:4; 25:27 + 4 times (chiefly fig.); after being smitten, wounded, etc. ψ 18:39 ‖ 2 S 22:39, Is 27:9 (of Asherim, etc.), 43:17 + 4 times; from sitting, reclining, especially at meals Gn 25:34; 1 S 1:9; 20:34 (מֵעִם הַשֻּׁלְחָן; v 25 see קָדַם), Est 7:7 (+ אֶל in constr. praegn.), but also Ju 3:20 (מֵעַל), 2 S 2:14(×2), 15, Jon 3:6 (מִכִּסְאוֹ), + 11 times, + (arise = stand up, in respect), Gn 19:1 (+ לִקְרָאתָם), 31:35 (מִפָּנֶיךָ), Lv 19:32 (מִפְּנֵי), Is 49:7; Jb 29:8; + וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ 2 K 2:19, cf. Gn 23:7; Ex 33:10; 1 S 20:41; 25:41;—(v. also e); from kneeling (מִן, + מִלִּפְנֵי loc.) 1 K 8:54, from obeisance 1 S 25:42; Est 8:4; from bending over (עַל) dead Gn 23:3 (P). b. out of (מִן) a condition, state, Ezr 9:5. c. of bear rising עַל pers., 1 S 17:35. d. arise (+ stand) Ex 33:8 ψ 20:9 (fig. of success, prosperity), Jb 24:22 (id.), +; of sheaf Gn 37:7; of waters Jos 3:16 (נֵד־אֶחָד). e. constr. praegn. arise (and stand) for a purpose Nu 11:32 (E); over, עַל pers., 2 S 12:17. f. arise as prelim. to formal speech Ju 20:8; Mi 6:1; Je 1:17; 1 Ch 28:2 (עַל־רַגְלָיו), Pr 31:28; Jb 30:28 + 5 times; to testify (against) Dt 19:15, 16 (both ב pers.), ψ 27:12; 35:11, cf. also וַיָּקָם בִּי Jb 16:8 (of כַּחַשׁ q.v.; Bu כַּעַשׂ); to vindicate Jb 19:25 (עַל־עָפָר); to read aloud Ne 9:3 (עַל־עָמְדָם); to bless people 2 Ch 30:27 (priests). g. to listen to God’s word Nu 23:18; Is 32:9; to praise God 2 Ch 20:19; Ne 9:4, 5. h. of noise, tumult Ho 10:14; of light Jb 25:3 (עַל pers.). 2. arise, in hostile sense (often with idea of suddenness); c. עַל pers. Dt 19:11 (out of ambush), 22:26; Ju 9:18; 20:5 ψ 27:3 (of war), Ob 1 (לַמִּלְחָמָה), + 11 times, + Jb 30:12 (according to Bu, reading עָלַי for עַל־יָמִין), + (of י׳) Am 7:9 (ב instr.), Is 14:22; 31:2; c. אֶל pers. Gn 4:8; 1 S 22:13; 24:8 (Gi v 7); c. ב pers. Mi 7:6 ψ 27:12 (false witness), Mi 7:6; c. עִם pers. ψ 94:16 (‖ יִתְיַצֵּב); v. especially pt. c. sf. = those rising up against me (thee, etc.) Ex 15:7; 32:25; Dt 33:11 + 8 times + ψ 109:28 (read קָמַי יֵבשׁוּ 𝔊 𝔙 Bae We Du, cf. Hup Dr); c. מִן from, out of Jos 8:7, 19 Ju 9:35, 43; 20:33; = revolt Nu 16:2 (לִפְנֵי pers.), 2 K 12:21; 2 Ch 13:6, cf. Hb 2:7. 3. arise, abs., = become powerful Pr 28:12, 28. 4. arise = come on the scene, appear, of leader, prophet, king Ju 5:7(×2); 10:1, 3 Dt 13:2; 34:10; Ex 1:8; 2 K 23:25; of years of famine Gn 41:30; c. אַחֲרֵי pers. Dt 29:21; Ju 2:10 1 K 3:12; c. תַּחַת, in place of, 1 K 8:20 = 2 Ch 6:10; Nu 32:14; c. עַל־מַמְלֶכֶת 2 Ch 21:4; c. מִן Nu 24:17 (sceptre out of Isr.); of calamity, Na 1:9; Pr 24:22; מִצָּהֳרַיִם יָקוּם הָ֑לֶד Jb 11:17 i.e. to shine upon thee. 5. arise for, i.e. to become, c. ל rei; בְּיוֹם קוּמִי לְעַד Zp 3:8 (read לְעֵד, for a witness, 𝔊 𝔖 We Now GASm cf. Da); הֶחָמָס קָם לְמַטֵּה־רֶשַׁע Ez 7:11 (but dub.; Co Berthol Krae קָמֵל). 6. a. arise for action, especially of י׳ arising [from his throne], + inf. Is 2:19, 21; for judgment ψ 76:10 (לַמִּשְׁפָּט), Jb 31:14; often Imv. Nu 10:35 Je 2:27 ψ 3:8 + 8 times ψψ + 2 Ch 6:41 (c. לְנוּחֶ֑ךָ), ψ 132:8 (c. לִמְנוּחָתֶ֑ךָ); Impf. Is 28:21 + 4 times; Imv. also of men, arise! up! i.e. act! Ju 4:14 Ezr 10:4, of idols Je 2:28; Impf. of the tongue (personified) Is 54:17 (אִתָּךְ לַמִּשְׁפָּט). b. arise (out of inaction), introducing some specific deed Gn 21:18; Ex 32:1; Ju 5:12; 8:20, 21; Je 49:14 (לַמִּלְחָמָה), Ob 1 (קוּמוּ וְנָקוּמָה עָלֶיהָ לַמִּלְחָמָה), + 37 times c. especially arise = start, make a move, to go somewhere, Gn 13:17; 19:14, 15; 1 S 9:3 Jon 1:3 (in flight), 3:3 + 110 times 7. stand: especially fig. a. = maintain oneself Jos 7:12, 13 (JE; לִפְנֵי pers.), Am 7:2, 5 Na 1:6 La 1:14 ψ 1:5; 24:3; Jb 41:18 (of sword), of courage (רוּח) Jos 2:11 (D; בְּאִישׁ, + לִפְנֵי pers.). b. = be established, confirmed, of kingdom 1 S 24:21 (בְּיָֽדְךָ; Gi v 20); of purchase Lv 27:19, c. ל pers. be assured to 25:30 Gn 23:17, 20 (all P). c. stand, endure 1 S 13:14 Jb 8:15 (‖ עָמַד), 15:29. d. = be fixed, of price, Lv 27:14, 17. e. = be valid, of vows, Nu 30:5(×2) + 6 times Nu 30 + v 10 (c. עַל pers.; all P). f. = be proven Dt 19:15. g. = be fulfilled Je 44:29 (impf. + inf. abs.; עַל pers.), Jb 22:28 (ל pers.); of י׳’s purpose Je 51:29 (עַל pers.), Is 14:24 Pr 19:21, cf. Je 44:28; Is 40:8; 46:10; of human plans, succeed Is 7:7; 8:10; 28:18; Pr 15:22. h. persist, עַל־נְדִיבוֹת יָקוּם Is 32:8 lit. on noble things doth he take his stand. i. יָקוּם עַל־שֵׁם אָחִיו Dt 25:6 he shall stand upon the name of his dead brother, represent him. j. of eyes, = be set, fixed, without vision 1 S 4:15 1 K 14:4 (עַיִן 1 i). †Pi. Pf. 3 ms. קִיַּם Est 9:31, 32; 3 pl. קִיְּמוּ v 27, 31; Impf. 1 s. וָאֲקַיֵּמָ֑ה ψ 119:106; Imv. ms. sf. קַיְּמֵנִי v 28; inf. cstr. לְקַיִּם Ez 13:6 +;—late (Aramaic): 1. fulfil, Ez 13:6 ψ 119:106. 2. a. confirm, ratify, Ru 4:7. b. confirm, establish, of י׳ ψ 119:28 (c. sf. acc.). c. impose, an obligation, עַל pers. Est 9:21, 31b, עַל reflex. v 27, 31 c; c. acc. rei v 29, 31 a. 32. †Pōʿl. raise up: Impf. 2 ms. תְּקוֹמֵם Is 58:12; 1 s. אֲקוֹמֵם 44:26; 3 mpl. יְקוֹמֵ֑מוּ 61:4 (all of rebuilding);—יְקוֹמֵם Mi 2:8, read תָּקוּמוּ We Now, or קָמִים GASm Buhl. †Hithpōʿl. raise oneself, = rise up: Pt. fs. מִתְקוֹמָמָה Jb 20:27 (לְ pers. against); ms. sf. -מְמִי 27:7 one rising up against me (‖ אֹיְבִי); pl. abs. -מְמִים ψ 17:7; sf. -מְמַי 59:2; v. also 139:21, reading וּבְמִתְקוֹמְמֶיךָ (for MT וּבִתְק׳; ‖ מְשַׂנְאֶיךָ); see also קוט. Hiph.146 Pf. 3 ms. הֵקִים Jos 4:9 +; 2 ms. וַהֲקֵמֹתָ֫ Ex 26:30; Dt 27:2; 1 s. הֲקִימֹתִי 1 S 15:13, הֲקִמֹתִי Gn 9:17 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יָקִים Dt 18:15 +; juss. יָקֵם 1 S 1:23 +; וַיָּ֫קֶם Ju 2:16 +; 2 fpl. תָּקִ֫ימְנָה Je 44:25, etc.; Imv. ms. הָקֵם 2 S 7:25 +, etc.; Inf. abs. הָקֵים Je 44:25, הָקֵם Dt 22:4 Ju 7:19; cstr. הָקִים 2 S 3:10 +, etc.; Pt. מֵקִים Am 6:14 +, etc.;— †1. cause to arise, raise: a. the prostrate (acc. pers. vel rei) 2 S 12:17 (מִן־הָאָרֶץ), Dt 22:4 (הָקֵם תָּקִים עִמּוֹ) ψ 41:11 Ec 4:10(×2); fig. Am 5:2; 9:11(×2) Ho 6:2; Is 49:8; 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7 (‖ הֵרִים), Jb 4:4; Je 50:32. b. from throne (מִן) Is 14:9. c. lift up shield (צִנָּה) against (עַל) Ez 26:8. d. fig. raise (to dignity, power) Is 49:6. 2. †a. raise, set up, stones Jos 4:9 (JE; בְּתוֹךְ loc.), v 20 (JE; ב loc.), 24:26 (E; שָׁם, תַּחַת loc.), Dt 27:2; pillars 1 K 7:21(×3) ‖ 2 Ch 3:17 Ex 40:18 (P); מַצֵּבָה, פֶּסֶל Ju 18:30 (ל reflex.), Lv 26:1 Dt 16:22; throne, fig., 2 S 3:10, king Dt 28:36 (both c. עַל over). b. erect, build: Is 23:13 Ex 26:30; heap of stones over (עַל) Jos 7:26; 8:29; altar 2 S 24:18 (לי׳) ‖ 1 Ch 21:18 (id.), 1 K 16:32 (לבעל), 2 K 21:3 (id.) = 2 Ch 33:3 (לבעלים); curtains Je 10:20 (of Judah’s tent, in fig.); tabern., etc., Ex 40:2, 18, 33 + 4 times Nu; erect against (עַל) Is 29:3. †c. fig. of setting up law ψ 78:5 (עֵדוּת; ‖ שִׂים). †3. raise up = bring on the scene: c. acc., sons in place of (תַּחַת) fathers Jos 5:7, אַחֲרֵי 2 S 7:12 = 1 Ch 17:11, 1 K 15:4; raise up זֶרַע לִאָחִיךָ Gn 38:8 (J); judges Ju 2:16, 18 (לָהֶם), cf. 3:9, 15 (both ל pers.); king Je 30:9, צֶמַח צַדִּיק 23:5, prophet Je 29:15 Dt 18:15, 18, priest 1 S 2:35 (all ל pers.); shepherds, etc. Mi 5:5 (עַל against), Zc 11:16; לְהָקִים לְאָחִיו שֵׁם Dt 25:7; plant of name Ez 34:29 (ל pers.); evil (רָעָה) 2 S 12:11 (עַל against). †4. a. raise up = rouse, stir up (lion, in fig.) Gn 49:9 (poem) = Nu 24:9 (JE). b. instigate, c. acc. pers. + עַל against Am 6:14 1 S 22:8; + ל pers. 1 K 11:14, 23; c. acc. alone Hb 1:6. †5. raise up = constitute, הָקִיס־אֹתְךָ … לוֹ לְעָם Dt 29:12 cf. 28:9 Jb 16:12; וָאָקִים מִבְּנֵיכֶם לִנְבִיאִים Am 2:11; יָקֵם סְעָרָה לִדְמָמָה ψ 107:29 (cf. Qal 5). 6. cause to stand: †a. set, station, sentinels Ju 7:19 (הָקֵם הֵקִים), Je 51:12, cf. 6:17 (עַל pers.), 23:4 Ez 34:23; set feet on (עַל) rock ψ 40:3. †b. cause to hold one’s ground ψ 89:44 (בַּמִּלְחָמָה). †c. establish throne 2 Ch 7:18, כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ Pr 30:4. †d. establish (make, ratify) covenant, of י׳, c. אֶת (prep.) pers. Gn 6:18; 9:9, 11; 17:19, 21; Ex 6:4 (all P); Ez 16:62; c. בֵּין … בֵּין Gn 9:17; 17:7 (both P); c. ל pers. Ez 16:60. †e. = make binding, a vow Nu 30:14, 15(×2). f. = carry out, give effect to (DrSm. 1, 23), oath, covenant, vow, word, plan, command, of man 1 S 15:11, 13 + 6 times; of י׳ Gn 26:3; Lv 26:9; 1 S 1:23; 1 K 6:12 Dt 8:18 Je 23:20 + 18 times †g. לְהָקִים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת עַל־נַחֲלָתוֹ Ru 4:5, 10 to cause the dead man’s name to stand upon his inheritance (cf. Qal 7 i). †Hoph. Pf. 3 ms. הֻ֫קַם עָ֑ל 2 S 23:1 be raised up (on הֻ֫קַּם van d. H., v. Dr); הוּקַם be set up Ex 40:17 (of tabern.); הוּקַם אֶת־דִּבְרֵי פ׳ Je 35:14 be held upright (Ges§ 121 a), i.e. observed, obeyed.

[מַי580] n.m. 2 S 14:14 only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water (NH id.; MI 23 [ין]מ; SI 5 המים; Aramaic מַיָּא, מַיִּין, ܡܰܝܴ̈ܐ; Assyrian mû, pl. mê, also mâmu DlHWB 394; Arabic مَآءٌ; Ethiopic ማይ, pl. ማያት; Sab. [מו], מום, pl. מון, Min. [מה], pl. מהן DHM6th Or. Congr. (Leiden) ii. 1, 451 f. (v. on these forms BaZMG xiii, 1888, 341 ff.));—מַ֫יִם (מָ֑יִם) Gn 1:2 +; הַמַּ֫יְמָה Ex 7:15; 8:16; cstr. מֵי Gn 7:7 + 71 times; מֵימֵי Ex 4:9 + 10 times + Qr 2 K 18:27 = Is 36:12; sf. מֵימַי Ho 2:7 + 1 S 25:11 (but read here יֵינִי 𝔊 Ew Th We Klo Dr Kit Bu); מֵימֶ֫יךָ Ex 23:25 + 3 times; מֵימָיו Nu 20:8 + 6 times; מֵימֶיהָ Je 6:7; 50:38; מֵימֵינוּ La 5:4; מֵימֵיהֶם Ex 7:19 + 4 times;—waters, water (c. adj. pl. Gn 26:19 Ex 15:10 Lv 14:5, 6, 50 + often, so always c. adj.; also c. pt. pl. Nu 5:18, 19, 24 2 K 3:20 +; c. pron. pl. Nu 20:13; 27:14 2 K 2:21 +; cf. sf. Jos 4:18; before pl. vb. Gn 1:9, 20, 21; 7:17 + often; after pl. vb. Jos 3:13 Is 28:17 Pr 9:17 Ez 31:4 +; rarely c. sg. vb.; before, Gn 9:15 Lv 11:34 Nu 20:2; 24:7; 33:14 2 K 3:9; after, Nu 19:13, 20);— 1. a. water, of a spring or well (עַיִן, בְּאֵר) Gn 16:7; 24:11, 13(×2), 43 Ex 15:27(×2) (J), Gn 21:19, 25 Nu 20:17; 21:16 (E), etc.; for drinking, also Am 4:8; 8:11 Jon 3:7 + often; out of rock Ex 17:6 (E), Nu 20:8(×2), 10, 11 (P), Dt 8:15 etc.; מֵי מְרִיבָה (RSSem. i. 165. 2nd ed. 181) Nu 20:13, 24; 27:14 (P), Dt 33:8 ψ 81:8 106:32; cf. Dt 32:51 Ez 47:19; 48:28; for washing (hands, feet, person) Gn 18:4; 24:32; 43:24 (J), 2 K 3:11, Ex 29:4; 30:20 Lv 15:5, 6 + (P); (victims) Lv 1:9, 13; 8:21 (P); (vessels) Lv 6:21; 11:32, 34 (P); (garments) Lv 15:17 Nu 19:8 (P); for cooking Ex 12:9 (P), cf. Is 64:1 Ez 24:3 (symbol.); for purification Nu 8:7 (מֵי חַטָּאת), 19:9 (מֵי נִדָּה), cf. v 13, 18, 20, 21, 20:13; 31:23(×2) (all P), Ez 36:25 (fig.). b. of a river, Nile Ex 2:10; 4:9(×2) (J), Je 2:18 etc.; Jordan Jos 3:8 (D), v 15, 16 (JE), etc.; Euphrates Is 8:7 (fig.), Je 2:18; Ezek.’s river Ez 47:1(×2), 2 +, etc.; of streams, canals, etc., especially as condition of fertility Dt 8:7; 10:7 Is 1:30 Pr 30:16 2 K 3:17 +, etc. c. of sea Am 5:8; 9:6; Red Sea Ex 15:8, 10, 19 (song), 14:21, 22, 26 + (P), Jos 2:10 (D), etc. d. of flood Gn 7:7, 10; 8:3, 7, 8, 9, 11 (J), 6:17; 7:6, 17, 18(×2) 19; 8:5; 9:11, 15 (P); so מֵי־נֹחַ Is 54:9(×2) waters of Noah. e. subterranean Ex 20:4 (E), Dt 4:18; 5:8, cf. Jb 26:5 ψ 136:6. f. in clouds Je 10:13 Jb 26:8 ψ 29:3(×2) 104:3; 148:4, etc. g. of rain Ju 5:4 2 S 21:10 Dt 11:11 ψ 65:10 Jb 5:10 (‖ מָטָר), etc. h. of dew Ju 6:38. i. primæval deep Gn 1:2, 6 (P). 2. c. nomm. pr. loc. (q.v.), to denote springs, streams, or seas belonging to, near, such places: מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם Ex 7:19; 8:2; מֵי מְרִיבָה (v. supr. 1 a); מֵי מֵרוֹם Jos 11:5, 7; מֵי עֵין־שֶׁמֶשׁ Jos 15:7; מֵי נֶפְתּוֹחַ 15:9; 18:15; מֵי יְרִיחוֹ 16:1; מֵי מְגִּדּוֹ Ju 5:19; מֵי נִמְרִ(יִ)ם Is 15:6 Je 48:34; מֵי דִימוֹן Is 15:9; cf. מֵי הַ��ִּׁלֹּחַ Is 8:6; מֵימֵי גִּיחוֹן הָעֶלְיוֹן 2 Ch 32:30; cf. also n. pr. loc. מִשְׂרְפוֹת מַיִם Jos 11:8; 13:6. 3. special uses are: מֵי רַגְלַיִם water of the feet = urine 2 K 18:27 = Is 36:12; cf. בְּמֵי מַדְמֵנָה Is 25:10 Kt in water of a dunghill (> Qr בְּמוֹ); מַיִם לַחַץ water (which is) distress, because drunk in imprisonment 1 K 22:27 (‖ לֶחֶם לַחַץ) = 2 Ch 18:26; בְּמֵי־שָׁ֑לֶג in snow-water Jb 9:30 Qr (Kt במו; Me Hoffm Siegfr כְּמוֹ), מֵימֵי שֶׁלֶג 24:19; מַיִם קְדשִׁים †Nu 5:17 holy water (cf. RSSem. 165, 2nd ed. 181, but text dubious, v. Di); מֵי הַמָּרִים bitter water †Nu 5:18, 19, 23, 24; cf. Ex 15:23 (בִּי מָרִים הֵם), opp. וַיִּמְתְּקוּ הַמַּיִם v 25 and the waters were sweetened; מֵי חַטָּאת, מֵי נִדָּה v. supr. 1 a; מַיִם חַיִּים living (i.e. running) water Lv 14:5, 6, 50, 51, 52 Nu 19:17, also (fig.) Zc 14:8 (cf. Ez 47), and (fig.) Je 2:13; 17:13. See also infr. (cf. Nu 21:17, 18; v. RSSem. i. 127, 157; 2nd ed. 135, 176). 4. among fig. uses are: a. of danger or distress Is 43:2 ψ 66:12; 69:2 La 3:54; usually many waters 2 S 22:17 = ψ 18:17, cf. Jb 22:11 ψ 32:6; 144:7, or deep waters ψ 69:3, 15, cf. v 16; also מֵי־רֹאשׁ water of gall Je 8:14; 9:14; 23:15. b. פֶּרֶץ מַיִם 2 S 5:20 = 1 Ch 14:11 of outbursting force. c. שְׁאוֹן מַיִם Is 17:12, 13 or rushing nations. d. of what is impetuous, violent, overwhelming Is 28:2, 17 Ho 10:7 Jb 27:20 ψ 124:4, 5; 88:18; sim. of impetuousness פַּחַז כַּמַּיִם Gn 49:4. e. (as running away) of heart in timidity Jos 7:5, cf. ψ 22:15, of knees Ez 7:17; 21:12. f. of transitoriness Jb 11:16; 24:18 ψ 58:8. g. of refreshment Is 32:2; 49:10; spiritual 12:3. h. מֵי מְנֻחוֹת ψ 23:2 in fig. of rest and peace, cf. Je 31:9. i. of reckless bloodshed (poured out like water) ψ 79:3; cf. pouring away (and not eating) blood Dt 12:16, 24; 15:23. j. בְּאֵר מַיִם חַיִּים Ct 4:15 fig. of bride; מַיִם מִבּוֹרֶ֑ךָ Pr 5:15 of enjoyment of one’s own wife; of harlotry מַיִם גְּנוּבִים Pr 9:17 stolen waters. k. of outpoured wrath of י׳ Ho 5:10. l. of abundant justice Am 5:24. m. of outpoured feelings Jb 3:24; שִׁפְכִי כַמַּיִם לִבֵּךְ La 2:19.—Is 48:1 read prob. מִמְּעֵי for MT מִמֵּי, so Secker Du CheHpt Skinner, cf. Di.

קוֹל (sometimes, c. pref. et suff., קֹל)506 n.m. Gn 39:14 sound, voice;—abs. קוֹל Gn 4:10 + (הַקֹּל 27:22; 45:16); cstr. קוֹל 3:8 + (וְקֹל Ex 19:16, לְקֹל 4:8(×2)); sf. קוֹלִי 1 S 26:17 +, קוֹלְךָ Ju 18:25 +, etc. (קֹלִי Gn 22:18, קֹלֶ֑ךָ Ex 3:18, etc.); pl. (usually of thunder) קֹלֹת Ex 9:23 + 4 times, קוֹלֹת 20:18 (Gi v 15), קֹלוֹת 1 S 2:17 + 5 times;— 1. sound: especially a. of human voice Jos 6:10; 2 K 7:10; in speech Gn 27:22(×2) 1 S 1:13; 24:17; 26:17(×2); recognized (הִכִּיר) v 17 Je 18:3; יְפֵה ק׳ Ez 33:32 pleasant of voice, cf. Ct 2:14(×2); 8:13; in singing Ex 32:18; 2 S 19:36; Is 52:8, calling Ju 9:7, shouting Ex 32:17; 1 S 4:6(×2) 1 K 1:40; Ezr 3:13; rejoicing Je 7:34(×4) = 16:9; 25:10; 33:11; praise ψ 66:8; 26:7; Jo 2:10; laughter Je 30:19; weeping Gn 21:16; Ju 2:4; 1 S 11:4; Ru 1:9, 14; Ezr 3:13; outcry Gn 39:15, 18; 1 S 4:14; Je 8:19, distress, lament Je 9:18; Ez 27:30; Zc 11:3 ψ 102:6, supplication ψ 28:2, 6; 31:23; 86:6; adv. ק׳ אֶחָד with one voice Ex 24:3; 2 Ch 5:13, ק׳ גָּדוֹל loud voice 2 S 15:23 + (cf. בְּק׳ ג׳ Gn 39:14; 1 S 28:12 +), ק׳ רָם †Dt 27:14; נָשָׂא ק׳ Gn 21:16 + (v. נָשָׂא 1 b (5)), הֵרִים ק׳ 39:15 + (v. רום Hiph.); on ק׳ as independ. nom., sq. subj. + vb. of calling ψ 3:5; 27:7; 142:2 v. Ges§ 144 m. b. of י׳ Gn 3:8; 10; Is 6:8; Ex 19:19; 1 K 19:13; Mi 6:9; Ez 10:5 (cf. also 2 b) +; adv. ק׳ גָּדוֹל Dt 5:19; Ez 9:1; ק׳ דְּמָמָה דַקָּה 1 K 19:12. c. of seraph Is 6:4. d. of angel Dn 8:16 (ק׳ אָדָם) i.e. in human speech, cf. Bev); ק׳ דְּבָרָיו 10:6, 9(×2). e. of animals: bleating of sheep 1 S 15:14; lowing of cattle v 14 Je 9:9, neighing of horses 8:16, roaring of lion Am 3:4 Je 2:15 +, hissing of serpent 46:22 (in sim.), singing of birds Na 2:8; Zp 2:14; ψ 104:12; Ct 2:12; Ec 12:4. f. exclamation, at beginning of cl., a sound of …! = hark! Gn 4:10; Is 13:4; 40:3; 52:8; Je 4:15; 10:22; 50:28; Ct 2:8; 5:2 (Ges§ 146 b). 2. sound: a. of instrument, especially ק׳ (הַ)שֹּׁפָר Ex 9:16; 20:18 (Gi v 15) Am 2:2; 1 K 1:41 +, חֲצֹצְרוֹת וגו׳ 2 Ch 5:13; כִּנּוֹר Ez 26:13; עוּגָב Jb 21:12; of פַּעֲמֹנִים on high priest’s robe Ex 28:35. b. thunder-clap or peal (cf. Dr 1 S 12:17), קוֹל י׳ (or קוֹלוֹ) Am 1:2 Is 30:30; 31 Je 10:13 = 51:16, Jo 2:11; 4:16 ψ 18:14 = 2 S 22:14, ψ 29:3–5, 7–9; 46:7 Jb 37:4 (cf. 1 S 7:10 ψ 77:18, 19; 104:7), so especially pl. abs. (v. supr.) †Ex 9:23, 28, 29, 33, 34; 19:16; 20:18 (Gi v 15), 1 S 7:10; 12:17, 18 Jb 28:26 = 38:25. c. קוֹל רַגְלֶיהָ 1 K 14:6 cf. 2 K 6:32, and (prob.) Gn 3:8; also ק׳ (הַ)צְּעָדָה 2 S 5:24 = 1 Ch 14:15; of runners 2 K 11:13; 2 Ch 23:12. d. stamping of hoofs Je 47:3; Ez 26:10 (+ chariots, etc.), cf. 1 K 1:41. e. of chariots Na 3:2; Jo 2:5; wheels Ez 3:13; whip Na 3:2. f. of sea, and great waters Hb 3:10; Ez 1:24; 43:2 ψ 93:3, 4, cf. Je 50:42 (in sim.); ק׳ צִנּוֹרֶיךָ ψ 42:8. g. earthquake Ez 37:7. h. a fall Je 49:21; Ez 26:15; 31:16. i. of a multitude 1 S 4:14; Is 13:4; Ez 23:42. j. din of war Ex 32:17; Je 50:22, 46; 51:55; La 2:7. k. of wings Ez 1:24; 3:13; 10:5. l. flame Jo 2:5; crackling of thorns Ec 7:6; rustling of leaves Lv 26:36. m. mill-stones Je 25:10; Ec 12:4. 3. of articulate speech, things said: a. (1) often of human advice, command, entreaty Gn 3:17; 4:23 Ex 3:18; 4:1, 9 Dt 1:45; 21:18(×2), 20 1 S 2:25; 8:7, 9 2 S 12:18; ק׳ דִּבְרֵיכֶם Dt 1:34; 5:25; even of written words 2 K 10:6; so also ק׳ הָאֹת Ex 4:8(×2) voice (teaching) of the sign. (2) of a report Gn 45:16; Ec 10:20. (3) of a proclamation Ex 36:6 (P); 2 Ch 24:9; 30:5; 36:22 = Ezr 1:1, Ezr 10:7; Ne 8:15. (4) ק׳ אָלָה Lv 5:1 utterance of adjuration. b. often (especially Dt Je) of words of י׳ Gn 22:18; 26:5 Ex 5:2; 15:26; 19:5 Dt 8:20; 9:23; 13:5, 19 +, Ju 2:2, 20; 6:10 1 S 12:14, 15; 15:1, 19, 20, 22 Je 3:13, 25; 7:23 +; of מַלְאַךְ י׳ Ex 23:21, 22.—קֹל Je 3:9 v. sub קָלַל" dir="rtl" >קלל.

כֶּ֫סֶף402 n.m. Gn 23:9 silver, money (NH id.; Ph. Zinj. כסף; Aramaic כַּסְפָּא, ܟܶܣܦܳܐ; Palm. כספא VogNo. 23; Assyrian kaspu; prob. the pale metal Thes al., cf. RSJPh. xiv, 125)—כ׳ abs. Gn 20:16 +, כָּ֑סֶף Ex 21:11 +; cstr. 43:21 +; sf. כַּסְפִּי Gn 42:28 + 3 times, כַּסְפְּךָ 1 K 20:3 + 2 times, כַּסְפֶּ֑ךָ Gn 17:13 Is 30:22, כַּסְפֵּךְ Is 1:22, כַּסְפֵּנוּ Gn 31:15 + 2 times, כַּסְפָּם Ho 8:4 + 6 times; pl. sf. כַּסְפֵּיהֶם Gn 42:25, 35;—silver, †1. = silver ore, raw silver (rare and mostly late) Jb 28:1, also (in fig.) Ez 22:20, 22 Zc 13:9 Pr 2:4; 17:3; 27:21 Mal 3:3(×2) ψ 12:7; 66:10 Is 48:10; הָגוֹ סִיגים מִכּ׳ Pr 25:4 remove dross from silver, cf. כ׳ סִיגִים 26:23 and סִגִים כ׳ Ez 22:18 (MT; 𝔊 כ׳ ס׳; Co del. in view of v 20); כ׳ נִמְאָס Je 6:30 (cf. v 29), כַּסְפֵּךְ הָיָה לְסִיגִים Is 1:22. †2. silver as bright, shining, fig. of dove’s wings כַּנְפֵי יוֹנָה נֶחְפָּה בַכֶּ֑סֶף ψ 68:14. 3. silver, as wealth, Gn 13:2 (J) + often (c. 54 times in all; frequently with gold, etc., v. זהב); מְלֹא בֵיתוֹ כ׳ וזהב Nu 22:18; 24:13; fig. of a slave as valuable, כַּסְפּוֹ הוּא Ex 21:21 (all JE); silver as less valuable than gold 1 K 10:21 = 2 Ch 9:20; cf. also 1 K 10:27 = 2 Ch 1:15; 9:27; כ׳ נִבְחָר choice silver, Pr 8:19; 10:20. 4. silver as spoil of war (c. זהב, q.v.) Ju 5:19 2 S 8:11 = 1 Ch 18:11 + 11 times †5. silver as merchandise Ez 27:12 Pr 3:14 (סְחַר־כ׳), Zp 1:12; cf. also 1 K 10:22 = 2 Ch 9:21. 6. silver as costly gift (c. זהב, q.v.) 1 K 15:18, 19 = 2 Ch 16:2, 3, 2 K 16:8; 18:15 2 Ch 9:14; 17:11; 21:3 Is 60:9 Dn 11:38 (other instances under 8). 7. silver as material (c. 117 times in all; often c. זהב, q.v.), of cup Gn 44:2 cf. v 8 (J), trumpets Nu 10:2 (P), כְּלֵי־כ׳ Gn 24:53 (J) +; of idols Ex 20:23 Is 2:20 Dt 29:16 Ez 16:17 ψ 115:4; 135:15 + 4 times, cf. Dt 7:25 Je 10:4 Hb 2:19; especially of fittings of tabern. Ex 26, 27, 36, 38 (19 times), and those offered by chiefs of people Nu 7 (28 times), etc. 8. silver as measure of weight and value (c. 184 times):— †a. shekels:—כ׳ שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים Ex 21:32 (JE), cf. 2 S 24:24 Lv 5:15 Nu 18:16 (both P), Ne 5:15; also (diff. order) חֲמִשָּׁה שׁקלים כ׳ Lv 27:6(×2) (P), cf. Jos 7:21 (JE), 2 K 15:20, and אַרְבַּע מֵאֹת שֶׁקֶל כ׳ Gn 23:15, 16, cf. Lv 27:3, 16 (all P), 1 S 9:8; once שִׁבְעָה שְׁקָלִים וַעֲשָׂרָה הַכּ׳ Je 32:9. b. more often om. שׁקל Gn 20:16; 45:22 (E), 37:28 (J), Ho 3:2 Ct 8:11 + 17 times †c. talents:—כִּכַּר (הַ)כּ׳ Ex 38:27 (P), cf. 1 K 20:39 2 K 5:22; 15:19; 18:14; 23:33 = 2 Ch 36:3, 1 Ch 19:6 2 Ch 25:6; 27:5 Est 3:9; עֶשֶׂר כִּכְּרֵי־כ׳ 2 K 5:5; כִּכְּרַיִם כ׳ 1 K 16:24 2 K 5:23; כ׳ אלף אלפים ככרים 1 Ch 22:14 cf. 29:7 Ezr 8:26. †d. minas:—כ׳ מָנִים חֲמֵשֶׁת אֲלָפִים Ezr 2:69 cf. Ne 7:70, 71. e. more often = money, measure of value and exchange (c. 112 times; not necess. coined) Gn 31:15 42:25, 27 (E), 43:12(×2), 15, 18 (J), Gn 23:13 Lv 27:18 Nu 3:48 (P), Ju 16:18 1 K 21:2 2 K 12:5 etc.; so ψ 68:31 Che, but see De Grill Bae, and Checrit. n.; מִקְנַת כ׳ one bought for money Gn 17:12, 13, 23, 27 Ex 12:44 (all P); כ׳ מִקְנָתוֹ Lv 25:51 (H) money for which he was bought; כ׳ מָלֵא full price Gn 23:9 (P) 1 Ch 21:22, 24; כַּסְפֵּנוּ בְּמִשְׁקָלוֹ Gn 43:21 i.e. our money in full; כ׳ מִמְכָּרוֹ Lv 25:50 the price of his sale; כ׳ אָשָׁם 2 K 12:17 trespass-money, כ׳ חַטָּאוֹת v 17 sin-money, כ׳ הַכִּפֻּרִים Ex 30:16 atonement-money, כ׳ הַפִּדְיוֹן Nu 3:49 redemption-money (both P); כ׳ עֶרְכְּךָ Lv 27:15, 19 i.e. estimated value, etc. 9. among vbs. and phr. with כ׳ are:—צרף try, refine, Zc 13:9 Is 48:10 Mal 3:3a ψ 12:7; 66:10; זִקַּק Mal 3:3b, (cf. הִתּוּךְ Ez 22:22, √ נתך, see v 20, 21); יפּה beautify בכ׳ Je 10:4; תָּפוּשׂ כ׳ Hb 2:19 encased with gold and silver; שָׁקַל את־הַכּ׳ לְ weigh out the silver to or for a person Je 32:9 Gn 23:16 (P) Ezr 8:25, without לְ Je 32:10, cf. Ex 22:16 (E), 1 K 20:39; שׁקל כ׳ ב׳ Is 55:2 = spend money for; לֹא יִשָּׁקֵל כ׳ מְחִירָהּ Jb 28:15; וַיִּשְׁקְלוּ אֶת־שְׂבָרִי שׁלשׁים כ׳ Zc 11:12; כ׳ בַּקָּנֶה ישׁקלו Is 46:6, of weighing material for idol; מָכַר בכ׳ sell for money Am 2:6 Gn 37:28 (J), Dt 21:14; נָתַן בכ׳ Dt 2:28b 1 K 21:6, 15 Gn 23:9 (P), 1 Ch 21:22; also, of food, הִשְׁבִּיר ב׳ Dt 2:28a; נתן כ׳ השׂדה Gn 23:13 (P) pay the price of the field; קָנָה בְכ׳ buy something for money Am 8:6 Je 32:25, 44 Is 43:24 1 Ch 21:24, cf. קָנָה נֶפֶשׁ קִנְיַן כ׳ Lv 22:11 (H); שׁבר בכ׳ Dt 2:6a Is 55:1; כרה בכ׳ Dt 2:6b; peculiar is its use with פָּדָה, redeem (q.v.) in Nu 18:16; לקח כ׳ receive money 2 K 5:26; 12:8, 9; לָוָה כ׳ Ne 5:4 borrow money; הִלְוָה Ex 22:24 (JE) lend money to (c. 2 acc.); נתן כ׳ בְּנֶשֶׁךְ give money on usury Lv 25:37 (H), ψ 15:5; cf. לֹא תַשִּׁיךְ לְאָחִיךָ נֶשֶׁךְ כ׳ Dt 23:20.

זָהָב385 n.m. Gn 2:12 gold (NH id.; Arabic ذَهَبٌ, Sab. דֿהב e.g. Os29 DHMZMG 1883, 338; Aramaic דְּהַב, ܕܗܰܒ, Palm. דהבא VogNo. 23)—ז׳ abs. Gn 2:11 + 364 times; cstr. Gn 2:12 + 6 times; sf. זְהָבִי 1 K 20:7 + 2 times; זְהָֽבְךָ 1 K 20:3, 5; זְהָבֶ֑ךָ Is 30:22; זְהָבוֹ Is 2:20; 31:7; זְהָבָם Ho 8:4 + 4 times;—gold, 1. = gold-ore, gold in a raw state, Gn 2:11, 12 Je 10:9 Pr 17:3; 27:21 Jb 28:1 +; perhaps also 1 K 9:28; 10:11; 22:49 etc.; cf. עַפְרֹת ז׳ Jb 28:6 gold-dust v. also Zc 13:9 (sim. of tried people of י׳) and cf. Mal 3:3; likewise Jb 23:10 (sim. of Job’s purity, as shewn by divine tests); מִצָּפוֹן זָהָב Jb 37:22 is dub.; Ew De al. out of the North comes gold; others, however, golden light, brightness, of sun after clouds dispersed by north wind, 𝔊 Rabb. Da al.; or golden splendour of God coming from north BöÄ 76 Hi al.; Siegf conj. יהוה for זהב read perhaps זֹהַר Du and Dr. 2. gold as wealth Gn 13:2 (J; + מִקְנֶה, כֶּסֶף) 24:34 (J; + צֹאן, בָּקָר, כֶּסֶף, עֲבָדִם, שְׁפָחֹת, גְּמַלִּים, חֲמֹרִים) cf. Ho 2:8 Is 2:7 Dt 8:13; 17:17 Jb 3:15; 31:24 Zc 14:14 Ezr 1:4, 6 +; in gen., as precious: נִבְחָר שֵׁם מֵעשֶׁר רָ֑ב מִכֶּסֶף וּמִזָּהָב חֵן טוֹב Pr 22:1 to be chosen is a name more than great riches, and good favour more than silver and than gold; Jb 28:17 (of wisdom) gold and glass do not equal it; ψ 19:10 (ordinances of י׳) which are more to be desired than gold; cf. 119:72, 127; also metaph. of princes and chief men of Zion La 4:1 (cf. v 2). 3. gold as spoil of war Jos 6:19 (+ כֶּסֶף, כְּלֵי־נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל) so v 24, cf. 7:21, 24; 22:8 2 K 7:8 +. 4. gold as merchandise Ez 27:22 (+ אֶבֶן יְקָרָה, רֹאשׁ כָּל־בֹּשֶׂם), cf. also gold from Ophir 1 K 9:28 etc. (v. sub 7 infr.) 5. gold as costly gift: to a prophet מְלֹא בֵּיתוֹ כֶּסֶף וְז׳ (hypothet.), Nu 22:18; 24:13 (both E); brought by queen of Sheba to Solomon 1 K 10:2, 10 (both + אֶבֶן יְקָרָה and בְּשָׂמִים) = 2 Ch 9:1, 9; as tribute 2 K 23:35(×2) (cf. v 33; all + כֶּסֶף); as satisfaction for murder 2 S 21:4 (+ כֶּסֶף). 6. gold as material: of (nose- or ear-)ring, נֶזֶם Gn 24:22 Ex 32:2, 3 Ju 8:24, 26 Pr 11:22; 25:12 Jb 42:11; of chain Gn 41:42, shields 2 S 8:7, images of emerods 1 S 6:4, 17 and mice v 4, 11, 18; תַּפּוּחֵי ז׳ בְּמַשְׂכִּיּוֹת כֶּסֶף Pr 25:11; גֻּלַּת ז׳ Ec 12:6; כְּלֵי־ז׳ Ex 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 1 S 6:8 ψ 105:37 etc.; כְּלֵי־כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב Gn 24:53 as presents to a bride (+ בְּגָדִים); so of presents to secure king’s favour 2 S 8:10 (+ כְּלֵי נְחשֶׁת), and in list of yearly gifts or tribute to Sol. 1 K 10:25 = 2 Ch 9:24; as material of idols אֱלֹהֵי כֶסֶף וֵאלֹהֵי ז׳ Ex 20:23 cf. 32:31 Ho 8:4 Is 2:20; 30:22; 31:7 Dt 29:16 ψ 115:4; 135:15; as plating of idols Dt 7:25; especially as material of the furnishings of Solomon’s temple, or (oftener) the platings of temple, or parts thereof, or of its furnishings 1 K 6:20, 21(×3), 22(×2), 28; 7:48 + 10 times 1 K 6:7; also 2 Ch 3:5(×2), 6 + 14 times 2 Ch 3:4; cf. 1 Ch 28:14(×2) + 14 times 1 Ch 28. 29 (David’s preparation for temple); v. also 2 K 24:13 cf. 14:14 = 2 Ch 25:24, 2 K 25:15 = Je 52:19 (in accounts of plundering temple etc.); but more often still of furnishing and utensils of tabernacle, insignia of high-priest etc., Ex 25:3, 11, 24 + 97 times Ex 25–40, Lv 8:9 Nu 4:11; 8:4; (in case of large objects frequently of plating or sheathing, cf. 12 c infr.) Note the expressions תְּנוּפַת ז׳ ליהוה Ex 35:22 a wave-offering of gold, זְהַב הַתְּנוּפָה 38:24; also זְהַב הַתְּרוּמָה Nu 31:52 (all P) cf. Ezr 8:25, and (of offering to heathen god) יְכַבֵּד בְּזָהָב Dn 11:38. †7. gold described by its source, especially gold from Ophir (cf. GlasSkizze ii. 357, ff. 368) 1 K 9:28; 10:11; 22:49 1 Ch 29:4 2 Ch 8:18; 9:10; so perhaps Je 10:9 (read אוֹפִיר for אוּפַז Ew Klo al.); זְהַב שְׁבָא ψ 72:15; on ז׳ פַּרְוָ֑יִם 2 Ch 3:6 v. פרוים; cf. further Gn 2:11, 12. 8. gold defined By var. adj. and pts.: ז׳ שָׁחוּט beaten gold (v. שָׁחַט) 1 K 10:16, 17 = 2 Ch 9:15(×2), 16; ז׳ סָגוּר 1 K 6:20, 21; also 7:49, 50 10:21 = 2 Ch 4:20, 22; 9:21 (on meaning v. סָגַר); especially (but only P & Ch) ז׳ טָהוֹר pure gold Ex 25:11, 17, 24 + 21 times Ex 25, 28, 30, 37, 39 (of equipments of tabernacle and high priest’s insignia), 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 3:4; 9:17; cf. ז׳ טוֹב 2 Ch 3:5, 8; on ז׳ מוּפָז 1 K 10:18, AV best gold, cf. אוּפָז" dir="rtl" >אוּפָז, פָּזַז²" dir="rtl" >פָּזַז. 9. ז׳ as measure of weight and value: a. = gold-shekel, עֲשָׂרָה ז׳ מִשְׁקָלָם Gn 24:22; כַּף אַחַת עֲשָׂרָה ז׳ Nu 7:14 + 11 times Nu 7; אֶלֶף וּשְׁבַע־מֵאוֹת ז׳ Ju 8:26, cf. 1 K 10:16 2 K 5:5 2 Ch 9:15, 16; אַלְפֵי ז׳ וָכָ֑סֶף ψ 119:72; comp. further Jos 7:21; but also (only Ch) שֶׁקֶל expressed: שִׁקְלֵי ז׳ מִשְׁקַל שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת 1 Ch 21:25 (50 shekels of silver in ‖ 2 S 24:24); וּמִשְׁקָל לְמִסְמְרוֹת לִשְׁקָלִים חֲמִשִּׁים ז׳ 2 Ch 3:9. b. שְׁלשֶׁת מָנִים ז׳ 1 K 10:17 three minas of gold (v. מָנֶה). c. כִּכַּר ז׳ talent of gold 2 S 12:30 1 K 9:14 + (v. כִּכָּר). d. זָהָב דַּרְכְּמוֹנִים שֵׁשׁ־רִבֹּאוֹת וָאֶלֶף Ezr 2:69 cf. Ne 7:69, 70, 71; also וּכפֹרֵי ז׳ עֶשְׂרִים לַאֲדַרְכֹּנִים אָ֑לֶף Ezr 8:27 (v. דַּרְכְּמוֹן);—with the above should perhaps be compared הַזָּלִים ז׳ מִכִּיס Is 46:6 i.e. the gold used in making the god was the coin carried in the bag. 10. ז׳ = golden oil, from colour, Zc 4:12. 11. ז׳ often named with כֶּסֶף, and then, in earlier and sometimes in later writings, follows it: בַּכֶּסֶף וּבַזָּהָב Gn 13:2 (J), cf. 24:35, 53; 44:8 (all J), Ex 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 Nu 22:18; 24:13 (all E), Jos 6:19, 24 (JE), Dt 7:25; 17:17; 29:16 2 S 8:11; 21:4 1 K 7:51; 15:15, 18, 19 2 K 7:8; 16:8; 18:14; 20:13; 23:33, 35(×2) Ho 2:10; 8:4 Is 2:7; 60:9 Je 10:4 Zp 1:18 Ez 7:19; 38:13 Zc 6:11 Jo 4:5, Pr 22:1 ψ 105:37; 115:4; 135:15 2 Ch 1:15; 5:1 Ezr 1:4; 8:25 Dn 11:8 Ec 2:8 +; in later writings ז׳ often precedes Ez 28:4 Zc 14:14 Mal 3:3 1 Ch 18:10; 22:14, 16; 28:15, 16; 29:3, 4, 5, 7 2 Ch 9:14, 21; 24:14; 25:24 Ezr 1:11 ψ 119:72 Ct 1:11 Dn 11:38 +, and so in P, Ex 25:3; 31:4; 35:5, 32 Nu 31:32; yet also as early as Hb 2:19 1 K 10:22 2 K 25:15. 12. the chief vbs. used with ז׳ are: a. עָשָׂה make of (c. 2 acc.) 1 K 7:48 (cf. v 49(×2), 50(×2)) 10:6; 12:28; 14:26 2 Ch 4:7, 8, 19; 12:9; 13:8, and especially in P (tabern.) Ex 25:11, 17, 18 + 35 times Ex 25–39; also sq. בְּ work in gold, לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּזּ׳ וּבַכֶּסֶף וּבַנְּחשֶׁת Ex 31:4; 35:32, also (+ בַּבַּרְזֶל, etc.), 2 Ch 2:6, 13; b. יָצַק (obj. טַבְּעֹת ז׳) Ex 25:12; 37:3, 13 (all P); c. צִפָּה overlay with (c. 2 acc.) 1 K 6:20, 21(×2), 22, 28, 30, 32, 35 (v 32, 35 one acc. om.), 10:18 2 Ch 3:4, 10; 9:17, and especially P (tabern.) Ex 25:11, 13, 24, 28 + 15 times Ex 26–37; in same sense d. וַיְחַפֵּהוּ ז׳ 2 Ch 3:5 cf. v 7, 8, 9, and e. תָּפוּשׂ ז׳ וָכֶסֶף Hb 2:19 encased in gold and silver; also f. בַּזּ׳ יְרַקְּעֶנּוּ Is 40:19; g. רדד Hiph., וַיָּ֫רֶדּ עַל־הַכְּרוּבִים וְעַל־הַתִּמֹּרוֹת אֶת־הַזּ׳ 1 K 6:32and he spread upon the cherubim and upon the palm-trees the gold; further h. בָּחַן try, Zc 13:9, cf. i. זִקַּק Mal 3:3.—On דִּי זָהָב, n.pr. v. p. 191; on מֵי זָהָב n.pr. v. sub מַי" dir="rtl" >מַיִם.

אֶ֫בֶן274 n.f. Gn 29:2 (m. 1 S 17:40?) stone (Assyrian abnu, = the sharp, projecting? v. DlW, Pr 107; Ph. אבן; Aramaic. אֶבֶן, ܐܰܒܢܳܐ; Ethiopic እብን Sab. אבנ[ם] DHMZMG 1883, 341) = א׳ abs. Gn 28:22 +; אָ֑בֶן 11:3 +; cstr. 49:24 +; sf. אַבְנוֹ 2 K 3:25; אֲבָנִים Gn 31:46 +, etc.;—a stone (large or small). 1. in natural state, used as pillow Gn 28:11, 18 (E); seat Ex 17:12 (E); cover of well Gn 29:3(×2), 8, 10 (J) causing one to stumble Is 8:14; marring good ground 2 K 3:19, 25; hand-missile Ex 21:18 (JE) Nu 35:17, 23 (P) 2 S 16:6, 13, especially in judicial stoning, with vb. רָגַם Lv 20:2, 27; 24:23 Nu 14:10; 15:35, 36 Jos 7:25a (all P), so also Dt 21:21 2 Ch 24:21 Ez 16:40; 23:47; cf. 1 K 12:18 = 2 Ch 10:18; with vb. סָקַל Dt 13:11; 17:5; 22:21, 24 1 K 21:13; also Jos 7:25b (JE or D); sling-stones Ju 20:16 1 S 17:40, 49(×2), 50 2 Ch 26:14; hurled by engines 2 Ch 26:15; set up for inscribing law Dt 27:2, 4, 8 Jos 8:32 (all D); as memorial Jos 4:3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21 (JED) 1 S 7:12; as sacred pillar (מַצֵּבָה) Gn 28:18; 35:14 (anointed with oil), 28:22 (= בֵּיתאֵל) cf. יִשְׂרָאֵל (רֹעֶה)א׳ Gn 49:24 (v. Di); as witness 31:45 cf. Jos 24:26, 27 (all JE); pl. gathered into heap (גַּל) over dead, Jos 7:26 (v. Di) 8:29 cf. 10:18, 27 (JE) 2 S 18:17; גַּל on which meal was eaten, in a compact Gn 31:46(×2) (JE); built into altar Ex 20:25 Dt 27:5, 6 (JED) Jos 8:31 1 K 18:31, 32, 38; cf. 2 K 23:15 𝔊 Klo (for הבמה); of figured stone (forbidden) א׳ מַשְׂכִּית Lv 26:1 (H); א׳ גדולה where ark rested 1 S 6:14, 15 also v 18 (MT אבל q.v.); (v. for other noteworthy stones 9. infr.) 2. stone, as material, of tablets Ex 24:12; 31:18; 34:1 (pl.) v 4(×2) (JE) Dt 4:13; 5:19; 9:9, 10, 11; 10:1, 3; of vessels, hence prob. Ex 7:19 (P; א׳ = vessels of stone ‖ עצים) v. Di; idols (‖ עץ) Dt 4:28; 28:36, 64; 29:16 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19; also Je 3:9 Ez 20:32; pavement 2 K 16:17; edifice 1 K 6:7 cf. Gn 11:3; also 2 S 5:11 2 K 12:13 1 Ch 22:15; often pl. of (worked) stones Lv 14:40, 42(×2), 43, 45 (P; in wall of house) 2 K 22:6 +, cf. of city-wall Ne 3:35; of (ruined) city 1 K 15:22 Ne 3:34; tomb Is 14:19; אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֹת (costly building-stones) 1 K 5:31; 7:9, 10, 11 (v. also sub 3); אַבְנֵי־שַׁיִשׁ = marble (v. 𝔊) 1 Ch 29:2; אַבְנֵי גָזִית = hewn stones 1 K 5:31 1 Ch 22:2 Ez 40:42 (for altar-tables),—cf. גָּזִית" dir="rtl" >גָּזִית; א׳ מַחְצֵב 2 K 12:13; 22:6 2 Ch 34:11; foundation-stone, corner-stone Is 28:16 Je 51:26 Jb 38:6 ψ 118:22; cap-stone, completing the building, הָא׳ הָרִאשֹׁנָה Zc 4:7 (but v. רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה ψ 118:22 as above), Zc 3:9 upon one stone seven eyes, prob. refers to this cap- or head-stone; the eyes are symbol of God’s watchfulness; perhaps explaining cup-stones found in Orient, v. GutheZPV 1890, 129; stone-cutters חָרָשֵׁי א׳ 2 S 5:11 1 Ch 22:15; חֹצְבֵי הָא׳ 2 K 12:13 cf. 1 Ch 22:2. 3. precious stone, gen. with modifying word א׳ יְקָרָה coll. 2 S 12:30 1 K 10:2 + often (v. 2); א׳ הַשֹׁהַם Gn 2:12 (J) cf. Ex 25:7; 28:9; 35:9, 27; 39:6 (P) 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ מִלֻּאִים Ex 25:7; 35:9, 27 cf. 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ סַפִּיר Ez 1:26; 10:1; אַבְנֵי אֶקְדָּח Is 54:12; א׳ חֵפֶץ ib.; אַבְנֵי פוּךְ וְרִקְמָה 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ חֵן Pr 17:8; on אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ (stones of fire) Ez 28:14, 16 as precious stones = Assyrian aban išâti (?) v. DlPa 118 & W 40; but Sm al. thunderbolts; also without distinctive modifier Ex 25:7; 35:9; חָרַשׁ א׳ engraver in stone Ex 28:11 cf. 31:5; 35:33 (P). †4. stones containing metal, = ore, Dt 8:9 (v. Di) Jb 28:2 cf. v. 3. †5. a weight, as orig. stone (v. Pr 27:3 cf. Eng. weight stone = 14 lb) אַבְנֵי־כִיס Pr 16:11 (cf. Assyrian DlW 38); א׳ הַמֶּלֶךְ 2 S 14:26 (i.e. according to royal standard; cf. COT Gn 23:16); א׳ וָא׳ Dt 25:13 Pr 20:10, 23 (i.e. different weights, for dishonest use); כִּיס אַבְנֵי מִרְמָה Mi 6:11; just weights אַבְנֵי־צֶדֶק Lv 19:36; א׳ שְׁלֵמָה Pr 11:1; hence also heavy mass of metal (lead) Zc 5:8. †6. plummet Is 34:11 (stones of devastation, or emptiness, cf. on sense 2 K 21:13 Am 7:7, 8); also made of metal הא׳ הַבְּדִּיל Zc 4:10 (conversely plummet from plumbum). †7. objectslike stones; partic. hail, explicitly, אַבְנֵי הַבָּרָד Jos 10:11 cf. Is 30:30; א׳ אֶלְגָּבִישׁ Ez 13:11, 13; 38:22; but also גְּדֹלוֹת אֲבָנִים Jos 10:11 (E) (cf. Assyrian DlW 38); lime-stones אַבְנֵי־גִד Is 27:9. 8. in sim. (mostly poet.) of sinking in water Ex 15:5 = Ne 9:11; motionlessness Ex 15:16; strength Jb 6:12; firmness 41:16; solidity (of ice) 38:30; in prose, of commonness 1 K 10:27 2 Ch 1:15; also metaph. of one in fear 1 S 25:37 (i.e. petrified with terror, cf. Ex 15:16 supr.); לֵב הָא׳ = perverse, hard heart Ez 11:19; 36:26; אַבְנֵי־נֵזֶר Zc 9:16 (of ransomed Isr.)—א׳ personif. Hb 2:11 cf. v 19; cf. Ez 13:11 (v. 7 supr.) †9. In topogr. terms (nearly = n.pr.); אֶבֶן בֹּהַן Jos 15:6; 18:17; א׳ הָעֶזֶר 1 S 5:1 cf. 7:12, also 4:1 (We Dr); הָא׳ הָאָ֑זֶל 1 S 20:19, read הָאַרְגָּב הַלָּאז v. 𝔊 here & v 41 (We Dr Klo); א׳ הַזֹּחֶלֶת 1 K 1:9 (where WeSkizzen III,171 comp. Ar. Zuḥal = Saturn).

† I. [כּוּן218] vb. prob. be firm, only in der. conj. (NH Aramaic כּוּן, in der. conj., כִּיוֵּן arrange, direct; ܟܰܘܶܢ put right, correct; Assyrian kânu, be firm, right DlHWB 321; Arabic كَانَ (med. و) exist, occur, be; so Ethiopic ኮነ Sab. כון DHM ZMG 1875, 599, Ph. כון be (often));— Niph. Pf. (on 3 ms. v. Pt. infr.), 2 fs. נָכ֫וֹנָה 1 K 2:46; 3 pl. נָכ֫וֹנוּ Pr 19:29; נָכֹ֫נוּ Ez 16:7; Impf. יִכּוֹן Pr 12:3 +; 3 fs. תִּכּוֹן Je 30:20 +; וַתִּכֹּן 1 K 2:12 2 Ch 8:16, etc.; Imv. חִכּוֹן Am 4:12; הִכֹּן Ez 38:7; pl. הכונוּ 2 Ch 35:4 Kt (Qr הָכִינ��ּ Hiph.); Pt. נָכוֹן Gn 41:32 + (in ψ 93:2 and perhaps elsewhere the Pf. would be poss.); cstr. נְכוֹן Pr 4:18; f. נְכוֹנָה ψ 5:10 + 2 times; pl. נְכֹנִים Ex 19:11 + 2 times; pass. or neut., and (less often) reflex.:— 1. be set up, established, fixed: a. lit., of house upon (עַל) pillars Ju 16:26, 29, so, in metaph., of temple-mt. Is 2:2 = Mi 4:1, עֲדָתוֹ Je 30:20; be firm, of breasts at puberty Ez 16:7; firmly established, of תֵּבֵל ψ 93:1 = 96:10 = 1 Ch 16:30; firm, i.e. a strong support, of י׳’s hand יָדִי תִּכּוֹן עִמּוֹ ψ 89:22 (‖ זְרוֹעִי תְאַמְּצֶנּוּ). b. fig., of throne 2 S 7:16 = 1 Ch 17:14, 1 K 2:45 ψ 89:38; 93:2 Pr 16:12; 25:5; 29:14; of king, royal family, kingdom 1 S 20:31 1 K 2:12, 46 2 S 7:26 = 1 Ch 17:24. c. of any persons, be established, stable, secure, enduring Jb 21:8 (c. לִפְנֵי) Pr 12:3, also v 19 (subj. שְׂפַת אֱמֶת), ψ 101:7 (c. לְנֶגֶד עֵינָ֑י), 102:29 (c. לְפָנֶיךָ), 140:12 (c. בָּאָרֶץ); of plans Pr 16:3; 20:18; נְכוֹן הַיּוֹם 4:18 the established, stable, (part) of the day, i.e. mid-day, when the sun seems motionless in mid-heaven.—2 S 6:6 v. נָכוֹן" dir="rtl" >נָכוֹן n.pr. infr. d. fixed, securely determined נ׳ הַדָּבָר מֵעִם הָאֱלֹהִים (‖ אֱמֶת) Gn 41:32 (E); so כְּשַׁחַר נָכוֹן מֹצָאוֹ Ho 6:3 MT, but read כְּשַׁחֲרֵנוּ כֵּן נִמְצָאֵהוּ Gie Beiträge 208 Wead loc.; substantiated, certain, of an allegation Dt 13:15 = 17:4; אֶל־נָכוֹן according to (what is) certain, = certainly, assuredly 1 S 23:23; 26:4 (v. Dr). 2. in moral sense, be directed aright, of ways Pr 4:26 ψ 119:5 (cf. Hiph. 3); be fixed aright, stedfast נָכוֹן לִבִּי ψ 57:8(×2); 108:2, so 112:7; לִבָּם לֹא נָכוֹן עִמּוֹ 78:37; רוּחַ נָכוֹן 51:12 (‖ לֵב טָהוֹר); לא נָכוֹן לעשׂות כן Ex 8:22 (J) is is not right, proper, etc.; pt. f. נְכוֹנָה as subst. = what is right, the right Jb 42:7, 8; = uprightness ψ 5:10. 3. prepare, be ready, pers. Am 4:12 (c. ל inf.); words Pr 22:18; הִכֹּן וְהָכֵן לְךָ Ez 38:7; 2 Ch 35:4 Kt (Qr Hiph.); pt. as adj. = prepared, ready, often c. הָיָה, of persons Ex 19:11, 15; 34:2 Jos 8:4 (all JE); of things, sq. ל pers. Jb 12:5 Ne 8:10, ל loc. Jb 18:12, ל nom. act. ψ 38:18; ב loc. Jb 15:23; 4. pass. be prepared, of judgments Pr 19:29 (ל pers.); of work be arranged, settled 2 Ch 8:16; fig. of prayer ψ 141:2 be arranged, set in order, as incense before thee (> present itself as incense); be arranged, ordered, of temple service 2 Ch 29:35; 35:10, 16. Hiph. Pf. הֵכִין Jos 4:4 +; sf. הֱכִינַנִי 1 K 2:24; הֱכִינוֹ 2 S 5:12 1 Ch 14:2; הֱכִינָהּ Jb 28:27; 2 ms. הֲכִינוֹתָ Jb 11:13 +; 3 pl. הֵכִינוּ 1 Ch 12:39 +; וְהֵכִינוּ consec. Ex 16:5; 1 pl. הֲכִינוֹנוּ 1 Ch 29:16; הֵכַנּוּ (Ges§ 72, R. 6) 2 Ch 29:19, etc. Impf. יָכִין Ju 12:6 +; וַיָּ֫כֶן 1 Ch 15:1 + 3 times etc.; Imv. הָכֵן Gn 43:16 +; pl. הָכִינוּ Jos 1:11 +; Inf. abs. הָכֵן Jos 3:17, so הָכִין 4:3 (read הָכֵרו, v. Di), Je 10:23 (v. Gie), Ez 7:14 (v. Sm Co and infr.; see on all Köni. 468); cstr. הָכִין Is 9:6 +; sf. הֲכִינוֹ Na 2:4 Pr 8:27; הֲכִינָתּ Je 33:2; Pt. מֵכִין Je 10:12 + 4 times;—(favourite word in Ch., in various applications) 1. establish, set up: a. king (or, one as king) 2 S 5:12 1 K 2:24 1 Ch 14:2, royal seed ψ 89:5, kingdom 1 S 13:13 2 S 7:12 = 1 Ch 17:11, 1 Ch 28:7 2 Ch 12:1; 17:5, throne ψ 103:19 1 Ch 22:10; the world תֵּבֵל Je 10:12 = 51:15; mts. ψ 65:7; heavens Pr 8:27; an altar upon (עַל) its base Ezr 3:3. b. God’s faithfulness ψ 89:3; heart of humble 10:17. c. = accomplish, do Je 33:2 (‖ עשׂה), = make Is 40:20 Jb 28:27. d. make firm, only inf. abs., as adv. = firmly הָכֵן Jos 3:17; הָכִין 4:3 (v. supr.) 2. a. fix, so as to be ready, make ready, prepare, a gift Gn 43:25 (J), place Ex 23:20 (JE), 2 Ch 3:1; c. לְ rei 1 Ch 15:1, 3, also (obj. om.) v 12 (vid. Be, and DaSynt. § 144), 2 Ch 1:4 (בַּהֵכִין), v. Ges§ 138 i); often prepare food, acc. + לְ pers. Jos 1:11 (D), ψ 78:20; לְ om. Pr 6:8; 30:25; obj. om. 1 Ch 12:39 2 Ch 35:14(×2), 15; both om. Gn 43:16 (J), 1 Ch 9:32; prepare a road Dt 19:3, a sacrifice Zp 1:7, ambuscades Je 51:12, one’s work Pr 24:27, materials for (לְ) temple 1 Ch 22:3, 14, also v 14b (no לְ), 29:2, 3; weapons (c. לְ pers.) 2 Ch 26:14 and (hostile purpose) ψ 7:14, cf. 57:7, Is 14:21 prepare slaughter-place for (לְ) his children; store-rooms 2 Ch 31:11a, also v 11b (obj. om.); gallows (c. לְ pers.) Est 6:4; 7:10; corn (produce of land) �� 65:10; land v 10, so (= restore) 68:11; persons (ל) 2 Ch 35:6; fig. of belly preparing deceit Jb 15:35; make preparation (for, לְ rei) 1 Ch 22:5, and v 5 (לְ om.); sq. לִבְנוֹת 1 Ch 28:2, c. acc. material + לִבְנוֹת 1 K 5:32 1 Ch 29:16; without לְ, make ready 1 S 23:22 Na 2:4; Ez 7:14 (read הָכִינוּ הָכֵן Co, for ה׳ הַכֹּל MT) = make full preparation! make thee ready! Je 46:14 (לְ dat. ethiopic), Ez 38:7 (id.), 2 Ch 35:4. b. provide for, provide, furnish Nu 23:1, 29; 29:7 Jos 4:4 (all JE), Jb 27:16, 17, food for (לְ) raven Jb 38:41, rain for (לְ) earth ψ 147:8; 1 Ch 29:19 2 Ch 2:6 ψ 74:16. 3. direct one’s face towards (אֶל־) Ez 4:3, 7; in moral and spiritual sense, direct one’s step (צַעֲדוֹ) = order aright, Je 10:23 (v. supr.), Pr 16:9, so (פְּעָמַי) ψ 119:133; הֵכִין דְּרָכָיו לִפְנֵי י׳ אֱלֹהָיו 2 Ch 27:6, also (sq. דרכיו only) Pr 21:29 Kt (Qr יָבִין); עַל הַהֵכִין הָאֱלֹהִים לָעָם 2 Ch 29:36 that which God had ordered aright for the people (on art. = pron. rel. v. Ges§ 138, 3, b); sq. לֵב Jb 11:13 ψ 78:8; + לְ, לֹא הֵכִין לִבּוֹ לִדְרוֹשׁ אֶת־י׳ 2 Ch 12:14, so 19:3; 30:19; + לִדְרוֹשׁ אֶת־תּוֹרַת י׳ Ezr 7:10; הכין לבב אֶל־י׳ 1 S 7:3 direct the heart towards י׳, 1 Ch 29:18 (י׳ subj.), so (c. לֵאלֹהִים) 2 Ch 20:33; hence (no obj. expr.) = give attention, sq. inf. Ju 12:6. 4. arrange, order 2 Ch 29:19 (of sacred vessels; + הִקְדַּשְׁנוּ), 35:20 (of temple). Hoph. Pf. הוּכַן Is 30:33, וְהוּכַן consec. Is 16:5 Zc 5:11; וְהֻכַן Na 2:6; Pt. מוּכָן Pr 21:31, pl. מוּכָנִים Ez 40:43;— 1. be established, of throne Is 16:5; be fastened, of hooks Ez 40:43. 2. be prepared for (לְ pers.) Is 30:33 and (לְ temp.) Pr 21:31; abs. Na 2:6; be ready Zc 5:11. Poʿlēl. Pf. 3 ms. כּוֹנֵן ψ 9:8 + 3 times, וְכוֹנֵן consec. Hb 2:12; sf. ��ּוֹנְנָהּ Is 45:18; 2 ms. כּוֹנֲנְתָּ ψ 99:4; 119:90, כּוֹנָ֑נְתָּה ψ 8:4, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יְכוֹנֵן Is 62:7; sf. וַיְכֹנְנֶ֑ךָ Dt 32:6, יְכוֹנְנֶהָ ψ 24:2 +, sf. 1 pl. וַיְכֻנֶנּוּ Jb 31:15 (וַיְכוּנֶּנוּ van d. H.); 2 ms. תְּכוֹנֵן ψ 7:10; 21:13, etc.; Imv. כּוֹנֵן Jb 8:8 (but on text v. infra), כּוֹנְנָה ψ 90:17, sf. כּוֹנְנֵהוּ ψ 90:17;—orig. make firm;— 1. set up, establish: a. of men, found, a city Hb 2:12 (‖ בנה), ψ 107:36. b. of God, establish, king’s throne 2 S 7:13 = 1 Ch 17:12, his own throne ψ 9:8 (לְמִשְׁפָּט), sanctuary Ex 15:17 (song), a nation Dt 32:6 (poem; ‖ קנה, עשׂה), a city ψ 48:9; 87:5 Is 62:7, תֵּבֵל ψ 24:2 (c. עַל, ‖ יָסַד), אֶרֶץ 119:90, cf. Is 45:18, also ψ 68:10 (obj. om., read perhaps אֶרֶץ צִיָּה Bi Che), heavens Pr 3:19 (‖ יָסַד־אָ֑רֶץ), moon and stars ψ 8:4; fig., steps of men 40:3, work of men’s hands 90:17(×2), justice 99:4; establish, i.e. vindicate and make secure to righteous (צַדִּיק) 7:10. 2. constitute, make, a man (in womb) Jb 31:15 (‖ עשׂה), cf. ψ 119:73 (‖ id.); c. acc. + לְ rei + לְ pers. reflex. 2 S 7:24 thou hast made for thyself (לְךָ), thy people (אֶת־עַמְּךָ) Israel for thyself (לְךָ) into a people (לְעָם) for ever. 3. fix, so as to be ready, arrow upon (עַל) string ψ 11:2 so (חֵץ om.) ψ 21:13 (c. עַל־פְּנֵיהֶם), and poss. (חֵץ om.) Is 51:13 (Di Che al.; but dub., cf. Du; verse corrupt according to CheIntr. Is. 427), a bow ψ 7:13. 4. direct (sc. לֵב), sq. לְחֵקֶר Jb 8:8, i.e. give attention to (but no ‖ in Poʿl.; read perhaps בּוֹנֵן, cf. Dt 32:10 v. Ol Di). Poʿlal. Pf. be established: מי׳ מִצְעֲדֵי־גֶבֶר כּוֹנָ֑נוּ ψ 37:23 from י׳ are a man’s steps established; = be prepared כּוֹנָנ֑וּ Ez 28:13 but del. Co Da after A B 𝔖 al. Hithpoʿl. Impf.; be established, of house, 3 ms. יִתְכּוֹנָ֑ן Pr 24:3 (‖ יִבָּנֶה), of nation, 2 fs. תִּכּוֹנָ֑נִי (Ges§ 54. 2. b) Is 54:14; 3 fs. תִּכּוֹנֵן = be restored, of city Nu 21:27 (JE; ‖ תִּבָּנֶה); set oneself, take one’s stand 3 mpl. יִכּוֹנָ֑נוּ ψ 59:5.

I. נְחֹ֫שֶׁת137 n.m. 1 K 7:45 (cf. AlbrechtZAW xvi (1896), 108; f. 1 Ch 18:8) copper, bronze (NH = BH; Ph. נחשׁת; Palm. נחשא Lzb 322; Syriac ܢܚܳܫܳܐ 𝔗 נְחָשָׁא, Arabic نُحَاسٌ Ethiopic ናሕስ (so also OEth. DHMEpigr. Denkm. aus Abess. (1894), 52); WMMAs. u. Eur. 127 cites Egyptian teḥost, copper (= tenḥost), as loan-wd. from נְחשֶׁת + fem. art.);—נ׳ abs. Gn 4:22 +; cstr. Ex 38:29; sf. נְחָשְׁתִּי La 3:7, נְחֻשְׁתֵּךְ Ez 16:36, נְחֻשְׁתָּהּ 24:11, נְחֻשְׁתָּם 2 K 25:13 + 2 times; du. נְחֻשְׁתַּ֫יִם Ju 16:21 + 6 times;— 1. copper, as ore Dt 8:9, cf. Zc 6:8; worked by artificer Gn 4:22 (J) 1 K 7:14(×2) 2 Ch 24:12; material—doubtless hardened with alloy, prob. tin, making bronze, cf. NowArch. i. 243 BenzArch. 214—of armour 1 S 17:5, 6 1 K 14:27, utensils 2 K 25:14 = Je 52:18, Lv 6:21 Nu 17:4 + very often, altar 2 K 16:14, 15 Ex 38:30; 39:39, etc., and other objects Nu 21:9(×2) (JE), 2 K 18:4 1 K 4:13; 7:15 ff. +, especially in description of tabernacle and temple; cast 1 K 7:14; polished מְמֹרָט v 45, מָרוּק 2 Ch 4:16 (cf. Lv 6:21); and shining מֻצְהָב Ezr 8:27. On נ׳ קָלָל Ez 1:7 Dn 10:6 v. קָלָל" dir="rtl" >קלל; נ׳ as spoil of war 2 S 8:8 2 K 25:13 = Je 52:17, 20 etc. †2. fetters of copper or bronze, usually du. Ju 16:21 2 S 3:34 2 K 25:7 = Je 39:7; 52:11 2 Ch 36:6, also 33:11; sg. only la 3:9 (fig. of oppression). 3. as less in value than gold but more than wood Is 60:17(×2) fig. of worthless people Je 6:28 (+ בַּרְזֶל), id. (as dross of silver) Ez 22:18 (+ בְּדִיל, בַּרְזֶל, עוֹפֶרֶה).—On Ez 16:36 v. נחשׁ³" dir="rtl" >IV. נחשׁ. 4. fig. of pitiless sky Dt 28:23.

אוֹר121 אוֹר121 f. Jb 36:32; Je 13:16; cf. Gn 1:3 light (Assyrian urru = ûru DlW)—abs. Gn 1:3 +; cstr. Ju 16:2 +; sf. אוֹרִי ψ 27:1, etc.; pl. אוֹרִים ψ 136:7;— 1. light as diffused in nature, light of day Gn 1:3, 4, 5 (P) Jb 3:9; 38:19 +. 2. morning light, dawn, אוֹר הַבֹּקֶר light of the morn. Ju 16:2 1 S 14:36; 25:34, 36 2 S 17:22 2 K 7:9 Mi 2:1; א׳ בֹּקֶר 2 S 23:4 (poem of David); עַד־הָא׳ Ju 19:26 (cf. עַד־הַבֹּקֶר v 25); לָאוֹר Jb 24:14; מִן־הָאוֹר עַד מַחֲצִית הַיּוֹם from dawn till mid-day, Ne 8:3 cf. Pr 4:18. 3. light of the heavenly luminaries; א׳ הַלְּבָנָה, ‖ א׳ הַחַמָּה moonlight & sunlight Is 30:26; כּוֹכְבֵי אוֹר stars of light ψ 148:3; מְאוֹרֵי אוֹר luminaries of light Ez 32:8; אוֹרִים = מְאוֹרִים ψ 136:7; so עֲלֵי־אוֹר in sunshine Is 18:4; the sun itself Jb 31:26. 4. daylight אוֹר רְשָׁעִים light of the wicked Jb 38:15 (their work-day being the night); יוֹם אוֹר a day of light Am 8:9 (= a clear, sunshiny day). 5. lightning Jb 36:32; 37:3, 11, 15 cf. Hb 3:11. 6. light of lamp Pr 13:9 Je 25:10; of crocodile’s hot breath Jb 41:10. 7. light of life א׳ חַיִּים Jb 33:30 ψ 56:14; cf. אוֹר²" dir="rtl" >אוֹר Jb 3:16, 20. 8. light of prosperity Jb 22:28; 30:26 ψ 97:11 La 3:2. 9. light of instruction נֵר מִצְוָה וְתוֹרָה אוֹר Pr 6:23 the commandment is a lamp and instruction a light; so the Messian. servant is אוֹר גּוֹיִם Is 42:6; 49:6; cf. א׳ עַמִּים Is 51:4; the advent of Mess. is shining of great light Is 9:1(×2). 10. light of face אוֹר פָּנִים = bright, cheerful face (of men) Jb 29:24; betokening king’s favour Pr 16:15 (cf. א׳ עֵינַיִם ψ 38:11); of God = his shining, enlightening, favouring face ψ 4:7; 44:4; 89:16. 11. Yahweh is א׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 10:17, as source of enlightenment & prosperity; light & salvation ψ 27:1; light to guide Mi 7:8 cf. ψ 43:3; everlasting light of Zion, instead of sun & moon Is 60:19, 20; house of Jacob is to walk in his light Is 2:5.

שָׂרַף117 vb. burn (70 times + בָּאֵשׁ, 2 times + בְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ) (NH (rare) = BH; Assyrian šarâpu; Aramaic שְׂרַף (rare); ܣܪܰܦ is absorb, consume);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ Jos 11:9 +, 3 fs. sf. שְׂרָפָ֫תַם Is 47:14, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׂרֹף Nu 19:5 + 2 times, more often וַיִּשְׂרֹף Ex 32:20 +, 2 mpl. תִּשְׂרְפוּן Dt 7:5 + 2 times; Inf. abs. שָׂרוֹף 2 S 23:7; cstr. שְׂרֹף Je 36:25 +; sf. שָׂרְפוֹ Ju 9:52; Am 2:1; Pt. act. שֹׂרֵף Lv 16:28; Nu 19:8, pl. שֹׂרְפִים 2 K 17:31; pass. mpl. שְׂרֻפִים Nu 17:4; fs. שְׂרוּפָה 1 S 30:3, שְׂרֻפָה ψ 80:17, pl. שְׂרוּפוֹת Ne 3:34, cstr. שְׂרֻפוֹת Is 1:7;—burn (59 times + בָּאֵשׁ, 2 times + בְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ): 1. in making bricks, + לִשְׂרֵפָה Gn 11:3 (J; obj. om.). 2. a. c. acc. rei, usually to destroy, e.g. door Ju 9:52, house Ju 12:1; 1 K 16:18 (both c. עַל pers.), Je 39:8 + 11 times, cf. pt. pass. Ne 3:24, city Jos 6:24 1 S 30:1, 14 + 16 times, cf. pt. pass. 1 S 30:3; Is 1:7, chariots Jos 11:6, 9 2 K 23:11 ψ 46:10 (subj. י׳), idols, etc., Ex 32:20 (acc. om.), Dt 9:21 + 10 times, roll †Je 36:25, 27, 28, 29, 32, wood †Is 44:16, 19 (both + בְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ), cf. ψ 80:17 (fig.), Je 51:32, hair †Ez 5:4; bones, to lime (as outrage) †Am 2:1; upon altars (in desecration) †1 K 13:2; 2 K 23:16, 20 = 2 Ch 34:5; bodies, as funeral rite † 1 S 31:12 (rare custom, RSSem i. 353; 2nd ed. 372; but Klo Bu read יִשְׂפְּדוּ [= יִס׳]; cf. BenzArch. 163; Ency. Bib. Dead NowArch. i. 188); שׂ׳ as funeral rite also (obj. om., prob spices, cf. 2 Ch 16:14), †c. ל pers. mort. Je 34:5, + acc. cogn. שְׂרֵפָה 2 Ch 16:14 (cf. שְׂרֵפָה); in ceremonial of P (never of burning sacrif. on altar, הִקְטִיר, cf. הֶעֱלָה, but) chiefly (14 times) of consuming refuse, especially unused portions of victims, etc. (to prevent use), and infected objects, Ex 29:14, 34 +, sometimes מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה Lv 4:12 (+ עַל־עֵצִים), v 21(×2) + 4 times, etc., cf. Ez 43:21; also of burning red heifer (to produce ashes for purification) Nu 19:5(×2), 8. †b. burn, c. acc. pers., (1) as penalty Jos 7:25 (JE), Ju 14:15; 15:6 Lv 20:14, cf. Nu 17:4 (pt. pass.), so, אֵשׁ subj., Is 47:14, c. acc. cogn. שְׂרֵפָה Lv 10:6 (P); (2) as sacrifice, Je 7:31; 19:5; + ל dei Dt 12:31; 2 K 17:31. †Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׂרֵף Jos 7:15 +, 3 fpl. תִּשָּׂרַפְנָה Pr 6:27, etc.;—be burned (11 times + בָּאֵשׁ): of city Je 38:17 + v 23 (read תִּשָּׂרֵף for תִּשְׂרֹף 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Hi Ew Gf Gie Du), idols, etc., Mi 1:7; 1 Ch 14:12; ritually (cf. Qal 2 a ad fin.) Lv 4:12; 6:23; 7:17, 19; 13:52; 19:6; of pers., as penalty Gn 38:24 (J), Jos 7:15 (JE), 2 S 23:7 (poet.), Lv 21:9 (H). †Pi. Pt. sf. מְסָֽרְפוֹ Am 6:10 his burner, usually one burning him, but prob. burning spices for him, v. Dr and cf. Qal supra. †Pu. Pf. 3 ms. שׂרָ֑ף, of goat Lv 10:16 it was burnt up (and gone).

[קָטַר115] vb.denom. Pi. Hiph. make sacrifices smoke, send them up in smoke (proposes produce קְטֹרֶת, v StaZAW vi (1886), 298 f.);— Pi.42 Pf. 3 mpl. קִטְּרוּ Je 19:13 +, קִטַּרְתֶּם Je 44:21, 23; Impf. 3 ms. יְקַטֵּר Hb 1:16 +; 3 mpl. יְקַטֵּר֑וּן Ho 11:2, etc.; Inf. abs. קַטֵּר 1 S 2:16 +; cstr. Je 11:13 +, Pt. pl. מְקַטְּרִים Is 65:3 +, etc.;—make sacrifices smoke, offer them by burning: to י׳, 1 S 2:16 (where prob. read יְקַטְּרוּן [and so v 15] Stal.c. 299): elsewhere to other gods or in illegal worship, Je 44:23; c. acc. קִטֵּר (but see this, infr.) Je 44:21 (here [and al. in some other passages] of incense), תּוֹדָה Am 4:5; place is usually c. ב, e.g. בַּבָּמוֹת 2 K 17:11; 23:5; עוֹד הָעָם מְזַבְּחִים וּמְקַטְּרִים בַּבָּמוֹת 1 K 22:44; 2 K 12:4; 14:4; 15:4, 35 (R), cf. 2 K 16:4 = 2 Ch 28:4 (cf. RSSem. i. 471; 2nd ed. 490); הַבּ׳ אֲשֶׁר קִטְּרוּ שָׁמָּה 2 K 23:8; c. עַל e.g. על הגבעות Ho 4:13, על גג(ו)ת Je 19:13; 32:29, על הלבנים Is 65:3, על ההרים v 7; c. לְ of deity, Ho 11:2; Je 1:16 + 14 times Je (+ 19:13; 32:29 supr.), Hb 1:16; 2 K 22:17; 23:5; 2 Ch 25:14; 28:25; 34:25 Qr (> Kt Hiph.), to the brazen serpent 2 K 18:4. Pu. Pt. מְקֻטֶּרֶת מֹר וגו׳ Ct 3:6 fumigated with myrrh, etc. (Aq. 𝔙 Schlottm מִקְטֹרֶת). Hiph.71 Pf. 3 ms. הִקְטִיר Lv 9:10 +; 2 ms. הִקְטַרְתָּ Ex 29:13, 18, 25, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַקְטִיר Lv 4:26; 16:25, וַיַּקְטֵר Ex 40:27 +, etc.: Imv. ms. הַקְטֵר 2 K 16:15; Inf. abs. הַקְטֵיר 1 K 9:25; cstr. לְהַקְטִיר Ex 30:20 +; Pt. מַקְטִיר Je 33:18 +, etc. 1. make sacrifices smoke, usually a. in worship of י׳: abs. 1 K 12:33; 13:1; 2 Ch 29:11; c. acc. חלב Lv 17:6; Nu 18:17; 1 S 2:15, 16, עלת 2 K 16:13, 15; 2 Ch 13:11, אִשֶּׁה Ex 30:20; Lv 2:11; Nu 18:17, מנחה Je 33:18; רֹאשׁ etc. Lv 8:20 אַזְכָּרָה Lv 2:16; חלבי השׁלמים Lv 6:5; קטרת 1 S 2:28; on 1 K 9:25 v. Klo Benz; place is על מזבח Lv 4:10 + 5 times, הַמִּזְבֵּ֫חָה Ex 29:13, 18, 25 + 23 times Lv, Nu 5:26 (all P); c. הַמִּזְבֵּחַ (acc.) Lv 6:8; בַּבָּמוֹת 1 K 3:3; בגיא בן הִנִּם 2 Ch 28:3. b. less often in worship of other gods. לאלהיהן (gods of Sol.’s wives) 1 K 11:8, לאלהיו (of Moab) Je 48:35, להם (Baalim) Ho 2:15;—2 Ch 34:25 read Qr Piʿel. 2. cause incense to smoke, offer incense abs. 2 Ch 2:5; 26:18(×2), 19; c. עַל of altar 2 Ch 26:16; Ex 30:7; 40:27; c. acc. יַקְטִירֶנָּה 30:7, 8, קטרת סמים 30:7; 40:27; 2 Ch 2:3, קטרת תמיד Ex 30:8, הק׳ קטרת Nu 17:5; 2 Ch 29:7. 3. make smoke upon (על) both altars (of burnt-offering and of incense) 1 Ch 6:34, cf. also 23:13. Hoph. be made to smoke as a sacrifice: Impf. 3 fs. תָּקְטָ֑ר Lv 6:15;Pt. מֻקְמָר Mal 1:11 (Ew Ke al.[Ges§ 121 b]; We Now read מ׳ לִשְׁמִי מִנְחָה; but v. מֻקְטָר).

בּוֹשׁ109 vb. be ashamed (Sab. בום; מהבאס = evil-doer DHMZMG 1883, 375, ‖ Aramaic בְּהַת, Syriac ܒܗܶܬ whence Arabic بَهُتَ was surprised)— Qal Pf. Je 48:39; בּשׁ Je 48:13; בּוֹשָׁה Je 15:9; בֹּשְׁתִּי Je 31:19 + 25 times; Impf. יֵבוֹשׁ Is 29:22 + 57 times; Inf. abs. בּוֹשׁ Je 6:15; 8:12; Imv. בּוֹשִׁי Is 23:4 Ez 16:52, בּוֹשׁוּ Ez 36:32; Pt. pl. בּוֹשִׁים Ez 32:30;— 1. abs. feel shame Je 6:15 + 16 times, Is 19:9; 23:4; 37:27 Is 2 45:16 + 14 times Ez 16:63 Mi 7:16 Jo 2:26, 27 2 K 19:26 Ez 9:6 Jb 6:20 ψ 6:11 (+ 27 times, chiefly in late Psalms). 2. sq. מִן, be ashamed of, i.e. disconcerted, disappointed by reason of Je 2:36(×2); 12:13; 48:13 Is 1:29; 20:5 Ez 32:30; 36:32. 3. with obj. בֹּשְׁתִּי לִשְׁאוֹל I am ashamed to ask Ezr 8:22; לֹא תֵבשׁוּ תַּהְכְּרוּ לִי ye are not ashamed to deal hardly with me (impf. subj.) Jb 19:3. בּושׁ often ‖ נכלם & חפר; בּשׁוּ וְהָכְלְמוּ they are ashamed and confounded Je 14:3, 22:22 Is 20:5; 41:11; 45:16, 17 Ez 16:52; 36:32 ψ 35:4; 69:7 Ez 9:6; וּבשׁוּ הַחֹזִים וְחָֽפְרוּ הַקֹּסְמִים and the seers shall be ashamed and the diviners confounded Mi 3:7, cf. Je 15:9 Jb 6:20 ψ 35:26; 40:15; 70:3; 71:24; יֵבוֹשׁ מְקוֹרוֹ Ho 13:15 (read יִיבַשׁ be dry); עַד־בּוֹשׁ †Ju 3:25 2 K 2:17; 8:11. cf. עַד־בּשׁ to the point of confusion †Ju 3:25 (cf. GFM), 2 K 2:17; 8:11. Poʿlēl Pf. בֹּשֵׁשׁ delay (in shame), בּשֵׁשׁ משֶׁה לָרֶדֶת Moses delayed to descend Ex 32:1 (J), מַדּוּעַ בּשֵׁשׁ רִכְבּוֹ לָבוֹא why delay his chariots to come? Ju 5:28. Hiph. 1. הֱבִישׁוֹתָ ψ 44:8; הֱבִישֹׁתָה ψ 53:6; Impf. 2 ms. sf. תְּבִישֵׁנִי ψ 119:31, 116; תָּבִישׁוּ ψ 14:6; put to shame, Pt. מֵבִישׁ Pr 10:5; 14:35; 19:26; 29:15; one causing shame or acting shamefully, ‖ מַשְׂכִּיל; עֶבֶד מַשְׂכִּיל יִמְשֹׁל בְּבֵן מֵבִישׁ a servant acting wisely will rule over a son causing shame Pr 17:2; מְבִישָׁה ‖ אֵשֶׁת חַיִל Pr 12:4. 2. הוֹבִישׁ 2 S 19:6 Je 2:26; 6:15 Jo 1:10, 12; הֹבִישׁ Je 10:14 + 7 times, Ho 2:7 Jo 1:12, 17 Is 30:5 (but הבאיש Kt); הֹבִשׁוּ Je 8:9, 12; Imv. הֹבִישׁוּ Jo 1:11 (all the forms in Joel derived √ יָבֵשׁ by ancient versions and some moderns, vid. Ew§ 122e Ges§ 78b). a. put to shame 2 S 19:6. b. act shamefully Ho 2:7. c. to be put to shame Je 2:26; 6:15; 46:24; 48:1(×2), 20; 50:2(×2) Jo 1:10, 12, 17 (?). d. be ashamed Je 8:9, 12 Jo 1:11, 12 (?) Is 30:5 (Qr); c. מִן Je 10:14 = 51:17. Hithpoʿl Impf. יִתְבּשָׁ֑שׁוּ ashamed before one another Gn 2:25 (J).

† עָפָר n.m. Lv 14:42 dry earth, dust;—abs. ע׳ Gn 2:7 +, cstr. עֲפַר Gn 13:16 +; sf. עֲפָרֵךְ Ez 26:12, עֲפָרוֹ Dt 9:21, etc.; pl. cstr. עַפְרֹת Jb 28:6; Pr 8:26;— 1. lit.: a. dry, loose earth, thrown (in malice) 2 S 16:13 (‖ אֲבָנִים); וַיַּעֲלוּ ע׳ עַל־רֹאשׁ Jos 7:6 (JE; sign of grief), so Ez 27:30; La 2:10, and (c. זָרַק) Jb 2:12; loose earth (on surface of ground) 1 K 18:38; Am 2:7; Is 34:7, 9; Lv 17:13 (H) Ez 24:7 (in fig.), Nu 5:17; Jb 14:19; 38:38; 39:14; Gn 26:15 (R), made into siege works Hb 1:10; of sand-storm Dt 28:24 (+ אָבָק); as serpent’s food, token of punishment and humiliation, Gn 3:14 (J) Is 65:25 (cf. Mi 7:17 2 e infr.); ז̇חֲלֵי ע׳ Dt 32:24 (poem; cf. 2 e). b. specif. as material of human body Gn 2:7; 3:19 (J), Ec 3:20, cf. Jb 4:19; 8:19 ψ 103:14, to which it returns (שׁוּב אֶל־) Gn 3:19; Jb 10:9 ψ 104:29 Ec 3:20; so (c. עַל) Jb 34:15; Ec 12:7. c. = surface of ground Ex 8:12, 13(×2) (P; ע׳ הָאָרֶץ), Jb 19:25; Is 25:12; 26:5 (both ‖ אֶרֶץ), surface of (whole) earth Jb 41:25, מְחִלוֹת ע׳ Is 2:19 (for hiding), so ע׳ alone v 10, cf. חֹרֵי ע׳ Jb 30:6; = soil, Jb 5:6; 7:5; 14:8. d. powder of anything pulverized Dt 9:21(×2) (cf. דָּ֑ק ‖ Ex 32:20), 2 K 23:6(×2), 12, 15, so in sim. 2 S 22:43 = ψ 18:43, hence = ashes v 4; Nu 19:17. e. debris, of ruined city 1 K 20:10; Ez 26:4, 12; Ne 3:34; 4:4 ψ 102:15. The foll. are late: f. earth of the grave: לֶע׳ אֶשְׁכַּב Jb 7:21, so (c. עַל) 20:11; 21:26, cf. 17:16; יוֹרְדֵי ע׳ ψ 22:30, שֹׁכְנֵי ע׳ Is 26:19, יְשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־ע׳ Dn 12:2; עֲפַר־מָוֶת ψ 22:16; ע׳ in fig. ψ 30:10. g. mortar (i.e. dried mud) for plastering houses Lv 14:41, 42, 45 (P). h. (iron-) ore Jb 28:2; עַפְרֹת זָהָב v 6 golddust (but v. סַפִּיר). i. material of earth Is 40:12, cf. תֵּבֵל²" dir="rtl" >ראֹשׁ עַפְרֹת תֵּבֵל Pr 8:26 the first of the earth- particles of the world. 2. fig.: a. of abundance Gn 13:16(×2); 28:14 (all J) 2 Ch 1:9; Jb 27:16 ψ 78:27 (‖ חוֹל יַמִּים), cf. יַעֲקֹב²" dir="rtl" >עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב Nu 23:10 (JE); with added idea of commonness, worthlessness Zp 1:17; Zc 9:3. b. of worthlessness (alone) Jb 22:24. c. sim. of the scattered, dispersed 2 K 13:7; כֶּע׳ Is 41:2 (so van d. H. Ginsb; Baer כֵּע׳; on meaning v. Du Che, reading תְּשִׂימֵם for יִתֵּן). d. of self-abasement Gn 18:27 (+ אֵפֶר), וְנִחַמְתִּי עַל־ע׳ וָאֵפֶר Jb 42:6, יִתֵּן בֶּע׳ פִּיהוּ La 3:29. e. of humiliation (sitting or lying in dust) Is 29:4; 47:1; Mi 1:10; Jb 16:15; 40:13 ψ 7:6; 44:26; 119:25, sim. Jb 30:19; licking dust ψ 72:9 Is 49:23; Mi 7:17, cf. TelAm. tikalu ipra (of enemies, v. WklAltor. Forsch. iii. 291; also of serpent 1 a supr.); of י׳ raising from the dust 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7, 1 K 16:2; of lifting oneself Is 52:2.

ἀνίστημι, causal in present ἀνίστημι (later ἀνιστάω Refs 2nd c.AD+imperfect ἀνίστην: future ἀναστήσω, poetry ἀνστήσω: aorist 1 ἀνέστησα, Epic dialect ἄνστησα, Aeolic dialect 3rd.pers.plural ὄστασανRefs 5th c.AD+: perfect ἀνέστακαLXX+2nd c.AD+aorist 1 middle ἀνεστησάμην (see. below Refs __I make to stand up, raise up, γέροντα δὲ χειρὸς ἀνίστη he raised the old man up by his hand, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.2 raisefrom sleep, wake up, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.3 raise from the dead, οὐδέ μιν ἀνστήσειςRefs 8th c.BC+; from misery or misfortune, Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.4 produce a witness, etc. (compare 111.6), προφήτην ὑμῖν ἀ. ὁ ΘεόςNT __I.5 after Refs 8th c.BC+ also of things, set up, build, στήλας variant in Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀνδριάντα ἐς Δελφούς Philipp. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; so ἀ. τινὰ χρυσοῦν, χαλκοῦν (in pure Attic ἱστάναι), set up a golden, brazen statue of him, Refs 1st c.AD+ —so in aorist 1 middle, ἀναστήσασθαι πόλιν build oneself a city, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀνεστήσαντο δὲ βωμούς they set them up altars, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __I.5.b build up again, restore, τείχηRefs 5th c.BC+ __I.6 put up for sale, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II rouse to action, stir up, ἀλλ᾽ ἴθι νῦν Αἴαντα.. ἄνστησονRefs 8th c.BC+, etc.: with dative person, raise up against another, τούτῳ δὲ πρόμον ἄλλον ἀναστήσουσιν Refs 5th c.BC+: rouse to arms, raise troops, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀναστήσας ἦγε στρατόν he called up his troops and marched them, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III make people rise, break up an assembly by force, Refs 8th c.BC+; but ἐκκλησίαν ἀναστῆσαι adjourn it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 make people emigrate, transplant (compare below Refs 8th c.BC+ __III.3 make suppliants rise and leave sanctuary, Refs 5th c.BC+ make an army decamp, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III.4 ἀ. ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα make to ascend the tribune, Refs __III.5 of sportsmen, put up game, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.6 μάρτυρα ἀναστής ασθαί τινα call him as one's witness, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B intransitive in present and imperfect ἀνίσταμαι, -μην, in future ἀναστήσομαι, in aorist 2 ἀνέστην (but ἀναστῶ, for ἀναστήσω, Refs 5th c.BC+, participle ἀστάςRefsperfect ἀνέστηκα, Attic dialect pluperfect ἀνεστήκ; also perfect ἀνεστέασιRefs 5th c.BC+aorist passive ἀνεστάθην, Aeolic dialect participle ὀσταθείςRefs 5th c.AD+:—stand up, rise, especially to speak, τοῖσι δ᾽ ἀνέστηRefs 8th c.BC+future participle, ἀ. λέξων, κατηγορήσων, etc.: so with infinitive, ἀνέστη μαντεύεσθαιRefs 8th c.BC+: in participle, ἀναστὰς εἶπεRefs 5th c.BC+; also, rise from one's seat as a mark of respect, θεοὶ δ᾽ ἅμα πάντες ἀνέστανRefs 8th c.BC+; ἀπὸ βωμοῦ Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.2 rise from bed or sleep, ἐξ εὐνῆς ἀνστᾶσαRefs 8th c.BC+; οὐδ᾽ ἀνιστάμην ἐκ κλίνης, of a sick person, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, rise from sleep, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 rise from the dead, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.4 rise from an illness, recover, ἐκ τῆς νούσουRefs 5th c.BC+ __B.5 rise as a champion, Refs 8th c.BC+; θανάτων χώρᾳ πύργος ἀνέστα [Oedipus] Refs 5th c.BC+: hence with dative, stand up [to fight against..], Ἀγκαῖον.., ὅς μοι ἀνέστηRefs 8th c.BC+; see above Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.6 rise up, rear itself, πύργοιRefs 5th c.BC+; of statues, etc., to be set up, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.7 to be set up, βασιλεύς as king, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.8 of a river, rise, ἐξ ὀρέωνRefs 1st c.AD+ __B.9 perfect participle, γῆ γηλόφοισιν ἀνεστηκυῖαRefs 2nd c.AD+: metaphorically, lofty, ἀ. τὴν ψυχὴν γενόμενοςRefs 4th c.BC+ __B.II rise to go, set out, go away, εἰς ἌργοςRefs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 to be compelled to migrate (above Refs 5th c.BC+: of a country, to be depopulated, χώρα ἀνεστηκυῖαRefs 5th c.BC+; ἡσυχάσασα ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ οὐκέτι ἀνισταμένη no longer subject to migration, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.3 of a law-court, rise, Refs __B.II.4 cease, οὐκ, ἀνέστη ἕως ἐνίκησε σκορπίσαιRefs

† חָרָה vb. burn, be kindled, of anger (Aramaic חרי Pa. cause fire to burn (rare); Zinj. חרא anger, NöZMG 1893, 98. 103; Arabic حَرْوَةٌ burning sensation, in throat, etc., from rage and pain)— Qal Pf. ח׳ Gn 4:6 + 20 times; Impf. יֶחֱרֶה Ex 32:11 + 2 times; יִ֫חַר Gn 18:30 + 7 times; וַיִּ֫חַר Gn 4:5 + 46 times; Inf. abs. חָרֹה 1 S 20:7; cstr. חֲרוֹת 2 S 24:1 ψ 124:3;— 1. of man: a. חרה אף (one’s) anger was kindled, burned Gn 39:19 Nu 22:27 (J), Ex 32:19, 22 (JE), Ju 9:30; 14:19 1 S 11:6 Jb 32:2, 5; c. בְּ against Gn 30:2 (E), 44:18 (J), 1 S 17:28; 20:30 2 S 12:5 2 Ch 25:10 ψ 124:3 Jb 32:2, 3; c. אֶל Nu 24:10 (E). b. impers., אף omitted; חרה לְ it was kindled for (him) he burned with anger Gn 31:36 (E), 4:5, 6; 34:7 Nu 16:15 (J), 1 S 15:11 (read perhaps וַיֵּצֶר, Weir in Dr), 18:8; 20:7(×2) 2 S 3:8; 6:8 = 1 Ch 13:11, 2 S 13:21; 19:43 Ne 3:33; 4:1; 5:6 Jon 4:1, 4, 9(×2); ins. ויחר לדוד 2 S 11:22 𝔊 We Dr; ח׳ בְּעֵינֵי Gn 31:35; 45:5 (E). 2. of God: a. ח׳ אף Ex 22:23 Nu 22:22 (E), Nu 11:1, 10; 32:10 (J); c. בְּ Ex 4:14; 32:10 Nu 12:9 Dt 31:17 (J), 6:15; 7:4; 11:17; 29:26 Jos 23:16 (D), Ju 6:39 2 S 6:7 = 1 Ch 13:10, Ho 8:5 2 K 23:26 2 Ch 25:15 Jb 42:7; בְּעַם Ex 32:11 Nu 11:33 (J), Is 5:25 ψ 106:40; בישׂראל Nu 25:3; 32:13 (JE); Ju 2:14, 20; 3:8; 10:7 2 S 24:1 2 K 13:3; בבני ישׂראל Jos 7:1 (R); בנהרים, אף omitted, Hb 3:8; c. עַל Zc 10:3. b. חרה לְ Gn 18:30, 32 (J) 2 S 22:8 = ψ 18:8.— Note. חרה not in HP (who use קצף); nor in Je Ez Is 2 Pr or poetry of Jb. Niph. Pf. נִחֲרוּ־ sq. בְּ Ct 1:6 (according to Bö ii. 379 De Köi. 551) be angry with; Pt. כֹּל הַנֶּחֱרִים בְּ׳ all that are incensed against (thee) Is 41:11, so 45:24. Hiph. Pf. הֶחֱרָה הֶחֱזִיק Ne 3:20 burned with zeal (?) in repairing, but 𝔊 om. החרה; prob. dittogr.; Impf. וַיַּחַר עָלַי אַפּוֹ Jb 19:11 and kindled his anger against me. Hithp. Impf. אַל תִּתְחַר ψ 37:1, 7, 8 Pr 24:19 heat oneself in vexation.—The foll. forms are somewhat dub.: Impf. 2 ms. אֵיךְ תְּתַחֲרֶה אֶת־הַסּוּסִים Je 12:5 how canst thou hotly contend (in a race) with the horses? Pt. כִּי אַתָּה מְתַחֲרֶה בָאָ֑רֶז Je 22:15 because thou strivest eagerly (to excel) in cedar; expl. as Tiphʿēl by Thes Ges§ 55, 5 Ew§ 122 a Ol§ 255 a Sta§ 159 b Köi. p. 557 al., and regarded by most as a rare causative stem; but ag. existence of Tiphʿēl v. BaNB § 180 a; ZMG 1894, 20; Ba regards the form as denom. (from a noun formed by ת preform., cf. Aramaic ܬܰܚܪܘܽܬܳܐ contention); SS would point as Hithp. [cf. Syriac ܐܶܬܚܪܺܝ contend with, ܚܶܪܝܳܢ contention], although meaning of Hithp. is diff., v. supr.

† I. [בָּעַר] vb. burn, consume (𝔗 בְּעַר burn; ܒܥܰܪ seek out, collect, glean; this apparently earlier meaning)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. בָּֽעֲרָה Nu 11:3 + 2 times, וּבָֽעֲרָה consec. Is 10:17 + 3 times, בָּֽעֲרוּ Ju 15:14 + 2 times + 2 S 22:13 (but cf. De on ψ 18), וּבָֽעֲרוּ consec. Is 1:31; Impf. יִבְעַר Ex 3:3 ψ 2:12, etc.; Pt. בֹּעֵר Ex 3:2 + 6 times, בֹּעֵרָ֑ה Is 34:9, בּוֹעֵרָה Ho 7:4, בֹּעֲרָ֫ה Is 30:33, בֹּעֶ֫רֶת Je 20:9, בֹּעֲרוֹת Ez 1:13;—burn, 1. (intr.) specif. begin to burn, be kindled ψ 18:9 sq. מִן (subj. גֶּחָלִים) = 2 S 22:9 (in v 13 textual error cf. supr.), ψ 106:18 (subj. אֵשׁ); fig. ψ 2:12 (subj. אַפּוֹ); cf. Je 44:6 (subj. חֵמָה); Is 30:33 (c. בְּ, subj. נִשְׁמַת י׳), ψ 39:4 (subj. אֵשׁ fig. of grief, distress) cf. Je 20:9. 2. be burning, burn, Ju 15:14 (subj. פִּשְׁתִּים, c. בָּאֵשׁ), Ex 3:2 (הסנה, c. בָּאֵשׁ), v 3 (subj. id.); Dt 4:11; 5:25; 9:15 (all subj. הר, c. בָּאֵשׁ), cf. Is 34:9 (זֶפֶת בערה), fig. of destruction Is 1:31 (subj. חָסֹן & פֹּעֲלוֹ); of torch לַפִּיד Is 62:1; of oven תַּנּוּר Ho 7:4, 6 (i.e. heated by fire within it). 3. trans. burn, consume (subj. אשׁ, להבה etc., sq. בְּ) Nu 11:1, 3 (אשׁ י׳). Jb 1:16 (אשׁ אלהים); in simile Ez 1:13 (גחלי אשׁ י׳), ψ 83:15 (only here trans. c.acc.; should תבער be pointed as Pi.?); fig. (subj. wrath of י׳) Is 42:25 cf. La 2:3 (subj. fire = fiery trial) Is 43:2. 4. act. but abs., fig. subj. wrath of י׳ Je 4:4; 7:20; 21:12 ψ 89:47 cf. Is 10:17 ψ 79:5 Is 30:27 (שֵׁם י׳ … בֹּעֵר אַפּוֹ) Mal 3:19 (היום בא); of human anger Est 1:12; subj. wickedness Is 9:17. Pi. Pf. בִּעֵר 1 K 22:47 2 K 23:24, וּבִעֵר consec. Lv 6:5, בִּעַ֫רְתָּ 2 Ch 19:3, וּבִעַרְתָּ֫ Dt 13:6 + 9 times in Dt; וּבִעֲרוּ cons. Ez 39:9(×2) (9a del. Co after Vrss), etc.; Impf. יְבַעֵר 1 K 14:10; 2 ms. תְּבַעֵר Dt 21:9, יְבַעֲרוּ Ez 39:10; 2 mpl. תְּבַעֲרוּ Ex 35:3, וּנְבַעֲרָה Ju 20:13 Inf. בָּעֵר Is 40:16; Pt. מְבַעֲרִים Je 7:18;— 1. kindle, lit. c. acc. אשׁ Ex 35:3 Je 7:18 cf. Ez 39:9 (v. supr.) v 10; fig. of י׳ sending destruction Ez 21:4 cf. of human schemes Is 50:11; light, obj. lamps in temple 2 Ch 4:20 cf. 13:11. 2. burn, lit. c. acc. עֵצִים Lv 6:5, גָּלָל dung 1 K 14:10; abs. Is 44:15 cf. 40:16 Ne 10:35. 3. fig. consume, utterly remove, partic. of evil and guilt, c. acc., especially in Deuteronomic phrase (מישׂראל) ובערת הרע מקרבך Dt 13:6; 17:7, 12; 19:13, 19; 21:21 cf. v 9 22:21, 22, 24; 24:7, v. also Ju 20:13; further, 1 K 22:47 2 K 23:24 2 Ch 19:3; also of devoted (tabooed) things Dt 26:13, 14; of persons (exterminate) 2 S 4:11; sq. אחרי pregn. 1 K 14:10; 16:3; 21:21; = devour, devastate, greedily enjoy the fruits of, Is 3:14; abs. היה לְבָעֵר be for destruction, be destroyed Nu 24:22 Is 5:5; 6:13; cf. רוּחַ בָּעֵר Is 4:4. Pu. Pt. מְבֹעָ֑רֶת Je 36:22;—burn (i.e. be supplied with fire), of fire-jar, הָאָח. Hiph. Pf. וְהִבְעַרְתִּ֫י Na 2:14; Impf. וַיַּבְעֵר Ju 15:5 2 Ch 28:3, וַיַּבְעֶר־ Ju 15:5; תַּבְעִיר Ez 5:2; Pt. מַבְעִיר 1 K 16:3, מַבְעִר Ex 22:5;— 1. kindle (c. acc. cogn.) Ex 22:5, cf. Ju 15:5 ויב׳ אשׁ בלפידים caused fire to burn among the brands. 2. burn up, c. acc. Ju 15:5 2 Ch 28:3 (sacrifice of children) בָּאֵשׁ) Ez 5:2 (בָּאוּר but cf. Co) Na 2:14 (בעשׁן). 3. consume = destroy (cf. Pi.) 1 K 16:3 (sq. אַחֲרֵי).

ὕδωρ [ῠ, see near the end], τό, genitive ὕδατος: an Epic dialect dative ὕδει in Refs 8th c.BC+; later nominative ὕδος Refs 3rd c.BC+; Boeotian dialect οὕδωρ probably in Refs:—water, of any kind, but in Refs 8th c.BC+ rarely of seawater without an epithet, ἄνεμός τε καὶ ὕ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of rivers, ὕ. Αἰσήποιο, Στυγός, Refs 8th c.BC+; so in Lyric poetry and Trag., ὕ, Ἀσώπιον Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently in plural (but only once in Refs 8th c.BC+ the waters of Cephisus, Refs 5th c.BC+: spring-water, drinking-water, οἶνον ἔμισγον καὶ ὕ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ὕ. πίνων a water-drinker, Refs 5th c.BC+ water for washing the hands, see at {χεί; φέρτε χερσὶν ὕ}. Refs 8th c.BC+ —a curse was invoked upon those who refused fire (i.e. the right to borrow burning embers) or water or to direct a traveller on his way, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅταν τὸ ὕδωρ πνίγῃ, τί δεῖ ἐπιπίνει; if water chokes, what more can be done ? of a desperate case, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 rain-water, rain, ὅτε λαβρότατον χέει ὕ. Ζεύς Refs 8th c.BC+ is a gloss in Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ Διὸς, or παρὰ τοῦ Δ., ὕ. Refs 5th c.BC+; καινὸν ἀεὶ τὸν Δία ὕειν ὕδωρ, ὕδωρ τὸν θεὸν ποιῆσαι, Refs 5th c.BC+ thunder-showers, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 for ἐν ὕδατι βρέχεσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 in the law-courts, τὸ ὕδωρ was the water of the water-clock (κλεψύδρ), and hence the time it took in running out, ἂν ἐγχωρῇ τὸ ὕδωρ Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ὕ., ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὕ., in the time allowed me, Refs; οὐκ ἐνδέχεται πρὸς ταὐτὸ ὕ. εἰπεῖν one cannot say (all) in one speech, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπίλαβε τὸ ὕ. stop the water (which was done while the speech was interrupted by the calling of evidence and reading of documents), Refs 4th c.BC+; ἀποδιδόναι, παραδιδόναι τινὶ τὸ ὕ., to give him the turn of speaking, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 generally, liquid, ὕδατος εἴδη τὰ τοιάδε· οἶνος, οὖρον, ὀρός Refs 5th c.BC+ __II part of the constellation Aquarius, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 a name for the winter solstice, Refs 4th c.AD+ __III Ὕδατα, τά, as the name of places with hot or mineral waters, Ὕ. Σέζτια, Latin Aquae Sextiae, Ὕ. Νεαπολιτανά, etc., Refs 2nd c.AD+ [ῠ by nature, ὕ?~Xδωρ Refs 8th c.BC+, and so always in Attic dialect (except sometimes in dactylic verse, Refs 8th c.BC+ (always at end of line except in phrase Στυγὸς ὕδωρ Refs 8th c.BC+; later Epic dialect admits ὕ ¯ δωρ more freely, Refs 3rd c.BC+, so that we find ῡ in the second half of the foot in Refs 7th c.BC+.] (Cf. Sanskrit udán-, genitive udn-ás 'water', ORefs 5th c.BC+ woeter, O Norse vatn; I.-Refs 5th c.BC+ u(e)d- with suffix r alternating with n (ὕδ-ṇ-τος): cognate with Sanskrit u-ná-t-ti (root ud-), 3rd.pers. plural u-n-d-ánti 'moisten', cf. Latin unda.)

† חֹ֫שֶׁךְ n.m. Ex 10:21 darkness, obscurity;—abs. חֹשֶׁךְ Gn 1:2 + 75 times (+ Ex 8:12 del. Co A B etc.); cstr. id. Ex 10:22; sf. חָשְׁכִּי ψ 18:29 = 2 S 22:29;— 1. darkness (opp. אוֹר) lit. Gn 1:2, 4 (P), Is 45:7 Jb 26:10 Ec 2:13, cf. in imprecation Jb 3:4, 5 (ח׳ וצלמות = לילה Gn 1:5, 18 (P), cf. Jos 2:5 (JE), Is 45:19 Jb 17:12; 24:16; 38:19 ψ 104:20; darkness in mines Jb 28:3; of extraordinary darkness, in Egypt Ex 10:21(×2) (E); ח׳־אֲפֵלָה Ex 10:22 (E), ψ 105:28, from pillar of cloud Ex 14:20 (J); at Mt. Sinai Dt 4:11; 5:20; of clouds of theophany 2 S 22:12 = ψ 18:12; of darkness in death, or Sheʾôl, 1 S 2:9 Jb 10:21 (אֶרֶץ ח׳ וצלמות), 17:13; 18:18 ψ 88:13 Pr 20:20 (אִישׁוֹן ח׳ = extreme of darkness). 2. = secret place(s) Id 45:3 Jb 12:22 (‖ צלמות); = hiding-place Jb 34:22 (‖ id.), cf. ψ 139:11, 12;—on Ez 8:12, v. supr. 3. fig., a. = distress Is 5:30; 9:1; 29:18 (fig. of blindness), 42:7; 49:9; 58:10; 59:9; 60:2 La 3:2 Mi 7:8 ψ 18:29 = 2 S 22:29, Jb 15:22, 23, 30; 20:26; 22:11; 23:17; 29:3 ψ 107:10, 14 (in both ‖ צלמות), 112:4 Ec 5:16; 11:8. b. = dread, terror, symbol. of judgment Am 5:18, 20 Zp 1:15 Na 1:8 Ez 32:8 Jo 2:4; 3:4. c. = mourning Is 47:5. d. = perplexity Jb 5:14; 12:25; 19:8; confusion ψ 35:6. e. = ignorance Jb 37:19 Ec 2:14. f. = evil, sin Is 5:20(×2) Pr 2:13. g. = obscurity Ec 6:4(×2).

† יָרָה vb. throw, shoot (NH shoot, Hiph. teach; Aramaic Aph. אוֹרִי teach; Ethiopic ወረወ jecit; Amh. warê is information, news, v. NöZMG 1886, 724; Assyrian ârû, lead, guide, DlHWB 241; têrtu, law, DlHA 49; Zinj. ירי set, found, DHMSendsch. 57, cf. 2 infr.—Buhl distinguished 3√ √ ירה: i. = throw, cf. mod. Arabic warra; ii. Hiph. = moisten, cf. רוה; iii. Hiph. = teach, cf. ראה, Arabic رأى, رَوَى; but evidence for this division hardly sufficient)— Qal Pf. יר׳ Ex 15:4 + 3 times; 1 s. יָרִיתִי Gn 31:51 Jos 18:6; Impf. 1 pl. sf. וַנִּירָם Nu 21:30 (SS after 𝔊 וְנִינָם, see Ges§ 76 (2) e); Imv. יְרֵה 2 K 13:17; Inf. abs. יָרֹה Ex 19:13; cstr. לִיר(וֹ)ת ψ 11:2; 64:5; Pt. יֹרֶה Pr 26:18; pl. יוֹרִים 1 Ch 10:3; יֹרִים 2 Ch 35:23;— 1. throw, cast, with acc.: cast lots Jos 18:6 (E); army into (בְּ) the sea Ex 15:4 (song). 2. cast (= lay, set), corner-stone Jb 38:6; pillar Gn 31:51 (E; v. Zinj. supr.) 3. shoot arrows, abs. Ex 19:13 (E) 2 K 13:17; acc. of arrows 1 S 20:36, 37 Pr 26:18; acc. pers. Nu 21:30 (song, E) ψ 64:5; with לְ pers. 11:2; י(וֹ)רִים archers 1 Ch 10:3 2 Ch 35:23. 4. throw water, rain: Ho 6:3, but v. יוֹרֶה" dir="rtl" >יוֹרֶה early rain (cf. Hiph. 3). Niph. Impf. יִיָּרֶה shot through (with arrows) Ex 19:13 (E). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. הֹרַנִי Jb 30:19 (הֹרָנִי Baer); הוֹרָהוּ 2 K 12:3; הוֹרֵתָ֑נִי ψ 119:102; 1 s. וְהוֹרֵיתִ֫י Ex 4:15 1 S 12:23; sf. הֹרֵיתִיךָ Pr 4:11; הוֹרֵיתִיךָ Ex 4:12; Impf. יוֹרֶה ψ 25:8 + 5 times; וַיּוֹר 2 K 13:17 (for this and other forms see Ges§ 76 (2) e); וַיֹּרֵנִי Pr 4:4; יוֹרֵנוּ Ju 13:8 + 2 times; יוֹרֶנּוּ ψ 25:12 Is 28:26; וַיּוֹרֵהוּ Ex 15:25; יֹרֵם 2 K 17:27 ψ 64:8; 2 f. sf. תּוֹרְךָ ψ 45:5; תֹּרֶ֑ךָּ Jb 12:7, 8; 2 m. sf. תּוֹרֵם 1 K 8:36 = 2 Ch 6:27; 1 s. אוֹרֶה 1 S 20:20 Jb 27:11; sf. אוֹרְךָ ψ 32:8; 3 mpl. יוֹרוּ Dt 24:8 + 3 times; יֹרוּ 2 S 11:20 2 Ch 35:23; יֹרֻהוּ ψ 64:5; יוֹרוּךָ Dt 17:10 + 2 times; Imv. sf. הֹרֵנִי Jb 34:32; הוֹרֵנִי ψ 27:11 + 2 times; pl. sf. הוֹרוּנִי Jb 6:24; Inf. cstr. הוֹרֹת Gn 46:28 + 3 times; הוֹרֹתָם Ex 24:12; Pt. מוֹרֶה 1 S 20:36 + 5 times; מֹרֶה Pr 6:13; pl. מוֹרִים 1 S 31:3 + 2 times; sf. מוֹרָ֑י Pr 5:13; מוֹרֶיךָ Is 30:20(×2);— 1. throw, cast, with ל, into the mire Jb 30:19. 2. shoot (arrows) 1 S 20:20, 36 2 S 11:20 2 K 13:17; 19:32 = Is 37:33; with ל, of pers. 2 Ch 35:23; acc. pers. ψ 64:5, 8; מוֹרִים archers 1 S 31:3(×2) 1 Ch 10:3. 3. throw water, rain: וְיוֹרֶה צֶדֶק לָכֶם Ho 10:12 and rain righteousness for you (Thes al. under 5); hence מוֹרֶה early rain (cf. Qal 4). 4. point out, shew: לְהוֹרֹת לְפָנָיו גּשְׁנָה Gn 46:28 (J) to point out before him (the way) to Goshen; מֹרֶה בְּאֶצְבְּעֹתָיו Pr 6:13 pointing out with his fingers; acc. pers. et rei Ex 15:25 (JE) ψ 45:5 Jb 6:24. 5. direct, teach, instruct: a. of men, abs. Bezalel in handicraft Ex 35:34 (P); c. acc. pers., a father his son Pr 4:4; the ancients Job Jb 8:10; the animals and the earth, the friends of Job 12:7, 8; c. 2 acc. Is 28:9; בּדֶרֶךְ in the way 1 S 12:23 ψ 25:8; 32:8 Pr 4:11; בְּיַד־אֵל concerning the hand of Ēl Jb 27:11.—מוֹרֶה שֶׁקֶר teaching lies is used of prophet Is 9:14. b. specially of the authoritative direction (v. תּוֹרָה) given by priests on matters of ceremonial observance, with acc. rei and לְ pers. Dt 33:10 (song), they teach thy judgments to Jacob, and thy direction (law) to Israel; double acc. 17:10, 11 according to the direction, wherewith they direct thee; 24:8 (on leprosy), Lv 10:11 (P), abs. 14:57 (P), 2 Ch 15:3 כֹּהֵן מוֹרֶה, Ez 44:23 the Zadokite priests את־עמי יֹרוּ בֵּין קֹדֶשׁ לְחֹל; Mi 3:11 the priests give such ‘direction’ for hire; less technically, of Moses Ex 24:12 (E), of Jehoiada 2 K 12:3, of the Samaritan priests 2 K 17:27, 28. c. of God; c. acc. pers. Is 28:26 ψ 119:102; double acc. Ex 4:12, 15 (J), Ju 13:8 Jb 34:32 1 K 8:36 (= אֶל הַדֶּרֶךְ 2 Ch 6:27), ψ 27:11; 86:11; 119:33; acc. pers. בְּדֶרֶךְ ψ 25:12; מִדְּרָכָיו of his ways Is 2:3 = Mi 4:2. d. of idol-image Hb 2:18 (מוֹרֶה שָׁ֑קֶר), v 19.

† I. צוּר n.m. Jb 29:6 rock, cliff;—צ׳ abs. Ex 17:6 +, cstr. Dt 8:15 +; sf. צוּרִי 2 S 22:3, etc.; pl. צֻרִים Nu 23:9 +, צוּרוֹת Jb 28:10; cstr. צוּרֵי 1 S 24:3 (Gi v 2);— 1. a. rocky wall, cliff, Ex 17:6(×2) (E), Dt 8:15 (צ׳ הַחַלָּמִישׁ), Is 48:21(×2) ψ 78:15, 20; 105:41; 114:8 (‖ חַלָּמִישׁ); בּוֹא בַצּ׳ Is 2:10, בִּמְעָרוֹת צֻרִים v 19, בְּנִקְרוֹת הַצּ׳ v 21, cf. Ex 33:21, 22 (JE); yielding honey (from its clefts) ψ 81:17 (cf. Dt 32:13; Dy PerlesAnal. 34 We read צוּף); as look-out Nu 23:9 (JE), home of goats 1 S 24:3 (Gi v 2), snow-covered Je 18:14; bearing (olives for) oil Dt 32:13 (חַלְמִישׁ צ׳), Jb 29:6; resort of homeless 24:8, pierced by miners 28:10, cf. perhaps שִׁית בְּצ׳ נְחָלִים אוֹפִיר 22:24 deposit (thy) gold in the rock of the wadys (most sub צֹר pebble); as quarry, fig. of Abr. as ancestor of Isr. Is 51:1; place of security 1 Ch 11:15, צ׳ הַמִּישׁוֹר Je 21:13 (of city), fig. ψ 27:5; 61:3; symb. of firmness Na 1:6; Jb 14:18; 18:4; enduring material 19:24. b. rock with flat surface 2 S 21:10; Pr 30:19. c. block of stone, boulder Ju 6:21; 13:19 (as altar); cf. צוּר מִכְשׁוֹל Is 8:14 (‖ אֶבֶן נֶגֶף). d. rock with specif. name, צ׳ עוֹרֵב Ju 7:25; Is 10:26. 2. a. fig. of God (33 times) as support and defence of his people (often ‖ אֱלֹהִים, י׳, etc.), צ׳ מָעֻזֵּךְ Is 17:10, צ׳ מָעוֹז ψ 31:3, צ׳ עֻזִּי 62:8, צ׳ מָעוֹן 71:3, צ׳ יְשֻׁעָתוֹ Dt 32:15 cf. 2 S 22:47 b (but del., v. ‖ ψ 18:47), ψ 89:27; 95:1, צ׳ וִישׁוּעָתִי 62:3, 7, צ׳ מַחְסִי 94:22, צ׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 30:29; 2 S 23:3 (personif.), צוּרִי ψ 18:3, 47 = 2 S 22:3, 47a, ψ 19:15; 28:1; 92:16; 144:1, צ׳ לְבָבִי 73:26, צוּרֵנוּ Dt 32:31, צוּרָם v 30 ψ 78:35; c. בְּ essent. בְּיָהּ י׳ צ׳ עוֹלָמִים Is 26:4 (cf. ψ 62:8; v. ב I. 7 c); as n.pr. dei (the) Rock Dt 32:4, 18 (צ׳ יְלָֽדְךָ), v 37 Hb 1:12, + (perhaps) ψ 75:6 (read בַּצּוּר, v. צַוָּאר; v. also פְּדָהצוּר). b. of a heathen god Dt 32:31, 37, cf. Is 44:8, מִי צוּר מִבַּלְעֲדֵי א׳ 2 S 22:32 ‖ ψ 18:32, cf. 1 S 2:2.—Vid. also בֵּית־צוּר" dir="rtl" >בֵּית צוּר and חֶלְקַת הַצֻּרִים" dir="rtl" >חֶלְקַת הַצֻּרִים.—ψ 89:44 v. צֹר²" dir="rtl" >צֹר sub צָרַר³" dir="rtl" >III. צרר, 49:15 v. צוּרָה" dir="rtl" >צוּרָה sub צוּר³" dir="rtl" >IV. צור.

† בַּרְזֶל n.m. Ez 27:19 iron (c. ל afform.; from piercing? NH id., Aramaic id., פַּרְזֶל, ܦܰܪܙܠܴܐ Ph. ברזל, Assyrian parzillu COTGloss, (Arabic فِرْزِلٌ fetter is loan-word))—always abs. ב׳ Gn 4:22 + 74 times (בַּרְזֶל֑ Gn 4:22 etc.);— 1. iron, lit.: a. iron-ore, stone containing iron, Dt 8:9; Jb 28:2; b. as raw material (to be worked) Gn 4:22; 1 Ch 22:3, 14, 16; 29:2(×2), 7 2 Ch 2:6, 13; 24:12; Is 44:12; c. as article of commerce Ez 27:12, 19; d. as material of furniture, utensils, implements, etc., עֶרֶשׂ ב׳ Dt 3:11, רֶכֶב ב׳ Jos 17:16, 18; Ju 1:19, 4:3, 13, כְּלֵי ב׳ Jos 6:19, 24 cf. 1 K 6:7; Nu 35:16, עֵט־ב׳ Jb 19:24 & fig. Je 17:1, חֲרִצֵי הַבּ׳ 2 S 12:31 = 1 Ch 20:3, מַגְזְרוֹת הַבּ׳ 2 S 12:31 cutting instr. of iron, vid. Am 1:3, כַּבְלֵי ב׳ ψ 149:8 (‖ זִקִּים), נֵשֶׁק ב׳ Jb 20:24, קַרְנֵי ב׳ 1 K 22:11 = 2 Ch 18:10, קִיר ב׳ & מַחֲבַת ב׳ Ez 4:3; בְּרִיחֵי ב׳, i.e. of Babylon, ag. Cyrus Is 45:2; cf. 1 S 17:7 & Is 60:17(×2) (fig.) 2. tool of iron Dt 27:5; Jos 8:31; Pr 27:17(×2) Ec 10:10 Is 10:34 (metaph.); head of an axe Dt 19:5 2 K 6:5, 6; so weapon 2 S 23:7; Jb 41:19; cf. also Nu 31:22; Jos 22:8 where iron as spoil of war. 3. iron in fig. of unwatered earth Dt 28:23; of Egyptian bondage, כּוּר הַבּ׳ Dt 4:20; 1 K 8:51; Je 11:4; of oppression עֹל ב׳ Dt 28:48; Je 28:14 cf. v 13; of strength Je 15:12(×2); cf. ב׳ מִנְעָלֶיךָ Dt 33:25 & Mi 4:13 קֶרֶן ב׳; of prophet, firm through Yahweh’s might, עַמּוּד ב׳ Je 1:18; of distress, בְּרִיחֵי ב׳ ψ 107:16 cf. v 10 of judgments of י׳, & 105:18; שֵׁבֶט ב׳ ψ 2:9; of evildoers, Je 6:28; Ez 22:18, 20; simile of scorching sky Lv 26:19; מְטִיל ב׳ of bones of hippopotamus Jb 40:18; גִּיד ב׳ of obstinate neck of Isr. Is 48:4.

† [נָצַב] vb.Niph. take one’s stand, stand (NH נִצָּב id. (rare), הַצָּבָה n. taking a stand; Ph. (Pun.) נצב, מנצבת, מצבת monument Lzb 325; Nab. Palm. נצב set up; Zinj. id., statue, all Lzb 325 Cook 82; Palm. מצבא image, Nab. נצב id., DHMVOJ viii (1984), 12, cf. Lzb l.c.; perhaps Assyrian naṣâbu TelAm., Wkl TA 24b; Aramaic נְצַב, ܢܨܰܒ Arabic نَصَبَ set up, erect, نَصْبٌ sign, mark, way-mark; Sab. נצב cippus CIS iv. 23 Sab Denkm95 DHM ZMG xxx (1876), 115f. Derenb JAs, 1883, Aug.–Sept. 244; Min. מצב statue (= מנצב) HomSüdar. Chrest. 128);— Niph. Pf. 3 fs. נִצְּבָה ψ 45:10, נִצָּ֑בָה Gn 37:7; Pr 8:2; 2 ms. וְנִצַּבְתָּ֫ Ex 7:15 + 2 times; 3 pl. נִצְּבוּ 15:8, וְנִצְּבוּ consec. 33:8; Pt. נִצָּב Gn 24:13 +, f. נִצָּבָה Zc 11:16, נִצֶּ֫בֶת 1 S 1:26; mpl. נִצָּבִים Ex 5:20 +; fpl. נִצָּבוֹת 1 S 4:20;— 1. a. station oneself, take one’s stand, for definite purpose, c. עַל loc. (by, on) Gn 24:13, 43; 28:13; Ex 7:15; 33:21; 34:2 (all J), Ex 17:9; 18:14 (E), Nu 23:6, 17 (JE); Am 7:7; 9:1; Pr 8:2; of י׳ Is 3:13 taketh his stand to plead; c. ב loc. Ex 5:20 ψ 82:1 (of God), cf. Nu 22:23, 31, 34; נ׳ עִמְּכָה 1 S 1:26; לִפְנֵי י׳ Dt 29:9; c. פֶּתַח Nu 16:27 (JE), Ju 18:16, 17; abs. La 2:4 (on text v. Löhr). b. stand = be stationed (by appointment, or in fulfilment of duty), c. עַל pers. (sitting or lying) Gn 45:1; 1 S 4:20; 22:6, 7, 17; נ׳ עַל־מִשְׁמַרְתִּי Is 21:8 stand at my watchman’s post (‖ עֹמֵד); לִימִינְךָ ψ 45:10; abs. 2 S 13:31. c. take an upright position, stand, יָקוּמוּ וְנ׳ Ex 33:8 (E; + פֶּתַח loc.), cf. Gn 37:7 (E; of sheaf); of waters, נ׳ כְמוֹ־נֵד Ex 15:8 (song). 2. be stationed = appointed over (על), 1 S 22:9; Ru 2:5, 6; with Samuel presiding over (על) them 1 S 19:20. Hence 3. Pt. as subst. deputy, prefect (as appointed, deputed), only 1 K 4:5, 7; 5:7, 30; 9:23 2 Ch 8:10 (all of Sol.’s officers; so also 2 Ch 8:10 Qr, נציב), 1 K 22:48 (of Edom). 4. stand firm, fig. כָּל־אָדָם נִצָּב ψ 39:6 every man, (even) the firm-standing, is wholly vanity (but expression strange, and text dub.); נ׳ בַּשָּׁמָ֑יִם 119:89 (of י׳’s word); that which stands firm Zc 11:16 (Isr. under fig. of sheep), but dub.; We GASm leave untranslated; Now proposes הַנַּחֲלָה the diseased. Hiph. Pf. הִצִּיב 1 K 16:34; 2 ms. הִצַּבְתָּ Gn 21:29 ψ 74:17; 3 mpl. הִצִּ֫יבוּ Je 5:26; Impf. יַצִּיב Jos 6:26, יַצֵּב Dt 32:8 (dub.; poet. for וַיּ׳ Ew§ 233a Di; rhythmical shortening Ges§ 109 k; read יַצִּב Dr DaSynt. p. 94), וַיַּצֶּב־ 2 S 18:18; sf. וַיַּצִּיבֵ֫נוּ La 3:12; Imv. fs. הַצִּ֫יבִי Je 31:21; Inf. cstr. הַצִּיב 1 S 13:21; 1 Ch 18:3; Pt. מַצִּיב 1 S 15:12 (but read הִצִּיב 𝔊 We Dr Bu Kit HPS);— 1. station, set: c. acc., ewes Gn 21:28, 29 (E; לְבַד apart), trap Je 5:26; fig. set me before thee (לְפָנֶיךָ) ψ 41:13; set me as a target La 3:12. 2. set up, erect pillar (מַצֵּבָה) Gn 35:14, 20 (E), 2 S 18:18, + אֲשֵׁרִים 2 K 17:10; altar Gn 33:20 (E), stone-heap 2 S 18:17; monument 1 S 15:12; 1 Ch 18:3; Je 31:21; city-gates (c. ב), Jos 6:26 (JE) = 1 K 16:34. 3. cause to stand erect, waters, כְּמוֹ־נֵד ψ 78:13 (cf. Qal Ex 15:8). 4. fix, establish boundary (subj. י׳) Dt 32:8 ψ 74:17; Pr 15:25; dominion (יַד) 1 Ch 18:3 (of king).—1 S 13:21 is dub.; AV sharpen, RV set; Kit ‘gerade machen’; Klo נִצַּב subst., v. infr.; cf. HPS. Hoph. Pf. 3 ms. הֻצַּב Na 2:8 it is fixed, determined (Kl Or), but very dub.; perhaps n.pr., or epith., of queen, cf. We Now GASm, q.v.; Pt. סֻלָּם מֻצָּב אַ֫רְצָה Gn 28:12 (E) a ladder set up on the earth; אֵלוֹן מ׳ Ju 9:6, read אֵלוֹן הַמַּצֵּבָה GFM, v. infr.—Cf. also יָצַב" dir="rtl" >יצב Hithp.

† I. יָבֵשׁ vb. be dry, dried up, withered (NH id. (rare), 𝔗 יְבֵישׁ, chiefly Pa. Ithp., Syriac ܢܺܒܶܫ; Sab. Palm. deriv.; Arabic يَبِسَ; Ethiopic የብሰ )— Qal Pf. 2 ms. יָבֵשׁ Jos 9:5 + 8 times; וְיָבֵשׁ consec. Is 19:5 + 4 times; 3 fs. יָֽבְשָׁה Gn 8:14; 3 pl. יָֽבְשׁוּ Je 23:10 + 2 times; יָבֵ֑שׁוּ 50:38 + 2 times; Impf. 3 ms. יִבַשׁ Is 19:7; יִיבָ֑שׁ Je 12:4 Jb 8:12; וַיִּיבַשׁ 1 K 17:7; וַיִּיבָ֑שׁ Jon 4:7; 3 fs. תִּיבַשׁ Ez 17:10; תִּיבָ֑שׁ v 10 + 3 times, etc.; Inf. cstr. (בִּ)יבשׁ Is 27:11; יְבשֶׁת Gn 8:7; abs. יָבוֹשׁ Zc 11:17; יָבשׁ Ez 17:10;— 1. be dry, dried up without moisture: a. of bread Jos 9:5, 12 (JE). b. of ground lacking rain Am 4:7, cf. Am 1:2 (of Carmel at utterance of י׳’s voice), Je 23:10. c. of earth after the flood Gn 8:14 (P), cf. חָרֵב" dir="rtl" >חָרֵב. d. of grass, herbage, trees and crops (already implied in b) = wither Is 15:6; 19:7; 27:11 Je 12:4 Jb 8:12 Jo 1:12 Jon 4:7; in sim. of shortness of life ψ 90:6; 102:12; 129:6, v. also Is 40:7, 8 (in these two ‖ נָבֵל); of heart under fig. of grass ψ 102:5; of Judah under fig. of vine Ez 17:9(×2), 10(×3), cf. 19:12; of princes under fig. of tree Is 40:24; of roots of Ephr. under fig. of tree Ho 9:16, so of roots of wicked Jb 18:16. e. of hand, arm, dry up, wither, as judgment from י׳, 1 K 13:4 Zc 11:17(×2); in distress יָבֵשׁ כַּחֶרֶשׁ כֹּחִי ψ 22:16 my strength is dried up like the potsherd; of skin La 4:8, and (fig.) of bones Ez 37:11. 2. be dried up: of water Gn 8:7 (J), Is 19:5 1 K 17:7 Je 50:38 Jo 1:20 Jb 12:15; 14:11. Pi. make dry, dry up, only Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיַּבְּשֵׁהוּ Na 1:4 and hath made it dry (י׳, the sea); 3 fs. תְּיַבֵּשׁ Jb 15:30 the flame shall dry up his branches (fig. of wicked); fig. תְּיַבֶּשׁ־נָּ֑רֶם Pr 17:22 a broken spirit maketh dry (the) bones. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הוֹבִישׁ Jos 2:10 + 3 times + Jo 1:10 (v. infr.); חֹבִישׁ Ez 19:12 + 2 times Jo (v. infr.); 3 fs. הוֹבִישָׁה Jo 1:12 (v. infr.); 2 ms. הוֹבַשְׁתָּ ψ 74:15; 1 s. הוֹבַשְׁתִּי Ez 17:24; וְהוֹבַשְׁתִּ֫י Je 51:36; 3 pl. וְהֹבִישׁוּ consec. Zc 10:11; Impf. 1 s. אוֹבִישׁ Is 42:15(×2); 44:27;—dry up, make dry: 1. dry up water, י׳ subj., Jos 2:10; 4:23(×2); 5:1 (all D), Je 51:36 (‖ הֶחֱרִיב), Is 42:15; 44:27 (חֳרָבִי in ‖ cl.), ψ 74:15. 2. make dry, wither: herbage, trees, crops, etc., of י׳, Is 42:15 (‖ החריב); obj. Babylon under fig. of tree Ez 17:24; of east wind’s drying up Judah’s fruit Ez 19:12. 3. exhibit dryness: of river-deeps laid bare Zc 10:11.—In like manner might be taken Jo 1:10, 12(×2), 17, if from יבשׁ; but the sense would be difficult, especially in v 10, 12, and הֹבִישׁוּ v 11 must be from בּוֹשׁ, to which all these cases in Jo may be consistently assigned; v. בּוֹשׁ" dir="rtl" >בּוֹשׁ.

φῶς, contraction for φάος, light (which see). φῴς, ἡ, plural φῷδες, contraction from φωΐς (which see).

λίθος [ῐ], ου, o((see. below 11), stone, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially of the stones thrown by warriors, τρηχὺς λ., λ. ὀκριόεις, Refs 8th c.BC+; also, stonequoit, Refs 8th c.BC+; of building- stones, λίθοι βασιλικοί Refs 5th c.BC+; λίθον ἕψειν 'to lose one's labour', Refs 5th c.BC+; also of stupid persons, 'blockheads', λίθοι Refs 6th c.BC+; λ. τις, ou) dou/lh Refs 3rd c.BC+; προσηγορεύθη διὰ τὸ μὴ φρονεῖν λ., of Niobe, Refs 5th c.BC+; λίθῳ λαλεῖς proverbial of ἀναίσθητοι, Refs __2 stone as a substance, opposed to wood, flesh, etc., ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι λ. χρὼς οὐδὲ σίδηρος Refs 8th c.BC+; λαοὺς δὲ λίθους ποίησε turned into stone, petrified,Refs 8th c.BC+; as an emblem of hard-heartedness, σοὶ δ᾽ αἰεὶ κραδίη στερεωτέρη ἐστὶ λίθοιο Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II λίθος, ἡ, twice in Refs 8th c.BC+: later mostly of some special stone, as the magnet is called Μαγνῆτις λ. by Refs 5th c.BC+; also Λυδία λ. by Refs 5th c.BC+ = touchstone); Ἡρακλεία λ. by Refs 5th c.BC+; so of a touchstone, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ διαφανὴς λ. a piece of crystal used for a burning-glass, Refs 5th c.BC+; χυτὴ λ. was perhaps a kind of glass, and so an older name for ὕαλος, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. = precious stone is feminine in Refs 5th c.BC+; in the sense of marble mostly masculine, λευκὸς λ. Refs 5th c.BC+; Πάριος λ. Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. Θάσιος, Αἰγύπτιος, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; compare λυχνίας, -ίτη; πώρινος λ. tufa, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 collectively, πέφυκε λίθος.. ἄφθονος, ἐξ οὗ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III grave-stone (feminine), Refs 3rd c.BC+ __IV at Athens, λίθος, ὁ, was a name for various blocks of stone used for rostra or platforms, as, __IV.1 the βῆμα (which see) of the Pnyx, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.2 another in the ἀγορά used by the κήρυκες, Refs 1st c.AD+; probably the same as ὁ πρατὴρ λ., on which the auctioneer stood when selling slaves, etc., Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV.3 an altar in the ἀγορά, at which the Thesmothetae, arbitrators, and witnesses took their oaths, Refs 4th c.BC+; compare λιθωμότης. __IV.4 two stones on which litigants stood in the Areopagus, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __V piece on a draughtboard, Refs 7th c.BC+ __VI in Medicine texts, stone in the bladder, calculus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __VII Δία λίθον ὀμνύναι, = Latin Jovem lapidem jurare, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __VIII λίθοι χαλάζης hail- stones, LXX __IX λ. ὁ οὐ λ. the philosophers' stone, Refs 5th c.BC+

I. סֶ֫לַע61 n.m. Ju 6:20 crag, cliff, synon. צוּר;—abs. ס׳ Ju 6:20 +, סָ֑לַע Nu 20:10 +; cstr. סֶ֫לַע 1 S 23:23; sf. סַלְעִי 2 S 22:2 +, סַלְעוֹ Is 31:9; pl. סְלָעִים Is 2:21 +;— 1. lit. cliff, crag Ju 6:20; Is 2:21; 7:19 Am 6:12 Nu 20:8(×2), 10(×2), 11 (cf. Ne 9:15 ψ 78:16, and contr. the צוּר of Ex 17:6), Nu 24:21; Dt 32:13 (not elsewhere Hex) Je 13:4, + 9 times; שֵׁן הַסּ׳ 1 S 14:4(×2) tooth of the crag, i.e. sharp crag, so Jb 39:28; excav. in cliff as place of burial Is 22:16; abode of wild animals, יַעֲלֵי־ס׳ v 1, cf. ψ 104:18; Pr 30:26, of birds Jb 39:28 Ct 2:14 (in fig.), cf. Je 48:28, so of Edom Ob 3 = Je 49:16; cf. (Nu 24:21 supr. and) Is 42:11; particular cliffs are: ס׳ עֵיטָם Ju 15:8, 11 cf. v 13, ס׳ (הָ)רִמּוֹן 20:45, 47(×2); 21:13 ס׳ הַמַּחְלְקוֹת 1 S 23:28 cf. v 25; v. also ii. סֶ֫לַע²" dir="rtl" >סֶלַע. †2. fig., especially סַלְעִי of י׳ (only ψψ), ψ 18:3 = 2 S 22:2, ψ 31:4; 42:10; 71:3; of Assyrian god Is 31:9 (prob.; cf. צוּר Dt 32:31, 37); צֵל ס׳ כָּבֵד Is 32:2 (sim. of protecting care); fig. of security ψ 40:3 (feet on cliff), מְצָדוֹת סְלָעִים מִשְׂגַּבּוֹ Is 33:16; symb. of obstinacy חִזְּקוּ פְנֵיהֶם מִסּ׳ Je 5:3; צְחִיחַ ס׳ (bare cliff, lit. glare of [the] cliff), in fig. of openness, flagrancy Ez 24:7, 8, of razed city 26:4, 14 (only here Ez); in fig. of fall of Bab. Je 51:25.

† I. שֵׁן n.f. 1 S 2:13 (yet m. 1 S 14:5 cf. Dr) tooth, ivory;—שׁ׳ abs. Ex 21:24 +, cstr. v 27 +, שֶׁן־ Dt 32:24; sf. שִׁנּוֹ Ex 21:27; du. שִׁנַּיִם Pr 10:26, cstr. שִׁנֵּי Je 31:29 +; sf. שִׁנֵּיהֶם ψ 124:6, שִׁנֵּימוֹ 58:7, etc.;— 1. tooth: a. of man, Ex 21:27(×3) (E), Nu 11:33 (J), Gn 49:12 (poem in J), Am 4:6; Ct 4:2; 6:6, שׁ׳ רֹעָה Pr 25:19, v. רֹעַ" dir="rtl" >II. רעע 2; of lex talionis, שׁ׳ תַּחַת שׁ׳ Ex 21:24 (E), Lv 24:20 (H), שֵׁן בְּשׁ׳ Dt 19:21; irritated by acid Pr 10:26, dulled by it (in proverb of inherited guilt) Je 31:29, 30; Ez 18:2; חָרַק שׁ׳ La 2:16; Jb 16:9 ψ 35:16; 112:10, v. חָרַק" dir="rtl" >חָרַק; אֶשָּׂא בְשָׂרִי בְשִׁנָּ֑י Jb 13:14 = risk my life (del. עַל־מָה, dittogr.; ‖ נַפְשִׁי אָשִׂים בְּכַפִּי); בְּעוֹר שִׁנָּ֑י 19:20, v. מָלַט" dir="rtl" >מָלַט Hithp. (other conj. v. Di Bi Bu Du). b. of beasts: Dt 32:24, crocodile Jb 41:6, locusts Jo 1:6 (teeth of lions); especially fig. of false prophets Mi 3:5, of foes Zc 9:7, oppressors Jb 29:17, wicked 4:10 ψ 3:8; 58:7; 124:6; of their weapons Pr 30:14 ψ 57:5; of Isr. shattered by י׳ c. tooth of a fork, tine, 1 S 2:13 (cf. Dr Sm. 291); of cliff, שֵׁן הַסֶּלַע 14:4(×2), cf. Jb 39:28, הַשֵּׁן 1 S 14:5. 2. ivory, of commerce, קַרְנוֹת שֵׁן Ez 27:15 (i.e. tusks?); as material, מִטּוֹת שׁ׳ Am 6:4, כִּסֵּא־שׁ׳ 1 K 10:18 = 2 Ch 9:17, בֵּית הָשּׁ׳ 1 K 22:39, cf. Am 3:15, הֵיכְלֵי שׁ׳ ψ 45:9, also Ez 27:6; Ct 5:14; 7:5.

† יָצַק vb. pour, cast, flow (Talm. id.)— Qal Pf. יָצַק Lv 8:15 + 2 times; וְיָצַק consec. 2:1; 14:15; וַיִּצֹק Lv 8:12 sf. יְצָקָם 1 K 7:46 2 Ch 4:17, etc.; Impf. יִצֹּק Lv 14:26 Nu 5:15; וַיִּצֹּק Gn 28:18 + 8 times; וַיִּ֫צֶק 1 K 22:35 (intrans.); 3 fs. וַתִּצֹּק 2 S 13:9; אֶצֹּק Is 44:3; אֶצָּק־ v 3; וַיִּֽצְקוּ 2 K 4:40; Imv. יְצֹק Ez 24:3; צַק 2 K 4:41; יִצְקוּ 1 K 18:34; Inf. צֶ֫קֶת Ex 38:27 Jb 38:38; Pt. pass. Jb 28:2 + 5 times; pl. יְצוּקִים 2 Ch 4:3; יְצֻקִים 1 K 7:24; יְצֻקוֹת v 30;— 1. pour, pour out, oil, in anointing, sq. acc. (שׁמן) + על Gn 28:18 (E), 35:14 (J); sq. מִשֶּׁמֶן + על Lv 8:12 (P); sq. על (שׁמן implied from context) Ex 29:7 (P), 1 S 10:1 2 K 9:3; sq. שֶׁמֶן + אֶל־ v 6; fig., c. רוּחִי + על Is 44:3; oil in sacrifice, + על Lv 2:1, 6 Nu 5:15; in cleansing, + על Lv 14:15, 26 (upon his palm; all P); oil into (על) vessels 2 K 4:4; water, for washing, + על 3:11; for drenching, + על 1 K 18:34; for boiling (into (בְ) the caldron), symbol., Ez 24:3; for satisfying thirst (fig.) + על Is 44:3; blood (of sacrifice) + אֶל־יְסוֹד Lv 8:15; 9:9 (P); pottage, for eating, 2 K 4:40, 41; cakes (לְבִבוֹת) 2 S 13:9; fig. of disease יָצוּק בּוֹ ψ 41:9 infused into him (al. less prob. as 3 molten, i. e. fixed upon). 2. cast (objects of metal) Ex 25:12; 26:37; 36:36; 37:3, 13; 38:5, 27 (all P), 1 K 7:46 = 2 Ch 4:17, 1 K 7:24, 30; 2 Ch 4:3. 3. Pt. pass. as adj. fig. cast, hard, of crocodile’s scales Jb 41:15; of crocodile’s heart v 16(×2) (as stone). 4. intrans. flow, pour, only וַיִּצֶ֫ק 1 K 22:35 (of blood), Jb 38:38 בְּצֶקֶת עָפָר לַמּוּצָק. Hiph. Impf. וַיַּצִּ֫קוּ 2 S 15:24; וַיַּצִּקֻם Jos 7:23; Pt. f. מֹי‌֯צָ֑קֶת 2 K 4:5;—pour (oil) 2 K 4:5, fig. of shekels of silver, etc., pour out Jos 7:23; of the ark, 2 S 15:24 set down (?); but read וַיַּצִּיגוּ (Dr Gr). Hoph. Pf. הוּצַק ψ 45:3; Impf. יוּצַק Lv 21:10 Jb 22:16; Pt. מוּצָ֑ק 1 K 7:23, 33 2 Ch 4:2 Jb 37:18; מֻצָק 11:15; cstr. מֻצַּק 1 K 7:16;— 1. be poured, subj. שֶׁמֶן, sq. על (in anointing), Lv 21:10 (H); fig. of foundation of wicked Jb 22:16, v. Di; of grace חֵן, on lips, ψ 45:3 (sq. ב), v. Che. 2. Pt. = cast, molten הים המ׳ 1 K 7:23 = 2 Ch 4:2, ראי Jb 37:18; as pred. 1 K 7:33; cstr. as subst. מֻֽצַּק נְחֹשֶׁת 1 K 7:16. 3. Pt., fig. firmly established, pred. of pers., וְהָיִיתָ מ׳ Jb 11:15 and thou shalt be established (‖ לֹא תִירָא). Cf. צוּק²" dir="rtl" >II צוק (p. 848).

† אֱמוּנָה n.f. firmness, steadfastness, fidelity Ex 17:12 + 46 times; אֱמוּנוֹת Pr 28:20. 1. lit. firmness, steadiness: Ex 17:12 וַיְהִי יָדָיו א׳ his hands were steadiness (i.e. steady). 2. steadfastness, אֱמוּנַת עִתֶּיךָ steadfastness of thy times Is 33:6. 3. faithfulness, trust: a. of human conduct ψ 37:3 Pr 12:22 Je 5:3; 7:28; 9:2; in office 2 K 12:16; 22:7 2 Ch 19:9; 31:12; 34:12; (על) בֶּאֱמוּנָה in trust (over) 1 Ch 9:22, 26, 31 2 Ch 31:15, 18; דֶּרֶךְ א׳ ψ 119:30; אִישׁ אֱמוּנוֹת man of great faithfulness Pr 28:20; associated with צֶדֶק in human character יָפִיחַ א׳ יַגִּיד צֶדֶק who breatheth out faithfulness sheweth forth righteousness Pr 12:17; cf. 1 S 26:23 Is 59:4 Je 5:1; צַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה a righteous man by his faithfulness liveth Hb 2:4 (> faith Luth AV RV). b. as a divine attribute ψ 88:12; 89:2, 3, 6, 9 Is 25:1 Ho 2:22 La 3:23; אֵל אֱמוּנָה Dt 32:4; his faithfulness is shewn in his works ψ 33:4; commands ψ 119:86; in affliction ψ 119:75; in his oath to David ψ 89:50; it reacheth unto the skies ψ 36:6; unto all generations ψ 100:5; 119:90; he will not belie it ψ 89:34. It is אֱמוּנָה אֹמֶן Is 25:1; cf. מְאֹד" dir="rtl" >אֱמוּנָה מְאֹד ψ 119:138. It is closely associated with the divine חֶסֶד mercy ψ 89:25; 92:3; 98:3 Ho 2:22; with the divine צֶדֶק, צְדָקָה ψ 96:13; 143:1 Is 11:5; & salvation ψ 40:11.

† צֵל n.m. ψ 144:4 shadow;—צ׳ abs. 2 K 20:9 +, cstr. Gn 19:8 +; sf. צִלְּךָ ψ 121:5, צִלּוֹ Ez 31:6 +, also צִלְלוֹ Jb 40:22, etc.; pl. צְלָלִים Ct 2:17; 4:6; cstr. צִלְלֵי Je 6:4;— 1. shadow on dial 2 K 20:9, 10(×2), 11 ‖ Is 38:8; צִלְלֵי־עָ֑רֶב Je 6:4, cf. Ct 2:17; 4:6; of mt. Ju 9:36. 2. shadow, shade, as protection (from sun): of branches, Ju 9:15 (in allegory), Ho 4:13; Jb 40:22; Jon 4:5, 6 and (in fig.) Ho 14:8; Ez 17:23; 31:6, 12, 17 ψ 80:11 Ct 2:3 (of refreshment, delight); of rock Is 32:2 (sim.); צ׳ קֹרָתִי Gn 19:8 shadow of my roof; of cloud Is 25:4 and (fig. of י׳’s protection 4:6; 25:4, so prob. 16:3; צ׳ כְּנָפֶיךָ shadow of thy wings, fig. of י׳’s protection ψ 17:8; 36:8; 57:2; 63:8; shade, in gen., Jb 7:2, fig. of י׳ ψ 121:5; hence = protection, defence, of city (wall) Je 48:45; of י׳ Nu 14:9 (JE), ψ 91:1 (v. also n.pr. בְּצַלְאֵל), cf. צֵל יָדוֹ Is 49:2 (covering prophet, under fig. of sword), 51:16 (covering people); of human ally Is 30:2, 3, of king La 4:20; also of wisdom Ec 7:12, money v 12.—בְּצִלָּהּ Is 34:15 appar. ref. to קִפּוֹז, but improb.; read perhaps בֵּצֶיהָ her eggs Du CheHpt. (CheHeb. Hpt. transp. וּבָֽקְעָה וְדָֽגְרָה). 3. shadow as symb. of transitoriness of life Jb 8:9; 14:2 ψ 144:4 (כְּצֵל עוֹבֵר), Ec 6:12; 8:13; כְּצֵל נָטוּי of an individ. life near its end ψ 102:12, so כְּצֵל כִּנְטוֹתוֹ 109:23; in sim. of emaciated members, וִיצֻרַי כַּצֵּל Jb 17:7.

סָמַךְ48 vb. lean, lay, rest, support (NH id.; Ph. in n.pr. Lzb 317, 329; Aramaic סְמַךְ, ܣܡܰܟ; also Ethiopic ((ሰመከ) አስመከ) cause to lean upon, etc. Di 335; Arabic سَمَكَ is be high, ascend, raise, uplift, سَمْكٌ roof);— Qal41 Pf. 3 ms. ס׳ Dt 34:9; Ez 24:2, וְסָמַךְ consec. Am 5:19 +; 3 fs. סָֽמְכָה ψ 88:8, sf. סְמָכָ֑תְהוֹ Is 59:16, סְמָכָ֑תְנִי 63:5, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּסְמֹךְ Lv 8:14; Nu 27:23, sf. יִסְמְכֵ֫נִי ψ 3:6, etc.; Imv. ms. sf. סָמְכֵנִי ψ 119:116; Pt. act. סוֹמֵךְ Is 63:5 + 3 times; pl. cstr. סֹמְכֵי Ez 30:6 ψ 54:6; pass. סָמוּךְ Is 26:3 ψ 112:8; pl. סְמוּכִים 111:8;— 1. a. lean or lay hand upon (עַל־): Am 5:19; elsewhere in sacred rite: on head of sacrif. victim, as those who share in sacrif., Ex 29:10, 15, 19; Lv 1:4 + 12 times Lv, Nu 8:12 (all P), 2 Ch 29:23; so of Levites, presented to י׳ Nu 8:10 (P); on head of blasphemer Lv 24:14 (P; as witnesses of his guilt); on head of Joshua in consecration (Moses subj.) Nu 27:18, 23; Dt 34:9 (all P). b. intrans. ψ 88:8 thy wrath hath rested upon me (עָלַי); also סָמַךְ מֶלֶךְ־בָּבֶל אֶל־ Ez 24:2 hath leaned against, rested his weight upon, Jerusalem, i.e. invested (Toy), begun the siege of it. †2. support, uphold, sustain, only fig.: c. 2 acc. Gn 27:37 (J) with corn and must have I sustained him, provided sustenance for him, cf. (of י׳) ψ 51:14; uphold Egypt Ez 30:6; abs. Is 63:5; especially of י׳ upholding, sustaining Is 59:16; 63:5 ψ 3:6; 37:17, 24; 54:6 (on בְּ essentiae v. Ges§ 119 i, בְּ supr. 7 a), 119:116; 145:14; so pt. pass. ψ 111:8 they are sustained, i.e. maintained (י׳’s commands), סָמוּךְ לִבּוֹ 112:8 his heart is sustained, firm, and so יֵצֶר ס׳ Is 26:3. †Niph. Pf. 1 s. נִסְמַ֫כְתִּי ψ 71:6; 3 pl. נִסְמָ֑כוּ Is 48:2; Impf. יִסָּמֵךְ 2 K 18:21 Is 36:6, וַיִּסָּמֵךְ Ju 16:29; 3 mpl. וַיִּסָּֽמְכוּ 2 Ch 32:8;—reflex. support, or brace oneself, also c. עַל־: Ju 16:29 and he braced himself against (upon) them (the pillars): 2 K 18:21 (if) a man support himself on it (Egypt as a cracked reed) = Is 36:6; on cheering words 2 Ch 32:8; on God Is 48:2 ψ 71:6. †Pi. Imv. mpl. sf. + בְּ instr.: סַמְּכוּנִי Ct 2:5 sustain (refresh, revive) me with raisin-cakes.

[אוֹר43] vb. be or become light (cf. Arabic أَوَّرَ enkindle, Aramaic (Nasar.) ܐܘܪ Aph. illumine, & deriv. in Assyrian)— Qal Pf. אוֹר Gn 44:3 +; אֹ֫רוּ 1 S 14:29; Impf. 3 fpl. וַתָּאֹרְנָה 1 S 14:27 Qr; Pt. אוֹר Pr 4:18 (Ges§ 72 R. 1); Imv. fs. א֫וֹרִי Is 60:1;—become light, shine of sun (especially in early morn.) Gn 44:3 (J) 1 S 29:10 Pr 4:18 Is 60:1; of eyes (owing to refreshment) 1 S 14:27(Qr) 29. Niph. Impf. וַיֵּאֹר 2 S 2:32; Inf. c. לֵאוֹר Jb 33:30; Pt. נָאוֹר ψ 76:5—become lighted up of day-break 2 S 2:32; by light of life, revival Jb 33:30; by light of glory, enveloped in light ψ 76:5. Hiph. Pf. וְהֵאִיר Ex 25:37, etc.; Impf. יָאִיר Jb 41:24 +; יָאֵר Nu 6:25 +; וַיָּ֫אֶר ψ 118:27 +, etc.; Imv. הָאֵר ψ 80:20 +, הָאִ֫ירָה ψ 31:17 +; Inf. הָאִיר Gn 1:15 +; Pt. מֵאִיר Pr 29:13; מְאִירַת ψ 19:9; מְאִירוֹת Is 27:11— 1. give light, of sun, moon & stars Gn 1:15, 17 (P), of moon Is 60:19; of pillar of fire (sq. ל) Ex 13:21; 14:20 (both JE) ψ 105:39 Ne 9:12, 19; of sacred lamp Ex 25:37 Nu 8:2 (both P); fig. of the words of God ψ 119:130. 2. lightup, cause to shine, shine, sq. acc. הֵאִירוּ בְרָקִים תֵּבֵל lightnings lighted up the world ψ 77:19; 97:4; abs. הָאָרֶץ הֵאִירָה מִכְּבֹדוֹ Ez 43:2; the earth shined with his glory (of theophany); of leviathan, which makes path shine behind him Jb 41:24; לַיְלָה כַּיּוֹם יָאִיר night shineth as day ψ 139:12. 3. light a lamp ψ 18:29; wood Is 27:11; altar(-fire) Mal 1:10. 4. lighten, of the eyes, הָאִיר עֵינַיִם, subj. י׳, his law, etc. Pr 29:13 ψ 13:4; 19:9 Ezr 9:8. 5. make shine, of face of God יָאֵר י׳ פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ Yahweh make his face shine upon thee Nu 6:25 (priest’s blessing), reappearing ψ 31:17 (sq. עַל־), 67:2 (sq. אֶת־), 80:4, 8, 20; 119:135 (sq. ב), Dn 9:17 cf. ψ 4:7; without פָּנִים (sq. ל) ψ 118:27; once, of face of man, Ec 8:1 חָכַמַת אָדָם תָּאִיר פָּנָיו the wisdom of a man lighteth up his face.

† מָטָר n.m. Ex 9:33 rain (Assyrian meṭru, DlHWB 406; Arabic مَطَرٌ; Sab. (Min.) מטר HomChrestom. 127, Aramaic מִטְרָא, ܡܶܛܪܳܐ );—מ׳ Ex 9:33 + 30 times; cstr. מְטַר Dt 11:11 + 5 times; pl.cstr. מִטְרוֹת Jb 37:6;—rain, as watering earth, especially Canaan, Dt 11:11 מ׳ הַשָּׁמַיִם; as blessing sent (vb. usually נָתַן) and withheld by י׳, Dt 11:14 (‖ יוֹרֶה, מַלְקוֹשׁ); v 17 (here מְ׳ אַרְצְכֶם); 28:12 1 K 8:35, 36; 17:1 (‖ טַל), 18:1 2 Ch 6:26, 27; 7:13 Jb 5:10 (‖ מַיִם), cf. 28:26; 36:27 ψ 147:8 (vb. מֵכִין); so מְ׳ זַרְעֲךָ Is 30:23 Zc 10:1 (‖ מַלְקוֹשׁ), v 1 מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם; גֶּשֶׁם מָטָר Jb 37:6, גֶּשֶׁם מִטְרוֹת עֻזּוֹ v 6 (‖ שֶׁלֶג); 38:28 (‖ אֶגְלֵי־טָ֑ל) בְּרָקִים לַמּ׳ ψ 135:7 Je 10:13 = 51:16 (‖ הֲמוֹן מַיִם); also in נָתַן אֵת מְ׳ אַרְצְךָ אָבָק וְעָפָר Dt 28:24; cf. Is 5:6 (where acc. cogn. with הִמְטִיר); wish of David 2 S 1:21 (‖ טַל); מ׳ בַּקָּצִיר sim. of the unseasonable, Pr 26:1 (‖ שֶׁלָג בַּקַּיִץ); sent by extraord. supernat. power as sign Ex 9:33, 34 (J; both ‖ בָּרָד, קֹלוֹת) cf. 1 S 12:17, 18 (‖ קֹלוֹת); sim. of refreshment Dt 32:2 (‖ טַל), Jb 29:23 (‖ מַלְקוֹשׁ), ψ 72:6 (‖ רְבִיבִים). cf. 2 S 23:4; as destructive Pr 28:3 (מָטָר סֹחֵף); also fig., Is 4:6 (‖ זֶרֶם).

[קוּם] vb. arise, stand (v. BH);—Pe Pf. 3 ms. קָם Dn 3:24, 3 mpl. קָ֫מוּ Ezr 5:2; Impf. 3 ms. יְקוּם Dn 6:20; 7:24, 3 fs. תְּקוּם 2:39, 44; 3 mpl. יְקוּמוּן 7:10, 17, 24 (יְקֻ׳); Imv. 2 fs. קוּמִי Dn 7:5; Pt. קָאֵם 2:31, pl. קאמין Kt, קָֽיְמִין Qr, 3:3, emph. קָֽאֲמַוָּא 7:16;— 1. arise Dn 3:24 (from throne), 6:20 (from bed). 2. come on scene of history: kingdom 2:39, king 7:17, 24 (both מִן of source), v 24. 3. arise (out of inaction), and build Ezr 5:2, devour Dn 7:5b. 4. stand, lit., לָקֳבֵל pers. 2:31, cf. 3:3, קֱדָם pers. 7:10; pt. as n., those standing (there) v 16. 5. endure, of kingdom 2:44. Pa. set up, establish an ordinace (קְיָם): Inf. לְקַיָּמָה 6:8. Haph. (K§ 45, 4) Pf. 3 ms. הֲקֵים Dn 3:2 +, וַהֲקִים 6:2, sf. הֱקִימֵהּ 5:11, אֲקִימֵהּ 3:1; 3 fs. הֱקִמַת 7:5; 2 ms. הֲקֵימְתָּ 3:12, 18; 1 s. הֲקֵ֫ימֶת לָא 3:14; Impf. 3 ms. יְהָקֵים (K§ 45, b)) 5:21; 6:16, יְקִים 2:44; 4:14; Inf. sf. לַהֲקָמוּתֵהּ 6:4; Pt. act. מְהָקֵים 2:21;— 1. set up, lit. image 3:1, 2, 3(×2), 5, 7, 12, 14, 18; fig. kings 2:21, kingdom v 44. 2. lift up one side 7:5a (Dr). 3. establish, c. acc. קְיָם 6:16 (= Pa.), אֱסָרָא v 9. 4. appopint Ezr 6:18, 2 acc. Dn 5:11; sf. pers. + עַל 6:4, ל acc. pers. + עַל 4:14; 5:21; 6:2. Hoph. Pf. 3 fs. הֳקִימַת (variants in Str; cf. K§ 45, 5; not Hebraism Nö GGA 1867, 1784; WCG 225, 253) 7:4 be made to stand עַל־רָגְלַיִן.

† II. גֶּ֫שֶׁם n.m. Gn 7:12 rain, shower (NH id., conn. wi. above √ dub.)—abs. ג׳ Gn 7:12 +; גָּ֑שֶׁם 1 K 18:41 +; cstr. גֶּשֶׁם Jb 37:6(×2) +; pl. גְּשָׁמִים Ezr 10:9, 13; cstr. גִּשְׁמֵי Ez 34:26; sf. גִּשְׁמֵיכֶם Lv 26:4; גִּשְׁמֵיהֶם ψ 105:32;—rain, shower Gn 7:12; 8:2 (both J) Lv 26:4 (H) Ho 6:3 Am 4:7; Je 5:24; 14:4; Is 44:14; 55:10; Ez 1:28 Jo 2:23 (‖ מוֹרֶה, מַלְקוֹשׁ); 1 K 17:7, 14; 18:45 (ג׳ גדול) 2 K 3:17; Pr 25:14, 23; Ec 11:3; Ct 2:11 ψ 105:32 וּמֵהַגּ׳ Ezr 10:9 and because of the rains, cf. v 13; קוֹל הֲמוֹן הַגּ׳ 1 K 18:41 cf. v 44 Zc 14:17; Ec 12:2; גֶּשֶׁם מָטָ֑ר וְג׳ מִטְרוֹת עֻזּוֹ Jb 37:6; מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם Zc 10:1; cf. ג׳ נְדָבוֹת ψ 68:10; fig. of blessing Ez 34:26, ג׳ בְּרָכָה v 26; of destruction ג׳ שֹׁטֵף Ez 13:11, 13 cf. 38:22.

† גַּל n.m. Gn 31:48 heap, wave, billow (as rolled together, rolling, rolling up), also spring, MT Ct 4:12 cf. 3 infr.—abs. גַּל Jb 8:17 + 5 times (incl. הַגַּל Gn 31:48 +); גָּ֑ל Gn 31:46; הַגָּ֑ל Gn 31:46; לַגָּ֑ל Is. 25:2; cstr. גַּל־ Jos 7:26 + 2 times + Gn 31:47, 48 q.v. infr.; pl. גַּלִּים 2 K 19:25 + 6 times; cstr. גַּלֵּי־ Is 48:18; sf. גַּלָּיו ψ 89:10 + 6 times; גַּלֵּיהֶם ψ 65:8 + 2 times;— 1. heap of stones, a. ג׳ אבנים raised (הקים) over dead body Jos 7:26; 8:29; cf. 2 S 18:17 (c. הִצִּיב). b. גַּל alone Jb 8:17 (roots wrapped about it). c. heap or pile made (עשׂה) for use in ratifying compact of Jacob with Laban Gn 31:46(×2), 48, 51, 52(×3) cf. also גַּלְעֵד" dir="rtl" >גַּלְעֵד n.pr. d. heap of ruins Is 25:2; elsewhere pl. Ho 12:12 2 K 19:25 = Is 37:26 Jb 15:28 Jer. 9:10; 51:37. 2. waves (rollers) poet., only pl., waves of sea Je 5:22; 31:35 Is 51:15 Jb 38:11 ψ 65:8; 89:10; 107:25, 29; cf. also in simile Ez 26:3 Is 48:18 (גַּלֵּי־הַיָּם); fig. of chastisements from י׳ ψ 42:8 (‖ מִשְׁבָּרִים) Jon 2:3 (‖ id.); of army of Babylon’s conqueror Je 51:42, 55; cf. Zc 10:11 (VB; but BevJPh. xviii. 88 proposes גִּבְלִים cf. Ez 27:9). 3. spring, Ct 4:12 גַּן נָעוּל אֲחוֹתִי כַּלָּ֑ה גַּל נָעוּל מַעְיָן חָתוּם a garden barred (is) my sister, bride, a spring barred, a fountain sealed; but גַּן for גַּל 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙.

† [הָמָה] vb. murmur, growl, roar, be boisterous (𝔗 הֲמָא, but rare, and perhaps not genuine Aramaic; cf. Arabic هَمْهَمَ murmur);— Qal Pf. 3 mpl. הָמוּ ψ 46:7 + 2 times; וְהָמוּ consec. Je 5:22 + 2 times; Impf. יֶהֱמֶה Jr 6:23 + 3 times; 2 fs. תֶּהֱמִי ψ 42:12; 43:5; וַתֶּהֱמִי 42:6; אֶהֱמֶה 55:18; אֶהֱמָ֑יָה 77:4; יֶהֱמוּ 46:4 + 3 times; וַיֶּהֱמוּ Is 51:15; Je 31:35; יֶהֱמָיוּ֑ן ψ 39:7 + 2 times; 1 pl. נֶהֱמֶה Is 59:11; Inf. הֲמוֹת Is 17:12; Pt. הֹמֶה Pr 20:1 Je 4:19; f. הוֹמָה 1 K 1:41, הֹמִיָּה Pr 7:11; 9:13, הוֹמִיָּה Is 22:2; fpl. הֹמִיּוֹת Pr 1:21, הֹמוֹת Ez 7:16 (Co הַמָּוֶת cf. 𝔊 𝔖);— 1. growl like a dog כַּכָּ֑לֶב ψ 59:7, 15, subj. wicked men; groan (in distress, lamentation), like bears כַּדֹּבִים Is 59:11 (‖ הגה כיונה); of doves (also in sim.) Ez 7:16 cf. Da (si vera l., vid. supr.). 2. murmur, fig. of soul (נֶפֶשׁ) in discouragement ψ 42:6, 12; 43:5; in prayer 55:18; 77:4 (both ‖ אָשִׂיחָה); also subj. מֵעִים, of the thrill of deep-felt compassion or sympathy, sq. לְ of person pitied, Je 31:20 (‖ רחם ארחמנו), sq. עַל, Ct 5:4; further כַּכִּנּוֹר, like the lyre (zither) Is 16:11; כַּחֲלִילִים, like flutes, subj. לֵב Je 48:36 (sq. לְ) v 36 (sq. אֶל); cf. Je 4:19 לִבִּי הֹמֶה־לִי. 3. roar, of waves, subj. גַּלִּים Je 5:22; 31:35 Is 51:15 cf. ψ 46:4; sim. of roar of multitudes Is 17:12 Je 6:23; 50:42; metaph. id., Je 51:55; be tumultuous, of peoples ψ 46:7 (‖ מָטוּ); 83:3 (‖ נָֽשְׂאוּ רֹאשׁ). 4. be in commotion, stir, of city 1 K 1:41 Is 22:2; so pt. fpl. as subst. רֹאשׁ הֹמִיּוֹת Pr 1:21 head of stirring, bustling streets (‖ פתתי שׁערים); of man, אַךְ־הֶבֶל יֶהֱמָי֑וּן ψ 39:7 surely to no purpose they bustle about (‖ אַךְ־בְּצֶלֶם יִתְהַלֶּךְ־אִישׁ). 5. be boisterous, turbulent, as with wine Zc 9:15 (but read perhaps דָּמָם, cf. FiHexapl. ii. 3, 1024 KloTh LZ, 1879, 564 StaZAW 1881, 18); also pt. as adj., of שֵׁכָר (by meton.) Pr 20:1; of shameless woman Pr 7:11; 9:13.

† [יָצַת] vb. kindle, burn (intr.) (NH id. (rare))— Qal Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּצַּת Is 9:17; יִצַּ֑תּוּ 33:12 Je 51:58 (Köi 431); 3 fpl. תִּצַּתְנָה Je 49:2;—kindle, intr., fig. of wickedness, Is 9:17; sq. בָּאֵשׁ be kindled with fire (= set on fire), of thorns (in sim.) 33:12, Je 49:2 (of dependent towns and villages of Rabbah, under fig. of daughters), 51:58 (of gates of Babylon). Niph. Pf. נִצְּתָה 2 K 22:13 Je 9:11 + 2:15 Kt (Qr נִצְּתוּ); וְנִצְּתָה consec. 2 K 22:17 Je 46:19; נִצְּתוּ Ne 1:3 + 2 times + Je 2:15 Qr (cf. supr.);—be kindled, fig. of wrath of י׳, 2 K 22:13, 17; be burned, of gates of Jerusalem, sq. בָּאֵשׁ, Ne 1:3; 2:17; = desolated Je 2:15 (of cities of Israel), cf. 46:19, 9:9 (of mountains and pastures); of land 9:11 (‖ אָֽבְדָה). Hiph. Pf. הִצִּית Je 11:16; 1 s. וְהִצַּתִּי consec. Je 17:27 + 5 times; והוציתיה 2 S 14:30 Kt; (וְהַצִּיתוּהָ Imv., Ges§ 71 Köi 431); הִצִּיתוּ v 31 Je 51:30; וְהִצִּיתוּ consec. 32:29; Impf. וִיַּצֶּת־ La 4:11; אֲצִיתֶנָּה Is 27:4 (read אַצִּיתֶנָּה Köl.c. Gesl.c.); וַיַּצִּיתוּ Jos 8:19 + 2 times; תַּצִּיתוּ v 8; Imv. 2 S 14:30 Qr, cf. supr.; Pt. מַצִּית Ez 21:3;—kindle, set on fire, sq. acc., עִיר + בָּאֵשׁ Jos 8:8, 19 (JE), Je 32:29 (+ שׂרף); field of corn, + בָּאֵשׁ 2 S 14:30(×2), 31; dwellings (no באשׁ) Je 51:30, cf. also Ju 9:49; also sq. acc. אֵשׁ + prep. על, Je 11:16 (of Jerusalem under fig. of olive-tree); elsewhere + בְּ, Am 1:14, והצתי אשׁ ב׳ (hence Je 17:27; 21:14; 43:12; 49:27; 50:32) La 4:11 Ez 21:3.

† שָׁטַף vb. overflow, rinse or wash off (NH id., so J.Aram. שְׁטַף; Assyrian šaṭâpu, overflow, Arabic سطف id., Cuche);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׁ׳ Is 8:8 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּשְׁטֹף 1 K 22:38, etc.; Pt. שׁוֹטֵף Is 10:22 +, pl. שֹׁטְפִים Is 28:2;— 1. overflow, of river Is 8:8; Je 47:2a (v. נַחַל), Dn 11:10, 40, all fig. of invading army, cf. Is 28:15 (qy. by StaThLZ, Apr. 1894, 235, Du Marti read שׁוֹט שֹׁטֵט), v 18 (v. שׁוֹט), also (sim. of י׳ in judgment) v 2 (מַיִם), 30:28, of judicial destruction, שׁוֹטֵף צְדָקָה Is 10:22; c. acc. of land Je 47:2b, pers. (fig.) Is 43:2 (נְהָרוֹת), ψ 69:3 (שִׁבֹּלֶת), v 16 (שׁ׳ מַיִם), 124:4 (מַיִם), cf. Is 28:17 Ct 8:7; גֶּשֶׁם שׁוֹטֵף flooding rain (of י׳’s judgment) Ez 13:11, 13; 38:22; נַחַל שׁוֹטֵף Is 66:12, sim., in good sense.—Abs. Dn 11:26 v. Niph.—Fig. of dashing, rushing horse, כְּסוּס שׁוֹ׳ בַּמִּלְחָמָה Je 8:6. 2. flow, run, lit. of נַחַל ψ 78:20 2 Ch 32:4. 3. lit., rinse or wash off, c. acc. of thing washed 1 K 22:38, יָדָיו בַּמָּ֑יִם Lv 15:11 (P); of stain Ez 16:9 (מֵעָלַיִךְ; ‖ רָחַץ); עֲפַר־אָ֑רֶץ Jb 14:19. Niph. Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׁטֵף בַּמַּיִם Lv 15:12 be rinsed out, off (P; of wooden vessel); 3 mpl. יִשָּֽׁטְפוּ מִלְּפָנָיו Dn 11:22 be swept away (defeated), read prob. יִשָּׁטֵף (for יִשְׁטֹף), also v 26 (cf. Dr). Pu. Pf. 3 ms. וּמֹרַק וְשֻׁטַּף בַּמָּ֑יִם Lv 6:21 (P) it shall be scoured and rinsed.

σκότος, ὁ, more rarely σκότος, εος, τό (see. entry near the end), darkness, gloom, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to φάος, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἡμέρα, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in Refs 8th c.BC+ always of the darkness of death, mostly in phrase τὸν δὲ σ. ὄσσε κάλυψεν Refs; so in Trag. and Comedy texts, σκότῳ θανεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἤδη με περιβάλλει σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; σκότον εἶναι τεθνηκότος (i.e. Αἰσχύλου) Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 of the nether world, Refs 5th c.BC+; παῖδες ἀρχαίου ΣκότουRefs 5th c.BC+ __4 the darkness of the womb, φυγόντα μητρόθεν σκότον Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 of blindness, σκότου νέφος Refs 5th c.BC+; βλέποντα νῦν μὲν ὄρθ᾽, ἔπειτα δὲ σκότον, i.e. μηδέν,Refs 5th c.BC+ __5.b dizziness, vertigo, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare σκοτόδινος, -δινιάω. __6 metaphorically, σκότῳ κρύπτειν hide in darkness, Refs 5th c.BC+; σκότον ἔχειν to be in darkness, obscurity, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπορία καὶ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ it is dark and uncertain, Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 of a person, Μητρότιμος ὁ σ., like{ὁ σκοτεινός}, the mystery-man, Refs 6th c.BC+; also, darkness, i.e. ignorance, Refs 4th c.BC+; deceit, σ. καὶ ἀπάτη Refs 5th c.BC+ __8 plural, σκότη shadows in a picture, Refs 2nd c.AD+ regarded the masculine as the Attic dialect form: the neuter never occurs in Refs 5th c.BC+, and is nowhere required by the metre in Trag., though it sometimes occurs in codices, Refs 5th c.BC+; it is found, however, without variant, in Refs 5th c.BC+ and Attic dialect Prose, Refs 5th c.BC+; the word is always neuter in LXX and “NT.” σκοτί-α, ἡ, (σκότος) darkness, gloom, NT+3rd c.BC+ __II in Architecture, scotia, cavetto, a sunken moulding, so called from the dark shadow it casts, Refs 1st c.BC+ __III Σκοτιά, epithet of Aphrodite in Egypt, Refs

† [רָעַשׁ] vb. quake, shake, intr. (NH = BH, so Aramaic ܪܥܰܫ (rare), and (once) רְעַשׁ toss, rage (of sea); Arabic رَعَسَ, usually رَعِشَ, رَعَشَ (loan-word?), tremble, quiver, quake; cf. perhaps Assyrian rêšu exult);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. רָֽעֲשָׁה Je 8:16; 49:21, רָעָ֑שָׁה Ju 5:4 ψ 68:9; 3 pl. רָעֲשׁוּ Jo 2:10 +, etc. Impf. 3 ms. יִרְעַשׁ ψ 72:16, 3 fpl. תִּרְעַשְׁנָה Ez 26:10, etc.; Pt. pl. רֹעֲשִׁים Je 4:24;—quake, shake, of earth Ju 5:4 = ψ 68:9, 2 S 22:8 (‖ רגז = ψ 18:8 (‖ id.), ψ 77:19 (+ רגז), also Is 13:13 (c. עַל־כֵּן, + מִמְּקוֹמוֹ, pregn.; ‖ רָגַז), Je 51:29; c. מִן caus. Je 8:16; 10:10; 49:21; of מוֹסְדֵי אָ֑רֶץ Is 24:18; of heavens Jo 2:10 (לִפְנֵי caus.; ‖ רָגַז); heavens and earth 4:16; mts. Je 4:24 Na 1:5 (מִן pers. caus.), ψ 46:4 (ב caus.); walls Ez 26:10 (מִן caus.); אִיִּים v 15 (id.); מִגְרשׁוֹת 27:28 (ל caus.); הַסִּפִּים Am 9:1; all living things Ez 38:20 (מִפָּנַי caus.); of waving grain ψ 72:16. Niph. נִרְעֲשָׁה הָאָרֶץ Je 50:46 is made to quake (מִקּוֹל). Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. הִרְעַשְׁתָּה ψ 60:4; 1 s. הִרְעַשְׁתִּי 31:16; וְהִר׳ consec. Hg 2:7; Impf. 2 ms. sf. 3 ms. (הֲ)תַרְעִישֶׁנּוּ Jb 39:20; Pt. מַרְעִישׁ Is 14:16 + 2 times;— 1. cause to quake, subj. י׳, c. acc. of heavens, earth, nations, etc., Hg 2:6, 7, 21, cf. ψ 60:4; nations + מִקּוֹל Ez 31:16; subj. man, c. acc. of kingdoms Is 14:16 (‖ מַרְגִּיז). 2. cause (horse) to spring, leap (like locust), man subj., Jb 39:20.

† בָּרָד n.m. Ex 9:18 hail (Arabic بَرَدٌ, Aramaic בְּרַד, ܒܰܪܕܳܐ; also Sab. ברדם, cold DHMZMG 1875, 607)—בָּרָד Ex 9:18 + 28 times;—hail, c. המטיר י׳ Ex 9:18, 23, c. נתן י׳ 9:23; also Ex 9:19, 22, 24, 25, 25, 26; 10:5, 12, 15; ‖ קֹלֹת thunder Ex 9:23, 28, 29, 33, ‖ קֹלֹת & מָטָר Ex 9:34, ‖ אשׁ lightning 9:24; all JE, Egyptian plague; cf. ψ 78:47, 48; 105:32; another great hailstorm Jos 10:11 (E), where אַבְנֵי הַבּ׳; further, in theoph ψ 18:13 (‖ גחלי־אשׁ) 2 S 22:13 om. by error; del. however in ψ 18:14 cf. De Che etc.; אוצרות ב׳ Jb 38:22, אשׁ וב׳ שׁלג וקיטור ψ 148:8, ירקון וב׳ Hg 2:17; in sim. Is 28:2 זרם ב׳ שׁער; fig. Is 28:17; 30:30 (אבן ב׳)—fig. of judgment of י׳.

† II. מֶ֫לַח n.m. salt (NH id.; Arabic مِلْحٌ Aramaic ܡܶܠܚܳܐ, מִלְחָא);—מ׳ abs. Gn 19:26 +; cstr. Lv 2:13;—salt for seasoning food Jb 6:6; offering Lv 2:13(×3) cf. Ez 43:24; בְּרִית מֶ֫לַח Nu 18:19 2 Ch 13:5 (cf. Lv 2:13 v. Di); used in purifying waters 2 K 2:20, 21; strewn on site of devoted city Ju 9:45 cf. Zp 2:9 (מִכְרֵה־מ׳) Dt 29:22 (‖ גָּפְרִית); produced in marshes reserved for purpose Ez 47:11; pillar of salt נְצִיב מ׳ Gn 19:26; usually in combin. יָם(־) הַמֶּלַח Gn 14:3 (עֵ֫מֶק הַשִּׂדִּים), Nu 34:3, 12 Dt 3:17 (‖ יָם הָעֲרָבָה), Jos 3:16; 12:3; 15:2, 5; 18:19; also גֵיא־מ׳ 2 S 8:13 2 K 14:7 Qr, ψ 60:2 (title), גֵּיא הַמּ׳ 1 Ch 18:12 2 Ch 25:11; 2 K 14:7 Kt.

† II. תַּרְשִׁישׁ n.pr. 1. loc. a distant port, site not certainly known (WklAltor. Forsch. v. 445); most Tartessus in Spain Thes (after older authorities) Ges Is i, 719 MeyGesch. d. Alt. i, § 281; other views are: Tyrseni (Etruscans) in Italy, WMMHast. DB Tarshish, Phoenicia RenoufPSBA xvi. 134 ff., Sardinia HalRÉJ xiii. 14; v. also Ency. Bib.Tarshish;— Tarshish, 𝔊 usually Θαρσ(ε)ις (Is 23:1, 14 Καρχήδων = Carthage);—especially in phr. אֳנִיּוֹת ת׳ Tarshish-ships (large, sea-going vessels, fit to ply to Tarshish) Is 2:16 (𝔊 πλοῖον θαλάσσης), 23:1, 14; 60:9; Ez 27:25; 1 K 22:49, ‖ 2 Ch 20:36, 37 (where the ships go to ת׳); אֳנִי ת׳ 1 K 10:22(×2) ‖ 2 Ch 9:21 (אֳנִיּוֹת), + v 21 (ships go to ת׳); ת׳ alone Is 23:6 Jon 1:3(×2); 4:2 (all c. ה loc.), Gn 10:4 ‖ 1 Ch 1:7 (erron. ה loc.), Is 66:19 ψ 72:10 Jon 1:3; בַּת־ת׳ Is 23:10; trading-port Ez 27:12; 38:13, whence comes silver Je 10:9. 2. m. a. in Benjamin 1 Ch 7:10. b. Persian noble Est 1:14; expl. by Scheft53 as OIran. tṛšus, ‘der Gierige.’

† I. עָשָׁן n.m. Ex 19:18 smoke;—abs. ע׳ Ju 20:38 +, cstr. עֲשַׁן Jos 8:20, 21; עֶ֫שֶׁן Ex 19:18; sf. עֲשָׁנוֹ Ex 19:18, עֲשָׁנָהּ Is 34:10;— 1. a. of burning city Jos 8:20, 21; Ju 20:38, 40, cf. Na 2:14; heralding a foe Is 14:31. b. in fig. of destruction of Isr. Is 9:17, Edom 34:10. c. sim. of dust-cloud Ct 3:6; of transitoriness Ho 13:3 Is 51:6 ψ 37:20 (reading בֶּע׳, as 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙), 68:3; 102:4; sim. of the unpleasant, Pr 10:26. d. breath of crocodile Jb 41:12. 2. a. attending theoph., תַּנּוּר ע׳ Gn 15:17; of mt. Ex 19:18, cf. sim. כְּע׳ הַכִּבְשָׁן v 18; Is 6:4, also 4:5 Jo 3:3. b. of God’s anger, ע׳ בְּאַפּוֹ 2 S 22:9 = ψ 18:9; so prob. also Is 65:5.

† [כָּבָה] vb. be quenched, extinguished, go, out, of fire or lamp (NH id.; Aramaic כְּבָא light of eyes; Arabic كَبَا id.)— Qal Pf. 3 pl. כָּבוּ Is 43:17; Impf. יִכְבֶּה 1 S 3:3; Pr 21:18; 3 fs. תִּכְבֶּה Lv 6:5 + 10 times; Inf. cstr. כְּבוֹתְךָ Ez 32:7 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Co (MT כַּבּ׳ Pi.)—be quenched, extinguished (c. neg. except 1 S 3:3; Pr 26:20; Is 43:17), of lamp (נֵר אֱלֹהִים) in sanctuary 1 S 3:3; of altar-fire Lv 6:5, 6; of נֵרָהּ Pr 31:18; of bodies of renegade Israelites Is 66:24 (cf. גֵּיא בֶן־הִנֹּם); subj. אֵשׁ fig. of contention Pr 26:20; fig. subj. fire kindled by י׳ Ez 21:3, 4; subj. wrath (חֵמָה) of י׳ 2 K 22:17 = 2 Ch 34:25; Je 7:20; wrath under fig. of fire (אֵשׁ) Je 17:27; so of burning land of Edom Is 34:10; of annihilation of Yahweh’s enemies Is 43:17 (כַּפִּשְׁתָּה; ‖ דָּעַךְ), cf. Pharaoh Ez 32:7 (v. supr.) Pi. Pf. וְכִבּוּ consec. 2 S 14:7; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יְכַבֶּנָּה Is 42:3; 2 ms. תְּכַבֶּה 2 S 21:17; וַיְכַבּוּ 2 Ch 29:7; Inf. כַּבּוֹת Ct 8:7; also MT כַּבּוֹתְךָ Ez 32:7 (but cf. supr.); Pt. מְכַבֶּה Is 1:31 + 3 times;—quench, extinguish, fig. except 2 Ch 29:7 (of extinguishing lamps, נֵרוֹת, in temple); sq. נֵר יִשְׂרָאֵל (fig. for life of David) 2 S 21:17; sq. גַּחַלְתִּי (coal = family-hope) 2 S 14:7 (of killing widow’s only son); sq. פִּשְׁתָּה כֵהָה Is 42:3 dimly-burning wick (fig. of spiritually weak); implied obj. ref. to wrath of י׳ Am 5:6 Je 4:4; 21:12; to people and idols Is 1:31; sq. love אַהֲבָה Ct 8:7 (subj. מַּיִם רַבִּים) Ez 32:7 cf. supr.

דְּהַב23 n.m. Dn 2:32 gold (so 𝔗 Syriac; BH זָהֶב);—abs. ד׳ Dn 2:32 +, דְּהַ֑ב Ezr 7:15; emph. דַּהֲבָה 5:14; 6:5; 7:18, -בָא Dn 2:35 + 15 times Dn.

† אֵ֫פֶר n.[m.] ashes (as light, flying?)—א׳ abs. Gn 18:27 +; cstr. Nu 19:9, 10—ashes of red heifer, used in purifications Nu 19:9, 10; on head, as sign of humiliation 2 S 13:19; contrition Dn 9:3 (‖ צוֹם, שַׂק), Jon 3:6 (‖ שַׂק) cf. Jb 42:6 (עָפָר וא׳), Is 58:5 (‖ שַׂק); mourning Est 4:1, 3 (‖ שַׂק) cf. Jb 2:8 (ישׁב בתוך הא׳), Je 6:26 (‖ שַׂק), Ez 27:30 (‖ עפר); in sim. scattereth hoarfrost כָּא׳ ψ 147:16; but also as filthy, loathsome כעפר וא׳ Jb 30:19 (Di sim. of mourning, grief), as worthless, מִשְׁלֵי א׳ Jb 13:12 proverbs of ashes; fig. of worthlessness Is 44:20; insignificance עפר וא׳ Gn 18:27; ignominy Ez 28:18 Mal 3:21; distress & sorrow א׳ כַּלֶּחֶם אָכָ֑לְתִּי ψ 102:10 (so Assyrian cf. ZimBP 42) cf. La 3:16 Is 61:3 (פְּאֵר תַּחַת אֵפֶר).

† [מָסַס] vb. dissolve, melt, intr. (𝔗 מְסַס; cf. מסה, and II. מאס);— Qal Inf. cstr. מְסֹס נֹסֵס Is 10:18; like the melting (wasting away) of a נֹסֵס (q.v.) Niph. Pf. וְנָמֵס consec. Ez 21:12; וְנָמָ֑ס Ex 16:21 ψ 112:10; נָמַ֫סּוּ ψ 97:5 + 2 times; Impf. יִמַּס Dt 20:8 +; וַיִּמַּסּוּ Ju 15:14; Inf. abs. הִמֵּס 2 S 17:10; cstr. id. ψ 68:3; Pt. נָמֵס ψ 22:15 + 2 times;— 1. melt (intr.) of manna Ex 16:21; wax ψ 68:3 (sim. of wicked); manacles Ju 15:14 (=vanished, dropped off); wicked ψ 112:10 (melt away); especially of hills and mts. Mi 1:4 ψ 97:5 Is 34:3. 2. most often fig. of heart=faint, grow fearful, Na 2:11 2 S 17:10(×2) Dt 20:8 (Ges§ 121 b) Jos 2:11; 5:2; 7:5 Is 13:7; 19:1 Ez 21:12 ψ 22:15. 3. Pt.=wasted, consumptive (?), 1 S 15:9 (‖ נְמִבְזָה, read נִבְזָה v. בזה Niph.) נִמְאֶסֶת worthless, lit. rejected (v. מאס Niph.) Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. הֵמַסּוּ אֶת־לְבָבֵנוּ Dt 1:28 cause to melt (=intimidate).

† שַׁ֫חַק n.m. Pr 3:20 dust, cloud (as fine, thin);—שׁ׳ abs. ψ 89:7, 38, cstr. Is 40:15; pl. שְׁחָקִים Dt 33:26 +;— 1. fine dust, שׁ׳ מֹאזְנַיִם Is 40:15 (sim. of insignif.). 2. (thin) cloud, usually pl. (often ‖ שָׁמַיִם), Dt 33:26 (poem), Is 45:8; Je 51:9; Jb 35:5; 36:28; 37:21; 38:37 ψ 36:6; 57:11; 68:35; 77:18; 78:23; 108:5; opp. תְּהוֹם Pr 3:20; 8:28; עָבֵי שׁ׳ 2 S 22:12 = ψ 18:12; = heavens, sky Jb 37:18 (c. הִרְקִיעַ), and (sg.) ψ 89:7, 38.

ἀργύριον [ῠ], τό, small coin, piece of money, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 collectively, money, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ῥητόν a fixed sum, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς ἀ. λογισθέντα calculated in our money, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. καθαρόν 'hard cash', Refs 3rd c.BC+ the money, the cash, δανείζεσθαιRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀπαιτεῖνRefs 5th c.BC+ __II ={ἄργυρος}, silver, πεντηκοσίας μνέας ἀργυρίουRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ἐπίσημον and ἄσημονRefs 5th c.BC+lead oxide, Refs 5th c.BC+

פַּרְזֶל19 n.m. Dn 2:40 iron (𝔗 Syriac; v. BH בַּרְזֶל);—abs. Dn 2:33 (-זֶ֑ל), 4:12 +; emph. פַּרְזְלָא 2:34 +;—Dn 2:33, 34 + 11 times 2; 4:12, 20; 5:4, 23; 7:7, 19.

† [שָׂגַב] vb. be (inaccessibly) high (cf. 𝔗 שְׂגַב Pa. [from Heb.] exalt);— Qal Pf. 1. 3 fs. שָֽׂגְבָה Dt 2:36, of city, c. מִן, be (too) high for capture. 2. 3 mpl. שָֽׂגְבוּ Jb 5:11 of pers., be high in prosperity. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִשְׂגַּב Is 2:11, 17; נִשְׂגָּ֑ב Pr 18:10; 3 fs. נִשְׂגְּבָה ψ 139:6; Pt. נִשְׂגָּב Is 12:4 +; fs. נִשְׂגָּבָה Is 26:5; +;— 1. be high, walls Is 30:13; Pr 18:11; city Is 26:5; God’s knowledge ψ 139:6 (unattainable). 2. be (safely) set on high, Pr 18:10. 3. be exalted, of God Is 2:11, 17; 33:5; his name 12:4 ψ 148:13. Pi. Impf. 3 ms. יְשַׂגֵּב Is 9:10 ψ 107:41; sf. יְשַׂגֶּבְךָ 20:2, etc.;—trans. c. acc.: 1. set (securely) on high, ψ 20:2; 69:30; 91:14; c. מִן, of foe 59:2, affliction 107:41. 2. exalt, in effective hostility, c. עַל, Is 9:10. Pu. Impf. 3 ms. יְשֻׂגָּ֑ב Pr 29:25 be set (securely) on high. Hiph. Impf. 3 ms. יַשְׂגִּיב Jb 36:22 God acts exaltedly בְּכֹחוֹ.

† שֶׁ֫לֶג n.m.Is 55:10 snow;—abs. שׁ׳ Is 1:18 +, שָׁ֑לֶג Ex 4:6 +; cstr. שֶׁ֫לֶג Je 18:14;—snow, 2 S 23:20 (יוֹם הַשּׁ׳) = 1 Ch 11:22, Jb 6:16; 37:6 (‖ גֶּשֶׁם מָטָר), ψ 147:16; 148:8 (+ אֵשׁ, בָּרָד, קִיטוֹר); מֵימֵי שׁ׳ Jb 24:19, cf. 9:30 Qr (בְּמֵי, בְּמוֹ De Di Bu al., snow as purifying; v. also [מַי]); poet. אֹצְרוֹת שׁ׳ 38:22 (‖ א׳ בָּרָד; symb. of cold Pr 31:21; as moistening, fertilizing Is 55:10 (‖ גֶּשֶׁם); on mountains, fig. of normal habit, שׁ׳ לְבָנוֹן Je 18:14; sim. of whiteness, of leprosy Ex 4:6 (J), Nu 12:10 (E), 2 K 5:27; c. מִן comp., of fair skin La 4:7 (‖ חָלָב); sim. of sins, כַּשּׁ׳ יַלְבִּינוּ Is 1:18, cf. ψ 51:9 (מִן comp.); sim. of refreshment Pr 25:13 (drink cooled by snow, v. reff. in De Toy), of the unfitting כַּשּׁ׳ בַּקַיִץ 26:1 (‖ מָטָר).—On snow in Pal. v. NicolHast. DB snow.

† בָּרָק n.m. Ez 1:13 lightning (chiefly in poetry) (Arabic بَرْقٌ, Assyrian birḳu COTGloss, ZimBP 76, 82 Aramaic בְּרַק, ܒܰܪܩܳܐ )—abs. ב׳ Jb 20:25 + 7 times + 2 S 22:15 (cf. infr.); cstr. בְּרַק Dt 32:41 + 2 times; pl. בְּרָקִים Ex 19:16 + 7 times, בְּרָקָיו ψ 97:4;—lightning, 1. lit. mostly pl. = lightnings, lightning-flashes Ex 19:16 ψ 18:15 (in theoph., on 2 S 22:15 v. infr.) 77:19; 97:4; 135:7 Jb 38:35 Je 10:13; 51:16; so in sim. of swift brightness Na 2:5, sg. only ψ 144:6 2 S 22:15 (where however read בְּרָקִים בָּרַק cf. בָּרַק—so 𝔊L Klo Che, cf. his crit. n. ψ 18:15), Ez 1:13 (in vision), and in sim. of brightness Dn 10:6; swift destruction Zc 9:14. 2. fig. (always sing.) of flashing arrow-head Jb 20:25, cf. ב׳ חרב Dt 32:41, ב׳ חנית Na 3:3 Hb 3:11; cf. glitter of weapon Ez 21:15, 20, 33.

† מָאוֹר n.m. luminary—abs. Gn 1:16 +; cstr. מְאוֹר Pr 15:30 +; pl. מְאוֹרֹת Gn 1:15; מְאֹרֹת v 14, 16; cstr. מְאוֹרֵי Ez 32:8—light, light-bearer, luminary, lamp, of sun & moon Gn 1:14, 15, 16(×3) (P) Ez 32:8; moon ψ 74:16; מְנֹרַת הַמָּאוֹר the lamp-stand of the luminary or light (where הַמּ׳ is sum of seven sacred lamps on golden lamp-stand) Ex 35:14(×2), 28; 39:37 Nu 4:9, 16, cf. Ex 25:6; 27:20; 35:8 Lv 24:2 (all P); מְאוֹר־עֵינַיִם יְשַׂמַּח־לֵב֑ Pr 15:30 the luminary of the eyes (= the eyes as a lamp) gives the light of joy to the heart; מְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ ψ 90:8 the luminary of thy face (thy face as a lamp) in the light of which the secrets are exposed.

χρύσεος, η, ον, also ος, ον in Refs 1st c.BC+, Attic dialect contraction χρυσοῦς, ῆ, οῦν Refs; Epic dialect χρύσειος, η, ον: Refs 8th c.BC+; Lyric poetry used χρύσεος, α, ον, and this form sometimes occurs in Trag. dialogue and even in Prose, as Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect χρύσιος Refs 7th c.BC+ (but χρύσεα Refs 3rd c.BC+; Boeotian dialect χρούσιος Refs 4th c.BC+: (χρυσός):—golden, frequently in Epic dialect, especially of what belonged to gods, χρυσέῳ ἐν δαπέδῳ, χρυσέοις δεπάεσσι, χρύσειον ἐπὶ θρόνον, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. τάλαντα the golden scales of Zeus, Refs; ζώνη χ., of Calypso and Circe, Refs 8th c.BC+; δόμος Refs 7th c.BC+ [prev. cited]; of possessions of mortals, Refs 8th c.BC+: sometimes enriched or adorned with gold, χ. σκῆπτρον Refs 8th c.BC+; κλῖναι, κρητῆρες, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕστηκε.. Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ χ., of a statue, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 χρύσεια μέταλλα gold-mines, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 χρυσοῦς (i.e. στατήρ), ὁ, a gold coin, ={στατήρ}, LXX+3rd c.BC+ (in Papyrus, not a coin, but the equivalent of Refs 3rd c.BC+; χρυσοῖ ἐπίσημοι Refs 2nd c.BC+ __4 χρύσεον, τό, gold plaque, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II gold-coloured, golden-yellow, ἔθειραι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀέρος κόμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν τὰ χρυσᾶ the yolks of eggs, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III metaphorically, golden, χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη Refs 8th c.BC+; τιμή Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. γένος ἀνθρώπων, of the Refs 8th c.BC+ __III.b sometimes used ironically, ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ χ. but I, fine fellow that I am.., Refs 2nd c.AD+; Πλάτωνα χρυσοῦν (i.e. Ἐπίκουρος ἐκάλει) Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III.2 wealthy, Refs 8th c.BC+ must be pronounced as disyllable, as is fully proved by such passages as Refs 8th c.BC+; so also Trag., but only in Lyric poetry, not in Iambics or Anapaestics, Refs 5th c.BC+

† זָרַח vb. rise, come forth (NH id., Assyrian zarâḫu DlPr180; Sab. דֿרח lofty, majestic (of king) and in cpd. n.pr. DHMZMG 1875, 605; 1883, 327 MordtZMG 1876, 37)— Qal Pf. ז׳ Dt 33:2 ψ 112:4; זָרָ֑ח Is 60:1; וְזָרַח consec. Is 58:10 Ec 1:5; 3 fs. זָרְֽחָה Ex 22:2 + 3 times; וְזָֽרְחָה consec. Mal 3:20; Impf. יִזְרַח 2 S 23:4 Is 60:2; יִזְרָ֑ח Jb 9:7; וַיִּזְרַח Gn 32:32; 3 fs. תִּזְרַח ψ 104:22; Inf. cstr. זְרֹחַ Ju 9:33 Jo 4:8; Pt. זוֹרֵחַ Ec 1:5;— 1. rise: a. (of sun) Ju 9:33 Na 3:17 2 S 23:4 Jon 4:8 Jb 9:7 ψ 104:22 Ec 1:5(×2); sq. על Ex 22:2 (JE), 2 K 3:22; sq. לְ Gn 32:32 (J). b. fig., sq. לְ, שֶׁמֶשׁ צְדָקָה Mal 3:20; of י׳, וְזָרַח מִשֵּׂעִיר לָמוֹ Dt 33:2; sq. על, Is 60:2 (‖ כבודו יראה); כבוד י׳ Is 60:1; subj. אוֹר, fig. (= happiness, blessedness) Is 58:10 ψ 112:4 (sq. לְ). 2. come out, appear, of appearance of leprosy (הַצָּרַ֫עַת) 2 Ch 26:19.

† חָשַׁךְ vb. be, grow dark (NH id.; Aramaic חֲשַׁךְ, ܚܫܶܟ; Arabic حَسِكَ bear rancour, v. LagBN 30)— Qal Pf. ח׳ Is 5:30 + 4 times; וְחָֽשְׁכָה consec. Mi 3:6 (but v. infr.); חָֽשְׁכוּ La 5:17; וְחָֽשְׁכוּ consec. Ec 12:3; Impf. 3 fs. תֶּחְשַׁךְ Ec 12:2; וַתֶּחְשַׁךְ Ex 10:15; 3 mpl. יֶחְשְׁכוּ Jb 3:9; 3 fpl. תֶּחְשַׁכְנָה ψ 69:24;— 1. be, grow dark, אוֹר Is 5:30, cf. (fig.) Jb 18:6; הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Is 13:16 (fig.); היום Ez 30:18 (where read חשׁך, for MT Baer חשׂך); Jb 3:9 (subj. כוכבים), cf. Ec 12:2 (subj. השׁמשׁ, האור, הירח, הכוכבים); impers. Mi 3:6 (si vera l.; but read prob. וַחֲשֵׁכָה, corresponding with לַיְלָה preceding). 2. have a dark colour: ח׳ מִשְּׁחוֹר תָּֽאֳרָם La 4:8 darker than blackness is their visage; of the earth הָאָרֶץ Ex 10:15. 3. grow dim La 5:17 (subj. עינינו), cf. ψ 69:24 (fig.), Ec 12:3 subj. הָרֹאוֹת i.e. the eyes Hiph. Pf. הֶחְשִׁיךְ Am 5:8, וְהַחֲשַׁכְתִּ֫י Am 8:9; Impf. יַחֲשִׁיךְ ψ 139:12; יַחְשִׁךְ Je 13:16; וַיַּחְשִׁךְ ψ 105:28; Pt. מַחְשִׁיךְ Jb 38:2;— 1. make dark, יום לילה הח׳ Am 5:8; abs. cause darkness Je 13:16 ψ 105:28, cf. Am 8:9 (לארץ). 2. = hide, conceal, sq. מִמֶּךָּ ψ 139:12. 3. fig. obscure, confuse Jb 38:2 (obj. עֵצָה).

† [נָטַף] vb. drop, drip, fig. (especially of prophet) discourse (NH id.; 𝔗 נְטַף drop, drip; Syriac ܢܛܰܦ drip, ܛܘܽܦܬܳܐ drop (NöSyriac Gr. § 105) etc.; Arabic نَطَفَ id.; Ethiopic ነጥበ id., ነጠፈ colare (stillando), expercolare);— Qal Pf. 3 mpl. נָֽטְפוּ Ju 5:4 + 2 times; נָטָ֑פוּ Ju 5:4; Impf. 3 fs. תִּטֹּף Jb 29:22; 3 mpl. יִטְּפוּ Jo 4:18; 3 fpl. תִּטֹּפְנָה Pr 5:3 Ct 4:11; Pt. נֹטְפוֹת Ct 5:13;—drop, drip, usually trans., c. acc., of clouds dropping water (מַיִם), in storm Ju 5:4, ‖ heavens v 4 (obj. om.), ψ 68:9 (id.; all theoph); of hands dripping myrrh (מוֹר) Ct 5:5; in predict. יִטְּפוּ עָסִיס Jo 4:18 the mts. shall drip must; fig. of (seductive) speech נֹפֶת תִּטּ׳ Pr 5:3 the lips of the strange woman drop honey, so perhaps Ct 4:11 (Bu of kisses); שִׂפְתוֹתָיו נ׳ מוֹר 5:13 his lips drip myrrh (perhaps of sweet breath). Intrans. only עָלֵימוֹ תִּטֹּף מִלָּתִי Jb 29:22 upon them my speech used to drop. Hiph. Pf. 3 mpl. וְהִטִּיפוּ consec. Am 9:13; Impf. 2 ms. תַּטִּיף Am 7:16; 1 s. אַטִּף Mi 2:11; 3 mpl. יַטִּיפ֑וּן v 6; 2 mpl. תַּטִּיפוּ v 6, תַּטִּפוּ v 6; Pt. מַטִּיף Mi 2:11; Inf. הַטֵּף Ez 21:2;— 1. drip, וְהִטּ׳ עָסִיס Am 9:13 shall drip must (= Qal Jo 4:18). 2. of speech, especially prophecy, discourse: c. עַל against, Am 7:16 (‖ הִנָּבֵא), c. אֶל־ toward, Ez 21:2 (‖ id.), v 7 (‖ id.); c. ל concerning Mi 2:11 cf. v 11;—אַל־תַּטִּפוּ יַטִּיפ֑וּן לֹא־יַטִּפוּ לָאֵלֶּה Mi 2:6 ‘talk not’—so they talk—‘they (read ye?) shall not talk of these things’ (where תַּטּ׳, יַטִּפוּ ref. to prophets).

† שָׁאוֹן n.m. Ho 10:14 roar (of waters, etc.), din, crash, uproar;—abs. שׁ׳ Ho 10:14 +; cstr. שְׁאוֹן Is 13:4 +; sf. שְׁאוֹנָהּ 5:14;— 1. roar of water (waves), Is 17:12 (‖ הָמָה), sim. of noise of invading host, so v 13, but del. Du CheHpt. Marti, as doublet; roar of this host v 12 (‖ הָמוֹן), cf. שְׁאוֹן קוֹלָם Je 51:55; of waves also ψ 65:8(×2); of din or crash of battle Am 2:2 Ho 10:14 ψ 74:23; בְּנֵי שׁ׳ Je 48:45 (i.e. warriors); of battle in which י׳ beats down his foes Je 25:31, cf. Is 66:6; of gathering hosts Is 13:4; שׁ׳ זָרִים 25:5 (Du Marti, plausibly, גְּאוֹן זֵדֵים, as 13:11); read שׁ׳ also prob. (for שַׁאֲנָן, q.v.) 2 K 19:28 = Is 37:29; in mocking appell. of Pharaoh (Necho), Je 46:17 פ׳ (𝔊 𝔖 𝔙) קִרְאוּ שֵׁם call ye the name of Ph. a Crash. 2. uproar of revellers Is 5:14; 24:8.—בּוֹר שׁ׳ ψ 40:3, pit of roaring (of waters? fig., cf. מַעֲמַקֵּי־מַיִם 69:3, where also ‖ יָוֵן); Thes al. of destruction (v. √ 2), but against usage of שָׁאוֹן; > Du proposes בּוֹר שָׁוְא (cf. נָפַת שָׁוְא Is 30:28).

σκοτί-α, ἡ, (σκότος) darkness, gloom, NT+3rd c.BC+ __II in Architecture, scotia, cavetto, a sunken moulding, so called from the dark shadow it casts, Refs 1st c.BC+ __III Σκοτιά, epithet of Aphrodite in Egypt, Refs

† חֶ֫רֶשׂ n.[m.] earthenware, earthen vessel, sherd, potsherd, P and late (NH חֶרֶס, Aramaic חֲרַס)—abs. ח׳ Lv 6:21 + 9 times, חָ֑רֶשׂ Nu 5:17 + 4 times; pl. cstr. חַרְשֵׂי Is 45:9; sf. חֲרָשֶׂיהָ Ez 23:34.— 1. earthenware: כְּלִי־ח׳ earthen vessel Je 32:14; especially P Lv 6:21; 11:33; 14:5, 50; 15:12; Nu 5:17; without כְּלִי Pr 26:23; cf. בַּקְבֻּק יוֹצֵר ח׳ Je 19:1; לְנִבְלֵי ח׳ La 4:2 they are reckoned as earthen vessels, sim. of sons of Zion; חֶרֶשׂ אֶת־חַרְשֵׂי אֲדָמָה Is 45:9 a potsherd (perhaps = earthen vessel, v. Pr 26:23 supr.) among earthen potsherds (of men, over against י׳ their potter); sim. of dryness ψ 22:16. 2. a fragment of earthenware, sherd Is 30:14 Ez 23:34; ה׳ לְהִתְגָּרֵד Jb 2:8 a sherd to scrape himself; חַדּוּדֵי ח׳ Jb 41:22 sharpest potsherds, fig. of sharp scales on belly of crocodile.

† מוּג vb. melt (𝔗 מוּג Ithp., ψ 46:7; 107:26; cf. Arabic مَاجَ surge (of the sea), Qor 18:99; مَوْجٌ a wave);— Qal Impf. 3 fs. תָּמוּג ψ 46:7; וַתָּמוֹג Am 9:5; 2 ms. sf. וַתְּמוּגֵ֫נוּ Is 64:6 (but read prob. וַתְּמַגְּנֵנוּ, v. [מָגַן] p. 171 supr., and cf. Di > Du תְּמוֹגְגֵנוּ); Inf. לָמוּג Ez 21:20;— 1. melt, subj. אֶרֶץ, at touch of י׳ Am 9:5; at voice of י׳ ψ 46:7; = faint (of heart), Ez 21:20. 2. trans. cause to melt Is 64:6 (but v. supr.) Niph. Pf. נָמוֹג Na 2:7 + 1 times; 3 pl. נָמֹ֫גוּ Ex 15:15 + 3 times; Pt. pl. נְמֹגִים ψ 75:4 in view of prevailing fig. use, and of Arabic مَاجَ (موج) be in tumult, commotion, of sea, people, be agitated, perplexed, it is perhaps dub. whether melt is orig. meaning; be moved, agitated is usually poss., and even Am 9:13 ψ 65:11 (both late), where (especially Am) moistening is suggested, this may be perhaps derived from agitating, loosening, dissolving;—melt away, fig. for be helpless, disorganized (through terror, etc.) Ex 15:15 (cf. context), Jos 2:9, 24 1 S 14:16 (cf. We Dr), Je 49:23, cf. Na 2:7 Is 14:31 ψ 75:4. Poʿl. soften, dissolve, act.: only Impf. 2 ms. sf. (subj. God): בִּרְבִיבִם תְּמֹגְגֶנָּה ψ 65:11 thou softenest it [the earth] with showers; fig., = dissipate וּתְמֹֽגְגֵ֫נִי Jb 30:22—We reads וַיְמֹגֵג Hb 3:6 for וַיְמֹדֶד, v. מָדַד" dir="rtl" >מדד Poʿ. Hithpoʿl. Pf. 3. pl. הִתְמֹגָ֑גוּ Na 1:5; Impf. 3 fs. תִּתְמוֹגָ֑ג ψ 107:26; 3 fpl. תִּתְמוֹגַגְנָה Am 9:13;—melt, subj. hills (before י׳) Na 1:5; subj. נֶפֶשׁ ψ 107:26 (in terror); hyperb. for flow Am 9:13 (of fertile hills, ‖ הִטִּ֫יפוּ הֶהָרִים). Ni. inf. abs. נָמוֹג Is 14:31.

† [מָטַר] vb. denom. (cf. GerberVerb. denom. 106) [rain] (Arabic مَطَرَ; Syriac ܡܛܰܪ; 𝔗 Aph. אַמְטַר);— Niph. Impf. be rained upon חֶלְקָה אַחַת תִּמָּטֵר Am 4:7. Hiph. Pf. הִמְטִיר Gn 2:5; 19:24; וְהִמְטַרְתִּ֫י Am 4:7; Impf. יַמְטֵר ψ 11:6 Jb 20:23; וַיַּמְטֵר Ex 9:3 + 2 times; 3 fs. תַּמְטִיר Am 4:7 (but read אַמְטִיר 𝔊 𝔙); 1 s. אַמְטִיר Am 4:7 + v 7 (for תַּמְטִיר), Ez 38:22; Inf. cstr. הַמְטִיר Is 5:6 Jb 38:26; Pt. מַמְטִיר Gn 7:4 + 2 times;—send rain, rain (sq. עַל except Ex 9:18; 16:4); subj. י׳ (no dir. obj.) Gn 2:5; 7:4 (both J), Am 4:7(×3), cf. Jb 38:26; subj. clouds עָבִים by divine command Is 5:6 (acc. cogn. מָטָר); הִמְ׳ מָן ψ 78:24; שְׁאֵר v 27; לֶחֶם Ex 16:4 (J מִן־הַשָּׁמַים; no עַל); as act of judgment הִמ׳ בָּרָד rain hail, send hail, subj. י׳ Ex 9:23 (J); cf. v 18 (J; no עַל); obj. גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ Gn 19:24 (J), cf. Ez 38:22 וְגֶשֶׁם שׁוֹטֵף וְאַבְנֵי אֶלְגָּבִישׁ אֵשׁ וְגָפְרִית אַמ׳; fig. ψ 11:6 (obj. פַּחִים; but read פַּחֲמ��י אֵשׁ v. Ew Che Bae al.); Jb 20:23 (‖ cl. יְשַׁלַּח בּוֹ חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ).

† צֶ֫לֶם n.m. Ez 16:17 image (something cut out, cf. פֶּסֶל; Nö ‘Schnitzbild’);—צ׳ abs. ψ 39:7, cstr. Gn 1:27 +; sf. צַלְמוֹ v 27; 5:3, צַלְמֵנוּ 1:26, צַלְמָם ψ 73:20; pl. cstr. צַלְמֵי 1 S 6:5(×2) +, sf. צְלָמָיו 2 K 11:18; 2 Ch 23:17, צַלְמֵיכֶם Am 5:26;— 1. images of tumours and mice (of gold) 1 S 6:5(×2), 11; especially of heathen gods Am 5:26 (text dub.; del. We as gloss, cf. GASm Dr), 2 K 11:18 = 2 Ch 23:17 (both c. vb. שִׁבְּרוּ), Ez 7:20, so צ׳ זָכָר 16:17 (i.e. in male form, according to fig. of harlotry for idolatry); צַלְמֵי מַסֵּכֹתָם Nu 33:52 their molten images; of painted pictures of men Ez 23:14. 2. image, likeness, of resemblance, בְּצ׳ (בָּרָא) עָשָׂה, of God’s making man in his own image, Gn 1:26 (‖ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ), v 27:27; 9:6, כְּצ׳ 5:3 (‖ בִּדְמוּתוֹ; all P). 3. fig. = mere, empty, image, semblance, בְּצ׳ ψ 39:7 as (ב essentiae) a (mere) semblance man walks about; צַלְמָם תִּבְזֶה 73:20 thou wilt despise their semblance.

† קָדַר vb. be dark (dull-coloured, cf. Arabic قَذُرَ / قَذِرَ be dirty (on ذ = ד v. NöZMG xi (1886), 729); NH Hiph. (of face) shew gloom; 𝔗 J קְדַר be dark);— Qal Pf. consec. וְקָדַר Mi 3:6; 1 s. קָדַרְתִּי Je 8:21, etc.; Pt. קֹדֵר ψ 35:14 +; pl. קֹדְרִים Jb 5:11; 6:16;—be dark, of sky Je 4:28 (leaden-coloured, as with clouds, v. Hithp.), of sun and moon Jo 2:10; 4:15; fig. of lack of revelation from י׳, וְק׳ עֲלֵיהֶם הַיּוֹם Mi 3:6; of turbid stream Jb 6:16; fig. of mourning (prob. be squalid, of neglected person and dress of mourner, cf. 2 S 19:25) Je 8:21; 14:2 (לָאָרֶץ, metaph. of gates); Jb 5:11; 30:28 (בְּלֹא חַמָּה), ψ 35:14; 38:7; 42:10; 43:2. Hiph. 1. darken: Pf. 1 s. consec. וְהִקְדַּרְתִּי Ez 32:7 (obj. stars), cf. Impf. 1 s. sf. אַקְדִּירֵם עָלֶיךָ 32:8. 2. cause to mourn וָאַקְדִּר עָלָיו לְבָנוֹן 31:15. Hitph. Pf. 3 pl. וְהַשָּׁמַיִם הִתְקַדְּרוּ עָבִים 1 K 18:45 and the heavens grew dark with clouds.

† רַ֫עַשׁ n.m. Je 10:22 quaking, shaking;—ר׳ abs. 1 K 19:11 +, cstr. Na 3:2; Jb 41:21;— 1. specif. earthquake, Am 1:1; Zc 14:5; 1 K 19:11(×2), 12; fig. of י׳’s judgment Is 29:6; Ez 38:19; cf. (in vision) קוֹל ר׳ גָּדוֹל 3:12, 13; prob. also 37:7 (𝔊 Thes Co Krae; > rustling, rattling, Hi-Sm Toy); hence hyperbol. of shaking of earth by tramping of warriors Is 9:4, by war-chariots Je 47:3, cf. 10:22, or wheels Na 3:2, by war-horse(ʾs hoofs) Jb 39:24. *(רֹנֶז+) 2. quaking, trembling, of pers. Ez 12:18. 3. shaking, quivering, of dart Jb 41:21 (al. rushing sound).

δηνάριον, τό, = Latin denarius (usually represented by δραχμή (which see)), Refs 2nd c.AD+; = one tetradrachm, Refs 4th c.AD+

† הָמַם vb. make a noise, move noisily, confuse, discomfit (cf. [הום])— Qal Pf. וְהָמַם consec. Is 28:28; sf. הֲמָמַ֫נִי Je 51:34 Qr (Kt הֲמָמָ֫נוּ), הֲמָמָם 2 Ch 15:16; 1 s. וְהַמֹּתִ֫י Ex 23:27; Impf. וַיָּ֫הָם Ex 14:24 Ju 4:15; sf. וַיְּהֻמֵּם Jos 10:10 1 S 7:10 ψ 18:15 + 2 S 22:15 Kt (doubtless right; Qr וַיָּהֹ֑ם); 2 ms. sf. וּתְהֻמֵּם ψ 144:6; Inf. sf. לְהֻמָּם Dt 2:15 Est 9:24;— 1. move noisily, trans., drive a wagon in threshing ה׳ גִּלְגַּל עֶגְלָתוֹ וּפָרָשָׁיו Is 28:28 (‖ דושׁ). 2. confuse, discomfit, c. acc. Ex 14:24; 23:27 Jos 10:10 Ju 4:15 1 S 7:10 ψ 18:15 = 2 S 22:15 (‖ הפיץ), ψ 144:6 (‖ id.); discomfit, vex, 2 Ch 15:6 c. acc. & בְּכָל־צָרָה of instr.; c. acc. also Dt 2:15 (sq. עַד תֻּמָּם), Est 9:24 (sq. לְאַבְּדָם); prob. also Je 51:34 (‖ אָכַל), cf. הוּם" dir="rtl" >הוּם Dt 7:23.

† I. חֹ֫מֶר n.m. cement, mortar, clay;—ח׳ abs. Gn 11:3 + 13 times; cstr. Is 10:6 + 2 times;— 1. mortar, cement for holding building-stones (brick) together Gn 11:3 (J), Ex 1:14 (P; both ‖ לְבֵנִים); Na 3:14 (‖ טיט). 2. clay: a. as material of vessels Je 18:4, 6, ח׳ היצר Is 29:16, in sim. of God’s fashioning man Is 45:9; 64:7; Jb 10:9; as material of human bodies בָּתֵּי ח׳ Jb 4:19 cf. 33:6; as material of bulwarks (disparagingly) Jb 13:12; ח׳ חותם = seal-clay i.e. clay upon which seal is pressed. b. = mire ח׳ חוצות Is 10:6; הֹרַנִי לַח׳ Jb 30:19 he hath cast me into the mire, i.e. deeply humiliated me (עָפָר and אֵפֶר in ‖ cl.); as sim. of commonness, abundance Jb 27:16 (‖ עָפָר); Is. 41:25.

† I. [חָרֵב] vb. be dry, dried up (cf. יָבֵשׁ) (Aramaic חֲרוֹב be dry, חוּרְבָּא drought);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. חָֽרְבוּ Gn 8:13(×2), Is 19:6; Impf. 3 ms. יֶחֱרַב Ho 13:15 + 2 times, וַיֶּחֱרָ֑ב ψ 106:9; Imv. fs. חֳרָ֑בִי Is 44:27;—be dry, dried up: 1. of ground, be freed from waters of flood ח׳ פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה Gn 8:13b (J). 2. of waters, be dried up, taken away; of waters of flood Gn 8:13a (P); of Nile וְנָהָר יֶחֱרַב וְיָבֵשׁ Is 19:5 (‖ וְנִשְּׁתוּ־מַיִם מֵהַיָּם), v. same combination Jb 14:11 (‖ אָֽזְלוּ מַיִם מִנִּי־יָם); Is 19:6 (‖ דָּֽלֲלוּ) 44:27 (‖ הוֹבִישׁ); of Red Sea ψ 106:9; fig. of Ephraim’s freshness and vigour Ho 13:15. Pu. Pf. 3 pl. לֹא חֹרָ֑בוּ Ju 16:7, 8, of fresh bow-strings (of gut, v. Bla). Hiph. Pf. הֶחֱרִיב Na 1:4, of י׳’s drying up rivers (‖ וַיַּבְּשֵׁהוּ), perhaps also Is 11:15 (for MT החרים) v. 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 𝔗; וְהַחֲרַבְתִּ֫י the Euphrates Je 51:36 (‖ הוֹבַשְׁתִּי); Impf. אַחֲרִיב יָם Is 50:2, subj. י׳, I dry up a sea (‖ אָשִׂים נְהָרוֹת מִדְבָּר); אַחְרִב Is 37:25 = אַחֲרִב 2 K 19:24, of king of Assyria drying up rivers of Egypt; Pt. fs. הַמַּחֲרֶבֶת Is 51:10 of י׳’s arm drying up (Red) Sea.

† סְעָרָה n.f. tempest, storm-wind;—abs. סְעָרָה Is 29:6 + (so also 2 K 2:1, 11 Ginsb; Baer בַּסֳּעָרָה); cstr. סַעֲרַת Je 23:19; 30:23; pl. סְעָרוֹת Ez 13:11, 13; cstr. סַעֲרוֹת Zc 9:14;—4, as instr. of י׳’s wrath, Is 29:6 (+ סוּפָה), cf.40:24; 41:16, also רוּחַ סְעָרוֹת Ez 13:11, 13 (against nation under fig. of wall); storm-wind of Elijah’s translation 2 K 2:1, 11; of theophany Ez 1:4 (רִוּחַ סְעָרָה), Jb 38:1; 40:6, and סַעֲרוֹת תֵּימָן Zc 9:14; סַעֲרַת י׳ as fig. of י׳’s wrath Je 23:19; 30:23; of ordinary tempests only in late ψψ: רוּחַ סְעָרָה 107:25; 148:8, ס׳ opp. דְּמָמָה 107:29.

† צִיָּה n.f. dryness, drought;—abs. צ׳ Ho 2:5 +; pl. צִיּוֹת ψ 105:41;—drought Jb 24:19 (‖ חֹם); elsewhere of land (often ‖ מִדְבָּר, עֲרָבָה, etc.): אֶרֶץ צ׳ land of drought, desert Ho 2:5 (sim.), Je 2:6; 50:12 (fig.), 51:43; Is 41:18; 53:2 (in sim.), ψ 107:35; + צָמָא Ez 19:13 (fig.), + שְׁמָמָה Jo 2:20, + עָיֵף ψ 63:2 (fig.); צ׳ = desert Is 35:1; Zp 2:13; Jb 30:3 ψ 78:17; pl. 105:41.

† צֶ֫מֶר n.m. Ez 44:17 wool;—abs. צ׳ Is 1:18, צָ֑מֶר Lv 13:48; cstr. צֶ֫מֶר Ez 27:18 (v. infr.); sf. צַמְרִי Ho 2:7, 11;—wool (usually c. פִּשְׁתִּי(ם) flax, linen): in natural state גִּזַּת הַצּ׳ Ju 6:37, אֵילִים צ׳ 2 K 3:4 (but constr. difficult, and צ׳ perhaps gloss); Ho 2:7, 11 (as gift of value); white Is 1:18 (sim.; ‖ שֶׁלֶג), sim. of snow ψ 147:16 (from white flakes); white (?) wool as merchandise Ez 27:18 (צ׳ צָ֑חַר, but on text v. צַּ֫חַר), Pr 31:13; prey of moth Is 51:8 (sim.); made up into garments Dt 22:11, בֶּגֶד צ׳ Lv 13:47, 59 cf. v 48, 52; בֶּגֶד om. Ez 34:3; 44:17.

ξηραίνω, future -ᾰνῶRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐξήρἀνα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future ξηρανθήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+middle ξηρᾰνοῦμαι in same sense, Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐξηράνθην Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect ἐξήρασμαι NT+5th c.BC+; infinitive ἀπ-εξηράνθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; participle ἐξηρᾱμένος only late, Refs 3rd c.AD+: (ξηρός):—parch, dry up, ξηρανεῖ σ᾽ ὁ Βάκχιος E. [prev. cited]; of the sun, Refs 5th c.BC+; make costive, τὴν κοιλίην Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be or become dry, parched, ἐξηράνθη πεδίον Il.[same place],Refs 5th c.BC+; to be withered, ἐξηράνθη ἡ συκῆ NT+2nd c.BC+ __2 drain dry, ξηράνας τὴν διώρυχα Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, κακουχεῖ αὑτὸν καὶ ξ. Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3.b passive, of a paralytic, NT

πέτρα, Ionic dialect and Epic dialect πέτρη, ἡ, rock; frequently of cliffs, ledges, etc. by the sea, λισσὴ αἰπεῖά τε εἰς ἅλα πέτρη Refs 8th c.BC+; χῶρος λεῖος πετράων free from rocks, of a beach,Refs 8th c.BC+; χοιρὰς π. Refs 5th c.BC+; also, rocky peak or ridge, αἰγίλιψ π. Refs 8th c.BC+; λιττὰς π. Refs 6th c.BC+; π. Λευκάς, Ὠλενίη, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; π. σύνδρομοι, Συμπληγάδες, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς πέτραις ὑψηλοκρήμνοις, of Caucasus, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. Δελφίς, π. δίλοφος, of Parnassus, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. Κεκροπία, of the Acropolis, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 π. γλαφυρή a hollow rock, i.e. a cave, Refs 8th c.BC+; σπέος κοιλῇ ὑπὸ π. Refs 8th c.BC+; δίστομος π. cave in the rock with a double entrance, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατηρεφεῖς αὐτῇ τῇ π. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕως τῆς π. down to virgin rock, NT+3rd c.BC+ __3 mass of rock or boulder, Refs 8th c.BC+ __4 stone as material, π. λαρτία, Τηΐα, Refs 3rd c.BC+, which is variant in X.[same place]; πέτρᾳ should be read in Refs 5th c.BC+; the distinction is minimized by Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II proverbial, οὐκ ἀπὸ δρυὸς οὐδ᾽ ἀπὸ πέτρης, etc. (see. δρῦς); as a symbol of firmness, ὁ δ᾽ ἐστάθη ἠΰτε π. ἔμπεδον Refs 8th c.BC+; of hard-heartedness, ἐκ πέτρας εἰργασμένος Refs 5th c.BC+ in a text with musical accompaniment, Refs

† דֶּ֫שֶׁן n.m. fatness, fat ashes—abs. ד׳ ψ 63:6 + 8 times, דָּ֑שֶׁן Lv 1:16 + 3 times; cstr. דֶּשֶׁן ψ 36:9; sf. דִּשְׁנִי Ju 9:9— 1. fatness, abundance, luxuriance, oil, Ju 9:9 (of olive tree); abundance, fertility ψ 63:5 (in simile ‖ חֵלֶב), 65:12, of food and drink, Jb 36:16 Je 31:14; passing over into fig. of spiritual blessing ψ 36:9 (ד׳ ביתך), Is 55:2. 2. fat ashes, i.e. ashes of victims, mixed with the fat Lv 1:16; 4:12(×2); 6:3, 4 (all P) Je 31:40 1 Ki 13:3, 5.

† I. סוּפָה n.f. storm-wind (that makes an end?);—abs. ס׳ Is 5:28 +; סוּפָ֫תָה Ho 8:7 (Ges§ 90 f.); sf. סוּפָֽתְךָ ψ 83:16; pl. סוּפוֹת Is 21:1;—storm-wind, כְּסַעַר בְּיוֹם ס׳ Am 1:14, Na 1:3 (‖ שְׂעָרָה), Is 17:13 (‖ רוּחַ), Jb 37:9 Is 21:1, as driving chaff Jb 21:18 (vb. גָּנַב; in sim.), sim. of rushing chariots Is 5:28; 66:15 Je 4:13, of ruin Pr 1:27 cf. 10:25; symbol. of י׳’s judgments, רוּחַ יִזְרָ֖עוּ וְס׳ יִקְצֹ֑רוּ Ho 8:7, ψ 83:16 (‖ סַעַר), Jb 27:20 (vb. גָּנַב), Is 29:6 (+ סְעָרָה).

† עֲרָפֶל n.m. cloud, heavy cloud (perhaps from above √ + ל afform; NH = BH; Syriac ܥܰܪܦܶܠܴܐ; 𝔗 עֲרָפֵילָא; Mand. ארפילא NöM 126, 128; on vocaliz. v. BaNB 160 and against him SchwallyZAW x (1890), 178 who proposes עַרְפֶּל);—ע׳ in which God dwells Ex 20:18 (Gi; van d. H. v 21), 1 K 8:12 = 2 Ch 6:1; + עָנָן Dt 4:11 (also חֹשֶׁךְ), 5:19 (22) ψ 97:2; Jb 22:13 v בַּעַד; ע׳ תַּחַת רַגְלָיו 2 S 22:10 = ψ 18:10; as swaddling-bands of sea Jb 38:9; fig. of misery Is 60:2 (‖ חֹשֶׁךְ); of י׳’s judgment Je 13:16 (‖ צַלְמָוֶת), as a past day יוֹם עָנָן וַע׳ Ez 34:12 = (of future day of י׳) Zp 1:15 (‖ יוֹם חשֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָה) = Jo 2:2 (‖ id.).

σεισμ-ός, ὁ, (σείω) shaking, shock, γῆς σ. earthquake, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 generally, shock, agitation, commotion, σ. τοῦ σώματος Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔξωθεν.. προσφέρειν τοῖς.. πάθεσι σεισμόν a shock, NT+2nd c.AD+ __3 blackmail, extortion, Refs 2nd c.BC+; συκοφάντεια καὶ σ. Refs 2nd c.BC+

† יַבָּשָׁה n.f. dry land, dry ground (Sab. יבסם, opp. בחרם sea, DHM in MV; Palm. יבשא (dry) land Vog No. 79)—always abs. sg. יַבָּשָׁה; Ex 4:9 (J); of dry ground as path of Isr. through Red Sea Ex 14:16, 22, 29; 15:19 (all P), Ne 9:11 ψ 66:6; through Jordan Jos 4:22 (D); of dry land, opp. sea, at creation Gn 1:9, 10 (P); cf. Jon 1:9; specif. of shore of sea Jon 1:13; 2:11; fig. of needy Israel, to be refreshed by י׳’s spirit Is 44:3 (‖ צָמֵא).

† [הֲפוּגָה] n.f. id.;—pl. מֵאֵין הֲפֻגוֹת La 3:49 (of weeping; form very strange, read prob. פֻּגוֹת),

καπνός, ὁ, smoke, Refs 8th c.BC+; spray, καπνοῦ καὶ κύματος ἐκτὸς ἔεργε νῆα Refs 8th c.BC+, of things worth nothing, Refs 5th c.BC+ learned trifles, Refs 5th c.BC+; nickname of a man, Refs to throw water on the smoking embers, Refs 5th c.BC+ 'out of the frying-pan into the fire', Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II fumitory, Fumaria officinalis, Refs 1st c.AD+

† כְּסַף n.m. Ezr 7:17 silver (v. BH);—abs. כ׳ Ezr 7:15 +, כְּסֲ֑ף Dn 2:32; emph. כַּסְפָּא v 35 +;— 1. as material Dn 2:32, 35, 45; 5:2, 4, 23 Ezr 5:14; 6:5. 2. as money or its equivalent Ezr 7:17, v 15, 16, 18, 22.

† מַבּוּל n.m. Gn 7:6 flood in time of Noah (NH id.; Jew.-Aramaic; מַבּוּלָא; Syriac ܡܳܡܽܘܠܴܐ; der. dub.; Thes al. √ יבל, but improb., v. DlProl. 122 f.; poss. old Assyrian (Bab.) loan-word (yet form unkn. in Assyrian), or from √ נבל = Assyrian nabâlu, destroy DlHWB443 f.; cf. DlPar. 156; Prol. 122 Che ψ 29, 10 crit. n., Hbr. iii. 3, 175 f., O. WhitehouseCOT ii. 293);—מ׳ only Gn and ψ 29:10; always abs. and always c. art. except Gn 9:11, 15;—וַיְהִי הַמּ׳ Gn 7:17; לֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹד מ׳ 9:11; foll. by מַיִם as appos. Gn 6:17; 7:6; מֵי הַמּ׳ Gn 7:7, 10; 9:11; לֹא־יִהְיֶה עוֹד הַמַּיִם לְמ׳ Gn 9:15; as epoch, in phr. אַחַר הַמּ׳ Gn 9:28; 10:1, 32; 11:10 (del. as gloss Bu Di); י׳ לַמּ׳ יָשָׁ֑ב ψ 29:10 י׳ at the flood sat enthroned (so most; Che v. crit. n. ‘at the storm’ (destruction = destructive storm IdHbrl.c.), but הַמּ׳ seems in all the other passages to be almost = n.pr. of the flood; cf. also מֵי נֹחַ Is 54:9(×2)).

† [רָעַם] vb.denom. thunder;— Qal make the sound of thunder, thunder: Impf. 3 ms. יִרְעַם let the sea thunder (in praise, ‖ שׂמח, גיל, עלז, הריע, מחא כף, רנן) ψ 96:11 = 1 Ch 16:32, ψ 98:7.—Pf. 3 pl. רָֽעֲמוּ פָּנִים Ez 27:35 is dub.: faces tremble (Toy are convulsed), or they tremble (cf. Hi-Sm Krae; AV RV are troubled) in face, lacks etym. support (otherwise Gerber47, but v. √ supr.); 𝔊 𝔖 Co דָּֽמְעוּ פְּנֵיהֶם. Hiph. (Gerber47) thunder, cause thunder;—Pf. 3 ms. הִרְעִים ψ 29:3; Impf. 3 ms. יַרְעֵם (on—ֵ v. Köi, 210) ψ 18:14 +; וַיַּרְעֵם 1 S 7:10; 2 ms. תַּרְעֵם Jb 40:9; 1 S 1:6 v. infr.;—thunder, of י׳ (God) 2:10; 7:10 (both c. עַל pers. against whom), ψ 18:14 = 2 S 22:14, ψ 29:3 Jb 37:4, 5, cf. 40:9.—הְרְּעִמָהּ 1 S 1:6 is appar. Inf. cstr. sf. (Ges§ 20 h; 22 s), but not understood by 𝔊 and dub.: AV RV to make her fret, cf. Aramaic utter (loud) complaints (Weir in DrSm 291); perhaps corrupt HPS.

βροντ-ή, ἡ, thunder, Διὸς μεγάλοιο κεραυνὸν δεινήν τε β. Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀστραπὴ καὶ β. Refs 5th c.BC+; β. δ᾽ ἐρράγη δι᾽ ἀστραπῆς Refs 5th c.BC+; χθόνιαι β. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II the state of one struck with thunder, astonishment, ἐπεάν σφι θεὸς ἐμβάλῃ β. Refs 5th c.BC+ (βρομτᾱ, compare βρέμω.)

κατακαίω, Attic dialect κατακάω [ᾱ], Epic dialect infinitive κατακαιέμεν Refs 8th c.BC+: future -καύσωRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist κατέκαυσα Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular κατέκηε Refs 8th c.BC+; 1st pers. plural subjunctive κατακήομεν (variant{-κείομεν}) Refs 8th c.BC+; infinitive κατακῆαι Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect -κέκαυκαRefs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future -καυθήσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+, -καήσομαι NTaorist κατεκαύθην (the Attic dialect form) Refs 5th c.BC+; Laconian dialect infinitive -καῆμενRefs 1st c.AD+; -εκαύσθην Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect -κέκαυμαιRefs 5th c.BC+:—burn completely, in Refs 8th c.BC+ of sacrifices and dead bodies, κατακήομεν αὐτούς Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. τοὺς μάντιας burn them alive, Refs 5th c.BC+; of cities and houses, etc., κατὰ μὲν ἔκαυσαν.. πόλιν Refs; [οἰκίη] κατεκάη Refs 5th c.BC+ [same place]; γῆ κατακεκαυμένη burnt earth, Refs 4th c.BC+; Κατακεκαυμένη, name of the upper valley of the Hermus, in Lydia, Refs 1st c.BC+; of the fingers, to be burnt with hot food, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2 of hot winds, parch, τὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, ὁ ἔρως ἐμέ.. κατακέκαυκεν Refs (c):—passive, τὰ στόματα -κάεται ἐπὶ τέχνην Refs 4th c.BC+ __II passive, of fire, κατὰ πῦρ ἐκάη had burnt down, burnt out, Refs 8th c.BC+

χρῡσίον, τό, diminutive of χρυσός, a piece of gold, generally, gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 anything made of gold, gold plate, ornaments of gold, etc., ἄσημον NT+5th c.BC+ __3 especially gold coin, money, Refs 5th c.BC+pieces of gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 gold thread, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as a term of endearment, my little treasure! Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ={τὸ τῶν παιδίων αἰδοῖον}, Refs 5th c.AD+

† III. חֹ֫מֶר n.m. homer, a dry measure (perhaps from above √, but dub.; cf. Assyrian amâru, surround, contain, ii. R 36:19 a. b Strm4760, imêru, a measure ZimBP 6 n)—ח׳ abs. Is 5:10 + 5 times Ez; cstr. Ho 3:2 + 3 times; pl. הֳמָרִים Nu 11:32;—ח׳ of barley Ho 3:2; Ez 45:13, cf. זֶרַע ח׳ שְׂעֹרִים Lv 27:16 i.e. land on which a ח׳ of barley seed was sown (taxed at 50 shekels); ח׳ of wheat Ez 45:13; in gen. זֶרַע ח׳ Is 5:10; = 10 ephahs (or baths, v. בַּת sub בתת) Ez 45:11(×3), 14(×2) (in v 14 del. Co); on actual size of ח׳, = 393.9 litres, v. Hultzsch Metrol. 2nd ed. 448, 452 f.. See further ii. בַּת and reff., BenzArch. 183 f. NowArch. i, 203 f.

† I. חֹ֫רֶב n.m. Gn 31:40 dryness, drought, heat, abs. ח׳ Gn 31:40 + 11 times + Dt 28:22 (for MT חֶרֶב; v. Di, sq. 𝔙; 𝔊 and 𝔊L om.);— 1. dryness Ju 6:37, 39, 40 (all of absence of dew); Je 50:38 (‖ יָבֵשׁ); so read also Zc 11:17 (for MT חֶרֶב, see v b and StaZAW i. 1881, 29), a drying up upon his arm (i. e. a withering) and upon his right eye. 2. drought Hg 1:11 + Dt 28:22 v. supr. 3. parching heat (of sun) Gn 31:40 (opp. קֶ֫רַח), Je 36:30 (opp. id.); Is 4:6; 25:4, 5(×2) of fever Jb 30:30.

† מְהוּמָה n.f. tumult, confusion, disquietude, discomfiture—abs. מ׳ Dt 7:23 + 7 times; cstr. מְהוּמַת 1 S 5:11 Ez 22:5; pl. abs. מְהוּמוֹת 2 Ch 15:5, מְהוּמֹת Am 3:9;— 1. tumult, confusion Am 3:9 (‖ עֲשׁוּקִים oppression), disturbance, turmoil (opp. peace) 2 Ch 15:5 (‖ vb. המם v 6), cf. Ez 22:5; disquietude (of mind) Pr 15:16; especially tumult & confusion, panic, as due to divine judgment מְהוּמַת־י׳ Zc 14:13 cf. Ez 7:7; also 1 S 5:9 and מְהוּמַת מָוֶת v 11. 2. discomfiture (due to י׳) in war 1 S 14:20 (cf. v 15, 22); Dt 7:23 (acc. cogn. c. הום q.v.), 28:20 (‖ מְאֵרָה, מִגְעֶרֶת); cf. יוֹם" dir="rtl" >יוֹם מ׳ Is 22:5 (‖ מְבוּסָה, מְבוּכָה) a day of discomfiture & down-treading & confusion.

† מֹר, מוֹר n.m. Ct 5:5 myrrh (from bitter taste; Assyrian murru MeissnSuppl. 60; Arabic مُرٌّ; cf. LagBN 40);—abs. מֹר ψ 45:9 + 5 times, מוֹר Ct 4:6 + 3 times Ct; cstr. מָר־ Ex 30:23; sf. מוֹרִי Ct 5:1;—myrrh (late), an Arabian gum, exuding from the bark of a tree, Balsamodendron Myrrha (v. Sigismund Aromata 12 f. RiHWB s. v.):—as flowing, i.e. fine, choice (carefully prepared by pressing and mixing, cf. Di Ex 30:23 RiHWB): מָר־דְּרוֹר Ex 30:23 (v. i. דְּרוֹר), ingredient of sacred oil; מוֹר עֹבֵר Ct 5:5, 13 (as perfume); cf. (as perfume) Ct 1:13; 4:14; 5:1, 5; הַר־הַמּוֹר 4:6, i.e. where it is gathered; as perfume also ψ 45:9 Pr 7:17, as incense מְקֻטֶּרֶת מֹר וּלְבֹנָה Ct 3:6; שֶׁמֶן הַמּוֹר as unguent Est 2:12.

† [נָפַח] vb. breathe, blow (כור נפוח Ecclus 43:4 a furnace blown upon (heated hot); NH נָפַח, id., 𝔗 נְפַח, Syriac ܢܦܰܚ; Assyrian napâḫu, inflame, nappaḫu, smith DlHWB 474; Arabic (نَفَحَ and) نَفَخ�� blow; Ethiopic ነፍኀ: or ነፍሐ: Di712);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. נָֽפְחָה Je 15:9; וְנָפַ֫חְתִּי Hg 1:9; וְנָפַחְתִּ֫י Ez 22:21; Impf. וַיִּפַּח Gn 2:7; Imv. fs. פְּחִי Ez 37:9; Inf. (לָ)פַ֫חַת Ez 22:20; Pt. act. נֹפֵחַ Is 54:16; pass. נָפוּחַ Je 1:13 Jb 41:12;—breathe, blow, וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפּוֹ נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים Gn 2:7 (J); sq. ב also Ez 37:9; Is 54:16 and Hg 1:9 blow into it (to scatter it); sq. עַל־: לָפַחַת עָלָיו אֵשׁ Ez 22:20 to blow fire upon it (ore, for melting), so fig. Ez 22:21 and I will blow upon you with (ב) the fire of my wrath; נ׳ נַפְשָׁהּ Je 15:9 she hath breathed out her life (of a mother, cf. Hiph.); abs. סִיר נָפוּחַ Je 1:13 a blown (i.e. well-heated, boiling) pot, cf. דּוּד" dir="rtl" >דּוּד נ׳ Jb 41:12 (sim.). Pu. Pf. אֵשׁ לֹא נֻפָּ֑ח Jb 20:26 a fire not blown (by any human breath). So perhaps also Nu 21:30 (reading עַד־נֻפַּח אֵשׁ וגו׳ until fire was blown [hot] as far as Medeba), cf. Di. Hiph. Pf. 1 s. נֶפֶשׁ בְּעָלֶיהָ חִפָּ֑חְתִּי Jb 31:39 (or if) the life of its (the land’s) owners I have caused them to breathe out; וְהִפַּחְתֶּם אוֹתוֹ Mal 1:13 and ye have sniffed at it (in contempt).

† שׁוֹאָה, שֹׁאָה n.f. devastation, ruin, waste;—abs. שׁו׳ Is 10:3 +, שֹׁאָה 47:11; Zp 1:15; Jb 30:14 (+ 38:27 van d. H. Gi, but v. Baer’s n.); cstr. שֹׁאַת Pr 3:25;— 1. devastation, ruin, as coming on pers., Is 10:3; 47:11 (Babylon personif.), ψ 35:8a; 63:10; שֹׁאַת רְשָׁעִים Pr 3:25 (obj. genit.; ‖ פַּחַד); (יוֹם) שׁ׳ וּמְשׁוֹאָה Zp 1:15; prob. = devastating storm, in sim. Ez 38:9 (‖ עָנָן), Pr 1:27 (Qr; Kt שׁאוה; ‖ סוּפָה).—ψ 35:8b read prob. שַׁחְתֹּה his pit, 𝔖 We (cf. v 7). 2. concretely, ruin, waste, of the desert, Jb 30:3 (reading אֶרֶץ for אֶמֶשׁ Ol; otherwise sub 1), שׁ׳ וּמְשׁוֹאָה 38:27 (‖ מִדְבָּר v 26); = ruins Jb 30:14.

καίω, Attic dialect κάω [ᾱ], imperfect ἔκαιον Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect καῖον Refs 8th c.BC+: future καύσω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἔκαυσα Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect ἔκηα (certain active and middle forms have κει- in codices of Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἔκηε (ν) Refs; unaugm. κῆεν Refs; 3rd.pers. plural ἔκηαν (variant{ἔκειαν}) Refs 8th c.BC+ codices; 1st pers. plural subjunctive κείομεν Refs 8th c.BC+ (κατα-), Refs; infinitive κῆαι Refs 8th c.BC+; participle κείαντες Refs, Attic dialect κέαντες Refs 5th c.BC+perfect κέκαυκα Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, aorist 1 ἐκαυσάμην Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect κείαντο, κειάμενοι, Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, future καυθήσομαι NT+5th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἐκαύθην Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect and Ionic dialectaorist 2 ἐκάην [ᾰ] Refs 8th c.BC+; infinitive καήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect κέκαυμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive κεκαῦσθαι Refs 4th c.BC+ __I kindle, πυρὰ πολλά Refs 8th c.BC+ —middle, πῦρ κείαντο they lighted them a fire, Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, to be lighted, burn, πυραὶ νεκύων καίοντο Refs 8th c.BC+; αἱ φλόγες αἱ καιόμεναι.. περὶ τὸν οὐρανόν the meteors which blaze, Refs 4th c.BC+; of ore, to be smelted, Refs __II set on fire, burn, μηρία, ὀστέα, Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, νηυσὶν καιομένῃσιν Refs __II.2 make hot, of the sun, ἀνθρώπους Refs 5th c.BC+; [Χείμαρρος] ἠελίῳ κεκαυμένος smelted, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.3 of extreme cold, ἡ Χιὼν καίει τῶν κυνῶν τὰς ῥῖνας Refs 5th c.BC+; κάειν λέγεται.. τὸ ψυχρόν, οὐχ ὡς τὸ θερμόν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 passive, of fever-heat, τὰ ἐντὸς ἐκάετο Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, of passion, especially of love, to be on fire, ἐν φρασὶ καιομένα Refs 5th c.BC+; καίεσθαί τινος (i.e. ἔρωτι) Refs 4th c.BC+; also καομένη Ἑλλάς Greece being in a fever of excitement, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5 suffer from inflammation, ἐκαύθη ἔσω Refs 5th c.BC+ __III burn and destroy (in war), τέμνειν καὶ κ., κ. καὶ πορθεῖν, waste with fire and sword, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV of surgeons, cauterize, ὤμους Refs 5th c.BC+:—in passive, Refs to use knife and cautery, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V burn or bake pottery, κανθάρους uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+

φωτίζω, future φωτίσω NT:—I. absolutely, shine, give light, ὁ ἄνθραξ [οὐ δύναται] φωτίζειν ὥσπερ ἡ φλόξ Refs 4th c.BC+ __II transitive, illuminate, ὁ ἥλιος φ. τὸν κόσμον Refs 1st c.BC+ —passive, τὸ φωτιζόμενον, opposed to τὸ φωτίζον,Refs 2nd c.AD+; of a planet, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II.2 bring to light, make known, τὴν ἑκατέρων αἵρεσιν NT+2nd c.BC+:—passive, γράμματα ἑαλωκότα καὶ πεφωτισμένα Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.3 enlighten, instruct, teach, φ. τινάς, πῶς.. LXX+NT __II.4 illuminate with spiritual light, ὁ ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πεφωτισμένος Refs __II.4.b in a special sense, baptize, in passive, NT __II.5 throw light upon, illustrate, of commentators, Ὅμηρον Refs 3rd c.AD+

† גָּזִית n.f. a cutting, hewing—גָּזִית Ex 20:25 + 10 times, always abs.;—hewing, אַבְנֵי ג׳ = hewn stones (building-stones) 1 K 5:31; 1 Ch 22:2; Ez 40:42 (for tables), cf. אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֹת כְּמִדּוֹת ג׳ 1 K 7:9,11 (but Klo del. as gloss, cf. 𝔊; also without אבני = hewn stones Ex 20:25 (altar) Am 5:11 (בָּֽתֵּי ג׳) Is 9:9 (opp. לְבֵנִים); טוּרֵי ג׳ 1 K 6:36, טוּרִים ג׳ 7:12; also La 3:9 גָּדַר דַּרְכִּי בְּג׳.

† גַּלְגַּל n.m. Ec 12:6 wheel, whirl, whirlwind (on format. cf. BaNB 204)—abs. ג׳ Ez 10:2 + 7 times; גַּלְגַּ֑ל ψ 83:14; pl. c. sf. גַּלְגִּלָּיו Is 5:28 Je 47:3;— 1. wheel, a. of war-chariot Is 5:28 Je 47:3, also coll. Ez 23:24; 26:10; perhaps also in Ezekiel’s vision Ez 10:2, 6, 13 (cf. wheelwork) but cf. infr. b. for drawing water Ec 12:6. 2. a. whirl (of dust or chaff) ψ 83:14 Is 17:13, sim. of foes put to flight by God. b. perhaps whirling of wheels Ez 10:2, 6, 13 Sm RV; cf. supr. c. whirlwind or wheel ψ 77:19.

† I. [חָרַר] vb. be hot, scorched, burn, poet. & late (Arabic حَرٌّ be hot, burn, thirst; Ethiopic ሐረረ Aramaic חַר; cf. Assyrian arâru, glow, SASmAsrb. i, p. 97 BelserBAS ii, 155)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. חָ֫רָה Jb 30:30, וְחָ֫רָה consec. Ez 24:11, חָ֫רוּ Is 24:6;— 1. be hot, scorched, Jerus., under fig. of caldron Ez 24:11. 2. burn = be burned, fig. of men, in י׳’s judgment, Is 24:6. 3. burn, of bones of sick men in fever ח׳ מִנִּי־חֹרֶב Jb 30:30. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נָחָ֑ר Ez 15:4, נִחַר ψ 69:4; 3 pl. נִחָ֑רוּ ψ 102:4 (Köi. 368); Impf. וַיֵּחָ֑ר Ez 15:5 יֵח֑רוּ Ez 24:10 (del. Co B al.) 1. be scorched, of bellows מַפֻּחַ in fierce fire Je 6:29 (fig.); scorched, charred, of the vine (as fuel) Ez 15:4, 5 middle part charred, the ends devoured (אכל) by fire (sim. of inhab. of Jerus.); bones (sim. id.) Ez 24:10 (v. supr.). 2. burn, of bones in fever ψ 102:4 (כְּמוֹקֵד, cf. Qal Jb 30:30); be parched, of throat נח׳ גרוני 69:4.—Is 41:11; 45:24 Ct 1:6 v. חָרָה" dir="rtl" >חרה. Niph. 1. נָחַר Je 6:29 from √ נחר snort, puff, according to Mich Ew Gf Gie al.,—not Du. Pilp. Inf. לְחַרְחַר־רִיב Pr 26:21 to kindle strife.

† [לָהַט] vb. blaze up, flame (NH id.; Syriac ܠܗܶܛ; Assyrian laʾâṭu, in der. forms);— Qal Pt. act. אֵשׁ לֹהֵט ψ 104:4 a flaming fire (so Bae; אֵשׁ וָלַהַט Bi Che, cf. Ol), made into י׳’s servants; pl. לֹהֲטִים 57:5 (fig. of enemies, cf. לְבָאִם v a). Pi. Pf. 3ms. וְלִהַט Mal 3:19; 3 fs. לִהּטָה Jo 1:19; Impf. 3 fs. תְּלַהֵט Jo 2:3 + 4 times; וַתְּלַהֵט Dt 32:22; sf. וַתְּלַהֲטֵהוּ Is 42:25;—set ablaze, usually c. acc.;—foundation of mts., Dt 32:22 (subj. אֵשׁ, fig. of י׳’s judgment, ‖ קָדַח, יָקַד, אָכַל), cf. תְּל׳ הָרִים ψ 83:15 (in sim., subj. לֶהָבָה; ‖ כְּאֵשׁ תִּבְעַר־יָ֑עַר); of flame (לֶהָבָה) consuming trees Jo 1:19 (of effects of drought; ‖ אֵשׁ אָֽכְלָה); persons Mal 3:19 (subj. הַיּוֹם הַבָּא; ‖ בָּעַר); cf. ψ 97:3 (subj. אֵשׁ), 106:18 (subj. לֶהָבָה; ‖ וַתִּבְעַר־אֵשׁ); hyperb. of י׳’s wrath (חֵמָה אַפּוֹ וֶעֱזוּז מִלְחָמָה) consuming Jacob Is 42:25; of crocodile (hyperb.), נַפְשׁוֹ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵ֑ט Jb 41:13 his breath setteth coals ablaze; abs. Jo 2:3, fig. of devastation by locusts (subj. לֶהָבָה; ‖ אָֽכְלָה אֵשׁ).

† סַפִּיר n.[m.] sapphire, perhaps also lapis lazuli (cf. Di Ex 24:10 NowArch. i. 131) (NH id., and סַמְפִּירִינוֹן; 𝔗 סַפִרִינוֹן; 𝔖 ܣܰܦܺܝܠܴܐ; loan-word from Skr. çanipriya according to LagGes. Abh. 72 LewyFremdw. 56 cf. Gk. σάπφειρος);—abs. ס׳ Ex 24:10 + 8 times; pl. סַפִּירִים Is 54:11 Ct 5:14;—with other jewels as ornaments of prince Ez 28:13; in high priest’s breastplate Ex 28:18; 39:11; found in mines Jb 28:6, costly Jb 28:16 cf. Is 54:11; taking high polish La 4:7 (in fig.); שֵׁן מְעֻלֶּפֶת סַפִּירִים Ct 5:14 ivory covered with sapphires (in fig.); lapis lazuli, according to Hi Bu Du al. in Jb 28:6 (עַפְרֹת זָהָב לוֹ being understood of sparkling crystals of iron pyrites in this), but v. Di; lapis lazuli may be intended in לִבְנַת הַסּ׳ Ex 24:10 (J) pavement of sapphire (in theoph., cf. אֶבֶן־ס׳ Ez 1:26; 10:1.

† I. שֹׁ֫הַם n.m. Jb 28:16 a gem, identif. dubious, Vrss vary; onyx or chrysoprasus RiHWB 2, 336 f. onyx TaylorHast. DB iii. 624, beryl RidgewayEncy. Bib. 545 malachite Myresib. 4808, etc.; cf. also Dr Gn 2:12 (√ unknown; perhaps loan-word, cf. Assyrian sâmtu DlWB 438);—אֶבֶן הַשּׁ׳ Gn 2:12 (J; + הַבְּדֹלַח), in land Ḥavilah; אַבְנֵי שׁ׳ Ex 25:7; 28:9; 35:9, 27; 39:6 (all P), 1 Ch 29:2; אֶבֶן om. Ez 28:13; Ex 28:20; 39:13 (both P; all in lists of gems); שׁ׳ יָקָר וְסַפִּיר Jb 28:16.

χρῡσός, ὁ, gold, τιμῆς Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐσθής, Refs 8th c.BC+; χρυσὸν κέρασιν περιχεύας (of a victim) Refs 8th c.BC+; κοῖλος ἄργυρος καὶ χ. silver and gold plate, Refs 4th c.BC+; λευκὸς χ. white gold, i.e. gold alloyed with silver, opposed to χ. ἄπεφθος refined gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 gold, to express anything made of gold, e. g. golden armour or raiment, χρυσὸν.. ἔδυνε περὶ χροΐ, of Zeus, Refs 8th c.BC+; of Poseidon, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀραρότως σύνδεσμα χρυσὸς (a gold crown) εἶχε Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 frequently used by Poets to denote anything dear or precious, ταῦτα μὲν.. κρείσσονα χρυσοῦ.. φωνεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+ golden words, Refs 5th c.BC+ and all derivations, though Lyric Poets sometimes made υ short in the adjective χρύσεος (which see); once we have χρῠσός, Refs 5th c.BC+.] (Borrowed from Semitic, cf. Hebrew chārūts, Assyr. h_urāšu 'gold', Aramaic hara 'yellow'.)

† אֲפֵלָה n.f. darkness, gloominess, calamity—א׳ Ex 10:22 +; אֲפֵלָתְךָ Is 58:10; pl. אֲפֵלוֹת Is 59:9— 1. darkness Dt 28:29 Pr 7:9 (‖ אִישׁוֹן לַיְלָה); of supernatural darkness in Egypt Ex 10:22; of day of י׳ (cf. Am 5:20 sub אָפֵל) Jo 2:2 Zp 1:15 (both ‖ חשׁך, ענן, ערפל) sim. of wickedness Je 23:12 Pr 4:19. 2. fig. of calamity Is 8:22 (‖ חֲשֵׁכָה), 58:10 (‖ חשׁך, opp. צהרים), 59:9 (‖ id., opp. נגהות).

† [גָּעַשׁ] vb. shake, quake (NH id.)— Qal Impf. וַתִּגְעַשׁ ψ 18:8a = 2 S 22:8a Kt (Qr Hithp.);—quake of earth at theoph, ψ 18:8 = 2 S 22:8 (read Kt; ‖ רעשׁ). Pu. Impf. be shaken up, convulsed יְגֹעֲשׁוּ־עָם Jb 34:20 a people are convulsed. Hithp. shake back and forth, toss or reel to and fro וַיִּתְגָּעַשׁ Qr 2 S 22:8a (Qal); יִתְגָּֽעֲשׁוּ Je 46:7, וַיִּתְגָּֽעֲשׁוּ ψ 18:8b + 2 times;—of mountains ψ 18:8b = 2 S 22:8b; of waves of sea, Je 5:22; of waters of Nile Je 46:7 (cf. v 8). Hithpo. Pf. וְהִתְגֹּעֲשׁוּ consec. Je 25:16; Impf. יִתְגֹּעֲשׁוּ Je 46:8; id. of waters of Nile Je 46:8; of drunken men, reel to and fro, Je 25:16 (fig. of nations confounded by י׳).

† נְחוּשָׁה and (Lv 26:19 Jb 40:18) נְחֻשָׁה n.f. copper, bronze (only poet.; cf. i. נְחשֶׁת);—נ׳ always abs.;— 1. copper, produced from ore by melting Jb 28:2. 2. copper, doubtless hardened with alloy, = bronze, as material of bow 2 S 22:35 = ψ 18:35, Jb 20:24; gates Is 45:2; fig. of strength Jb 40:18 (bones of hippopotamus), cf. 41:19, Mi 4:13 (hoofs of Zion); of obstinate brow Is 48:4 (‖ גִּיד בַּרְזֶל עָרְפֶּ֑ךָ); unproductive earth Lv 26:19.

ἀνατέλλω, poetry ἀντ-, aorist ἀνέτειλα: perfect participle ἀνατεταλκόςRefs 2nd c.BC+:—make to rise up, τοῖσιν δ᾽ (i.e. ἵπποις) ἀμβροσίην ἀνέτειλενέμεσθυLXX+8th c.BC+; ὕδωρ ἀ. make water gush forth, NT+5th c.BC+passive, φλὸξ ἀνατελλομένα a flame mounting up, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 bring forth, give birth to ἄντειλας ΔιόνυσονRefs 5th c.BC+ __II intransitive, rise, appear above the horizon, of any heavenly body, as sun and moon, Refs 5th c.BC+; also of constellations, Refs 3rd c.BC+; distinct from ἐπιτέλλω (which see), Refs 1st c.BC+; compare ἀνατολή. __II.b ={ἐπιτέλλω}, of the Pleiades, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.2 of a river, take its rise, ἐκ ταύτης [γῆς λίμνης] Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.b of persons, originate, ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν ὁ κύριοςNT __II.3 grow, of hair, ταρφὺς ἀντέλλουσα θρίξRefs 4th c.BC+; of teeth, Refs 4th c.BC+; spring up, of plants, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 of mountains, rise, Refs 3rd c.BC+; but, appear on the horizon, Refs __II.5 rise up, ἀνέτειλε σωτήρ probably in Refs

ἀστρᾰπ-ή, ἡ, ={ἀστεροπή},{στεροπή},fiash of lightning, lightning, βροντὴ καὶ ἀ.Refs 5th c.BC+; personified, as subject of painting, Refs 1st c.AD+: frequently in plural, lightnings, τὰς ἀ. τε καὶ κεραυνίους βολάςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 light of a lamp, NT+4th c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, ἀστραπήν τιν᾽ ὀμμάτων flashing of the eyes, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκτυφλοῦν τιν᾽ ἀστραπὴ [εἰμί] Refs 4th c.BC+

βέβαιος, ον (so always in Refs 5th c.BC+, also α, ον (see. below): (βαίνω):— firm, steady, κρύσταλλος Refs 5th c.BC+; γῆ β. terra firma, Refs 2nd c.AD+; steadfast, durable, ὁμιλία.. πιστὴ καὶ βέβαιος Refs 5th c.BC+ __b sure, certain, τέκμαρ Refs 5th c.BC+; πύλας β. παρέχειν make safe, secure, Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβαιότερος κίνδυνος a surer game, Refs: superlative -ότατοςRefs; βέβαιόν ἐστί τινι ὅτι.. Refs 1st c.BC+ confirm, guarantee, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 of persons, etc., steadfast, constant, φίλος Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive, βεβαιότεροι μηδὲν νεωτεριεῖν more certain to make no change, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 τό β. certainty, Refs 5th c.BC+; but τὸ β. τῆς διανοίας firmness, resolution, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.b security, guarantee, τὸ δημόσιον β. Refs __II adverb -ωςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἔχειν, γνῶναι, δημοκρατεῖσθαι, Refs 4th c.BC+: comparative -ότερον, οἰκεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; -οτέρως Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -όταταRefs 5th c.BC+

μαργᾰρ-ίτης [ῑ], ου, ὁ, pearl, Refs 4th c.BC+: -ῖτις λίθος, ἡ, Androsth. cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+; -ῖτις alone, Refs 1st c.BC+; -ίς alone, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II -ίτης χερσαῖος, an unidentified precious stone, Refs 2nd c.AD+

μνᾶ, ἡ, genitive μνᾶς, nominative plural μναῖ, etc., always contracted in Attic dialect, as Refs; Ionic dialect nominative plural μνέαι Refs 6th c.BC+; accusative plural μνέας Refs 5th c.BC+; but accusative singular μνῆν Refs 3rd c.BC+; nominative plural μνέες falsa lectio for{μνέαι} in Refs 2nd c.AD+:—mina, __I as a weight, = Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as a sum of money, also = Refs 5th c.BC+ (Semitic word, cf. Hebrew māneh.)

† אֹ֫פֶל n.m. Jb 3:6 darkness, gloom (only poet.)—א׳ always abs.— 1. darkness, of night ψ 91:6 (opp. צָֽהֳרָֽיִם); deep in the earth, אֶבֶן א׳ Jb 28:3 (‖ חֹשֶׁךְ, צַלְמָוֶת); darkness, gloom of underworld Jb 10:22(×2) (‖ אֶרֶץ חֹשֶׁךְ, א׳ עֵיפָפָה, צַלְמָוֶת); personif. Jb 3:6 that night—let darkness take it יִקָּחֵהוּ א׳; fig. of spiritual darkness Is 29:18 (‖ חֹשֶׁךְ); of secrecy, treachery ψ 11:2. 2. especially fig. of calamity Jb 23:17 (‖ חשׁך q.v.), 30:26 (opp. אוֹר).

† [דָּלַק] vb. burn (intrans.), hotly pursue (NH id. Aramaic דְּלַק, ܕܠܰܩ all intrans. burn, kindle; Hiph., Aph. transitive)— Qal Pf. 2 ms. דָּלַקְתָּ Gn 31:36; 3 mpl. וְדָֽלְקוּ consec. Ob 18; sf. דְּלָקֻנוּ La 4:19; Impf. יִדְלַק ψ 10:2; Inf. cstr. דְּלֹק 1 S 17:53; Pt. act. pl. דֹּלְקִים Pr 26:23;— 1. burn, וְדָֽלְקוּ בָהֶם Ob 18 (fig. of Isr. ravaging among Edomites, ‖ וַאֲכָלוּם; on construction c. בְּ cf. 2 K 17:25); also in חִצָּיו לְדֹלְקִים יִפְעָ֑ל ψ 7:14 his arrows he maketh burning ones (subj. God) RV De Che al.; & שְׂפָתַיִם דֹּלְקִים Pr 26:23 burning (fervent) lips (opp. לֵב רָ֑ע). 2. hotly pursue Gn 31:36 (E; sq. אַחֲרֵי 1 S 17:53 (sq. id.); ψ 10:2; La 4:19 (both sq. acc.) Hiph. Impf. sf. יַדְלִיקֵם Is 5:11; Imv. הַדְלֵק Ez 24:10;—inflame, c. acc., subj. wine Is 5:11; kindle obj. הָאֵשׁ Ez 24:10.

† [דָּעַךְ] vb. go out, be extinguished (poet. & especially Wisd. lit. (Aramaic דְּעִיךְ, ܕܥܶܟ )— Qal Pf. 3 mpl. דָּֽעֲכוּ Is 43:17; Impf. יִדְעַךְ Pr 20:20, יִדְעָ֑ךְ Jb 18:5 + 4 times;—go out, be extinguished, of lamp, always fig., lamp of wicked (i.e. prosperity) אוֹר רְשָׁעִים Jb 18:5, נֵר ר׳ Jb 18:6; 21:17 Pr 13:9; 20:20; 24:20; of hostile armies Is 43:17 (‖ כָּב֫וּ). Niph. Pf. 3 pl. נִדְעֲכוּ be made extinct, dried up, Jb 6:17 (of brooks). Pu. Pf. 3 pl. דֹּעֲכוּ of assailants, be extinguished, quenched כְּאֵשׁ קוֹצִים ψ 118:12; but read perhaps בעדו with 𝔊 Bae & Che, v. Checrit. n.

† חֲסַף n.[m.] clay, potsherd (𝔗 id.; Chr-Pal. ܚܣܦܐ clay vessel, ܚܨܒܢܐ pl. potsherds Schulth 68, Syriac ܚܶܨܦܳܐ potsherd; 𝔗 חַצְבָא, NH חָצָב clay vessel; Assyrian ḫaṣbu, id.; ܚܨܰܦ jar (PS 1238), whence Arabic خَزَفٌ pottery Frä 169, but Sab. חסף jar, according to HomZMG xlvi (1892), 532; cf. Ethiopic ܚܶܙܒܳܐ: jar (transp.; Di 1265); v. BH [חַסְפַּם]);—ח׳ abs. Dn 2:41 (ח׳ דִּי פֶּחָר), חֲסַ֑ף v 33, 42; cstr. ח׳ טִינָא v 41, 43; emph. חַסְפָּא v 34, 35, 43, 45.

† II. יָבֵשׁ adj.verb. or pt. dry, dried, so, ms. abs. Na 1:10 + 4 times; fs. יְבֵשָׁה Nu 11:6; mpl. (וִ)יבֵשִׁים Nu 6:3; fpl. יְבֵשׁוֹת Ez 37:2, 4;— 1. dried, lit. only עֲנָבִים יְבֵשִׁים Nu 6:3 dried grapes (P; opp. ע׳ לַחִים); fig. נַפְשֵׁנוּ יְבֵשָׁה 11:6 (JE) our soul (i.e. our appetite) is dried up, viz. for want of fresh, juicy meat. 2. dry, of chaff, קַשׁ Na 1:10 in sim. of Ninevites under impending judgment; cf. in fig. of Job, Jb 13:25; of tree Ez 17:24 (fig. of Davidic house; opp. עֵץ לָ֑ה), 21:3 (in prediction of Judah’s devastation by Babylon, opp. id.); Is 56:3 fig. of eunuch; of the bones in Ezek.’s vision Ez 37:2, 4.

† [יָקַד] vb. be kindled, burn (Aramaic יְקַד, ܝܺܩܶܕ, burn, intrans.; Arabic وَقَدَ, id.)— Qal Impf. 3 ms. יֵקַד Is 10:16; 3 fs. וַתִּיקַד Dt 32:22; Pt. act. f. יֹקֶ֫דֶת Is 65:5; pass. יָקוּד 30:14;—be kindled, fig. of judgment, יֵקַד יְקֹד כִּיקוֹד אֵשׁ Is 10:16; so burn, Dt 32:22 a fire hath been kindled (קָֽדְחָה) in my wrath, וַתִּיקַד עַד־שְׁאוֹל and it burneth unto Sheʾôl; fig. of people displeasing to י׳, אֵלֶּה עָשָׁן בְּאַפִּי אֵשׁ יֹקֶדֶת כָּל־הַיּוֹם Is 65:5; pt. יָקוּד kindled, as subst. לַחְתּוֹת אֵשׁ מִיָּקוּד 30:14 to take fire from that which is kindled, i. e. from the hearth (LgBN 60). Hoph. Impf. 3 fs. תּוּקַד Lv 6:2, 5, 6; תּוּקָ֑ד Je 15:14; 17:4;—be burning, burn, of (perpetual) altar-fire Lv 6:2, 5, 6 (P); fig. of י׳’s judgment, אֵשׁ קָֽדְחָה בְּאַפִּי עֲלֵיכֶם תּוּקָ֑ד Je 15:14, similarly 17:4 (cf. Dt 32:22 supr., as prob. source of both).

† [כֵּהֶה] adj.dim, dull, faint; only f. כֵּהָה Lv 13:6 + 6 times; pl. כֵּהוֹת Lv 13:39 1 S 3:2;—dim, of eyes 1 S 3:2; of burning wick (פִּשְׁתָּה כ׳) Is 42:3; dull (in colour, of plague-spots) Lv 13:6, 21, 26, 28, 39, 56; fig. = faint רוּחַ כ׳ Is 61:3 (opp. מַעֲטֵה תְהִלָּה).

† נְחָשׁ n.m. copper, bronze (𝔗 Syriac; BH נְחשֶׁת, נְחוּשָׁה, √ III. נחשׁ);—as material: abs. נ׳ Dn 2:32; 4:12, 20; 7:19; emph. נְחָשָׁא 2:35, 39, 45; 5:4, 23.

† סִיג, שִׂיג n.[m.] 1. a moving back or away; 2. dross (what is removed from metal);—abs. סִיג Ez 22:18 Qr (סוג Kt), שִׂיג 1 K 18:27 (שׂ for ס, but v. infr.); pl. סִיגִים (van d. H. סִגִּים) Is 1:22 + 3 times; סִגִֿים Ez 22:18 + 2 times; sf. סִינָ֑יִךָ Is 1:25;— 1. a moving back, away: שִׂיג לוֹ 1 K 18:27 om. 𝔊L, dittogr. for שִׂיחַ Klo Bur. there is a moving back to him = he has moved back, away (proposes of temporary withdrawal, diff. from דֶּרֶךְ journey). 2. dross, usually of silver Pr 25:4 (מִכָּ֑סֶף), 26:23 (כֶּסֶף ס׳), so (fig. of Isr.) Is 1:22 cf. v 25, Ez 22:18b (סִיגִים כֶּסֶף MT, בְּתוֹךְ כ׳ ס׳ 𝔊 Co Berthol;—Co del. ס׳, not so Berthol Toy), cf. v 18a. 19; indef. ψ 119:119.

† עֹפֶרֶת n.m. Je 6:29(si vera l. Qr) lead (√ dub.; prob. foreign word; cf. 𝔗 אֲבָרָא lead, Syriac ܐܰܒܳܪܳܐ, and (as Aramaic loan-word) Arabic أَبَار [v. Dozy], Frä152; perhaps also Assyrian abaru, a metal, magnesite according to HilprAssyriaca i (1894), 80 ff. Hpt1b. 83);—כִּכַּר ע׳ Zc 5:7 a round weight (disc) of lead, אֶבֶן־הָעו׳ v 5; with other metals (v. בְּדִיל): עוֹ׳ Ez 22:18, 20; 27:12, הָעֹפָ֑רֶת Nu 31:22 (P); עֹפ׳ also Jb 19:24 (with which chiselled letters are filled according to Di and most; Bu reads בְּע׳ in [a tablet of] lead); also (as flux) Je 6:29 (reading Qr; so Gf Co; emend. Gie); עוֹ׳ in sim. Ex 15:10 (song).

ἅλας, ᾰτος, τό, ={ἅλς}, salt, NT+4th c.BC+

ξηρός, ά, όν, dry, opposed to ὑγρός, of a dried-up river, Refs 5th c.BC+; μέτρα ξ. τε καὶ ὑγρά dry and liquid measures, Refs 5th c.BC+; ξ. γάλα, i.e. ripe cheese, Refs; so τυρὸς ξ., opposed to τυρὸς χλωρός, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐν ξηροῖσιν ἐκτρέφειν on solid food, i.e. cereals, Refs 5th c.BC+; καρπὸς ξ., i.e. cereal, opposed to κ. ξύλινος, produce of trees, i. e. fruit, wine, or oil, Refs 5th c.BC+hay, Refs 3rd c.BC+; φοῖνιξ ξ. dried dates, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ξ. καρποί, opposed to οἶνος, ἔλαιον, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ξ. πυρίαι applications of dry heat, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare ξηροπυρία. adverb ξηρῶς by the use of dry powder, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of bodily condition, withered, lean, δέμας Refs 5th c.BC+costive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 of the voice, compare ξηρόφωνος. __II fasting: hence, generally, austere, τρόποι Refs 5th c.BC+; of persons, Refs 4th c.BC+; harsh, opposed to ἡδύς, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, of style, πραγματεία ἀτερπὴς καὶ ξ. Refs 4th c.BC+aridity, Refs 4th c.BC+; of critics, ξηροὶ Καλλιμάχου πρόκυνες Refs 1st c.AD+ __III as substantive ἡ ξηρά (i.e. γῆ), dry land, opposed to ὑγρά, NT+5th c.BC+; ναῦς ἐπὶ τοῦ ξηροῦ ποιεῖν to leave the ships aground, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ξ. τοῦ ποταμοῦ the part of its bed left dry, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 ξηρά, ἡ, in a bath-house, room for dry heat, Refs 2nd c.AD+

σβέννῡμι, Refs 5th c.BC+; σβεννύω, Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect ἐσβέννυον Refs 2nd c.AD+future σβέσω App Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect σβέσσω Oracle texts cited in Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἔσβεσα Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect infinitive σβέσσαι Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialect infinitive κατα-ς βῶσαι Refs 3rd c.BC+perfect and aorist 2, see below:—middle, future σβήσομαι (ἀπο-) Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist σβέσαντο Refs 4th c.AD+:—passive, Refs 8th c.BC+: future σβεσθήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist ἐσβέσθην Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect συν-έσβετο Refs 2nd c.AD+: perfect ἔσβεσμαι Refs 5th c.BC+:—besides these, aorist 2 and perfect and pluperfect active are used intransitive, ἔσβην Refs 8th c.BC+; imperative σβῆτε (transitive) Refs 5th c.BC+; participle ἀπο-σβείς Refs 5th c.BC+perfect ἔσβηκα (ἀπ-) Refs 5th c.BC+pluperfect ἐσβήκει (ἀπ-) Refs 5th c.BC+:—quench, put out, used by Refs 8th c.BC+; σ. τὸ καιόμενον Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of liquids, dry up, ἡ Μηδικὴ πόα σ. τὸ γάλα Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 generally and metaphorically, quench, quell, check, κεῖνός γ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλει σβέσσαι χόλον Refs 8th c.BC+; καῦμα (in the bowels) Refs 5th c.BC+; λιθάργυρον ὄξει ἢ οἴνῳ σ. cooling it, Refs 1st c.AD+; ὕδατι δίψαν σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+; σ. τυραννίδα epigram cited in Refs 1st c.AD+; regard as extinguishable, ταύτας τὰς δυνάμεις Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II passive σβέννυμαι (with intransitive tenses of active, see above), to be quenched, go out, of fire, οὐδέ ποτ᾽ ἔσβη πῦρ Refs 8th c.BC+; of inflamed pustules, go down, disappear, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰχθύων.. ᾠὰ μετὰ ἁλῶν σβεσθέντα (assuming variant) καὶ ἐποπτηθέντα Refs 3rd c.BC+: metaphorically of men, become extinct, die, Refs 4th c.BC+; of a city,Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 of liquids, run dry, γάλα Refs 4th c.BC+; αἶγες σβεννύμεναι goats which are going off their milk, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 generally, to be quelled or lulled, of wind, οὐδέ ποτ᾽ ἔσβη οὖρος Refs 8th c.BC+; of sound, σβέννυτο θωρήκων ἐνοπή Refs 1st c.AD+; ἐσβέσθη Νίκανδρος his charm is quenched, Refs; of an orator, Refs 1st c.BC+; of legal proceedings, to be cancelled, διὰ τὸ ἐσβέσθαι πᾶν σπέρμα δίκης Refs 5th c.BC+ zg[uglide]es-, compare ζείναμεν· σβέννυμεν, Refs 5th c.AD+, Lithuanian gèsti 'to be extinguished'.)

† אִגְּרָה (K§ 50, 3) n.f. letter-missive (late BH אִגֶּ֫רֶת, Old Aramaic אגרת, Palm. אגרתא Lzb207);—abs. א׳ Ezr 4:8 (van d. H. -רָא); emph. אִגַּרְתָּא 4:11; 5:6. אדרגזר

† חָֽרָבָה n.f. dry ground;—abs. ח׳ Gn 7:22 + 7 times; opp. הַיָּם Ex 14:21 (J). Hg 2:6; cf. Gn 7:22 (J); opp. water of Jordan Jos 3:17(×2) (J), 4:18 (E), 2 K 2:8; of Nile-arms וְנָתַתִּ֫י יְאֹרִים ח׳ Ez 30:12.

† [יָפַע] vb. only Hiph. shine out or forth, send out beams, cause to shine (NH id., in fig. senses; 𝔗 יְפַע; Assyrian Shaph. šûpu, shine, cause to shine, glorify, Lotz TP Col. vii 93 ZimBP 97, 105 SAS Asrb. ii. 18; cf. Arabic وَفْعٌ aedificium elatum; kindred seem to be يَفَعَ ascendit montem, adultus fuit; Sab. יפע raise, heighten Os ZMG 1865, 210 f., יפע name of a temple DHM ZMG 1883, 350)— Hiph. Pf. הוֹפִיעַ Dt 33:2 ψ 50:2; וְהוֹפִיעַ consec. Jb 37:15; 2 ms. הוֹפָ֑עְתָּ 10:3; Impf. 3 fs. תּוֹפַע 3:4; וַתּ֫וֹפַע 10:22; Imv. הוֹפִיעַ ψ 94:1; הוֹפִ֫יעָה 80:2;— 1. shine out, forth, display beams: of י׳ Dt 33:2 ψ 50:2; 80:2; 94:1 Jb 10:3 (sq. עַל); subj. נְהָרָה light Jb 3:4; 10:22 וַתֹּפַע כְּמוֹ אֹפֶל (of She’ôl). 2. cause to shine וְהוֹפִיעַ אוֹר עֲנָנוֹ Jb 37:15, subj. י׳.

† [יְקַד] vb. burn (v. BH);— Pe. Pt. act. f. יָקִדְתָּא Dn 3:6, 11, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26.

† מַלְקוֹשׁ n.m. Je 3:3 latter-rain, spring-rain (i.e. showers of March–April; important, as strengthening and maturing crops); מ׳ Ho 6:3 + 7 times;—related to גֶּשֶׁם as particular to general, opp. יוֹרֶה (former rain, q.v.): Ho 6:3 Je 5:24, so opp. מוֹרֶה Jo 2:23; particular under מָטָר Dt 11:14 (opp. יוֹרֶה), Zc 10:1 (+ מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם), Jb 29:23; ‖ רְבִבִים Je 3:3; עָב מ׳ Pr 16:15 spring-rain-cloud (sim. of king’s favour).

† סַ֫עַר n.m. Je 23:19 tempest;—abs. ס׳ Am 1:14 + 5 times; סָ֑עַר ψ 55:9; pl. sf. סַעֲרֶיךָ 83:16;—tempest, especially fig.: of passionate acts of men, מֵרוּחַ סֹעָה מִסָּ֑עַר ψ 55:9 (מִסּ׳ here awkward, without ו); of י׳’s wrath Je 23:19 (ס׳ מִתְחוֹלֵל), cf. 25:32; 30:23; tempest as instr. of י׳’s wrath, ψ 83:16 (‖ סוּפָה); v. also בְּסַעַר בְּיוֹם סוּפָה Am 1:14 and Jon 1:4, 12.

† I. שָׁאַף vb. gasp, pant, pant after, long for (so 𝔗 Jb 7:2);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְשָׁאַף consec. Jb 5:5, 3 fs. שָֽׁאֲפָה Je 2:24, 3 pl. שָֽׁאֲפוּ 14:6; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁאַף Jb 7:2, etc.; Pt. act. שׁוֹאֵף Ec 1:5;— 1. gasp, as a woman in travail, fig. of י׳, Is 42:14 (‖ נָשַׁם); pant after, snuff up the wind (acc.), of wild ass Je 2:24; 14:6; constr. praegn. וְאֶל־מְקוֹמוֹ שׁ׳ Ec 1:5 unto his place he panteth (comes panting), of sun under fig. of racer. 2. gasp or pant with desire ψ 119:131 (‖ יָאַב); pant after, be eager for, c. acc. Jb 5:5 (cf. צַמִּים p. 855b), 7:2 (‖ יְקַזֶּה), 36:20 (but obscure in context).

βρέχω, future -ξωLXX+2nd c.AD+: aorist ἔβρεξα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future βρᾰχήσομαι LXX: aorist ἐβρέχθην Refs 5th c.BC+aorist 2 ἐβράχην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect βέβρεγμαι Refs 5th c.BC+ 47:—wet, of persons walking through water, τὸ γόνυ Refs 5th c.BC+; steep in water, Refs 5th c.BC+; β. χρυσέαις νιφάδεσσι πόλιν shower wealth upon it, LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, get wet, βρεχόμενοι πρὸς τὸν ὀμφαλόν Refs 5th c.BC+; βρέχεσθαι ἐν ὕδατι to be bathed in sweat or drench themselves, Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβρεγμένος filled with water, opposed to διερός, Refs 4th c.BC+; of sponges, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be rained upon, Refs 2nd c.BC+; especially in Egypt of the inundation of the Nile, τὰ βρεχέντα πεδία Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἡ βεβρεγμένη (i.e. γῆ) Refs 2nd c.BC+; γῆ οὐ βρεχομένη LXX:—but also intransitive in active, to be inundated, Refs 3rd c.BC+ steeped, bathed in light, Refs 5th c.BC+; of hard drinkers, μέθῃ βρεχθείς Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβρεγμένος tipsy, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II rain, send rain, NT; Ζεὺς ἔβρεχε Refs 2nd c.AD+: with accusative, ἔβρεξε Κύριος χάλαζαν LXX; θεῖονLXX+NT; ἄρτους LXX __II.2 impersonal, βρέχει it rains, NT+5th c.BC+

θεῖον, __AEpic dialect θέειον (in Refs 8th c.BC+ θήϊον), τό, brimstone, used to fumigate and purify, δέπας.. ἐκάθηρε θεείῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; δεινὴ δὲ θεείου γίγνεται ὀδμή, from a thunderbolt, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν δὲ θεείου πλῆτο, of a ship struck by lightning, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐμβαλόντες πῦρ ξὺν θ. LXX+5th c.BC+; as a natural product, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to πεπυρωμένον, Refs 1st c.AD+; compare θεάφιον, θέαφος. (Perh. cognate with θύω, θυμιάω, Latin suffire.)

θόρῠβ-ος, ὁ, noise, especially the confused noise of a crowded assembly, uproar, clamour, Refs 5th c.BC+; θόρυβος βοῆς a confused clamour, Refs 5th c.BC+; less frequently of an individual, Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, θόρυβον δ᾽ οὐκ ἐφίλησαν ὄνων Refs __2 especially in token of approbation or the contrary, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.a applause, θ. Ληναΐτης Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b groans, murmurs, Refs 5th c.BC+; μεγάλοι θόρυβοι κατέχουσ᾽ ἡμᾶς great murmurs are abroad among us, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II tumult, confusion, θ. παρασχεῖν τινι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐς θ. ἀπικέσθαι, καταστῆναι, Refs 5th c.BC+; κραυγὴ καὶ θ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 confusion of mind, θορύβους ἐνθυμηματικοὺς καὶ ἀποφθεγματικοὺς παρασκευάζειν Refs 4th c.BC+; ὁ παρὰ κακὰς δόξας θ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III with infinitive, ἐς θόρυβον ἤλυθον.. λευσθῆναι I ran a risk of being stoned, Refs 5th c.BC+

λάμπω, Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialectIterat. λάμπεσκεν Refs 5th c.BC+: future -ψω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἔλαμψα Refs 5th c.BC+perfect λέλαμπα (in present sense) Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, Refsimperfect ἐλαμπόμην, Epic dialect λαμπ-, Refs 8th c.BC+: future λάμψομαι (ἐλλ-) Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future λαμφθήσομαι (ἐλλ-) Refs 3rd c.AD+: aorist ἐλάμφθην Refs 1st c.AD+ (περι-): from these late forms of passive must be distinguished the similar Ionic dialect forms of λαμβάνω:—give light, shine, of the gleam of arms, τῆλε δὲ χαλκὸς λάμφ᾽ ὥς τε στεροπή Refs 8th c.BC+; λάμπε δὲ χαλκῷ, of Hector,Refs 5th c.BC+; of the eyes, ὀφθαλμὼ δ᾽ ἄρα οἱ πυρὶ λάμπετον Refs 8th c.BC+; of the sun, Refs 6th c.BC+; of fire, Refs 8th c.BC+:—middle, κόρυθος -ομένης Refs 8th c.BC+; of a person, - όμενος πυρί Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 of sound, ring loud and clear, παιὰν δὲ λάμπει Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, shine forth, be famous or conspicuous, λάμπει κλέος Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.b Astrology texts, of a planet, occupy a favourable position, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 of persons, φαιδρὸς λάμποντι μετώπῳ with beaming face, Refs 5th c.BC+; shine, gain glory, οὐδ᾽ εἰ Κλέων γ᾽ ἔλαμψε Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II transitive, cause to shine, illumine, δόλιον ἀκταῖς ἀστέρα λάμψας Refs 5th c.BC+—Found chiefly in poetry and Comedy texts, though the present and imperfect occur in Refs 5th c.BC+, and late Prose, and the aorist in Refs 5th c.BC+

πνέω, poetry πνείω as always in Refs 8th c.BC+future πνεύσομαι (ἐκ-) Refs 5th c.BC+; also πνευσοῦμαι LXX+5th c.BC+ is falsa lectio in Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἔπνευσα Refs 8th c.BC+perfect πέπνευκα (ἐπι-) Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, future πνευσθήσομαι (δια-) Refs 2nd c.AD+aorist ἐπνεύσθην (δι-) Refs 8th c.BC+present and imperfect, to which Trag. add future and aorist 1 active —For the form ἄμπνυε, see. {ἀναπνέω}; for ἀμπνύνθη, -πνυτο, see at {ἄμπνυτο}; and for perfect passive πέπνῡμαι, participle πεπνῡμένος, see at {πέπνυμαι}.—Like other disyllable Verbs in -έω, this Verb contracts only εε, εε; but ἐκπνέων is disyllable in Refs 4th c.BC+:—blow, of wind and air, οὐδέ ποτ᾽ οὖροι πνείοντες φαίνονθ᾽ Refs 8th c.BC+; τῷ πνέοντι (i.e. ἀνέμῳ or πνεύματι) Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἡ πνέουσα (i.e. αὔρα) NT; also of a flute-player, μέγα πνέων Refs 2nd c.AD+; and of the flutes themselves, αὐλοὺς ἡδὺ πνέοντας Refs; πνεῖται flutes are sounding, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II breathe, send forth an odour, ἀμβροσίη.. ἡδὺ πνείουσα Refs 8th c.BC+; π. εὐῶδες, δυσῶδες, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 with accusative, breathe out, send forth, Ζεφύρου πνείοντος ἐέρσην Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.3 with genitive, breathe or smell of a thing, οὐ μύρου πνέον Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely with dative, μύροισι π. smell with.., Refs: frequently metaphorically, breathe, be redolent of, Χαρίτων πνείοντα μέλη Refs 4th c.BC+; φόνου π. conjecture in Refs 1st c.BC+ __III of perceptible breathing, [ἵππω] πνείοντε κατ᾽ ὤμων Refs 8th c.BC+ __IV generally, draw breath, breathe: hence, live, Refs 8th c.BC+; οἱ πνέοντες, ={οἱ ζῶντες}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V metaphorically, with accusative cognate, breathe forth, μένεα πνείοντες breathing spirit, epithet of warriors, Refs 8th c.BC+; φρενὸς πνέων τροπαίαν Refs; πνέων χάριν τινίRefs 5th c.BC+; τρέχει τις Ἀλφειὸν πνέων, of a swift runner, Refs; and in a rhetorical passage, οἱ πῦρ πνέοντες, οἱ νενικηκότες Λακεδαιμονίους Refs 5th c.BC+ __V.2 with neuter adjectives or Prons., πνέοντες μεγάλα giving themselves airs, Refs 5th c.BC+; τόσονδ᾽ ἔπνευσαςRefs 5th c.BC+ breathing over their shields, i. e. unable to repress their rage for war, Refs 8th c.BC+; ᾧ σὺ μὴ πνεύσῃς ἐνδέξιος on whom thou breathest not favourably, Refs 3rd c.BC+

σκῐά, ᾶς, Ionic dialect σκῐή, ῆς, ἡ, shadow, Refs 8th c.BC+; σκιὰ ἀντίστοιχος ὥς like the shadow that is one's double, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 reflection, image (in a bowl of oil), Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 shade of one dead, phantom, Refs 8th c.BC+; κατθανὼν δὲ πᾶς ἀνὴρ γῆ καὶ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; also, of one worn to a shadow, Refs 4th c.BC+; κακωθεὶς δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἄλλ᾽ εἰμ᾽ ἢ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently in proverbs of man's mortal estate, σκιᾶς ὄναρ ἄνθρωπος Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁρῶ γὰρ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν εἴδωλα.. ἢ κούφην σ. Refs; of human affairs, εὐτυχοῦντα μὲν σκιᾷ τις ἂν πρέψειεν Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἢ καπνοῦ σ. Refs; of worthless things, τἄλλ᾽ ἐγὼ καπνοῦ σκιᾶς οὐκ ἂν πριαίμην Refs 5th c.BC+; περὶ ὄνου σκιᾶς [μάχεσθαι] Refs 5th c.BC+ wrote a Comedy texts entitled Ὄνου σκι; ἡ ἐν Δελφοῖς σ. that phantom at Delphi, of the Amphictyonic council, Refs 4th c.BC+; αἱ τοῦ δικαίου σ. mere shadows of.., Refs 5th c.BC+; σκιαὶ τῶν ὄντων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ εἰδώλων σRefs 4th c.BC+ __4 evil spirit, Refs 6th c.AD+ __II shade of trees, etc., as a protection from heat, πετραίη τε σκιή the shade of a rock, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν σκιῇ ἑζόμενοςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἐν σκιᾷ, i.e. indoors, Refs 5th c.BC+; σκιὰν ὑπερτείνασα Σειρίου κυνός shade from its heat, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III shadow in painting, τὰ λαμπρὰ τῇ σκιᾷ τρανότερα ποιοῦσι Refs 1st c.BC+; ἀνθρώπων πρῶτος ἐξευρὼν φθορὰν καὶ ἀπόχρωσιν σκιᾶς, of the painter Apollodorus, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 silhouette, profile, Διόδωρος σ. Ἀντιφίλου ἐποίησεν Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III.3 perhaps coloured border on a garment, καλάσηριν ἢ ὑπόδυμα μὴ ἔχον σκιάς Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV an uninvited guest, introduced by another (Latin umbra), Refs 1st c.AD+. (Cf. Sanskrit chāyā´ 'shadow'.)

χρῆμα, ατος, τό: (χράομαι):— need, in the phrase παρὰ χ. or παραχρῆμα (which see); a thing that one needs or uses,Refs 5th c.BC+: hence in plural, goods, property (χρήματα λέγομεν πάντα ὅσων ἡ ἀξία νομίσματι μετρεῖται Refs 8th c.BC+; of temple-treasures, heirlooms, etc., Refs 6th c.BC+; τὰ ἱρὰ χ. τῆς Ἀθηναίης Refs 5th c.BC+; πρόβατα καὶ ἄλλα χ. Refs 5th c.BC+ a man's money is his life, Refs 8th c.BC+; χρήματ᾽ ἄνηρ 'money makes the man', Refs 7th c.BC+; even of debts, διαλῦσαι τὰ χ. Refs 4th c.BC+; for how much money.. ? Answ. ἐπ᾽ οὐδενί, Refs 5th c.BC+; also in Refs 6th c.BC+, χ. δ᾽ ὃ μὲν Διόθεν καὶ σὺν δίκῃ ἀνδρὶ γένητα; in Attic dialect, οὐδενὸς ἂν χ. δεξάμενοι at no price, Refs 5th c.BC+; and in later Prose, fund, sum of money, Arch. f. Religionswiss.Refs 2nd c.BC+; τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ χ. NT+1st c.BC+merchandise, Refs 5th c.BC+; property, substance, Refs __II generally, thing, matter, affair, especially in Epic dialect and Ionic dialect, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀντὶ πάντων χ. on every account, Refs 5th c.BC+; πᾶν χ. ἐκίνεε 'left no stone unturned', Refs 5th c.BC+; τεκμαίρει χρῆμ᾽ ἕκαστον 'deeds show the man', Refs 5th c.BC+; περαίνεται τὸ χ. the issue is being decided, Refs 1st c.AD+: plural, simply, things, ὁμοῦ πάντα χ. ἦν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 χρῆμα is frequently expressed where it might be omitted, δεινὸν χ. ἐποιεῦντο Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐς ἀφανὲς χ. ἀποστέλλειν ἀποικίην to send out a colony without any certain destination, Refs; frequently in Trag., τί χρῆμ; ={τί}; what? τί χ. λεύσσ; Refs 4th c.BC+; or why? Refs 5th c.BC+; so in genitive, τοῦ χ. (i.e. ἕνεκα); Refs 5th c.BC+; τί δ᾽ ἐστὶ χρῆμ; what is the matter? Refs 5th c.BC+; μάλιστα χρημάτων most of anything, i. e. certainly, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.3 used in periphrases to express something strange or extraordinary of its kind, ὑὸς χ. μέγα a huge monster of a boar, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ χ. τῶν νυκτῶν ὅσον what a business the nights are! Refs 5th c.BC+; λιπαρὸν τὸ χ. τῆς πόλεως what a grand city! Refs; κλέπτον τὸ χ. τἀνδρός a thievish sort of fellow, Refs; μακάριον.. λέγεις τυράννου χ. your tyrant-creature, Refs 5th c.BC+: without a genitive, ἔλαφον, καλόν τι χ. καὶ μέγα Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφόν τοι χρῆμ᾽ ἄνθρωπος truly a clever creature is he! Refs 3rd c.BC+; κοῦφον χ. ποιητής ἐστιν καὶ πτηνὸν καὶ ἱερόν, of the poet, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. καλόν τι such a fine thing! Refs 3rd c.BC+; also in a periphrastic use, οὐδὲν χ. τοῦ ἀγκῶνος κάμψαι δύνανται cannot bend the elbow at all, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3.b so, to express a great number or mass, as we say, a deal, a heap of.., πολλόν τι χ. τῶν τέκνων, χ. πολλὸν ἀρδίων, νεῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅσον τὸ χ. παρνόπων what a lot of locusts! Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ χ. τῶν κόπων ὅσον what a lot of them! Refs; also of persons, χ. θηλειῶν womankind, Refs 5th c.BC+ what a crowd.. ! Refs 5th c.BC+ __III (χράω (B) A) oracle, Refs 5th c.BC+

† אַשְׁפֹּת n.[m.] ash-heap (?), refuse-heap, dung-hill (prob. orig. fire-place stone, cf. Arabic sub √);—א׳ abs. as beggars’ resting-place 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7 (both ‖ עָפָר; cf. Jb 2:8 Wetzstap. De); so pl. אַשְׁפַּתּוֹת La 4:5; שַׁעַר הָאַשְׁפֹּת Ne 2:13; 3:14; 12:31 = שׁ׳ הָֽשְׁפוֹת 3:13 (Ges§ 35 d).

† גִּזָּה n.f. fleece—(Arabicجِزَّةٌ, Aramaic ܓܶܙܬܳܐ ) גִּזָּה Ju 6:37 + 5 times; cstr. גִּזַּת Ju 6:37;—fleece, ג׳ צֶמֶר Ju 6:37; abs. Ju 6:37, 38(×2), 39(×2), 40.

† גָּפְרִית n.f. brimstone (Aramaic גּוּפְרִיתָא, also כבריתא, כובריתא, ܟܶܒܪܝܺܬܳܐ, ܟܽܒܪܝܺܬܳܐ; Arabic كِبْرِيت (certainly foreign wd.); der. from (כֹּפֶר), גֹּפֶר by Thes RobGes, cf. Di Gn 6:14; i.e. pitch, and then other combustibles, especially sulphur; Lagl.c. thinks from Bactr. vohûkereti)—גָּפְרִית Gn 19:24 + 6 times—brimstone, after הִמְטִיר Gn 19:24 (J), fig. of judgment ψ 11:6 Ez 38:22 (in all ‖ אֵשׁ etc.), cf. also Jb 18:15 Is 34:9, & Dt 29:22; נַחַל ג׳ simile for the destroying breath of י׳ Is 30:33.

† חֹ֫רֶף n.m. harvest-time, autumn (Arabic خَرِيفٌ freshly gathered fruit, autumn (also rain of autumn or beginning of winter) = Sab. חֿרפ(ן) DHMZMG 1875, xxix. 597; Sab. חֿרף, חֿרפם = year, cf. Ethiopic ኀሪፍ annus currens Os(Levy)ZMG 1865, 168, 174 DHMZMG 1883, 369; Assyrian ḫarpu, SchrJPTh 1875, 341 KAT2 53 n. = COT i. 54 n.)—abs. ח׳ Zc 14:8 + 5 times; sf. חָרְפִּי Jb 29:4;—קַיִץ וָחֹרֶף Gn 8:22 (J), ψ 74:17 Zc 14:8; בֵּית הַח׳ autumn-house or palace Am 3:15 Je 36:22 (+ בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַתְּשִׁיעִי in the 9th month, i.e. Nov.–Dec.); מח׳ עָצֵל לֹא יַחֲרֹשׁ Pr 20:4 a sluggard ploughs not after harvest; as implying maturity, בִּימֵי חָרְפִּי Jb 29:4 in the days of my autumn (prime).

† I. [כָּהָה] vb. be or grow dim, faint (NH id.; Aramaic כְּהָא; cf. Arabic كَهِىَ be أَكْهَى, i.e. weak, cowardly)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. כָּֽהֲתָה Dt 34:7; Impf. יִכְהֶה Is 42:4; 3 fs. תִּכְהֶה Zc 11:17; וַתֵּ֫כַהּ Jb 17:7; וַתִּכְהֶיןָ Gn 27:1: Inf. abs. כָּהֹה Zc 11:17;—grow dim, of eye Gn 27:1 (J), Dt 34:7 Jb 17:7; of violent putting out of eye Zc 11:17(×2); he shall not grow dim Is 42:4, of servant of י׳ under fig. of lamp or fire (v. Kay Che De), or grow faint (cf. Di). Pi. Pf. 3 fs. וְכִהֲתָה consec. Ez 21:12 (subj. כָּל־רוּחַ; ‖ וְנָמֵס כָּל־לֵב) grow faint (Pi intrans., Ges§ 52 k, Köi. 187; but read perhaps כָּֽהֲתָה).

† מַחְשָׁךְ n.m. dark place (poet.)—abs. מ׳ Is 29:15; 42:16; מַחְשָׁ֑ךְ ψ 88:19; pl. מַחֲשַׁכִּים 88:7; 143:3 = La 3:6; cstr. מַחֲשַׁכֵּי ψ 74:20;—dark place: a. = hiding-place מח׳־ארץ 74:20. b. dark region, in which men may lose their way Is 42:16. c. = grave, or שׁאול ψ 88:19 (v. Che); of dark place of God’s wrath (like Sheʾôl) 88:7; cf. 143:3 = La 3:6. d. = secret place, secrecy (of plots) Is 29:15.

† [סָעַר] vb. storm, rage (Ecclus. סער Hiph. 47:17 move tempestuously; סְעָרָה storm-wind 43:17; 48:9; NH Pi. stir up, blow, סְעָרָה storm-wind; = II. שָׂעַר, but relation obscure; Assyrian šâru, wind, favours originality of שׂ׳, but this only late in Heb., and for ס׳ Frä 189 cp. Arabic سَعَرَ kindle fire, excite, inflame, be vehemently hungry and thirsty, be mad, insane, etc. Lane 1363);— Qal Impf. 3 mpl. fig., יִסְעֲרוּ Hb 3:14 they [my foes] storm along to scatter me; Pt. act. סֹעֵר Jon 1:11 the sea was growing more and more stormy, so v 13 (+ עֲלֵיהֶם); f. סֹעֲרָה Is 54:11 storm-tossed (fig. of Jerusalem). Niph. Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּסָּעֵר 2 K 6:11 and the heart of the king … was enraged because of (עַל־) this thing. Pi. Impf. 1 s. sf. וְאֵסָֽעֲרֵם עַל־ Zc 7:14 (on form v. Ges§§ 23 h, 52 n) and storm them away (hurl them by a storm-wind) upon the nations. Po. Impf. 3 ms. כְּמֹץ יְסֹעֵר Ho 13:3 shall be like chaff (which) is storm-driven from a threshing-floor.

† פְּנִינִים n.[f.]pl. corals (? as branching, cf. Arabic فَنَنٌ branch of tree; so Mich Thes al.; > pearls BoHieroz. 601 Di Jb after Ra al.);—פ׳ fig. of value Pr 20:15; usu.מִפּ׳, comp. Jb 28:18; Pr 3:15 (Kt מפניים), 8:11; 31:10 (all of value), La 4:7 (of red colour); + ψ 45:14 (perhaps; for פְּנִימָה, q.v.).

† קֶ֫רַח n.m. Jb 38:29 frost, ice;—abs. ק׳ Gn 31:40 +, קָ֑רַח Jb 6:16 +; sf. קַרְחוֹ ψ 147:17;— 1. frost of night (opp. חֹרֶב of day), Gn 31:40 (E), Je 36:30. 2. ice, Jb 6:16; 37:10; 38:29 (‖ כְּפֹר hoarfrost), מַשְׁלִיךְ ק׳ כְפִתִּים ψ 147:17 (Hup al. think of hail, but v. Bae; ‖ קָרָה cold, שֶׁלֶג, כְּפוֹר v 16); probably also כְּעֵין ק׳ Ez 1:22 (so Krae; most crystal, after 𝔊).

† רֹ֫גֶז n.m.Jb 3:26 agitation, excitement, raging;—ר׳ abs. Hb 3:2 +, cstr. Jb 37:2; sf. רָגְזֶ֑ךָ Is 14:3;—raging Jb 3:17; disquiet, turmoil Is 14:3 Jb 3:26; 14:1; raging, wrath Hb 3:2; ר׳ קֹלוֹ Jb 37:2 rumbling of his voice (i.e. thunder); of excitement of warhorse, בְּרַעַשׁ וְרֹגֶז 39:24.

† I. תַּרְשִׁישׁ n.m. a precious stone, perhaps yellow jasper, or other gold-coloured stone (𝔊 Ex 28:20; 39:13 χρυσόλιθος, so JosAnt. iii, 7, 5 [168], v. PetrieHast. DB Stones, Precious MyresEncy. Bib. Id. § 17 Dr Dn 10:6);—כְּעֵין ת׳ Ez 1:16; כְּעֵין אֶבֶן ת׳ 10:9; in list of gems 28:13; Ex 28:20; 39:13; in sim. of resplendent body Dn 10:6, cf.Ct 5:14.

πηλός (Doric dialect πᾱλός Refs 5th c.BC+:— clay, earth, used by masons and potters, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. ἠχυρωμένος clay mixed with chaff for use as mortar, LXX; εὐώδεϊ πηλῷ, of earth on which wine has been poured, Refs 3rd c.AD+; Βρομιώδεα π. φύρησαν.. Χάριτες, of a drinkingcup, Refs 1st c.AD+: metaphorically, clay from which man was made: hence ὁ π. ὁ Προμηθεῖος, of man, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 mud, mire, Refs 5th c.BC+; κάσις πηλοῦ ξύνουρος, i. e. dust, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II poetical, thick or muddy wine, lees, Refs 5th c.BC+; of wine spilt on the floor, Refs 1st c.AD+; compare Πηλεύς near the end __III metaphorically, dolt, blockhead, Comedy texts Adesp.Refs

πῠρόω, (πῦρ) burn with fire, burn up, τὰς Ἀθήνας Refs 5th c.BC+; burn as a burnt sacrifice, ὀσφῦν Refs 5th c.BC+; burn on a pyre, ἣν πεπύρωκαν (sic) ἐγώ Refs; π. Κύκλωπος ὄψιν burn out his eye, Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, παῖδα πυρωσαμένη having placed my son on the pyre, Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, to be set on fire, to be burnt, πυρωθέντων Τρώων Refs 5th c.BC+ __b π. τὴν γεῦσιν, τὴν γλῶσσαν, seem hot to the taste or tongue, Refs 1st c.AD+ __c ἡ ζεστολουσία.. πυροῦσα τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν reddening or warming up the surface, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 metaphorically, set on fire, inflame, Ἔρως σὺ δ᾽ εὐθέως με πύρωσον Refs:—passive, to be inflamed or excited, παραγγέλμασιν.. πυρωθεὶς καρδίαν Refs 4th c.BC+; τινι by a person (with love), NT+1st c.AD+ __II absolutely, produce fire, Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, to become fire, to be ignited, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III treat with fire: roast, grill, Refs 5th c.BC+; bake, πλίνθους Refs 4th c.BC+; warm on the fire, Refs 2nd c.BC+; melt, [ἀργυρώματα] Refs 3rd c.BC+; make red hot, Refs 1st c.AD+; fumigate, δῶμα θεείῳ Refs 3rd c.BC+; cauterize, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.2 passive, to be affected by fire, ὁ χρυσὸς οὐ πυροῦται Refs __III.3 of gold, to be proved or tested by fire, χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρός NT: metaphorically, proved by fire, approved, LXX+1st c.AD+ __III.4 to be affected by heart-burn, Refs 1st c.AD+

χειμών, ῶνος, ὁ, (χεῖμα) winter, χειμῶνος δυσθαλπέος ὅς ῥά τε ἔργων ἀνθρώπους ἀνέπαυσεν Refs 8th c.BC+; χειμῶνι in winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; also χειμῶνος in winter-time, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. μέσου in mid-winter, Refs 5th c.BC+in the course of the winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; διὰ χειμῶνος, διὰ τοῦ χ., Refs 5th c.BC+during winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν χ. during the winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄρος ἄβατον ὑπὸ χειμῶνος in consequence of the cold weather, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to καύματα, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 the wintry quarter of the heavens, the north, Βορέης καὶ χ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II wintry, stormy weather: generally, storm, ἐπεὶ οὖν χειμῶνα φύγον καὶ ἀθέσφατον ὄμβρον Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. νοτερός a storm of rain, Refs 5th c.BC+ because of the winter-storms, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, θεόσσυτος χ. storm of calamity sent by the gods, Refs 4th c.BC+; χ. καὶ κακῶν τρικυμίαRefs; δορὸς.. ἐν χειμῶνι in the storm of battle, Refs 5th c.BC+; θολερῷ.. χ. νοσήσας, of the madness of Ajax, Refs; χ. γήρως βαρύς, of life's winter, Refs 1st c.AD+; of a person, χ. ὁ μειρακίσκος ἐστὶ τοῖς φίλοις Refs 4th c.BC+: rare in Prose, of battle, Refs 1st c.AD+; of mental and moral trouble, Refs 4th c.BC+; χ. τοῦ κλύδωνος χαλεπώτερος, of pirates, Refs 4th c.AD+ to have trouble (in cutting teeth), Refs 5th c.BC+

† אָבָק n.m. Ez 26:10 dust—א׳ Dt 28:24 + 3 textual; cstr. אֲבַק Na 1:3; sf. אֲבָקָם Ez 26:10—dust (?fleeing, flying; syn. עָפָר = oft. dust lying on or composing ground) Ex 9:9 Ez 26:10 Dt 28:24 (‖ עָפָר) Is 5:24 (‖ מָק) 29:5 (‖ מֹץ); fig. of clouds under Yahweh’s feet Na 1:3.

† אִישׁוֹן n.[m.] pupil of eye (cf. DlHA 9 PrätLOPh, Feb. 1884, but also Ar. إِنْسَانٌ العَيْنِ, & NöZMG 1886, 739)—א׳ all cstr.—א׳ עַיִן Dt 32:10 Pr 7:2; א׳ בַּת־עַיִן ψ 17:8 (in all, sim. of preciousness); = middle, midst of night בְּא׳ לַיְלָה וַאֲפֵלָה Pr 7:9; בְּא׳ חֹשֶׁךְ 20:20 Kt i.e. in deep darkness (Qr בֶּאֱשׁוּן v. Now).

† בְּדִיל n.[m.] alloy, tin, dross (orig. that which is separated from precious metal; cf. Plin. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 16, xxxiii. 9)—בּ׳ abs. Nu 31:22 + 4 times; Pl. sf. בְּדִילָ֑יִךְ Is 1:25;— 1. alloy, Is 1:25 fig. of evil of Jerusalem, which י׳ will remove (הֵסִיר; ‖ סִגָ֑יִךְ). 2. tin (plumbum album) Nu 31:22 (P; + זָהָב, כֶּסֶף, נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל, עֹפָ֑רֶת); fig. of Isr. Ez 22:18 (+ נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל, עוֹפֶרֶת); in simile v 20 (+ id. + כֶּסֶף); as article of commerce brought to Tyre from Tarashish Ez 27:12 (+ כֶּסֶף, בַּרְזֶל, עוֹפֶרֶת). 3. plummet, הָאֶבֶן הַבְּדִיל (appos.) Zc 4:10.

† דֹּ֫מֶן n.m. dung (Arabic دِمْنٌ ) always in this form and always of corpses, lying on ground as offal 2 K 9:37 Je 8:2; 9:21; 16:4; 25:33 ψ 83:11.

† V. חָרוּץ n.m. Pr 8:10 gold, poet. (Ph. חרץ, v. DrSm xxviii.; Assyrian ḫurâṣu)—חָרוּץ ψ 68:14 + 5 times; gold, always ‖ כֶּסֶף; Zc 9:3, of dove’s wings ψ 68:14 בִּירַקְרַק ח׳; elsewhere in comparison with value of wisdom, etc. Pr 3:14; 8:10 (ח׳ נִבְחָר) v 19; 16:16.

† נָגַהּ vb. shine (Assyrian nagû, shine, beam, be joyful, DlHWB 446; Ethiopic ነግሀ: Aramaic ܢܓܰܗ; NH 𝔗 נוֹגְהָא planet Venus)— Qal Pf. ועל־דרכיך נ׳ אוֹר Jb 22:28; אור נ׳ עליהם Is 9:1; Impf. ולא־יִגַּהּ שְׁבִיב אִשּׁוֹ Jb 18:5. Hiph. Impf. 1. enlighten ויהוה יַגִּיהַּ חָשְׁכִּי 2 S 22:29 = יהוה אלהי יַגִּהַּ חשׁכי ψ 18:29. 2. cause to shine (of moon) וְיָרֵחַ לא־יַגִּיהַּ אוֹרוֹ׃ Is 13:10 (‖ חָשַׁך).

† עָשַׁן vb. denom. smoke, be wroth;— Qal 1. a. smoke, Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ of mt. Ex 19:18, so Impf. 3 mpl. יֶעֱשָׁ֑נוּ (at touch of י׳) ψ 104:32; 144:5. b. fig., 3 ms. יֶעְשַׁן אַף־י׳, c. ב against, Dt 29:19 ψ 74:1. Hence 2. subj. pers., fume, i.e. be wroth, Pf. 2 ms. עָשַׁנְתָּ בּ׳ ψ 80:5.

† רְבִיבִים n.m. Je 3:3 pl. copious showers, causing fertility;—ר׳ Dt 32:2 + 3 times, רְבִבִים Je 14:22, רְבִבִם 3:3;—copious showers, Je 3:3 (+ מַלְקוֹשׁ), יִתְּנוּ ר׳ 14:22 (‖ מַגְשִׁמִים), ר׳ ψ 65:11; sim., of penetrating, pervasive infl. of prophetic words Dt 32:2 (‖ שְׂעִירִם, also מָטָר, טַל), of Jacob Mi 5:6 (‖ טַל), of future king ψ 72:6 (‖ מָטָר).

† II. רָגַע vb. be at rest, repose (prob. = Arabic رَجَعَ return, proposes return to rest, after wanderings, etc.);— Niph. Imv. 2 fs. Je 47:6 (of sword) be gathered into thy scabbard, הֵרָֽגְעִי וָדֹ֫מִּי repose, and be still. Hiph. a. trans. give rest to;—Inf. cstr. Je 31:2 הָלוֹךְ לְהַרְגִּיעוֹ I will go to give him (Isr.) rest, 50:34 לְמַעַן הִרְגִּיעַ את־הארץ (on הִ׳, v. Ges§ 531 Dr Dt 7:24; read prob. הַ׳); Is 51:4 ומשׁפטי לאור עמים אַרְגִּיעַ usually I will cause my judgment (religion) to repose as, etc. (i.e. I will establish it; cf. שִׂים 42:4); but metaph. strange: hence Bachm Che Marti (joining to v 5) צִדְקִי (אֲקָרֵב 46:13) אַרְגִּיעַ אַקְּרִיב in a moment (I. רָגַע Hiph.) will I bring near, etc., Du הִרְגִּיעַ קָרֵב, Oort Ry Kit בְּרֶגַע קָרֵב (cf. 𝔊 ἐγγίζει ταχύ). b. intrans. rest, repose, Dt 28:65 ובגוים ההם לא תַרְגִּיעַ, Is 34:14 שָׁם הִרְגִּ֫יעָה לִילִית. So Ecclus 36:31.

† רַ֫עַם n.[m.] thunder;—ascribed to י׳: ר׳ abs. Is 29:6, בְּסֵתֶר רַ֑עַם ψ 81:8 (Baer Gi; i. e. thunder-cloud); sf. קוֹל רַעַמְךָ 77:19; 104:7; cstr. רַעַם גבורתו Jb 26:14 (fig. of י׳’s display of might; opp. שֵׁמֶץ); fig. of captins, ר׳ שָׂרִים 39:25, i.e. thunderous shouting (+ תְּרוּעָה).

† I. [שָׁאָה] vb. make a din or crash, crash into ruins (perhaps akin to שׁוֹאָה (√ שׁוא) storm, devastation; > Aramaic ܫܗܳܐ be deserted, שַׁהֲוָוא, שַׁהֲוָתָא desert);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. שָׁאוּ Is 6:11 until cities have crashed into ruins; + perhaps Na 1:5 (p. 671a). Niph. Impf. 3 fs. תִּשָּׁאֶה שְׁמָמָה Is 6:11, usually, and the ground be ruined into a desolation, but 𝔊 Lo Du Marti תִּשָּׁאֵר be left a desol.; 3 mpl. יִשָּׁא֑וּן Is 17:12 they are in uproar (of nations, ‖ יֶהֱמָיוּן), v 13 (but del. as doublet Du CheHpt. Marti). Hiph. Inf. cstr. לְהַשְׁאוֹת Is 37:26, = לַהְשׁוֹת 2 K 19:25 (Ges§ 23 f Köi. 570, who follow van d. H. in giving לְהַשְׁאוֹת as Qr, but v. Baer Gi), to cause … cities to crash into ruined heaps.

† שָׁחֹר adj. black;—שׁ׳ of hair Lv 13:31, 37 (P), so fpl. שְׁחֹרוֹת Ct 5:11; of skin, fs. שְׁחוֹרָה 1:5; of horses, mpl. שְׁחֹרִים Zc 6:2, 6.

ἀκατα-στᾰσία, ἡ, instability, anarchy, confusion, NT+2nd c.BC+ __II unsteadiness, τοῦ σώματοςRefs 3rd c.BC+

ἅπτω, future ἅψω: aorist ἧψα:—passive, perfect ἧμμαι, Ionic dialect ἅμμαιRefs 5th c.BC+: future ἅψομαιRefs 8th c.BC+ (συν-) Refs 2nd c.AD+ —middle, see.below (compare ἑάφθη):—fasten or bind to, used by Refs 8th c.BC+active, ἅψας ἀμφοτέρωθεν.. ἔντερον οἰός (of a lyre-string) Refs 8th c.BC+; once in middle, ἁψαμένη βρόχον.. ἀφ᾽ ὑψηλοῖο μελάθρου having fastened the noose to the beam (to hang herself), Refs; so later ἅψεται ἀμφὶ βρόχον.. δείρᾳRefs 5th c.BC+:—active, βρόχους ἅ. κρεμαστούςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 join, ἅ. χορόνRefs 4th c.BC+; πάλην τινὶ ἅ. fasten a contest in wrestling on one, engage with one, Refs: —passive, ἅπτεσθαι τὴν Μεγαρέων πόλιν καὶ Κορινθίων τοῖς τείχεσινRefs 4th c.BC+ __II more frequently in middle, ἅπτομαι, future ἅψομαι, aorist ἡψάμηνRefs 5th c.BC+, with perfect passive ἧμμαιRefs 5th c.BC+:—fasten oneself to, grasp, c.genitive, ἅψασθαι γούνωνRefs 8th c.BC+; ἅπτεσθαί τινος, Latin manus inicere alicui, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν σφυγμῶν feel the pulse, Refs 2nd c.AD+: metaphorically, take hold of, cleave to, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.b absolutely, τῶν μὲν γὰρ πάντων βέλε᾽ ἅπτεται for the spears of all the Trojans reach their mark, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.c ἅ. τῆς γῆς land, Refs 1st c.BC+ __III metaphorically, engage in, undertake, βουλευμάτωνRefs 5th c.BC+; πολέμου prosecute it vigorously, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπιτηδεύματοςRefs 5th c.BC+ attack, impugn the argument of another, Refs; τούτων ἥψατο touched on these points, handled them, Refs 5th c.BC+; but also, touch on, treat superficially, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.b absolutely, begin, set to work, ταῖς διανοίαιςRefs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 fasten upon, attack, Refs 5th c.BC+; of diseases, ἧπταί μουRefs 5th c.BC+; ὅσα ἅπτεται ἀνθρώπων all that feed on human flesh, Refs __III.2.b lay hands on, χρημάτωνRefs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 touch, affect, ἄλγος οὐδὲν ἅπτεται νεκροῦRefs 5th c.BC+; make an impression upon, ἡμῶνRefs 2nd c.BC+ __III.4 grasp with the senses, perceive, Refs 5th c.BC+; apprehend, τῆς αἰτίαςRefs 4th c.BC+ __III.5 have intercourse with a woman, NT+5th c.BC+ __III.6 come up to, reach, overtake, Refs 5th c.BC+; attain, τῆς ἀληθείαςRefs 5th c.BC+; but also with genitive, Ἡρακλέος σταλᾶνRefs __III.7 make use of, avail oneself of, τῆς τύχηςRefs 5th c.BC+ __III.8 Geometry texts, of bodies and surfaces, to be in contact, Refs 4th c.BC+; of lines or curves, meet, Refs 3rd c.BC+; touch, Refs 3rd c.BC+; pass through a point, Refs 3rd c.BC+; of points, lie on a line or curve,Refs; ἅπτεται τὸ σημεῖον θέσει δεδομένης εὐθείας the locus of the point is a given straight line, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __B active, kindle, set on fire (i.e. by contact of fire), Refs 5th c.BC+ (so in middle, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be set on fire, ὁ μοχλὸς ἐλάϊνος ἐν πυρὶ μέλλεν ἅψεσθαιRefs 8th c.BC+; ὡς ἅφθη τάχιστα τὸ λήιον.. ἅψατο νηοῦ as soon as the corn caught fire, it set fire to the temple, Refs 5th c.BC+; πυρῆς ἤδη ἁμμένηςRefs 5th c.BC+ __B.II ἅ. πῦρ kindle a fire, Refs:—passive, ἄνθρακες ἡμμένοι red-hot embers, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III cook, Refs 2nd c.AD+

ἄργῠρος, ὁ, (ἀργός A) white metal, i.e. silver, ἐξ Ἀλύβης ὅθεν ἀργύρου ἐστὶ γενέθληRefs 8th c.BC+silver plate, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 ἄ. χυτός quicksilver, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II ={ἀργύριον}, silver-money, generally, money, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴ τι μὴ ξὺν ἀργύρῳ ἐπράσσετ᾽ by bribery, Refs; in later Prose, coupled with χρυσός, NT+4th c.AD+ __III ={λινόζωστος ἄρρην}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+

ἐκμάσσω, Attic dialect ἐκμάττω, perfect ἐκμέμᾰχα (ἐκμέμα-κα codices) conjecture in Refs 1st c.BC+aorist 2 passive -εμάγην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+; also aorist I participle ἐκμαχθείς Refs 5th c.AD+:—wipe off, wipe away, κάρᾳ κηλῖδας ἐξέμαξεν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔκμασσε [τὸ αἷμα] Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, wipe away one's tears, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 wipe dry, ὑπὸ σπόγγου Refs 5th c.BC+; [τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν πόδας] ἐ. εἰς τοὺς μέσους, of bees, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II of an artist, mould or model in wax or plaster, αὑτὸν ἐκμάττειν τε καὶ ἐνιστάναι εἰς τοὺς τῶν κακιόνων τύπους to mould and adapt oneself to.., Refs 5th c.BC+; of pessaries, Refs 5th c.BC+:—so in middle, Refs; ὧν ἔτι θερμὰ κονία.. ἐκμάσσεται ἴχνη of whose yet warm footsteps the dust receives the impress, Refs 3rd c.BC+; express, imitate, ἵππου γενεήν Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον ἐξεμάξατο τὸν διδάσκαλον he was the image of his master, Refs 4th c.AD+ —passive, μάλθης ἄναγνα σώματ᾽ ἐκμεμαγμένοι (variant{-μένα}) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκεῖνος αὐτὸς ἐκμεμαγμένος his very image, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὃ ἂν ἐκμαγῇ whatever be impressed, whatever impression be made (compare ἐκμαγεῖον), Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν ἰδέαν τοῦ παιδὸς ἐκμεμάχθαι had impressed upon him the image of the boy, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἐξᾰλείφω, perfect passive ἐξαλήλιμμαι (see. below): subjunctive aorist 2 passive ἐξαλῐφῇ variant in Refs 5th c.BC+:— plaster or wash over, τοῦ σώματος τὸ ἥμισυ ἐξηλείφοντο γύψῳ Refs 5th c.BC+; ᾗ ἔτυχε.. οὐκ ἐξαληλιμμένον τὸ τεῖχος where it was not whitewashed, Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, anoint, μύρῳ βρενθείῳ ἐξαλείψαο Refs 7th c.BC+ __II wipe out, obliterate, ἐξαλειφθεῖσ᾽ ὡς ἄγαλμα Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, wipe out of one's mind, πάντα τὰ πρόσθεν Refs 5th c.BC+; [ὑπόνοιαν] Refs 4th c.BC+; cancel, ἐ. ψηφίσματα Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐξαλειφόντων (i.e. τὸ ὀφείλημα) Refs; especially at Athens, ἐ. τινὰ ἐκ τοῦ καταλόγου strike his name off the roll, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἐγγράφω, Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, ἐξαλείψασθαι τὰς ἀπογραφάς to get one's inventory cancelled, Refs 5th c.BC+ blot it out from one's mind, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, wipe out, destroy, μὴ 'ξαλείψῃς σπέρμα Πελοπιδῶν Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ἡ Σπάρτης εὐδαιμονίη οὐκ ἐξηλείφετο Refs 5th c.BC+

ζόφος, ὁ, nether darkness, ἱεμένων Ἔρεβόσδε ὑπὸ ζόφον NT+8th c.BC+; Ἀΐδης δ᾽ ἔλαχε ζόφον ἠερόεντα obtained the realms of gloom for his share, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 generally, gloom, darkness, NT+8th c.BC+; χειμέριος ζ. the gloom of winter, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II the dark quarter, i.e. the West, ἤδη γὰρ φάος οἴχεθ᾽ ὑπὸ ζόφον Refs 8th c.BC+; ποτὶ ζόφον, opposed to πρὸς ἠῶ τ᾽ ἠέλιόν τε, Refs 8th c.BC+ (the North accusative to Refs 1st c.BC+; Γαδείρων τὸ πρὸς ζόφον to the west of.., Refs 5th c.BC+ —poetical and later Prose. (Prob. _cognate_ with ζέφυρος.)

κονῐορτ-ός, ὁ, (κόνις, ὄρνυμι) dust raised or stirred up, cloud of dust, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τῆς ὕλης νεωστὶ κεκαυμένης, i.e. a cloud of woodashes,Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 generally, dirt, sweepings, σαρώματα.. σὺν τῷ κ. Wilcken Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II metaphorically, dirty fellow, χαίρει τις αὐχμῶν ἢ ῥυπῶν, κ. ἀναπέφηνεν Refs 4th c.BC+

κῦμα, ατος, τό, (κύω) anything swollen (as if pregnant): hence, __I wave, billow, of rivers as well as the sea, in singular and plural; κ. θαλάσσης Refs 8th c.BC+; κύματ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἠϊόνος κλύζεσκον Refs 5th c.BC+ when the swell abated, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 metaphorically, flood of men, κ. χερσαῖον στρατοῦ Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.2.b of the waves of adversity, etc., κ. ἄτης, κακῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; κελαινοῦ κ. μένος, of passion, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2.c phrases: μάτην με κῦμ᾽ ὅπως παρηγορῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 Architecture texts, waved moulding, cyma, Λέσβιον κ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __II from κύω (as κύημα from κυέω), foetus, embryo, νεόσπορον Refs 5th c.BC+; of the earth, κ. λαμβάνειν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 young sprout of plants, Refs 4th c.BC+; especially of a cabbage, Refs 2nd c.AD+

σῐδήρ-εος, α, Ionic dialect and Epic dialect η, ον, Attic dialect contraction σιδηροῦς, ᾶ, οῦν Refs; Epic dialect also σιδήρειος, η, ον, see below; also late, Refs 6th c.AD+ (feminine -ειοςRefs 9th c.AD+; Doric dialect σιδάρεος [ᾱ] Refs 4th c.BC+, and see below 11, also σιδάριος Refs 4th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect σιδάριος Refs 3rd c.BC+:—made of iron or steel, ἄξων Refs 8th c.BC+; χεὶρ σ. grappling-iron, Refs 5th c.BC+, i.e. the clang of arms, Refs 8th c.BC+; σ. οὐρανός the iron sky, the firmament, which the ancients held to be of metal, Refs 8th c.BC+; σ. γένος, of the Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, ἦ γὰρ σοί γε σ. ἐν φρεσὶ θυμός a soul of iron, i.e. hard, stubborn as iron, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἦ ῥά νυ σοί γε σ. πάντα τέτυκται thou art iron all! Refs 8th c.BC+; πυρὸς μένος.. σ. the iron force of fire, Refs 8th c.BC+; of Heracles, the ironsided, Refs 4th c.BC+; of men, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὦ σιδήρεοι O ye ironhearted! Refs 5th c.BC+ __II σιδάρεοι, οἱ, Byzantine iron coins, always used in Doric dialect form, even at Athens, Refs 5th c.BC+

σκοτίζω, make dark, τὸν θεὸν τὸν φωτίζοντα καὶ σκοτίζοντα τὸν κόσμον Refs 3rd c.AD+; get in the light of, ἐνέργειαν Refs 1st c.BC+; stupefy, σκορπίους Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, to be darkened, Refs 1st c.AD+; to be blinded, σκοτισθήτωσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν LXX+NT; to be dizzy, Refs 5th c.BC+

ὑετ-ός [ῡ], ὁ, (ὕὠ rain, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially a heavy shower (whereas ὄμβρος is continuous rain, ψεκάς or ψακάς drizzle), Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, rains, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as adjective in superlative, ἄνεμοι ὑετώτατοι the rainiest winds, Refs 8th c.BC+, Attic dialect; later ῠ in ῠετοῖο Refs 2nd c.BC+

φωτεινός, ή, όν, (φῶς) shining, bright, ἥλιος Refs 5th c.BC+; σκοτεινὰ καὶ φ. [σώματαLXX+1st c.AD+ __II metaphorically, clear, distinct, λόγος Refs 1st c.AD+; also in moral sense, NT+5th c.AD+

χαλκός, Cretan dialect καυχός Refs 3rd c.BC+, ὁ:— copper, χ. ἐρυθρός Refs 8th c.BC+; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν Refs 8th c.BC+; of copper as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ᾽ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ᾽ εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ᾽ οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. ἐρυθρός (compare above) Refs 5th c.BC+; alloyed with tin to form bronze, the usual meaning of the word in Refs 8th c.BC+ and frequently in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα Refs 5th c.BC+ __II in Poets frequently for anything made of metal, especially of arms (hence Refs 5th c.BC+ the proper epithet of iron, Refs; of offensive arms, ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ., of a spear, a sword, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a knife, Refs; of an axe, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a fish-hook, Refs 8th c.BC+; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, Refs; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι, of a warrior girding on his armour,Refs; of both combined, πλάγχθη δ᾽ ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός the spear of bronze glanced off the helm of bronze, Refs __II.2 of vessels, copper, cauldron, urn,Refs 8th c.BC+; of a cinerary urn, Refs 5th c.BC+; collectively of bronze plate, χ. μυρίος, Refs 8th c.BC+; used in payment of ransom, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 of a bronze mirror, Refs 4th c.BC+; used as a burning-glass, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 collectively, copper money, NT+4th c.BC+; generally, money, opposed to κύαμοι, Refs 3rd c.AD+; χαλκοῦ σπάνις MenRefs __II.5 ={χάλκωμα}, bronze plate or tablet, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν, who have not received bronze copies of the privileges granted on discharge, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 a weight, 1/8 obol, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III χαλκοῦ ἄνθος, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.b χαλκοῦ λεπίς, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, Refsgeležìs 'iron'.)

† I. אוּר n.m. flame. לְכוּ בְאוּר אֶשְׁכֶם walk in the flame of your fire Is 50:11, & so fire itself, whose light & flame were seen 44:16; 47:14—exile Is. + 31:9 & Ez 5:2 (Co אשׁ).

† חֲשֵׁכָה n.f. darkness (chiefly poet.)—ח׳ Gn 15:12 + 2 times, so read also prob. Mi 3:6 (for MT חָֽשְׁכָה); חֲשֵׁיכָה ψ 139:12; cstr. חֶשְׁכַּת ψ 18:12; pl. חֲשֵׁכִים Is 50:10;—darkness, opp. light (אוֹרָה) ψ 139:12; supernat., ח׳ גדולה Gn 15:12 (JE); חֶשְׁכַּת־מַיִם ψ 18:12 in theoph. (but ‖ 2 S 22:12 חַשְׁרַת־מים a mass of water); fig. = lack of understanding ψ 82:5; = distress Is 8:22 (‖ צָרָה), 50:10.

† מִכְוָה n.f. burnt-spot, scar of a burn; מִכְוַת־אֵשׁ Lv 13:24; מִכְוָה v 24, 25, 28(×2) (all P).

† [קָדַח] vb. be kindled, kindle (NH id., also bore, Aramaic קְדַח, ܩܕܰܚ bore, kindle; Arabic قَدَحَ strike fire (with flint, etc.); Ph. מקדח is lamp-lighter (in temple) according to CISi. No. 352, 1, 3);— Qal 1. be kindled: Pf. 3 fs. אֵשׁ קָֽדְחָה בְּאַפִּי Dt 32:22 Je 15:14; 17:4 (reading קָֽדְחָה for קְדַחְתֶּם), all of י׳’s wrath. 2. act. kindle; Inf. cstr. כִּקְדֹחַ אֵשׁ הֲמָסִים Is 64:1 (v. [הֶמֶס]); Pt. קֹדְחֵי אֵשׁ 50:11.

† קָרָה n.f. id.;—abs. בְּיוֹם ק׳ Na 3:17 a day of coldness, cold day, so Pr 25:20; ק׳ alone, cold of night Jb 24:7; in gen., due to winds 37:9 (מִמְּזָרִים v. זרה Pi.; yet Voigt Bu, attractively, מִמְּזָוִים (cf. ψ 144:13) out of storehouses [‖ חֶדֶר]); לִפְנֵי קָרָתוֹ מִי יַעֲמֹד ψ 147:17, + pl. Zc 14:6 (read וְקָרוֹת, v. יָקָר).

† [רָעַף] vb. trickle, drip, synon. of נזל, II. ערף (cf. Arabic رَعَفَ flow (of blood), bleed (of the nose));— Qal Impf. 3 mpl. יִרְעֲפוּ, of clouds Jb 36:28 (c. עֲלֵי pers.; ‖ יִזְּלוּ), c. acc. mat. טַל Pr 3:20; fig. מַעְגָּלֶיךָ יִרְעֲפוּן דָּ֑שֶׁן ψ 65:12 (i.e. fertilizing rain); subj. of moistened ground, נְאוֹת מִדְבָּר, v 13. Hiph. Imv. mpl. הַרְעִיפוּ Is 45:8 trickle, O heavens, from above (fig.: ‖ יִזְּלוּ צֶדֶק).

† I. שָׂרָף n.m. Is 14:29 fiery, serpent, usually venomous (poss. from above √, from burning effect of poison);—abs. שׂ׳ Nu 21:8 (JE; on Arabic parallels v. JacobAr. Dichter ii. 93, iv. 10 f.), appos. נָחָשׁ שׂ׳ Dt 8:15, pl. הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְּׂרָפִים Nu 21:6; a flying serpent, or dragon, שָׂרָף מְעוֹפֵף Is 14:29; 30:6.

ἀλάβαστος [ᾰλᾰ-] or ἄλᾰβ-στρος, ὁ (ἡ, variant in Ev Marc. 14.3), globular vase without handles for holding perfumes, often made of alabaster, Refs 5th c.BC+ is the earlier Attic dialect form, Refs 4th c.BC+: Doric dialect accusative plural ἀλαβάστρωςRefs 3rd c.BC+:—neuter ἀλάβαστρον NT+3rd c.BC+: plural ἀλάβαστρα or -τα Refs 3rd c.BC+

ἄνυδρ-ος, ον, (ὕδωρ) waterless, of arid countries, Refs 8th c.BC+ Trag. cited in Phot.p.151 R.; especially without spring-water, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ ἄνυδρος (i.e. γῆ) LXX+4th c.BC+; of seasons, Refs 5th c.BC+, of a corpse, deprived of funeral lustrations; unwatered, σμύρναRefs __II ἄνυδρον, τό, ={στρύχνον μανικόν}, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἄσβεστος, ον, also η, ον Refs 8th c.BC+:— unquenchable, inextinguishable, φλόξRefs 8th c.BC+ [same place]; not quenched, πῦρ ἄ.Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄ. πόρος ὠκεανοῦ ocean's ceaseless flow, Refs 4th c.BC+; πῦρ, of hell, NT __II as substantive, ἄσβεστος (i.e. τίτανος), ἡ, unslaked lime, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.2 a mineral or gem, Refs 1st c.AD+. ἀσβεστώδης· tofus, Refs

ἴασπ-ῐς, ιδος (but accusative ἴασπιν Refs 5th c.AD+, ἡ, jasper, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II ={χρυσόγονον}, Refs 1st c.AD+. (Cf. Hebrew yāšpheh).

κατα-κλυσμός, ὁ, flood, Refs 5th c.BC+; inundation, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, κ. τῶν πραγμάτων political deluge, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II Medic.. affusion, douche, Refs

καυμᾰτ-ίζω, burn, scorch up, NT:—passive, to be burnt up, NT; become heated, suffer from heat, Refs 1st c.AD+

παραχειμ-άζω, perfect participle -κεχειμακώςNT:—winter at a place, Refs 4th c.BC+

πετρ-ώδης, ες, like rock or stone, rocky, stony, π. κατῶρυξ, of a grave, Refs 5th c.BC+; of ground, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ π. Refs; ἄνθρωποι π. καὶ δενδρώδεις Refs 3rd c.AD+

στερεός, ά, όν, also στερρός (which see), firm, solid, σ. λίθος ἠὲ σίδηρος Refs 8th c.BC+; αἰχμὴ σ. πᾶσα χρυσέη all of solid gold, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ -ώτερα τῶν ὀστέων, opposed to τὰ ἀραιότερα, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ σ., opposed to κενόν, Refs 4th c.BC+; opposed to μαλθακός, Refs 5th c.BC+; κυσὶ σ. καὶ ἰσχνοῖς, opposed to προβάτοις πίοσι καὶ ἁπαλοῖς, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. κέρας solid, opposed to κοῖλον, Refs 4th c.BC+; στερεὰ τροφή solid food, NT+1st c.BC+; τὸ σ. σῶμα, opposed to ὁ χυλός, Refs 2nd c.AD+; σ. κοιλίη costive, Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb -ρεῶς firmly, fast, κατέδησαν Refs 8th c.BC+ __b of money, standard, of full value, ἀργυρίου στερεὰ τάλαντα Refs 2nd c.BC+; so perhaps of sums due in kind, πυροῦ στερεοῦ Refs 2nd c.BC+; and of linear and square measures, τῆς προσούσης αὐλῆς πηχῶν σ. ὀκτὼ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον αὐτῷ μέρος ἥμισυ πήχεις σ. τέσσερας eight (four) standard cubits, Refs 2nd c.BC+; πόδες σ. standard feet, Refs; μέτρημα σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+ __c ὠρύγη ποταμὸς ἐπὶ τὰ τρία σ. the ditch was restored by digging to its three normal dimensions, Refs 1st c.AD+, compare 673, where the Latin version has at tria soldu (m). __2 metaphorically, stiff, stubborn, στερεοῖς ἐπέεσσι, opposed to μειλιχίοις, Refs 8th c.BC+. adverb -ρεῶς, ἀποειπεῖν Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 later, hard, stubborn, cruel, πῦρ Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῦτο ἤδη -ώτερον harder, more difficult, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 of language, τὸ εὔτονον καὶ σ. solidity, Refs 1st c.BC+ __5 σ. ζῴδια, i.e. productive of settled conditions, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II of bodies and quantities, solid, cubic, opposed to ἐπίπεδος (plane), Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. γωνία a solid angle, Refs 3rd c.BC+; σ. ἀριθμός a cubic number, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ σ. cubic numbers, representing bodies of three dimensions, Refs 5th c.BC+: dative singular στερεῷ in the third power, Refs. (Cf. Sanskrit sthirás 'firm, hard, solid', OHG. star 'rigid', ORefs 5th c.BC+ starian 'stare fixedly'.)

χάλαζ-α [χᾰ], ης, ἡ, hail NT+8th c.BC+hailstones, Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, any pelting shower, ὀμβρία χ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II any small knot like a hailstone, __II.1 pimple or tubercle in the flesh of swine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 small cyst, such as grows on the eyelid, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3 a knot or hard lump; in an egg, Refs 4th c.BC+crystals, Refs. (Cf. Sloven. žled, Little Russian oželeda 'sleet, ice'.)

ψῡχρός, ά, όν, cold, χάλαζα, νιφάδες, χιών, Refs 8th c.BC+; ψ. χαλκός (as we say 'cold steel') Refs 8th c.BC+; ψυχρόν (without ὕδωρ) Refs 6th c.BC+ also ={ψῦχος}, cold, Refs 5th c.BC+: of the air, αὔρη ψ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ψ. βίος life in the cold, Refs 5th c.BC+; of cold meats, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of a snake, Refs 3rd c.BC+: comparative -ότεροςRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ότατοςRefs 1st c.BC+ __II metaphorically, __II.1 ineffectual, vain, ἐπικουρίη ψ. Refs 5th c.BC+; θερμὴν ἐπὶ ψυχροῖσι καρδίαν ἔχεις a hot spirit in a cold business, Refs __II.2 of feelings, ψ. τέρψις, ἐλπίς, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 of persons, cold-hearted, heartless, indifferent, NT+5th c.BC+ __II.4 of flat, lifeless, insipid productions, τὸν Παλαμήδην (the play so named) ψυχρὸν ὄντ᾽ αἰσχύνεται Refs 5th c.BC+; ψ. καὶ ἀηδὴς [Μοῦσα] Refs 5th c.BC+: hence jokes in Refs 5th c.BC+; also of authors themselves, γίνεται ψυχρός Refs 1st c.BC+. adverb, ὁ δ᾽ αὖ Θέογνις ψυχρὸς ὢν ψυχρῶς ποιεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+; σκώψαντι ψ. ἐπιγελάσαι to laugh at a feeble joke, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5 silly, γραϊδίοις ψυχροῖς ὁμιλοῦντες Refs 2nd c.AD+; compare conversely μάκρα for μάκτρα (ψυχρός originally 'cooled by blowing' from ψύχω 'blow').]

† דּוֹנַג n.m. wax, דּוֹנַג Mi 1:4 + 2 times; דּוֹנָ֑ג ψ 22:15—always in simile, of melting; at theophany hills melt like wax ψ 97:5; like wax before fire Mi 1:4; wicked perish as wax melteth before fire ψ 68:3; heart melteth like wax ψ 22:15 (simile of fear, despair). On ד׳ in ψ 118:12 cf. Bae Checrit. n.

† [דַּרְכְּמוֹן, אֲדַרְכּוֹן (א prosthet.)] n.[m.

† I. חָמַר vb. ferment, boil or foam up (Arabic خَمَرَ ferment, leaven, خُمْرَةٌ, خَمِيرَةٌ, n. leaven; v. LagBN 207);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְיַיִן ח׳ ψ 75:9 and wine which foams, (others from IV. חמר be red); 3 pl. חָֽמְרוּ is suggested by We as poss. Hb 3:15 (for MT חֹמֶר q.v.) the great waters foamed; Impf. 3 mpl. יֶהֱמוּ יֶחְמְרוּ מֵימָיו ψ 46:4 let its water roar and foam. Peʿalʿal Pf. pass. 3 pl. מֵעַי חֳמַרְמָ֑רוּ La 1:20 my bowels are in a ferment (‖ נֶהְפַּךְ לִבִּי), of distress at calamities of Jerus.; so חֳמַרְמְרוּ מֵעַי La 2:11.—Jb 16:16 v. חמר²" dir="rtl" >IV. חמר.