Natural Substances

[מַי580] n.m. 2 S 14:14 only pl. מַ֫יִם waters, water (NH id.; MI 23 [ין]מ; SI 5 המים; Aramaic מַיָּא, מַיִּין, ܡܰܝܴ̈ܐ; Assyrian mû, pl. mê, also mâmu DlHWB 394; Arabic مَآءٌ; Ethiopic ማይ, pl. ማያት; Sab. [מו], מום, pl. מון, Min. [מה], pl. מהן DHM6th Or. Congr. (Leiden) ii. 1, 451 f. (v. on these forms BaZMG xiii, 1888, 341 ff.));—מַ֫יִם (מָ֑יִם) Gn 1:2 +; הַמַּ֫יְמָה Ex 7:15; 8:16; cstr. מֵי Gn 7:7 + 71 times; מֵימֵי Ex 4:9 + 10 times + Qr 2 K 18:27 = Is 36:12; sf. מֵימַי Ho 2:7 + 1 S 25:11 (but read here יֵינִי 𝔊 Ew Th We Klo Dr Kit Bu); מֵימֶ֫יךָ Ex 23:25 + 3 times; מֵימָיו Nu 20:8 + 6 times; מֵימֶיהָ Je 6:7; 50:38; מֵימֵינוּ La 5:4; מֵימֵיהֶם Ex 7:19 + 4 times;—waters, water (c. adj. pl. Gn 26:19 Ex 15:10 Lv 14:5, 6, 50 + often, so always c. adj.; also c. pt. pl. Nu 5:18, 19, 24 2 K 3:20 +; c. pron. pl. Nu 20:13; 27:14 2 K 2:21 +; cf. sf. Jos 4:18; before pl. vb. Gn 1:9, 20, 21; 7:17 + often; after pl. vb. Jos 3:13 Is 28:17 Pr 9:17 Ez 31:4 +; rarely c. sg. vb.; before, Gn 9:15 Lv 11:34 Nu 20:2; 24:7; 33:14 2 K 3:9; after, Nu 19:13, 20);— 1. a. water, of a spring or well (עַיִן, בְּאֵר) Gn 16:7; 24:11, 13(×2), 43 Ex 15:27(×2) (J), Gn 21:19, 25 Nu 20:17; 21:16 (E), etc.; for drinking, also Am 4:8; 8:11 Jon 3:7 + often; out of rock Ex 17:6 (E), Nu 20:8(×2), 10, 11 (P), Dt 8:15 etc.; מֵי מְרִיבָה (RSSem. i. 165. 2nd ed. 181) Nu 20:13, 24; 27:14 (P), Dt 33:8 ψ 81:8 106:32; cf. Dt 32:51 Ez 47:19; 48:28; for washing (hands, feet, person) Gn 18:4; 24:32; 43:24 (J), 2 K 3:11, Ex 29:4; 30:20 Lv 15:5, 6 + (P); (victims) Lv 1:9, 13; 8:21 (P); (vessels) Lv 6:21; 11:32, 34 (P); (garments) Lv 15:17 Nu 19:8 (P); for cooking Ex 12:9 (P), cf. Is 64:1 Ez 24:3 (symbol.); for purification Nu 8:7 (מֵי חַטָּאת), 19:9 (מֵי נִדָּה), cf. v 13, 18, 20, 21, 20:13; 31:23(×2) (all P), Ez 36:25 (fig.). b. of a river, Nile Ex 2:10; 4:9(×2) (J), Je 2:18 etc.; Jordan Jos 3:8 (D), v 15, 16 (JE), etc.; Euphrates Is 8:7 (fig.), Je 2:18; Ezek.’s river Ez 47:1(×2), 2 +, etc.; of streams, canals, etc., especially as condition of fertility Dt 8:7; 10:7 Is 1:30 Pr 30:16 2 K 3:17 +, etc. c. of sea Am 5:8; 9:6; Red Sea Ex 15:8, 10, 19 (song), 14:21, 22, 26 + (P), Jos 2:10 (D), etc. d. of flood Gn 7:7, 10; 8:3, 7, 8, 9, 11 (J), 6:17; 7:6, 17, 18(×2) 19; 8:5; 9:11, 15 (P); so מֵי־נֹחַ Is 54:9(×2) waters of Noah. e. subterranean Ex 20:4 (E), Dt 4:18; 5:8, cf. Jb 26:5 ψ 136:6. f. in clouds Je 10:13 Jb 26:8 ψ 29:3(×2) 104:3; 148:4, etc. g. of rain Ju 5:4 2 S 21:10 Dt 11:11 ψ 65:10 Jb 5:10 (‖ מָטָר), etc. h. of dew Ju 6:38. i. primæval deep Gn 1:2, 6 (P). 2. c. nomm. pr. loc. (q.v.), to denote springs, streams, or seas belonging to, near, such places: מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם Ex 7:19; 8:2; מֵי מְרִיבָה (v. supr. 1 a); מֵי מֵרוֹם Jos 11:5, 7; מֵי עֵין־שֶׁמֶשׁ Jos 15:7; מֵי נֶפְתּוֹחַ 15:9; 18:15; מֵי יְרִיחוֹ 16:1; מֵי מְגִּדּוֹ Ju 5:19; מֵי נִמְרִ(יִ)ם Is 15:6 Je 48:34; מֵי דִימוֹן Is 15:9; cf. מֵי הַ��ִּׁלֹּחַ Is 8:6; מֵימֵי גִּיחוֹן הָעֶלְיוֹן 2 Ch 32:30; cf. also n. pr. loc. מִשְׂרְפוֹת מַיִם Jos 11:8; 13:6. 3. special uses are: מֵי רַגְלַיִם water of the feet = urine 2 K 18:27 = Is 36:12; cf. בְּמֵי מַדְמֵנָה Is 25:10 Kt in water of a dunghill (> Qr בְּמוֹ); מַיִם לַחַץ water (which is) distress, because drunk in imprisonment 1 K 22:27 (‖ לֶחֶם לַחַץ) = 2 Ch 18:26; בְּמֵי־שָׁ֑לֶג in snow-water Jb 9:30 Qr (Kt במו; Me Hoffm Siegfr כְּמוֹ), מֵימֵי שֶׁלֶג 24:19; מַיִם קְדשִׁים †Nu 5:17 holy water (cf. RSSem. 165, 2nd ed. 181, but text dubious, v. Di); מֵי הַמָּרִים bitter water †Nu 5:18, 19, 23, 24; cf. Ex 15:23 (בִּי מָרִים הֵם), opp. וַיִּמְתְּקוּ הַמַּיִם v 25 and the waters were sweetened; מֵי חַטָּאת, מֵי נִדָּה v. supr. 1 a; מַיִם חַיִּים living (i.e. running) water Lv 14:5, 6, 50, 51, 52 Nu 19:17, also (fig.) Zc 14:8 (cf. Ez 47), and (fig.) Je 2:13; 17:13. See also infr. (cf. Nu 21:17, 18; v. RSSem. i. 127, 157; 2nd ed. 135, 176). 4. among fig. uses are: a. of danger or distress Is 43:2 ψ 66:12; 69:2 La 3:54; usually many waters 2 S 22:17 = ψ 18:17, cf. Jb 22:11 ψ 32:6; 144:7, or deep waters ψ 69:3, 15, cf. v 16; also מֵי־רֹאשׁ water of gall Je 8:14; 9:14; 23:15. b. פֶּרֶץ מַיִם 2 S 5:20 = 1 Ch 14:11 of outbursting force. c. שְׁאוֹן מַיִם Is 17:12, 13 or rushing nations. d. of what is impetuous, violent, overwhelming Is 28:2, 17 Ho 10:7 Jb 27:20 ψ 124:4, 5; 88:18; sim. of impetuousness פַּחַז כַּמַּיִם Gn 49:4. e. (as running away) of heart in timidity Jos 7:5, cf. ψ 22:15, of knees Ez 7:17; 21:12. f. of transitoriness Jb 11:16; 24:18 ψ 58:8. g. of refreshment Is 32:2; 49:10; spiritual 12:3. h. מֵי מְנֻחוֹת ψ 23:2 in fig. of rest and peace, cf. Je 31:9. i. of reckless bloodshed (poured out like water) ψ 79:3; cf. pouring away (and not eating) blood Dt 12:16, 24; 15:23. j. בְּאֵר מַיִם חַיִּים Ct 4:15 fig. of bride; מַיִם מִבּוֹרֶ֑ךָ Pr 5:15 of enjoyment of one’s own wife; of harlotry מַיִם גְּנוּבִים Pr 9:17 stolen waters. k. of outpoured wrath of י׳ Ho 5:10. l. of abundant justice Am 5:24. m. of outpoured feelings Jb 3:24; שִׁפְכִי כַמַּיִם לִבֵּךְ La 2:19.—Is 48:1 read prob. מִמְּעֵי for MT מִמֵּי, so Secker Du CheHpt Skinner, cf. Di.

כֶּ֫סֶף402 n.m. Gn 23:9 silver, money (NH id.; Ph. Zinj. כסף; Aramaic כַּסְפָּא, ܟܶܣܦܳܐ; Palm. כספא VogNo. 23; Assyrian kaspu; prob. the pale metal Thes al., cf. RSJPh. xiv, 125)—כ׳ abs. Gn 20:16 +, כָּ֑סֶף Ex 21:11 +; cstr. 43:21 +; sf. כַּסְפִּי Gn 42:28 + 3 times, כַּסְפְּךָ 1 K 20:3 + 2 times, כַּסְפֶּ֑ךָ Gn 17:13 Is 30:22, כַּסְפֵּךְ Is 1:22, כַּסְפֵּנוּ Gn 31:15 + 2 times, כַּסְפָּם Ho 8:4 + 6 times; pl. sf. כַּסְפֵּיהֶם Gn 42:25, 35;—silver, †1. = silver ore, raw silver (rare and mostly late) Jb 28:1, also (in fig.) Ez 22:20, 22 Zc 13:9 Pr 2:4; 17:3; 27:21 Mal 3:3(×2) ψ 12:7; 66:10 Is 48:10; הָגוֹ סִיגים מִכּ׳ Pr 25:4 remove dross from silver, cf. כ׳ סִיגִים 26:23 and סִגִים כ׳ Ez 22:18 (MT; 𝔊 כ׳ ס׳; Co del. in view of v 20); כ׳ נִמְאָס Je 6:30 (cf. v 29), כַּסְפֵּךְ הָיָה לְסִיגִים Is 1:22. †2. silver as bright, shining, fig. of dove’s wings כַּנְפֵי יוֹנָה נֶחְפָּה בַכֶּ֑סֶף ψ 68:14. 3. silver, as wealth, Gn 13:2 (J) + often (c. 54 times in all; frequently with gold, etc., v. זהב); מְלֹא בֵיתוֹ כ׳ וזהב Nu 22:18; 24:13; fig. of a slave as valuable, כַּסְפּוֹ הוּא Ex 21:21 (all JE); silver as less valuable than gold 1 K 10:21 = 2 Ch 9:20; cf. also 1 K 10:27 = 2 Ch 1:15; 9:27; כ׳ נִבְחָר choice silver, Pr 8:19; 10:20. 4. silver as spoil of war (c. זהב, q.v.) Ju 5:19 2 S 8:11 = 1 Ch 18:11 + 11 times †5. silver as merchandise Ez 27:12 Pr 3:14 (סְחַר־כ׳), Zp 1:12; cf. also 1 K 10:22 = 2 Ch 9:21. 6. silver as costly gift (c. זהב, q.v.) 1 K 15:18, 19 = 2 Ch 16:2, 3, 2 K 16:8; 18:15 2 Ch 9:14; 17:11; 21:3 Is 60:9 Dn 11:38 (other instances under 8). 7. silver as material (c. 117 times in all; often c. זהב, q.v.), of cup Gn 44:2 cf. v 8 (J), trumpets Nu 10:2 (P), כְּלֵי־כ׳ Gn 24:53 (J) +; of idols Ex 20:23 Is 2:20 Dt 29:16 Ez 16:17 ψ 115:4; 135:15 + 4 times, cf. Dt 7:25 Je 10:4 Hb 2:19; especially of fittings of tabern. Ex 26, 27, 36, 38 (19 times), and those offered by chiefs of people Nu 7 (28 times), etc. 8. silver as measure of weight and value (c. 184 times):— †a. shekels:—כ׳ שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים Ex 21:32 (JE), cf. 2 S 24:24 Lv 5:15 Nu 18:16 (both P), Ne 5:15; also (diff. order) חֲמִשָּׁה שׁקלים כ׳ Lv 27:6(×2) (P), cf. Jos 7:21 (JE), 2 K 15:20, and אַרְבַּע מֵאֹת שֶׁקֶל כ׳ Gn 23:15, 16, cf. Lv 27:3, 16 (all P), 1 S 9:8; once שִׁבְעָה שְׁקָלִים וַעֲשָׂרָה הַכּ׳ Je 32:9. b. more often om. שׁקל Gn 20:16; 45:22 (E), 37:28 (J), Ho 3:2 Ct 8:11 + 17 times †c. talents:—כִּכַּר (הַ)כּ׳ Ex 38:27 (P), cf. 1 K 20:39 2 K 5:22; 15:19; 18:14; 23:33 = 2 Ch 36:3, 1 Ch 19:6 2 Ch 25:6; 27:5 Est 3:9; עֶשֶׂר כִּכְּרֵי־כ׳ 2 K 5:5; כִּכְּרַיִם כ׳ 1 K 16:24 2 K 5:23; כ׳ אלף אלפים ככרים 1 Ch 22:14 cf. 29:7 Ezr 8:26. †d. minas:—כ׳ מָנִים חֲמֵשֶׁת אֲלָפִים Ezr 2:69 cf. Ne 7:70, 71. e. more often = money, measure of value and exchange (c. 112 times; not necess. coined) Gn 31:15 42:25, 27 (E), 43:12(×2), 15, 18 (J), Gn 23:13 Lv 27:18 Nu 3:48 (P), Ju 16:18 1 K 21:2 2 K 12:5 etc.; so ψ 68:31 Che, but see De Grill Bae, and Checrit. n.; מִקְנַת כ׳ one bought for money Gn 17:12, 13, 23, 27 Ex 12:44 (all P); כ׳ מִקְנָתוֹ Lv 25:51 (H) money for which he was bought; כ׳ מָלֵא full price Gn 23:9 (P) 1 Ch 21:22, 24; כַּסְפֵּנוּ בְּמִשְׁקָלוֹ Gn 43:21 i.e. our money in full; כ׳ מִמְכָּרוֹ Lv 25:50 the price of his sale; כ׳ אָשָׁם 2 K 12:17 trespass-money, כ׳ חַטָּאוֹת v 17 sin-money, כ׳ הַכִּפֻּרִים Ex 30:16 atonement-money, כ׳ הַפִּדְיוֹן Nu 3:49 redemption-money (both P); כ׳ עֶרְכְּךָ Lv 27:15, 19 i.e. estimated value, etc. 9. among vbs. and phr. with כ׳ are:—צרף try, refine, Zc 13:9 Is 48:10 Mal 3:3a ψ 12:7; 66:10; זִקַּק Mal 3:3b, (cf. הִתּוּךְ Ez 22:22, √ נתך, see v 20, 21); יפּה beautify בכ׳ Je 10:4; תָּפוּשׂ כ׳ Hb 2:19 encased with gold and silver; שָׁקַל את־הַכּ׳ לְ weigh out the silver to or for a person Je 32:9 Gn 23:16 (P) Ezr 8:25, without לְ Je 32:10, cf. Ex 22:16 (E), 1 K 20:39; שׁקל כ׳ ב׳ Is 55:2 = spend money for; לֹא יִשָּׁקֵל כ׳ מְחִירָהּ Jb 28:15; וַיִּשְׁקְלוּ אֶת־שְׂבָרִי שׁלשׁים כ׳ Zc 11:12; כ׳ בַּקָּנֶה ישׁקלו Is 46:6, of weighing material for idol; מָכַר בכ׳ sell for money Am 2:6 Gn 37:28 (J), Dt 21:14; נָתַן בכ׳ Dt 2:28b 1 K 21:6, 15 Gn 23:9 (P), 1 Ch 21:22; also, of food, הִשְׁבִּיר ב׳ Dt 2:28a; נתן כ׳ השׂדה Gn 23:13 (P) pay the price of the field; קָנָה בְכ׳ buy something for money Am 8:6 Je 32:25, 44 Is 43:24 1 Ch 21:24, cf. קָנָה נֶפֶשׁ קִנְיַן כ׳ Lv 22:11 (H); שׁבר בכ׳ Dt 2:6a Is 55:1; כרה בכ׳ Dt 2:6b; peculiar is its use with פָּדָה, redeem (q.v.) in Nu 18:16; לקח כ׳ receive money 2 K 5:26; 12:8, 9; לָוָה כ׳ Ne 5:4 borrow money; הִלְוָה Ex 22:24 (JE) lend money to (c. 2 acc.); נתן כ׳ בְּנֶשֶׁךְ give money on usury Lv 25:37 (H), ψ 15:5; cf. לֹא תַשִּׁיךְ לְאָחִיךָ נֶשֶׁךְ כ׳ Dt 23:20.

זָהָב385 n.m. Gn 2:12 gold (NH id.; Arabic ذَهَبٌ, Sab. דֿהב e.g. Os29 DHMZMG 1883, 338; Aramaic דְּהַב, ܕܗܰܒ, Palm. דהבא VogNo. 23)—ז׳ abs. Gn 2:11 + 364 times; cstr. Gn 2:12 + 6 times; sf. זְהָבִי 1 K 20:7 + 2 times; זְהָֽבְךָ 1 K 20:3, 5; זְהָבֶ֑ךָ Is 30:22; זְהָבוֹ Is 2:20; 31:7; זְהָבָם Ho 8:4 + 4 times;—gold, 1. = gold-ore, gold in a raw state, Gn 2:11, 12 Je 10:9 Pr 17:3; 27:21 Jb 28:1 +; perhaps also 1 K 9:28; 10:11; 22:49 etc.; cf. עַפְרֹת ז׳ Jb 28:6 gold-dust v. also Zc 13:9 (sim. of tried people of י׳) and cf. Mal 3:3; likewise Jb 23:10 (sim. of Job’s purity, as shewn by divine tests); מִצָּפוֹן זָהָב Jb 37:22 is dub.; Ew De al. out of the North comes gold; others, however, golden light, brightness, of sun after clouds dispersed by north wind, 𝔊 Rabb. Da al.; or golden splendour of God coming from north BöÄ 76 Hi al.; Siegf conj. יהוה for זהב read perhaps זֹהַר Du and Dr. 2. gold as wealth Gn 13:2 (J; + מִקְנֶה, כֶּסֶף) 24:34 (J; + צֹאן, בָּקָר, כֶּסֶף, עֲבָדִם, שְׁפָחֹת, גְּמַלִּים, חֲמֹרִים) cf. Ho 2:8 Is 2:7 Dt 8:13; 17:17 Jb 3:15; 31:24 Zc 14:14 Ezr 1:4, 6 +; in gen., as precious: נִבְחָר שֵׁם מֵעשֶׁר רָ֑ב מִכֶּסֶף וּמִזָּהָב חֵן טוֹב Pr 22:1 to be chosen is a name more than great riches, and good favour more than silver and than gold; Jb 28:17 (of wisdom) gold and glass do not equal it; ψ 19:10 (ordinances of י׳) which are more to be desired than gold; cf. 119:72, 127; also metaph. of princes and chief men of Zion La 4:1 (cf. v 2). 3. gold as spoil of war Jos 6:19 (+ כֶּסֶף, כְּלֵי־נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל) so v 24, cf. 7:21, 24; 22:8 2 K 7:8 +. 4. gold as merchandise Ez 27:22 (+ אֶבֶן יְקָרָה, רֹאשׁ כָּל־בֹּשֶׂם), cf. also gold from Ophir 1 K 9:28 etc. (v. sub 7 infr.) 5. gold as costly gift: to a prophet מְלֹא בֵּיתוֹ כֶּסֶף וְז׳ (hypothet.), Nu 22:18; 24:13 (both E); brought by queen of Sheba to Solomon 1 K 10:2, 10 (both + אֶבֶן יְקָרָה and בְּשָׂמִים) = 2 Ch 9:1, 9; as tribute 2 K 23:35(×2) (cf. v 33; all + כֶּסֶף); as satisfaction for murder 2 S 21:4 (+ כֶּסֶף). 6. gold as material: of (nose- or ear-)ring, נֶזֶם Gn 24:22 Ex 32:2, 3 Ju 8:24, 26 Pr 11:22; 25:12 Jb 42:11; of chain Gn 41:42, shields 2 S 8:7, images of emerods 1 S 6:4, 17 and mice v 4, 11, 18; תַּפּוּחֵי ז׳ בְּמַשְׂכִּיּוֹת כֶּסֶף Pr 25:11; גֻּלַּת ז׳ Ec 12:6; כְּלֵי־ז׳ Ex 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 1 S 6:8 ψ 105:37 etc.; כְּלֵי־כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב Gn 24:53 as presents to a bride (+ בְּגָדִים); so of presents to secure king’s favour 2 S 8:10 (+ כְּלֵי נְחשֶׁת), and in list of yearly gifts or tribute to Sol. 1 K 10:25 = 2 Ch 9:24; as material of idols אֱלֹהֵי כֶסֶף וֵאלֹהֵי ז׳ Ex 20:23 cf. 32:31 Ho 8:4 Is 2:20; 30:22; 31:7 Dt 29:16 ψ 115:4; 135:15; as plating of idols Dt 7:25; especially as material of the furnishings of Solomon’s temple, or (oftener) the platings of temple, or parts thereof, or of its furnishings 1 K 6:20, 21(×3), 22(×2), 28; 7:48 + 10 times 1 K 6:7; also 2 Ch 3:5(×2), 6 + 14 times 2 Ch 3:4; cf. 1 Ch 28:14(×2) + 14 times 1 Ch 28. 29 (David’s preparation for temple); v. also 2 K 24:13 cf. 14:14 = 2 Ch 25:24, 2 K 25:15 = Je 52:19 (in accounts of plundering temple etc.); but more often still of furnishing and utensils of tabernacle, insignia of high-priest etc., Ex 25:3, 11, 24 + 97 times Ex 25–40, Lv 8:9 Nu 4:11; 8:4; (in case of large objects frequently of plating or sheathing, cf. 12 c infr.) Note the expressions תְּנוּפַת ז׳ ליהוה Ex 35:22 a wave-offering of gold, זְהַב הַתְּנוּפָה 38:24; also זְהַב הַתְּרוּמָה Nu 31:52 (all P) cf. Ezr 8:25, and (of offering to heathen god) יְכַבֵּד בְּזָהָב Dn 11:38. †7. gold described by its source, especially gold from Ophir (cf. GlasSkizze ii. 357, ff. 368) 1 K 9:28; 10:11; 22:49 1 Ch 29:4 2 Ch 8:18; 9:10; so perhaps Je 10:9 (read אוֹפִיר for אוּפַז Ew Klo al.); זְהַב שְׁבָא ψ 72:15; on ז׳ פַּרְוָ֑יִם 2 Ch 3:6 v. פרוים; cf. further Gn 2:11, 12. 8. gold defined By var. adj. and pts.: ז׳ שָׁחוּט beaten gold (v. שָׁחַט) 1 K 10:16, 17 = 2 Ch 9:15(×2), 16; ז׳ סָגוּר 1 K 6:20, 21; also 7:49, 50 10:21 = 2 Ch 4:20, 22; 9:21 (on meaning v. סָגַר); especially (but only P & Ch) ז׳ טָהוֹר pure gold Ex 25:11, 17, 24 + 21 times Ex 25, 28, 30, 37, 39 (of equipments of tabernacle and high priest’s insignia), 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 3:4; 9:17; cf. ז׳ טוֹב 2 Ch 3:5, 8; on ז׳ מוּפָז 1 K 10:18, AV best gold, cf. אוּפָז" dir="rtl" >אוּפָז, פָּזַז²" dir="rtl" >פָּזַז. 9. ז׳ as measure of weight and value: a. = gold-shekel, עֲשָׂרָה ז׳ מִשְׁקָלָם Gn 24:22; כַּף אַחַת עֲשָׂרָה ז׳ Nu 7:14 + 11 times Nu 7; אֶלֶף וּשְׁבַע־מֵאוֹת ז׳ Ju 8:26, cf. 1 K 10:16 2 K 5:5 2 Ch 9:15, 16; אַלְפֵי ז׳ וָכָ֑סֶף ψ 119:72; comp. further Jos 7:21; but also (only Ch) שֶׁקֶל expressed: שִׁקְלֵי ז׳ מִשְׁקַל שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת 1 Ch 21:25 (50 shekels of silver in ‖ 2 S 24:24); וּמִשְׁקָל לְמִסְמְרוֹת לִשְׁקָלִים חֲמִשִּׁים ז׳ 2 Ch 3:9. b. שְׁלשֶׁת מָנִים ז׳ 1 K 10:17 three minas of gold (v. מָנֶה). c. כִּכַּר ז׳ talent of gold 2 S 12:30 1 K 9:14 + (v. כִּכָּר). d. זָהָב דַּרְכְּמוֹנִים שֵׁשׁ־רִבֹּאוֹת וָאֶלֶף Ezr 2:69 cf. Ne 7:69, 70, 71; also וּכפֹרֵי ז׳ עֶשְׂרִים לַאֲדַרְכֹּנִים אָ֑לֶף Ezr 8:27 (v. דַּרְכְּמוֹן);—with the above should perhaps be compared הַזָּלִים ז׳ מִכִּיס Is 46:6 i.e. the gold used in making the god was the coin carried in the bag. 10. ז׳ = golden oil, from colour, Zc 4:12. 11. ז׳ often named with כֶּסֶף, and then, in earlier and sometimes in later writings, follows it: בַּכֶּסֶף וּבַזָּהָב Gn 13:2 (J), cf. 24:35, 53; 44:8 (all J), Ex 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 Nu 22:18; 24:13 (all E), Jos 6:19, 24 (JE), Dt 7:25; 17:17; 29:16 2 S 8:11; 21:4 1 K 7:51; 15:15, 18, 19 2 K 7:8; 16:8; 18:14; 20:13; 23:33, 35(×2) Ho 2:10; 8:4 Is 2:7; 60:9 Je 10:4 Zp 1:18 Ez 7:19; 38:13 Zc 6:11 Jo 4:5, Pr 22:1 ψ 105:37; 115:4; 135:15 2 Ch 1:15; 5:1 Ezr 1:4; 8:25 Dn 11:8 Ec 2:8 +; in later writings ז׳ often precedes Ez 28:4 Zc 14:14 Mal 3:3 1 Ch 18:10; 22:14, 16; 28:15, 16; 29:3, 4, 5, 7 2 Ch 9:14, 21; 24:14; 25:24 Ezr 1:11 ψ 119:72 Ct 1:11 Dn 11:38 +, and so in P, Ex 25:3; 31:4; 35:5, 32 Nu 31:32; yet also as early as Hb 2:19 1 K 10:22 2 K 25:15. 12. the chief vbs. used with ז׳ are: a. עָשָׂה make of (c. 2 acc.) 1 K 7:48 (cf. v 49(×2), 50(×2)) 10:6; 12:28; 14:26 2 Ch 4:7, 8, 19; 12:9; 13:8, and especially in P (tabern.) Ex 25:11, 17, 18 + 35 times Ex 25–39; also sq. בְּ work in gold, לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּזּ׳ וּבַכֶּסֶף וּבַנְּחשֶׁת Ex 31:4; 35:32, also (+ בַּבַּרְזֶל, etc.), 2 Ch 2:6, 13; b. יָצַק (obj. טַבְּעֹת ז׳) Ex 25:12; 37:3, 13 (all P); c. צִפָּה overlay with (c. 2 acc.) 1 K 6:20, 21(×2), 22, 28, 30, 32, 35 (v 32, 35 one acc. om.), 10:18 2 Ch 3:4, 10; 9:17, and especially P (tabern.) Ex 25:11, 13, 24, 28 + 15 times Ex 26–37; in same sense d. וַיְחַפֵּהוּ ז׳ 2 Ch 3:5 cf. v 7, 8, 9, and e. תָּפוּשׂ ז׳ וָכֶסֶף Hb 2:19 encased in gold and silver; also f. בַּזּ׳ יְרַקְּעֶנּוּ Is 40:19; g. רדד Hiph., וַיָּ֫רֶדּ עַל־הַכְּרוּבִים וְעַל־הַתִּמֹּרוֹת אֶת־הַזּ׳ 1 K 6:32and he spread upon the cherubim and upon the palm-trees the gold; further h. בָּחַן try, Zc 13:9, cf. i. זִקַּק Mal 3:3.—On דִּי זָהָב, n.pr. v. p. 191; on מֵי זָהָב n.pr. v. sub מַי" dir="rtl" >מַיִם.

אֶ֫בֶן274 n.f. Gn 29:2 (m. 1 S 17:40?) stone (Assyrian abnu, = the sharp, projecting? v. DlW, Pr 107; Ph. אבן; Aramaic. אֶבֶן, ܐܰܒܢܳܐ; Ethiopic እብን Sab. אבנ[ם] DHMZMG 1883, 341) = א׳ abs. Gn 28:22 +; אָ֑בֶן 11:3 +; cstr. 49:24 +; sf. אַבְנוֹ 2 K 3:25; אֲבָנִים Gn 31:46 +, etc.;—a stone (large or small). 1. in natural state, used as pillow Gn 28:11, 18 (E); seat Ex 17:12 (E); cover of well Gn 29:3(×2), 8, 10 (J) causing one to stumble Is 8:14; marring good ground 2 K 3:19, 25; hand-missile Ex 21:18 (JE) Nu 35:17, 23 (P) 2 S 16:6, 13, especially in judicial stoning, with vb. רָגַם Lv 20:2, 27; 24:23 Nu 14:10; 15:35, 36 Jos 7:25a (all P), so also Dt 21:21 2 Ch 24:21 Ez 16:40; 23:47; cf. 1 K 12:18 = 2 Ch 10:18; with vb. סָקַל Dt 13:11; 17:5; 22:21, 24 1 K 21:13; also Jos 7:25b (JE or D); sling-stones Ju 20:16 1 S 17:40, 49(×2), 50 2 Ch 26:14; hurled by engines 2 Ch 26:15; set up for inscribing law Dt 27:2, 4, 8 Jos 8:32 (all D); as memorial Jos 4:3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21 (JED) 1 S 7:12; as sacred pillar (מַצֵּבָה) Gn 28:18; 35:14 (anointed with oil), 28:22 (= בֵּיתאֵל) cf. יִשְׂרָאֵל (רֹעֶה)א׳ Gn 49:24 (v. Di); as witness 31:45 cf. Jos 24:26, 27 (all JE); pl. gathered into heap (גַּל) over dead, Jos 7:26 (v. Di) 8:29 cf. 10:18, 27 (JE) 2 S 18:17; גַּל on which meal was eaten, in a compact Gn 31:46(×2) (JE); built into altar Ex 20:25 Dt 27:5, 6 (JED) Jos 8:31 1 K 18:31, 32, 38; cf. 2 K 23:15 𝔊 Klo (for הבמה); of figured stone (forbidden) א׳ מַשְׂכִּית Lv 26:1 (H); א׳ גדולה where ark rested 1 S 6:14, 15 also v 18 (MT אבל q.v.); (v. for other noteworthy stones 9. infr.) 2. stone, as material, of tablets Ex 24:12; 31:18; 34:1 (pl.) v 4(×2) (JE) Dt 4:13; 5:19; 9:9, 10, 11; 10:1, 3; of vessels, hence prob. Ex 7:19 (P; א׳ = vessels of stone ‖ עצים) v. Di; idols (‖ עץ) Dt 4:28; 28:36, 64; 29:16 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19; also Je 3:9 Ez 20:32; pavement 2 K 16:17; edifice 1 K 6:7 cf. Gn 11:3; also 2 S 5:11 2 K 12:13 1 Ch 22:15; often pl. of (worked) stones Lv 14:40, 42(×2), 43, 45 (P; in wall of house) 2 K 22:6 +, cf. of city-wall Ne 3:35; of (ruined) city 1 K 15:22 Ne 3:34; tomb Is 14:19; אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֹת (costly building-stones) 1 K 5:31; 7:9, 10, 11 (v. also sub 3); אַבְנֵי־שַׁיִשׁ = marble (v. 𝔊) 1 Ch 29:2; אַבְנֵי גָזִית = hewn stones 1 K 5:31 1 Ch 22:2 Ez 40:42 (for altar-tables),—cf. גָּזִית" dir="rtl" >גָּזִית; א׳ מַחְצֵב 2 K 12:13; 22:6 2 Ch 34:11; foundation-stone, corner-stone Is 28:16 Je 51:26 Jb 38:6 ψ 118:22; cap-stone, completing the building, הָא׳ הָרִאשֹׁנָה Zc 4:7 (but v. רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה ψ 118:22 as above), Zc 3:9 upon one stone seven eyes, prob. refers to this cap- or head-stone; the eyes are symbol of God’s watchfulness; perhaps explaining cup-stones found in Orient, v. GutheZPV 1890, 129; stone-cutters חָרָשֵׁי א׳ 2 S 5:11 1 Ch 22:15; חֹצְבֵי הָא׳ 2 K 12:13 cf. 1 Ch 22:2. 3. precious stone, gen. with modifying word א׳ יְקָרָה coll. 2 S 12:30 1 K 10:2 + often (v. 2); א׳ הַשֹׁהַם Gn 2:12 (J) cf. Ex 25:7; 28:9; 35:9, 27; 39:6 (P) 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ מִלֻּאִים Ex 25:7; 35:9, 27 cf. 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ סַפִּיר Ez 1:26; 10:1; אַבְנֵי אֶקְדָּח Is 54:12; א׳ חֵפֶץ ib.; אַבְנֵי פוּךְ וְרִקְמָה 1 Ch 29:2; א׳ חֵן Pr 17:8; on אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ (stones of fire) Ez 28:14, 16 as precious stones = Assyrian aban išâti (?) v. DlPa 118 & W 40; but Sm al. thunderbolts; also without distinctive modifier Ex 25:7; 35:9; חָרַשׁ א׳ engraver in stone Ex 28:11 cf. 31:5; 35:33 (P). †4. stones containing metal, = ore, Dt 8:9 (v. Di) Jb 28:2 cf. v. 3. †5. a weight, as orig. stone (v. Pr 27:3 cf. Eng. weight stone = 14 lb) אַבְנֵי־כִיס Pr 16:11 (cf. Assyrian DlW 38); א׳ הַמֶּלֶךְ 2 S 14:26 (i.e. according to royal standard; cf. COT Gn 23:16); א׳ וָא׳ Dt 25:13 Pr 20:10, 23 (i.e. different weights, for dishonest use); כִּיס אַבְנֵי מִרְמָה Mi 6:11; just weights אַבְנֵי־צֶדֶק Lv 19:36; א׳ שְׁלֵמָה Pr 11:1; hence also heavy mass of metal (lead) Zc 5:8. †6. plummet Is 34:11 (stones of devastation, or emptiness, cf. on sense 2 K 21:13 Am 7:7, 8); also made of metal הא׳ הַבְּדִּיל Zc 4:10 (conversely plummet from plumbum). †7. objectslike stones; partic. hail, explicitly, אַבְנֵי הַבָּרָד Jos 10:11 cf. Is 30:30; א׳ אֶלְגָּבִישׁ Ez 13:11, 13; 38:22; but also גְּדֹלוֹת אֲבָנִים Jos 10:11 (E) (cf. Assyrian DlW 38); lime-stones אַבְנֵי־גִד Is 27:9. 8. in sim. (mostly poet.) of sinking in water Ex 15:5 = Ne 9:11; motionlessness Ex 15:16; strength Jb 6:12; firmness 41:16; solidity (of ice) 38:30; in prose, of commonness 1 K 10:27 2 Ch 1:15; also metaph. of one in fear 1 S 25:37 (i.e. petrified with terror, cf. Ex 15:16 supr.); לֵב הָא׳ = perverse, hard heart Ez 11:19; 36:26; אַבְנֵי־נֵזֶר Zc 9:16 (of ransomed Isr.)—א׳ personif. Hb 2:11 cf. v 19; cf. Ez 13:11 (v. 7 supr.) †9. In topogr. terms (nearly = n.pr.); אֶבֶן בֹּהַן Jos 15:6; 18:17; א׳ הָעֶזֶר 1 S 5:1 cf. 7:12, also 4:1 (We Dr); הָא׳ הָאָ֑זֶל 1 S 20:19, read הָאַרְגָּב הַלָּאז v. 𝔊 here & v 41 (We Dr Klo); א׳ הַזֹּחֶלֶת 1 K 1:9 (where WeSkizzen III,171 comp. Ar. Zuḥal = Saturn).

I. נְחֹ֫שֶׁת137 n.m. 1 K 7:45 (cf. AlbrechtZAW xvi (1896), 108; f. 1 Ch 18:8) copper, bronze (NH = BH; Ph. נחשׁת; Palm. נחשא Lzb 322; Syriac ܢܚܳܫܳܐ 𝔗 נְחָשָׁא, Arabic نُحَاسٌ Ethiopic ናሕስ (so also OEth. DHMEpigr. Denkm. aus Abess. (1894), 52); WMMAs. u. Eur. 127 cites Egyptian teḥost, copper (= tenḥost), as loan-wd. from נְחשֶׁת + fem. art.);—נ׳ abs. Gn 4:22 +; cstr. Ex 38:29; sf. נְחָשְׁתִּי La 3:7, נְחֻשְׁתֵּךְ Ez 16:36, נְחֻשְׁתָּהּ 24:11, נְחֻשְׁתָּם 2 K 25:13 + 2 times; du. נְחֻשְׁתַּ֫יִם Ju 16:21 + 6 times;— 1. copper, as ore Dt 8:9, cf. Zc 6:8; worked by artificer Gn 4:22 (J) 1 K 7:14(×2) 2 Ch 24:12; material—doubtless hardened with alloy, prob. tin, making bronze, cf. NowArch. i. 243 BenzArch. 214—of armour 1 S 17:5, 6 1 K 14:27, utensils 2 K 25:14 = Je 52:18, Lv 6:21 Nu 17:4 + very often, altar 2 K 16:14, 15 Ex 38:30; 39:39, etc., and other objects Nu 21:9(×2) (JE), 2 K 18:4 1 K 4:13; 7:15 ff. +, especially in description of tabernacle and temple; cast 1 K 7:14; polished מְמֹרָט v 45, מָרוּק 2 Ch 4:16 (cf. Lv 6:21); and shining מֻצְהָב Ezr 8:27. On נ׳ קָלָל Ez 1:7 Dn 10:6 v. קָלָל" dir="rtl" >קלל; נ׳ as spoil of war 2 S 8:8 2 K 25:13 = Je 52:17, 20 etc. †2. fetters of copper or bronze, usually du. Ju 16:21 2 S 3:34 2 K 25:7 = Je 39:7; 52:11 2 Ch 36:6, also 33:11; sg. only la 3:9 (fig. of oppression). 3. as less in value than gold but more than wood Is 60:17(×2) fig. of worthless people Je 6:28 (+ בַּרְזֶל), id. (as dross of silver) Ez 22:18 (+ בְּדִיל, בַּרְזֶל, עוֹפֶרֶה).—On Ez 16:36 v. נחשׁ³" dir="rtl" >IV. נחשׁ. 4. fig. of pitiless sky Dt 28:23.

† עָפָר n.m. Lv 14:42 dry earth, dust;—abs. ע׳ Gn 2:7 +, cstr. עֲפַר Gn 13:16 +; sf. עֲפָרֵךְ Ez 26:12, עֲפָרוֹ Dt 9:21, etc.; pl. cstr. עַפְרֹת Jb 28:6; Pr 8:26;— 1. lit.: a. dry, loose earth, thrown (in malice) 2 S 16:13 (‖ אֲבָנִים); וַיַּעֲלוּ ע׳ עַל־רֹאשׁ Jos 7:6 (JE; sign of grief), so Ez 27:30; La 2:10, and (c. זָרַק) Jb 2:12; loose earth (on surface of ground) 1 K 18:38; Am 2:7; Is 34:7, 9; Lv 17:13 (H) Ez 24:7 (in fig.), Nu 5:17; Jb 14:19; 38:38; 39:14; Gn 26:15 (R), made into siege works Hb 1:10; of sand-storm Dt 28:24 (+ אָבָק); as serpent’s food, token of punishment and humiliation, Gn 3:14 (J) Is 65:25 (cf. Mi 7:17 2 e infr.); ז̇חֲלֵי ע׳ Dt 32:24 (poem; cf. 2 e). b. specif. as material of human body Gn 2:7; 3:19 (J), Ec 3:20, cf. Jb 4:19; 8:19 ψ 103:14, to which it returns (שׁוּב אֶל־) Gn 3:19; Jb 10:9 ψ 104:29 Ec 3:20; so (c. עַל) Jb 34:15; Ec 12:7. c. = surface of ground Ex 8:12, 13(×2) (P; ע׳ הָאָרֶץ), Jb 19:25; Is 25:12; 26:5 (both ‖ אֶרֶץ), surface of (whole) earth Jb 41:25, מְחִלוֹת ע׳ Is 2:19 (for hiding), so ע׳ alone v 10, cf. חֹרֵי ע׳ Jb 30:6; = soil, Jb 5:6; 7:5; 14:8. d. powder of anything pulverized Dt 9:21(×2) (cf. דָּ֑ק ‖ Ex 32:20), 2 K 23:6(×2), 12, 15, so in sim. 2 S 22:43 = ψ 18:43, hence = ashes v 4; Nu 19:17. e. debris, of ruined city 1 K 20:10; Ez 26:4, 12; Ne 3:34; 4:4 ψ 102:15. The foll. are late: f. earth of the grave: לֶע׳ אֶשְׁכַּב Jb 7:21, so (c. עַל) 20:11; 21:26, cf. 17:16; יוֹרְדֵי ע׳ ψ 22:30, שֹׁכְנֵי ע׳ Is 26:19, יְשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־ע׳ Dn 12:2; עֲפַר־מָוֶת ψ 22:16; ע׳ in fig. ψ 30:10. g. mortar (i.e. dried mud) for plastering houses Lv 14:41, 42, 45 (P). h. (iron-) ore Jb 28:2; עַפְרֹת זָהָב v 6 golddust (but v. סַפִּיר). i. material of earth Is 40:12, cf. תֵּבֵל²" dir="rtl" >ראֹשׁ עַפְרֹת תֵּבֵל Pr 8:26 the first of the earth- particles of the world. 2. fig.: a. of abundance Gn 13:16(×2); 28:14 (all J) 2 Ch 1:9; Jb 27:16 ψ 78:27 (‖ חוֹל יַמִּים), cf. יַעֲקֹב²" dir="rtl" >עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב Nu 23:10 (JE); with added idea of commonness, worthlessness Zp 1:17; Zc 9:3. b. of worthlessness (alone) Jb 22:24. c. sim. of the scattered, dispersed 2 K 13:7; כֶּע׳ Is 41:2 (so van d. H. Ginsb; Baer כֵּע׳; on meaning v. Du Che, reading תְּשִׂימֵם for יִתֵּן). d. of self-abasement Gn 18:27 (+ אֵפֶר), וְנִחַמְתִּי עַל־ע׳ וָאֵפֶר Jb 42:6, יִתֵּן בֶּע׳ פִּיהוּ La 3:29. e. of humiliation (sitting or lying in dust) Is 29:4; 47:1; Mi 1:10; Jb 16:15; 40:13 ψ 7:6; 44:26; 119:25, sim. Jb 30:19; licking dust ψ 72:9 Is 49:23; Mi 7:17, cf. TelAm. tikalu ipra (of enemies, v. WklAltor. Forsch. iii. 291; also of serpent 1 a supr.); of י׳ raising from the dust 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7, 1 K 16:2; of lifting oneself Is 52:2.

ὕδωρ [ῠ, see near the end], τό, genitive ὕδατος: an Epic dialect dative ὕδει in Refs 8th c.BC+; later nominative ὕδος Refs 3rd c.BC+; Boeotian dialect οὕδωρ probably in Refs:—water, of any kind, but in Refs 8th c.BC+ rarely of seawater without an epithet, ἄνεμός τε καὶ ὕ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of rivers, ὕ. Αἰσήποιο, Στυγός, Refs 8th c.BC+; so in Lyric poetry and Trag., ὕ, Ἀσώπιον Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently in plural (but only once in Refs 8th c.BC+ the waters of Cephisus, Refs 5th c.BC+: spring-water, drinking-water, οἶνον ἔμισγον καὶ ὕ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ὕ. πίνων a water-drinker, Refs 5th c.BC+ water for washing the hands, see at {χεί; φέρτε χερσὶν ὕ}. Refs 8th c.BC+ —a curse was invoked upon those who refused fire (i.e. the right to borrow burning embers) or water or to direct a traveller on his way, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅταν τὸ ὕδωρ πνίγῃ, τί δεῖ ἐπιπίνει; if water chokes, what more can be done ? of a desperate case, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 rain-water, rain, ὅτε λαβρότατον χέει ὕ. Ζεύς Refs 8th c.BC+ is a gloss in Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ Διὸς, or παρὰ τοῦ Δ., ὕ. Refs 5th c.BC+; καινὸν ἀεὶ τὸν Δία ὕειν ὕδωρ, ὕδωρ τὸν θεὸν ποιῆσαι, Refs 5th c.BC+ thunder-showers, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 for ἐν ὕδατι βρέχεσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 in the law-courts, τὸ ὕδωρ was the water of the water-clock (κλεψύδρ), and hence the time it took in running out, ἂν ἐγχωρῇ τὸ ὕδωρ Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ὕ., ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὕ., in the time allowed me, Refs; οὐκ ἐνδέχεται πρὸς ταὐτὸ ὕ. εἰπεῖν one cannot say (all) in one speech, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπίλαβε τὸ ὕ. stop the water (which was done while the speech was interrupted by the calling of evidence and reading of documents), Refs 4th c.BC+; ἀποδιδόναι, παραδιδόναι τινὶ τὸ ὕ., to give him the turn of speaking, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 generally, liquid, ὕδατος εἴδη τὰ τοιάδε· οἶνος, οὖρον, ὀρός Refs 5th c.BC+ __II part of the constellation Aquarius, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 a name for the winter solstice, Refs 4th c.AD+ __III Ὕδατα, τά, as the name of places with hot or mineral waters, Ὕ. Σέζτια, Latin Aquae Sextiae, Ὕ. Νεαπολιτανά, etc., Refs 2nd c.AD+ [ῠ by nature, ὕ?~Xδωρ Refs 8th c.BC+, and so always in Attic dialect (except sometimes in dactylic verse, Refs 8th c.BC+ (always at end of line except in phrase Στυγὸς ὕδωρ Refs 8th c.BC+; later Epic dialect admits ὕ ¯ δωρ more freely, Refs 3rd c.BC+, so that we find ῡ in the second half of the foot in Refs 7th c.BC+.] (Cf. Sanskrit udán-, genitive udn-ás 'water', ORefs 5th c.BC+ woeter, O Norse vatn; I.-Refs 5th c.BC+ u(e)d- with suffix r alternating with n (ὕδ-ṇ-τος): cognate with Sanskrit u-ná-t-ti (root ud-), 3rd.pers. plural u-n-d-ánti 'moisten', cf. Latin unda.)

† I. צוּר n.m. Jb 29:6 rock, cliff;—צ׳ abs. Ex 17:6 +, cstr. Dt 8:15 +; sf. צוּרִי 2 S 22:3, etc.; pl. צֻרִים Nu 23:9 +, צוּרוֹת Jb 28:10; cstr. צוּרֵי 1 S 24:3 (Gi v 2);— 1. a. rocky wall, cliff, Ex 17:6(×2) (E), Dt 8:15 (צ׳ הַחַלָּמִישׁ), Is 48:21(×2) ψ 78:15, 20; 105:41; 114:8 (‖ חַלָּמִישׁ); בּוֹא בַצּ׳ Is 2:10, בִּמְעָרוֹת צֻרִים v 19, בְּנִקְרוֹת הַצּ׳ v 21, cf. Ex 33:21, 22 (JE); yielding honey (from its clefts) ψ 81:17 (cf. Dt 32:13; Dy PerlesAnal. 34 We read צוּף); as look-out Nu 23:9 (JE), home of goats 1 S 24:3 (Gi v 2), snow-covered Je 18:14; bearing (olives for) oil Dt 32:13 (חַלְמִישׁ צ׳), Jb 29:6; resort of homeless 24:8, pierced by miners 28:10, cf. perhaps שִׁית בְּצ׳ נְחָלִים אוֹפִיר 22:24 deposit (thy) gold in the rock of the wadys (most sub צֹר pebble); as quarry, fig. of Abr. as ancestor of Isr. Is 51:1; place of security 1 Ch 11:15, צ׳ הַמִּישׁוֹר Je 21:13 (of city), fig. ψ 27:5; 61:3; symb. of firmness Na 1:6; Jb 14:18; 18:4; enduring material 19:24. b. rock with flat surface 2 S 21:10; Pr 30:19. c. block of stone, boulder Ju 6:21; 13:19 (as altar); cf. צוּר מִכְשׁוֹל Is 8:14 (‖ אֶבֶן נֶגֶף). d. rock with specif. name, צ׳ עוֹרֵב Ju 7:25; Is 10:26. 2. a. fig. of God (33 times) as support and defence of his people (often ‖ אֱלֹהִים, י׳, etc.), צ׳ מָעֻזֵּךְ Is 17:10, צ׳ מָעוֹז ψ 31:3, צ׳ עֻזִּי 62:8, צ׳ מָעוֹן 71:3, צ׳ יְשֻׁעָתוֹ Dt 32:15 cf. 2 S 22:47 b (but del., v. ‖ ψ 18:47), ψ 89:27; 95:1, צ׳ וִישׁוּעָתִי 62:3, 7, צ׳ מַחְסִי 94:22, צ׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 30:29; 2 S 23:3 (personif.), צוּרִי ψ 18:3, 47 = 2 S 22:3, 47a, ψ 19:15; 28:1; 92:16; 144:1, צ׳ לְבָבִי 73:26, צוּרֵנוּ Dt 32:31, צוּרָם v 30 ψ 78:35; c. בְּ essent. בְּיָהּ י׳ צ׳ עוֹלָמִים Is 26:4 (cf. ψ 62:8; v. ב I. 7 c); as n.pr. dei (the) Rock Dt 32:4, 18 (צ׳ יְלָֽדְךָ), v 37 Hb 1:12, + (perhaps) ψ 75:6 (read בַּצּוּר, v. צַוָּאר; v. also פְּדָהצוּר). b. of a heathen god Dt 32:31, 37, cf. Is 44:8, מִי צוּר מִבַּלְעֲדֵי א׳ 2 S 22:32 ‖ ψ 18:32, cf. 1 S 2:2.—Vid. also בֵּית־צוּר" dir="rtl" >בֵּית צוּר and חֶלְקַת הַצֻּרִים" dir="rtl" >חֶלְקַת הַצֻּרִים.—ψ 89:44 v. צֹר²" dir="rtl" >צֹר sub צָרַר³" dir="rtl" >III. צרר, 49:15 v. צוּרָה" dir="rtl" >צוּרָה sub צוּר³" dir="rtl" >IV. צור.

† בַּרְזֶל n.m. Ez 27:19 iron (c. ל afform.; from piercing? NH id., Aramaic id., פַּרְזֶל, ܦܰܪܙܠܴܐ Ph. ברזל, Assyrian parzillu COTGloss, (Arabic فِرْزِلٌ fetter is loan-word))—always abs. ב׳ Gn 4:22 + 74 times (בַּרְזֶל֑ Gn 4:22 etc.);— 1. iron, lit.: a. iron-ore, stone containing iron, Dt 8:9; Jb 28:2; b. as raw material (to be worked) Gn 4:22; 1 Ch 22:3, 14, 16; 29:2(×2), 7 2 Ch 2:6, 13; 24:12; Is 44:12; c. as article of commerce Ez 27:12, 19; d. as material of furniture, utensils, implements, etc., עֶרֶשׂ ב׳ Dt 3:11, רֶכֶב ב׳ Jos 17:16, 18; Ju 1:19, 4:3, 13, כְּלֵי ב׳ Jos 6:19, 24 cf. 1 K 6:7; Nu 35:16, עֵט־ב׳ Jb 19:24 & fig. Je 17:1, חֲרִצֵי הַבּ׳ 2 S 12:31 = 1 Ch 20:3, מַגְזְרוֹת הַבּ׳ 2 S 12:31 cutting instr. of iron, vid. Am 1:3, כַּבְלֵי ב׳ ψ 149:8 (‖ זִקִּים), נֵשֶׁק ב׳ Jb 20:24, קַרְנֵי ב׳ 1 K 22:11 = 2 Ch 18:10, קִיר ב׳ & מַחֲבַת ב׳ Ez 4:3; בְּרִיחֵי ב׳, i.e. of Babylon, ag. Cyrus Is 45:2; cf. 1 S 17:7 & Is 60:17(×2) (fig.) 2. tool of iron Dt 27:5; Jos 8:31; Pr 27:17(×2) Ec 10:10 Is 10:34 (metaph.); head of an axe Dt 19:5 2 K 6:5, 6; so weapon 2 S 23:7; Jb 41:19; cf. also Nu 31:22; Jos 22:8 where iron as spoil of war. 3. iron in fig. of unwatered earth Dt 28:23; of Egyptian bondage, כּוּר הַבּ׳ Dt 4:20; 1 K 8:51; Je 11:4; of oppression עֹל ב׳ Dt 28:48; Je 28:14 cf. v 13; of strength Je 15:12(×2); cf. ב׳ מִנְעָלֶיךָ Dt 33:25 & Mi 4:13 קֶרֶן ב׳; of prophet, firm through Yahweh’s might, עַמּוּד ב׳ Je 1:18; of distress, בְּרִיחֵי ב׳ ψ 107:16 cf. v 10 of judgments of י׳, & 105:18; שֵׁבֶט ב׳ ψ 2:9; of evildoers, Je 6:28; Ez 22:18, 20; simile of scorching sky Lv 26:19; מְטִיל ב׳ of bones of hippopotamus Jb 40:18; גִּיד ב׳ of obstinate neck of Isr. Is 48:4.

λίθος [ῐ], ου, o((see. below 11), stone, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially of the stones thrown by warriors, τρηχὺς λ., λ. ὀκριόεις, Refs 8th c.BC+; also, stonequoit, Refs 8th c.BC+; of building- stones, λίθοι βασιλικοί Refs 5th c.BC+; λίθον ἕψειν 'to lose one's labour', Refs 5th c.BC+; also of stupid persons, 'blockheads', λίθοι Refs 6th c.BC+; λ. τις, ou) dou/lh Refs 3rd c.BC+; προσηγορεύθη διὰ τὸ μὴ φρονεῖν λ., of Niobe, Refs 5th c.BC+; λίθῳ λαλεῖς proverbial of ἀναίσθητοι, Refs __2 stone as a substance, opposed to wood, flesh, etc., ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι λ. χρὼς οὐδὲ σίδηρος Refs 8th c.BC+; λαοὺς δὲ λίθους ποίησε turned into stone, petrified,Refs 8th c.BC+; as an emblem of hard-heartedness, σοὶ δ᾽ αἰεὶ κραδίη στερεωτέρη ἐστὶ λίθοιο Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II λίθος, ἡ, twice in Refs 8th c.BC+: later mostly of some special stone, as the magnet is called Μαγνῆτις λ. by Refs 5th c.BC+; also Λυδία λ. by Refs 5th c.BC+ = touchstone); Ἡρακλεία λ. by Refs 5th c.BC+; so of a touchstone, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ διαφανὴς λ. a piece of crystal used for a burning-glass, Refs 5th c.BC+; χυτὴ λ. was perhaps a kind of glass, and so an older name for ὕαλος, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. = precious stone is feminine in Refs 5th c.BC+; in the sense of marble mostly masculine, λευκὸς λ. Refs 5th c.BC+; Πάριος λ. Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. Θάσιος, Αἰγύπτιος, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; compare λυχνίας, -ίτη; πώρινος λ. tufa, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 collectively, πέφυκε λίθος.. ἄφθονος, ἐξ οὗ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III grave-stone (feminine), Refs 3rd c.BC+ __IV at Athens, λίθος, ὁ, was a name for various blocks of stone used for rostra or platforms, as, __IV.1 the βῆμα (which see) of the Pnyx, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.2 another in the ἀγορά used by the κήρυκες, Refs 1st c.AD+; probably the same as ὁ πρατὴρ λ., on which the auctioneer stood when selling slaves, etc., Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV.3 an altar in the ἀγορά, at which the Thesmothetae, arbitrators, and witnesses took their oaths, Refs 4th c.BC+; compare λιθωμότης. __IV.4 two stones on which litigants stood in the Areopagus, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __V piece on a draughtboard, Refs 7th c.BC+ __VI in Medicine texts, stone in the bladder, calculus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __VII Δία λίθον ὀμνύναι, = Latin Jovem lapidem jurare, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __VIII λίθοι χαλάζης hail- stones, LXX __IX λ. ὁ οὐ λ. the philosophers' stone, Refs 5th c.BC+

I. סֶ֫לַע61 n.m. Ju 6:20 crag, cliff, synon. צוּר;—abs. ס׳ Ju 6:20 +, סָ֑לַע Nu 20:10 +; cstr. סֶ֫לַע 1 S 23:23; sf. סַלְעִי 2 S 22:2 +, סַלְעוֹ Is 31:9; pl. סְלָעִים Is 2:21 +;— 1. lit. cliff, crag Ju 6:20; Is 2:21; 7:19 Am 6:12 Nu 20:8(×2), 10(×2), 11 (cf. Ne 9:15 ψ 78:16, and contr. the צוּר of Ex 17:6), Nu 24:21; Dt 32:13 (not elsewhere Hex) Je 13:4, + 9 times; שֵׁן הַסּ׳ 1 S 14:4(×2) tooth of the crag, i.e. sharp crag, so Jb 39:28; excav. in cliff as place of burial Is 22:16; abode of wild animals, יַעֲלֵי־ס׳ v 1, cf. ψ 104:18; Pr 30:26, of birds Jb 39:28 Ct 2:14 (in fig.), cf. Je 48:28, so of Edom Ob 3 = Je 49:16; cf. (Nu 24:21 supr. and) Is 42:11; particular cliffs are: ס׳ עֵיטָם Ju 15:8, 11 cf. v 13, ס׳ (הָ)רִמּוֹן 20:45, 47(×2); 21:13 ס׳ הַמַּחְלְקוֹת 1 S 23:28 cf. v 25; v. also ii. סֶ֫לַע²" dir="rtl" >סֶלַע. †2. fig., especially סַלְעִי of י׳ (only ψψ), ψ 18:3 = 2 S 22:2, ψ 31:4; 42:10; 71:3; of Assyrian god Is 31:9 (prob.; cf. צוּר Dt 32:31, 37); צֵל ס׳ כָּבֵד Is 32:2 (sim. of protecting care); fig. of security ψ 40:3 (feet on cliff), מְצָדוֹת סְלָעִים מִשְׂגַּבּוֹ Is 33:16; symb. of obstinacy חִזְּקוּ פְנֵיהֶם מִסּ׳ Je 5:3; צְחִיחַ ס׳ (bare cliff, lit. glare of [the] cliff), in fig. of openness, flagrancy Ez 24:7, 8, of razed city 26:4, 14 (only here Ez); in fig. of fall of Bab. Je 51:25.

† I. שֵׁן n.f. 1 S 2:13 (yet m. 1 S 14:5 cf. Dr) tooth, ivory;—שׁ׳ abs. Ex 21:24 +, cstr. v 27 +, שֶׁן־ Dt 32:24; sf. שִׁנּוֹ Ex 21:27; du. שִׁנַּיִם Pr 10:26, cstr. שִׁנֵּי Je 31:29 +; sf. שִׁנֵּיהֶם ψ 124:6, שִׁנֵּימוֹ 58:7, etc.;— 1. tooth: a. of man, Ex 21:27(×3) (E), Nu 11:33 (J), Gn 49:12 (poem in J), Am 4:6; Ct 4:2; 6:6, שׁ׳ רֹעָה Pr 25:19, v. רֹעַ" dir="rtl" >II. רעע 2; of lex talionis, שׁ׳ תַּחַת שׁ׳ Ex 21:24 (E), Lv 24:20 (H), שֵׁן בְּשׁ׳ Dt 19:21; irritated by acid Pr 10:26, dulled by it (in proverb of inherited guilt) Je 31:29, 30; Ez 18:2; חָרַק שׁ׳ La 2:16; Jb 16:9 ψ 35:16; 112:10, v. חָרַק" dir="rtl" >חָרַק; אֶשָּׂא בְשָׂרִי בְשִׁנָּ֑י Jb 13:14 = risk my life (del. עַל־מָה, dittogr.; ‖ נַפְשִׁי אָשִׂים בְּכַפִּי); בְּעוֹר שִׁנָּ֑י 19:20, v. מָלַט" dir="rtl" >מָלַט Hithp. (other conj. v. Di Bi Bu Du). b. of beasts: Dt 32:24, crocodile Jb 41:6, locusts Jo 1:6 (teeth of lions); especially fig. of false prophets Mi 3:5, of foes Zc 9:7, oppressors Jb 29:17, wicked 4:10 ψ 3:8; 58:7; 124:6; of their weapons Pr 30:14 ψ 57:5; of Isr. shattered by י׳ c. tooth of a fork, tine, 1 S 2:13 (cf. Dr Sm. 291); of cliff, שֵׁן הַסֶּלַע 14:4(×2), cf. Jb 39:28, הַשֵּׁן 1 S 14:5. 2. ivory, of commerce, קַרְנוֹת שֵׁן Ez 27:15 (i.e. tusks?); as material, מִטּוֹת שׁ׳ Am 6:4, כִּסֵּא־שׁ׳ 1 K 10:18 = 2 Ch 9:17, בֵּית הָשּׁ׳ 1 K 22:39, cf. Am 3:15, הֵיכְלֵי שׁ׳ ψ 45:9, also Ez 27:6; Ct 5:14; 7:5.

† מָטָר n.m. Ex 9:33 rain (Assyrian meṭru, DlHWB 406; Arabic مَطَرٌ; Sab. (Min.) מטר HomChrestom. 127, Aramaic מִטְרָא, ܡܶܛܪܳܐ );—מ׳ Ex 9:33 + 30 times; cstr. מְטַר Dt 11:11 + 5 times; pl.cstr. מִטְרוֹת Jb 37:6;—rain, as watering earth, especially Canaan, Dt 11:11 מ׳ הַשָּׁמַיִם; as blessing sent (vb. usually נָתַן) and withheld by י׳, Dt 11:14 (‖ יוֹרֶה, מַלְקוֹשׁ); v 17 (here מְ׳ אַרְצְכֶם); 28:12 1 K 8:35, 36; 17:1 (‖ טַל), 18:1 2 Ch 6:26, 27; 7:13 Jb 5:10 (‖ מַיִם), cf. 28:26; 36:27 ψ 147:8 (vb. מֵכִין); so מְ׳ זַרְעֲךָ Is 30:23 Zc 10:1 (‖ מַלְקוֹשׁ), v 1 מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם; גֶּשֶׁם מָטָר Jb 37:6, גֶּשֶׁם מִטְרוֹת עֻזּוֹ v 6 (‖ שֶׁלֶג); 38:28 (‖ אֶגְלֵי־טָ֑ל) בְּרָקִים לַמּ׳ ψ 135:7 Je 10:13 = 51:16 (‖ הֲמוֹן מַיִם); also in נָתַן אֵת מְ׳ אַרְצְךָ אָבָק וְעָפָר Dt 28:24; cf. Is 5:6 (where acc. cogn. with הִמְטִיר); wish of David 2 S 1:21 (‖ טַל); מ׳ בַּקָּצִיר sim. of the unseasonable, Pr 26:1 (‖ שֶׁלָג בַּקַּיִץ); sent by extraord. supernat. power as sign Ex 9:33, 34 (J; both ‖ בָּרָד, קֹלוֹת) cf. 1 S 12:17, 18 (‖ קֹלוֹת); sim. of refreshment Dt 32:2 (‖ טַל), Jb 29:23 (‖ מַלְקוֹשׁ), ψ 72:6 (‖ רְבִיבִים). cf. 2 S 23:4; as destructive Pr 28:3 (מָטָר סֹחֵף); also fig., Is 4:6 (‖ זֶרֶם).

† II. גֶּ֫שֶׁם n.m. Gn 7:12 rain, shower (NH id., conn. wi. above √ dub.)—abs. ג׳ Gn 7:12 +; גָּ֑שֶׁם 1 K 18:41 +; cstr. גֶּשֶׁם Jb 37:6(×2) +; pl. גְּשָׁמִים Ezr 10:9, 13; cstr. גִּשְׁמֵי Ez 34:26; sf. גִּשְׁמֵיכֶם Lv 26:4; גִּשְׁמֵיהֶם ψ 105:32;—rain, shower Gn 7:12; 8:2 (both J) Lv 26:4 (H) Ho 6:3 Am 4:7; Je 5:24; 14:4; Is 44:14; 55:10; Ez 1:28 Jo 2:23 (‖ מוֹרֶה, מַלְקוֹשׁ); 1 K 17:7, 14; 18:45 (ג׳ גדול) 2 K 3:17; Pr 25:14, 23; Ec 11:3; Ct 2:11 ψ 105:32 וּמֵהַגּ׳ Ezr 10:9 and because of the rains, cf. v 13; קוֹל הֲמוֹן הַגּ׳ 1 K 18:41 cf. v 44 Zc 14:17; Ec 12:2; גֶּשֶׁם מָטָ֑ר וְג׳ מִטְרוֹת עֻזּוֹ Jb 37:6; מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם Zc 10:1; cf. ג׳ נְדָבוֹת ψ 68:10; fig. of blessing Ez 34:26, ג׳ בְּרָכָה v 26; of destruction ג׳ שֹׁטֵף Ez 13:11, 13 cf. 38:22.

† II. מֶ֫לַח n.m. salt (NH id.; Arabic مِلْحٌ Aramaic ܡܶܠܚܳܐ, מִלְחָא);—מ׳ abs. Gn 19:26 +; cstr. Lv 2:13;—salt for seasoning food Jb 6:6; offering Lv 2:13(×3) cf. Ez 43:24; בְּרִית מֶ֫לַח Nu 18:19 2 Ch 13:5 (cf. Lv 2:13 v. Di); used in purifying waters 2 K 2:20, 21; strewn on site of devoted city Ju 9:45 cf. Zp 2:9 (מִכְרֵה־מ׳) Dt 29:22 (‖ גָּפְרִית); produced in marshes reserved for purpose Ez 47:11; pillar of salt נְצִיב מ׳ Gn 19:26; usually in combin. יָם(־) הַמֶּלַח Gn 14:3 (עֵ֫מֶק הַשִּׂדִּים), Nu 34:3, 12 Dt 3:17 (‖ יָם הָעֲרָבָה), Jos 3:16; 12:3; 15:2, 5; 18:19; also גֵיא־מ׳ 2 S 8:13 2 K 14:7 Qr, ψ 60:2 (title), גֵּיא הַמּ׳ 1 Ch 18:12 2 Ch 25:11; 2 K 14:7 Kt.

† II. תַּרְשִׁישׁ n.pr. 1. loc. a distant port, site not certainly known (WklAltor. Forsch. v. 445); most Tartessus in Spain Thes (after older authorities) Ges Is i, 719 MeyGesch. d. Alt. i, § 281; other views are: Tyrseni (Etruscans) in Italy, WMMHast. DB Tarshish, Phoenicia RenoufPSBA xvi. 134 ff., Sardinia HalRÉJ xiii. 14; v. also Ency. Bib.Tarshish;— Tarshish, 𝔊 usually Θαρσ(ε)ις (Is 23:1, 14 Καρχήδων = Carthage);—especially in phr. אֳנִיּוֹת ת׳ Tarshish-ships (large, sea-going vessels, fit to ply to Tarshish) Is 2:16 (𝔊 πλοῖον θαλάσσης), 23:1, 14; 60:9; Ez 27:25; 1 K 22:49, ‖ 2 Ch 20:36, 37 (where the ships go to ת׳); אֳנִי ת׳ 1 K 10:22(×2) ‖ 2 Ch 9:21 (אֳנִיּוֹת), + v 21 (ships go to ת׳); ת׳ alone Is 23:6 Jon 1:3(×2); 4:2 (all c. ה loc.), Gn 10:4 ‖ 1 Ch 1:7 (erron. ה loc.), Is 66:19 ψ 72:10 Jon 1:3; בַּת־ת׳ Is 23:10; trading-port Ez 27:12; 38:13, whence comes silver Je 10:9. 2. m. a. in Benjamin 1 Ch 7:10. b. Persian noble Est 1:14; expl. by Scheft53 as OIran. tṛšus, ‘der Gierige.’

† I. עָשָׁן n.m. Ex 19:18 smoke;—abs. ע׳ Ju 20:38 +, cstr. עֲשַׁן Jos 8:20, 21; עֶ֫שֶׁן Ex 19:18; sf. עֲשָׁנוֹ Ex 19:18, עֲשָׁנָהּ Is 34:10;— 1. a. of burning city Jos 8:20, 21; Ju 20:38, 40, cf. Na 2:14; heralding a foe Is 14:31. b. in fig. of destruction of Isr. Is 9:17, Edom 34:10. c. sim. of dust-cloud Ct 3:6; of transitoriness Ho 13:3 Is 51:6 ψ 37:20 (reading בֶּע׳, as 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙), 68:3; 102:4; sim. of the unpleasant, Pr 10:26. d. breath of crocodile Jb 41:12. 2. a. attending theoph., תַּנּוּר ע׳ Gn 15:17; of mt. Ex 19:18, cf. sim. כְּע׳ הַכִּבְשָׁן v 18; Is 6:4, also 4:5 Jo 3:3. b. of God’s anger, ע׳ בְּאַפּוֹ 2 S 22:9 = ψ 18:9; so prob. also Is 65:5.

דְּהַב23 n.m. Dn 2:32 gold (so 𝔗 Syriac; BH זָהֶב);—abs. ד׳ Dn 2:32 +, דְּהַ֑ב Ezr 7:15; emph. דַּהֲבָה 5:14; 6:5; 7:18, -בָא Dn 2:35 + 15 times Dn.

† אֵ֫פֶר n.[m.] ashes (as light, flying?)—א׳ abs. Gn 18:27 +; cstr. Nu 19:9, 10—ashes of red heifer, used in purifications Nu 19:9, 10; on head, as sign of humiliation 2 S 13:19; contrition Dn 9:3 (‖ צוֹם, שַׂק), Jon 3:6 (‖ שַׂק) cf. Jb 42:6 (עָפָר וא׳), Is 58:5 (‖ שַׂק); mourning Est 4:1, 3 (‖ שַׂק) cf. Jb 2:8 (ישׁב בתוך הא׳), Je 6:26 (‖ שַׂק), Ez 27:30 (‖ עפר); in sim. scattereth hoarfrost כָּא׳ ψ 147:16; but also as filthy, loathsome כעפר וא׳ Jb 30:19 (Di sim. of mourning, grief), as worthless, מִשְׁלֵי א׳ Jb 13:12 proverbs of ashes; fig. of worthlessness Is 44:20; insignificance עפר וא׳ Gn 18:27; ignominy Ez 28:18 Mal 3:21; distress & sorrow א׳ כַּלֶּחֶם אָכָ֑לְתִּי ψ 102:10 (so Assyrian cf. ZimBP 42) cf. La 3:16 Is 61:3 (פְּאֵר תַּחַת אֵפֶר).

† שַׁ֫חַק n.m. Pr 3:20 dust, cloud (as fine, thin);—שׁ׳ abs. ψ 89:7, 38, cstr. Is 40:15; pl. שְׁחָקִים Dt 33:26 +;— 1. fine dust, שׁ׳ מֹאזְנַיִם Is 40:15 (sim. of insignif.). 2. (thin) cloud, usually pl. (often ‖ שָׁמַיִם), Dt 33:26 (poem), Is 45:8; Je 51:9; Jb 35:5; 36:28; 37:21; 38:37 ψ 36:6; 57:11; 68:35; 77:18; 78:23; 108:5; opp. תְּהוֹם Pr 3:20; 8:28; עָבֵי שׁ׳ 2 S 22:12 = ψ 18:12; = heavens, sky Jb 37:18 (c. הִרְקִיעַ), and (sg.) ψ 89:7, 38.

ἀργύριον [ῠ], τό, small coin, piece of money, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 collectively, money, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ῥητόν a fixed sum, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς ἀ. λογισθέντα calculated in our money, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. καθαρόν 'hard cash', Refs 3rd c.BC+ the money, the cash, δανείζεσθαιRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀπαιτεῖνRefs 5th c.BC+ __II ={ἄργυρος}, silver, πεντηκοσίας μνέας ἀργυρίουRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ἐπίσημον and ἄσημονRefs 5th c.BC+lead oxide, Refs 5th c.BC+

פַּרְזֶל19 n.m. Dn 2:40 iron (𝔗 Syriac; v. BH בַּרְזֶל);—abs. Dn 2:33 (-זֶ֑ל), 4:12 +; emph. פַּרְזְלָא 2:34 +;—Dn 2:33, 34 + 11 times 2; 4:12, 20; 5:4, 23; 7:7, 19.

† שֶׁ֫לֶג n.m.Is 55:10 snow;—abs. שׁ׳ Is 1:18 +, שָׁ֑לֶג Ex 4:6 +; cstr. שֶׁ֫לֶג Je 18:14;—snow, 2 S 23:20 (יוֹם הַשּׁ׳) = 1 Ch 11:22, Jb 6:16; 37:6 (‖ גֶּשֶׁם מָטָר), ψ 147:16; 148:8 (+ אֵשׁ, בָּרָד, קִיטוֹר); מֵימֵי שׁ׳ Jb 24:19, cf. 9:30 Qr (בְּמֵי, בְּמוֹ De Di Bu al., snow as purifying; v. also [מַי]); poet. אֹצְרוֹת שׁ׳ 38:22 (‖ א׳ בָּרָד; symb. of cold Pr 31:21; as moistening, fertilizing Is 55:10 (‖ גֶּשֶׁם); on mountains, fig. of normal habit, שׁ׳ לְבָנוֹן Je 18:14; sim. of whiteness, of leprosy Ex 4:6 (J), Nu 12:10 (E), 2 K 5:27; c. מִן comp., of fair skin La 4:7 (‖ חָלָב); sim. of sins, כַּשּׁ׳ יַלְבִּינוּ Is 1:18, cf. ψ 51:9 (מִן comp.); sim. of refreshment Pr 25:13 (drink cooled by snow, v. reff. in De Toy), of the unfitting כַּשּׁ׳ בַּקַיִץ 26:1 (‖ מָטָר).—On snow in Pal. v. NicolHast. DB snow.

χρύσεος, η, ον, also ος, ον in Refs 1st c.BC+, Attic dialect contraction χρυσοῦς, ῆ, οῦν Refs; Epic dialect χρύσειος, η, ον: Refs 8th c.BC+; Lyric poetry used χρύσεος, α, ον, and this form sometimes occurs in Trag. dialogue and even in Prose, as Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect χρύσιος Refs 7th c.BC+ (but χρύσεα Refs 3rd c.BC+; Boeotian dialect χρούσιος Refs 4th c.BC+: (χρυσός):—golden, frequently in Epic dialect, especially of what belonged to gods, χρυσέῳ ἐν δαπέδῳ, χρυσέοις δεπάεσσι, χρύσειον ἐπὶ θρόνον, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. τάλαντα the golden scales of Zeus, Refs; ζώνη χ., of Calypso and Circe, Refs 8th c.BC+; δόμος Refs 7th c.BC+ [prev. cited]; of possessions of mortals, Refs 8th c.BC+: sometimes enriched or adorned with gold, χ. σκῆπτρον Refs 8th c.BC+; κλῖναι, κρητῆρες, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕστηκε.. Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ χ., of a statue, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 χρύσεια μέταλλα gold-mines, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 χρυσοῦς (i.e. στατήρ), ὁ, a gold coin, ={στατήρ}, LXX+3rd c.BC+ (in Papyrus, not a coin, but the equivalent of Refs 3rd c.BC+; χρυσοῖ ἐπίσημοι Refs 2nd c.BC+ __4 χρύσεον, τό, gold plaque, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II gold-coloured, golden-yellow, ἔθειραι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀέρος κόμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν τὰ χρυσᾶ the yolks of eggs, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III metaphorically, golden, χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη Refs 8th c.BC+; τιμή Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. γένος ἀνθρώπων, of the Refs 8th c.BC+ __III.b sometimes used ironically, ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ χ. but I, fine fellow that I am.., Refs 2nd c.AD+; Πλάτωνα χρυσοῦν (i.e. Ἐπίκουρος ἐκάλει) Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III.2 wealthy, Refs 8th c.BC+ must be pronounced as disyllable, as is fully proved by such passages as Refs 8th c.BC+; so also Trag., but only in Lyric poetry, not in Iambics or Anapaestics, Refs 5th c.BC+

† חֶ֫רֶשׂ n.[m.] earthenware, earthen vessel, sherd, potsherd, P and late (NH חֶרֶס, Aramaic חֲרַס)—abs. ח׳ Lv 6:21 + 9 times, חָ֑רֶשׂ Nu 5:17 + 4 times; pl. cstr. חַרְשֵׂי Is 45:9; sf. חֲרָשֶׂיהָ Ez 23:34.— 1. earthenware: כְּלִי־ח׳ earthen vessel Je 32:14; especially P Lv 6:21; 11:33; 14:5, 50; 15:12; Nu 5:17; without כְּלִי Pr 26:23; cf. בַּקְבֻּק יוֹצֵר ח׳ Je 19:1; לְנִבְלֵי ח׳ La 4:2 they are reckoned as earthen vessels, sim. of sons of Zion; חֶרֶשׂ אֶת־חַרְשֵׂי אֲדָמָה Is 45:9 a potsherd (perhaps = earthen vessel, v. Pr 26:23 supr.) among earthen potsherds (of men, over against י׳ their potter); sim. of dryness ψ 22:16. 2. a fragment of earthenware, sherd Is 30:14 Ez 23:34; ה׳ לְהִתְגָּרֵד Jb 2:8 a sherd to scrape himself; חַדּוּדֵי ח׳ Jb 41:22 sharpest potsherds, fig. of sharp scales on belly of crocodile.

† [מָטַר] vb. denom. (cf. GerberVerb. denom. 106) [rain] (Arabic مَطَرَ; Syriac ܡܛܰܪ; 𝔗 Aph. אַמְטַר);— Niph. Impf. be rained upon חֶלְקָה אַחַת תִּמָּטֵר Am 4:7. Hiph. Pf. הִמְטִיר Gn 2:5; 19:24; וְהִמְטַרְתִּ֫י Am 4:7; Impf. יַמְטֵר ψ 11:6 Jb 20:23; וַיַּמְטֵר Ex 9:3 + 2 times; 3 fs. תַּמְטִיר Am 4:7 (but read אַמְטִיר 𝔊 𝔙); 1 s. אַמְטִיר Am 4:7 + v 7 (for תַּמְטִיר), Ez 38:22; Inf. cstr. הַמְטִיר Is 5:6 Jb 38:26; Pt. מַמְטִיר Gn 7:4 + 2 times;—send rain, rain (sq. עַל except Ex 9:18; 16:4); subj. י׳ (no dir. obj.) Gn 2:5; 7:4 (both J), Am 4:7(×3), cf. Jb 38:26; subj. clouds עָבִים by divine command Is 5:6 (acc. cogn. מָטָר); הִמְ׳ מָן ψ 78:24; שְׁאֵר v 27; לֶחֶם Ex 16:4 (J מִן־הַשָּׁמַים; no עַל); as act of judgment הִמ׳ בָּרָד rain hail, send hail, subj. י׳ Ex 9:23 (J); cf. v 18 (J; no עַל); obj. גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ Gn 19:24 (J), cf. Ez 38:22 וְגֶשֶׁם שׁוֹטֵף וְאַבְנֵי אֶלְגָּבִישׁ אֵשׁ וְגָפְרִית אַמ׳; fig. ψ 11:6 (obj. פַּחִים; but read פַּחֲמ��י אֵשׁ v. Ew Che Bae al.); Jb 20:23 (‖ cl. יְשַׁלַּח בּוֹ חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ).

δηνάριον, τό, = Latin denarius (usually represented by δραχμή (which see)), Refs 2nd c.AD+; = one tetradrachm, Refs 4th c.AD+

† I. חֹ֫מֶר n.m. cement, mortar, clay;—ח׳ abs. Gn 11:3 + 13 times; cstr. Is 10:6 + 2 times;— 1. mortar, cement for holding building-stones (brick) together Gn 11:3 (J), Ex 1:14 (P; both ‖ לְבֵנִים); Na 3:14 (‖ טיט). 2. clay: a. as material of vessels Je 18:4, 6, ח׳ היצר Is 29:16, in sim. of God’s fashioning man Is 45:9; 64:7; Jb 10:9; as material of human bodies בָּתֵּי ח׳ Jb 4:19 cf. 33:6; as material of bulwarks (disparagingly) Jb 13:12; ח׳ חותם = seal-clay i.e. clay upon which seal is pressed. b. = mire ח׳ חוצות Is 10:6; הֹרַנִי לַח׳ Jb 30:19 he hath cast me into the mire, i.e. deeply humiliated me (עָפָר and אֵפֶר in ‖ cl.); as sim. of commonness, abundance Jb 27:16 (‖ עָפָר); Is. 41:25.

† צֶ֫מֶר n.m. Ez 44:17 wool;—abs. צ׳ Is 1:18, צָ֑מֶר Lv 13:48; cstr. צֶ֫מֶר Ez 27:18 (v. infr.); sf. צַמְרִי Ho 2:7, 11;—wool (usually c. פִּשְׁתִּי(ם) flax, linen): in natural state גִּזַּת הַצּ׳ Ju 6:37, אֵילִים צ׳ 2 K 3:4 (but constr. difficult, and צ׳ perhaps gloss); Ho 2:7, 11 (as gift of value); white Is 1:18 (sim.; ‖ שֶׁלֶג), sim. of snow ψ 147:16 (from white flakes); white (?) wool as merchandise Ez 27:18 (צ׳ צָ֑חַר, but on text v. צַּ֫חַר), Pr 31:13; prey of moth Is 51:8 (sim.); made up into garments Dt 22:11, בֶּגֶד צ׳ Lv 13:47, 59 cf. v 48, 52; בֶּגֶד om. Ez 34:3; 44:17.

πέτρα, Ionic dialect and Epic dialect πέτρη, ἡ, rock; frequently of cliffs, ledges, etc. by the sea, λισσὴ αἰπεῖά τε εἰς ἅλα πέτρη Refs 8th c.BC+; χῶρος λεῖος πετράων free from rocks, of a beach,Refs 8th c.BC+; χοιρὰς π. Refs 5th c.BC+; also, rocky peak or ridge, αἰγίλιψ π. Refs 8th c.BC+; λιττὰς π. Refs 6th c.BC+; π. Λευκάς, Ὠλενίη, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; π. σύνδρομοι, Συμπληγάδες, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς πέτραις ὑψηλοκρήμνοις, of Caucasus, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. Δελφίς, π. δίλοφος, of Parnassus, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. Κεκροπία, of the Acropolis, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 π. γλαφυρή a hollow rock, i.e. a cave, Refs 8th c.BC+; σπέος κοιλῇ ὑπὸ π. Refs 8th c.BC+; δίστομος π. cave in the rock with a double entrance, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατηρεφεῖς αὐτῇ τῇ π. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕως τῆς π. down to virgin rock, NT+3rd c.BC+ __3 mass of rock or boulder, Refs 8th c.BC+ __4 stone as material, π. λαρτία, Τηΐα, Refs 3rd c.BC+, which is variant in X.[same place]; πέτρᾳ should be read in Refs 5th c.BC+; the distinction is minimized by Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II proverbial, οὐκ ἀπὸ δρυὸς οὐδ᾽ ἀπὸ πέτρης, etc. (see. δρῦς); as a symbol of firmness, ὁ δ᾽ ἐστάθη ἠΰτε π. ἔμπεδον Refs 8th c.BC+; of hard-heartedness, ἐκ πέτρας εἰργασμένος Refs 5th c.BC+ in a text with musical accompaniment, Refs

† דֶּ֫שֶׁן n.m. fatness, fat ashes—abs. ד׳ ψ 63:6 + 8 times, דָּ֑שֶׁן Lv 1:16 + 3 times; cstr. דֶּשֶׁן ψ 36:9; sf. דִּשְׁנִי Ju 9:9— 1. fatness, abundance, luxuriance, oil, Ju 9:9 (of olive tree); abundance, fertility ψ 63:5 (in simile ‖ חֵלֶב), 65:12, of food and drink, Jb 36:16 Je 31:14; passing over into fig. of spiritual blessing ψ 36:9 (ד׳ ביתך), Is 55:2. 2. fat ashes, i.e. ashes of victims, mixed with the fat Lv 1:16; 4:12(×2); 6:3, 4 (all P) Je 31:40 1 Ki 13:3, 5.

καπνός, ὁ, smoke, Refs 8th c.BC+; spray, καπνοῦ καὶ κύματος ἐκτὸς ἔεργε νῆα Refs 8th c.BC+, of things worth nothing, Refs 5th c.BC+ learned trifles, Refs 5th c.BC+; nickname of a man, Refs to throw water on the smoking embers, Refs 5th c.BC+ 'out of the frying-pan into the fire', Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II fumitory, Fumaria officinalis, Refs 1st c.AD+

† כְּסַף n.m. Ezr 7:17 silver (v. BH);—abs. כ׳ Ezr 7:15 +, כְּסֲ֑ף Dn 2:32; emph. כַּסְפָּא v 35 +;— 1. as material Dn 2:32, 35, 45; 5:2, 4, 23 Ezr 5:14; 6:5. 2. as money or its equivalent Ezr 7:17, v 15, 16, 18, 22.

χρῡσίον, τό, diminutive of χρυσός, a piece of gold, generally, gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 anything made of gold, gold plate, ornaments of gold, etc., ἄσημον NT+5th c.BC+ __3 especially gold coin, money, Refs 5th c.BC+pieces of gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 gold thread, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as a term of endearment, my little treasure! Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ={τὸ τῶν παιδίων αἰδοῖον}, Refs 5th c.AD+

† III. חֹ֫מֶר n.m. homer, a dry measure (perhaps from above √, but dub.; cf. Assyrian amâru, surround, contain, ii. R 36:19 a. b Strm4760, imêru, a measure ZimBP 6 n)—ח׳ abs. Is 5:10 + 5 times Ez; cstr. Ho 3:2 + 3 times; pl. הֳמָרִים Nu 11:32;—ח׳ of barley Ho 3:2; Ez 45:13, cf. זֶרַע ח׳ שְׂעֹרִים Lv 27:16 i.e. land on which a ח׳ of barley seed was sown (taxed at 50 shekels); ח׳ of wheat Ez 45:13; in gen. זֶרַע ח׳ Is 5:10; = 10 ephahs (or baths, v. בַּת sub בתת) Ez 45:11(×3), 14(×2) (in v 14 del. Co); on actual size of ח׳, = 393.9 litres, v. Hultzsch Metrol. 2nd ed. 448, 452 f.. See further ii. בַּת and reff., BenzArch. 183 f. NowArch. i, 203 f.

† מֹר, מוֹר n.m. Ct 5:5 myrrh (from bitter taste; Assyrian murru MeissnSuppl. 60; Arabic مُرٌّ; cf. LagBN 40);—abs. מֹר ψ 45:9 + 5 times, מוֹר Ct 4:6 + 3 times Ct; cstr. מָר־ Ex 30:23; sf. מוֹרִי Ct 5:1;—myrrh (late), an Arabian gum, exuding from the bark of a tree, Balsamodendron Myrrha (v. Sigismund Aromata 12 f. RiHWB s. v.):—as flowing, i.e. fine, choice (carefully prepared by pressing and mixing, cf. Di Ex 30:23 RiHWB): מָר־דְּרוֹר Ex 30:23 (v. i. דְּרוֹר), ingredient of sacred oil; מוֹר עֹבֵר Ct 5:5, 13 (as perfume); cf. (as perfume) Ct 1:13; 4:14; 5:1, 5; הַר־הַמּוֹר 4:6, i.e. where it is gathered; as perfume also ψ 45:9 Pr 7:17, as incense מְקֻטֶּרֶת מֹר וּלְבֹנָה Ct 3:6; שֶׁמֶן הַמּוֹר as unguent Est 2:12.

† גָּזִית n.f. a cutting, hewing—גָּזִית Ex 20:25 + 10 times, always abs.;—hewing, אַבְנֵי ג׳ = hewn stones (building-stones) 1 K 5:31; 1 Ch 22:2; Ez 40:42 (for tables), cf. אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֹת כְּמִדּוֹת ג׳ 1 K 7:9,11 (but Klo del. as gloss, cf. 𝔊; also without אבני = hewn stones Ex 20:25 (altar) Am 5:11 (בָּֽתֵּי ג׳) Is 9:9 (opp. לְבֵנִים); טוּרֵי ג׳ 1 K 6:36, טוּרִים ג׳ 7:12; also La 3:9 גָּדַר דַּרְכִּי בְּג׳.

† סַפִּיר n.[m.] sapphire, perhaps also lapis lazuli (cf. Di Ex 24:10 NowArch. i. 131) (NH id., and סַמְפִּירִינוֹן; 𝔗 סַפִרִינוֹן; 𝔖 ܣܰܦܺܝܠܴܐ; loan-word from Skr. çanipriya according to LagGes. Abh. 72 LewyFremdw. 56 cf. Gk. σάπφειρος);—abs. ס׳ Ex 24:10 + 8 times; pl. סַפִּירִים Is 54:11 Ct 5:14;—with other jewels as ornaments of prince Ez 28:13; in high priest’s breastplate Ex 28:18; 39:11; found in mines Jb 28:6, costly Jb 28:16 cf. Is 54:11; taking high polish La 4:7 (in fig.); שֵׁן מְעֻלֶּפֶת סַפִּירִים Ct 5:14 ivory covered with sapphires (in fig.); lapis lazuli, according to Hi Bu Du al. in Jb 28:6 (עַפְרֹת זָהָב לוֹ being understood of sparkling crystals of iron pyrites in this), but v. Di; lapis lazuli may be intended in לִבְנַת הַסּ׳ Ex 24:10 (J) pavement of sapphire (in theoph., cf. אֶבֶן־ס׳ Ez 1:26; 10:1.

† I. שֹׁ֫הַם n.m. Jb 28:16 a gem, identif. dubious, Vrss vary; onyx or chrysoprasus RiHWB 2, 336 f. onyx TaylorHast. DB iii. 624, beryl RidgewayEncy. Bib. 545 malachite Myresib. 4808, etc.; cf. also Dr Gn 2:12 (√ unknown; perhaps loan-word, cf. Assyrian sâmtu DlWB 438);—אֶבֶן הַשּׁ׳ Gn 2:12 (J; + הַבְּדֹלַח), in land Ḥavilah; אַבְנֵי שׁ׳ Ex 25:7; 28:9; 35:9, 27; 39:6 (all P), 1 Ch 29:2; אֶבֶן om. Ez 28:13; Ex 28:20; 39:13 (both P; all in lists of gems); שׁ׳ יָקָר וְסַפִּיר Jb 28:16.

χρῡσός, ὁ, gold, τιμῆς Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐσθής, Refs 8th c.BC+; χρυσὸν κέρασιν περιχεύας (of a victim) Refs 8th c.BC+; κοῖλος ἄργυρος καὶ χ. silver and gold plate, Refs 4th c.BC+; λευκὸς χ. white gold, i.e. gold alloyed with silver, opposed to χ. ἄπεφθος refined gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 gold, to express anything made of gold, e. g. golden armour or raiment, χρυσὸν.. ἔδυνε περὶ χροΐ, of Zeus, Refs 8th c.BC+; of Poseidon, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀραρότως σύνδεσμα χρυσὸς (a gold crown) εἶχε Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 frequently used by Poets to denote anything dear or precious, ταῦτα μὲν.. κρείσσονα χρυσοῦ.. φωνεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+ golden words, Refs 5th c.BC+ and all derivations, though Lyric Poets sometimes made υ short in the adjective χρύσεος (which see); once we have χρῠσός, Refs 5th c.BC+.] (Borrowed from Semitic, cf. Hebrew chārūts, Assyr. h_urāšu 'gold', Aramaic hara 'yellow'.)

† נְחוּשָׁה and (Lv 26:19 Jb 40:18) נְחֻשָׁה n.f. copper, bronze (only poet.; cf. i. נְחשֶׁת);—נ׳ always abs.;— 1. copper, produced from ore by melting Jb 28:2. 2. copper, doubtless hardened with alloy, = bronze, as material of bow 2 S 22:35 = ψ 18:35, Jb 20:24; gates Is 45:2; fig. of strength Jb 40:18 (bones of hippopotamus), cf. 41:19, Mi 4:13 (hoofs of Zion); of obstinate brow Is 48:4 (‖ גִּיד בַּרְזֶל עָרְפֶּ֑ךָ); unproductive earth Lv 26:19.

μαργᾰρ-ίτης [ῑ], ου, ὁ, pearl, Refs 4th c.BC+: -ῖτις λίθος, ἡ, Androsth. cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+; -ῖτις alone, Refs 1st c.BC+; -ίς alone, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II -ίτης χερσαῖος, an unidentified precious stone, Refs 2nd c.AD+

μνᾶ, ἡ, genitive μνᾶς, nominative plural μναῖ, etc., always contracted in Attic dialect, as Refs; Ionic dialect nominative plural μνέαι Refs 6th c.BC+; accusative plural μνέας Refs 5th c.BC+; but accusative singular μνῆν Refs 3rd c.BC+; nominative plural μνέες falsa lectio for{μνέαι} in Refs 2nd c.AD+:—mina, __I as a weight, = Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as a sum of money, also = Refs 5th c.BC+ (Semitic word, cf. Hebrew māneh.)

† חֲסַף n.[m.] clay, potsherd (𝔗 id.; Chr-Pal. ܚܣܦܐ clay vessel, ܚܨܒܢܐ pl. potsherds Schulth 68, Syriac ܚܶܨܦܳܐ potsherd; 𝔗 חַצְבָא, NH חָצָב clay vessel; Assyrian ḫaṣbu, id.; ܚܨܰܦ jar (PS 1238), whence Arabic خَزَفٌ pottery Frä 169, but Sab. חסף jar, according to HomZMG xlvi (1892), 532; cf. Ethiopic ܚܶܙܒܳܐ: jar (transp.; Di 1265); v. BH [חַסְפַּם]);—ח׳ abs. Dn 2:41 (ח׳ דִּי פֶּחָר), חֲסַ֑ף v 33, 42; cstr. ח׳ טִינָא v 41, 43; emph. חַסְפָּא v 34, 35, 43, 45.

† נְחָשׁ n.m. copper, bronze (𝔗 Syriac; BH נְחשֶׁת, נְחוּשָׁה, √ III. נחשׁ);—as material: abs. נ׳ Dn 2:32; 4:12, 20; 7:19; emph. נְחָשָׁא 2:35, 39, 45; 5:4, 23.

† סִיג, שִׂיג n.[m.] 1. a moving back or away; 2. dross (what is removed from metal);—abs. סִיג Ez 22:18 Qr (סוג Kt), שִׂיג 1 K 18:27 (שׂ for ס, but v. infr.); pl. סִיגִים (van d. H. סִגִּים) Is 1:22 + 3 times; סִגִֿים Ez 22:18 + 2 times; sf. סִינָ֑יִךָ Is 1:25;— 1. a moving back, away: שִׂיג לוֹ 1 K 18:27 om. 𝔊L, dittogr. for שִׂיחַ Klo Bur. there is a moving back to him = he has moved back, away (proposes of temporary withdrawal, diff. from דֶּרֶךְ journey). 2. dross, usually of silver Pr 25:4 (מִכָּ֑סֶף), 26:23 (כֶּסֶף ס׳), so (fig. of Isr.) Is 1:22 cf. v 25, Ez 22:18b (סִיגִים כֶּסֶף MT, בְּתוֹךְ כ׳ ס׳ 𝔊 Co Berthol;—Co del. ס׳, not so Berthol Toy), cf. v 18a. 19; indef. ψ 119:119.

† עֹפֶרֶת n.m. Je 6:29(si vera l. Qr) lead (√ dub.; prob. foreign word; cf. 𝔗 אֲבָרָא lead, Syriac ܐܰܒܳܪܳܐ, and (as Aramaic loan-word) Arabic أَبَار [v. Dozy], Frä152; perhaps also Assyrian abaru, a metal, magnesite according to HilprAssyriaca i (1894), 80 ff. Hpt1b. 83);—כִּכַּר ע׳ Zc 5:7 a round weight (disc) of lead, אֶבֶן־הָעו׳ v 5; with other metals (v. בְּדִיל): עוֹ׳ Ez 22:18, 20; 27:12, הָעֹפָ֑רֶת Nu 31:22 (P); עֹפ׳ also Jb 19:24 (with which chiselled letters are filled according to Di and most; Bu reads בְּע׳ in [a tablet of] lead); also (as flux) Je 6:29 (reading Qr; so Gf Co; emend. Gie); עוֹ׳ in sim. Ex 15:10 (song).

ἅλας, ᾰτος, τό, ={ἅλς}, salt, NT+4th c.BC+

† אִגְּרָה (K§ 50, 3) n.f. letter-missive (late BH אִגֶּ֫רֶת, Old Aramaic אגרת, Palm. אגרתא Lzb207);—abs. א׳ Ezr 4:8 (van d. H. -רָא); emph. אִגַּרְתָּא 4:11; 5:6. אדרגזר

† מַלְקוֹשׁ n.m. Je 3:3 latter-rain, spring-rain (i.e. showers of March–April; important, as strengthening and maturing crops); מ׳ Ho 6:3 + 7 times;—related to גֶּשֶׁם as particular to general, opp. יוֹרֶה (former rain, q.v.): Ho 6:3 Je 5:24, so opp. מוֹרֶה Jo 2:23; particular under מָטָר Dt 11:14 (opp. יוֹרֶה), Zc 10:1 (+ מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם), Jb 29:23; ‖ רְבִבִים Je 3:3; עָב מ׳ Pr 16:15 spring-rain-cloud (sim. of king’s favour).

βρέχω, future -ξωLXX+2nd c.AD+: aorist ἔβρεξα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future βρᾰχήσομαι LXX: aorist ἐβρέχθην Refs 5th c.BC+aorist 2 ἐβράχην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect βέβρεγμαι Refs 5th c.BC+ 47:—wet, of persons walking through water, τὸ γόνυ Refs 5th c.BC+; steep in water, Refs 5th c.BC+; β. χρυσέαις νιφάδεσσι πόλιν shower wealth upon it, LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, get wet, βρεχόμενοι πρὸς τὸν ὀμφαλόν Refs 5th c.BC+; βρέχεσθαι ἐν ὕδατι to be bathed in sweat or drench themselves, Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβρεγμένος filled with water, opposed to διερός, Refs 4th c.BC+; of sponges, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be rained upon, Refs 2nd c.BC+; especially in Egypt of the inundation of the Nile, τὰ βρεχέντα πεδία Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἡ βεβρεγμένη (i.e. γῆ) Refs 2nd c.BC+; γῆ οὐ βρεχομένη LXX:—but also intransitive in active, to be inundated, Refs 3rd c.BC+ steeped, bathed in light, Refs 5th c.BC+; of hard drinkers, μέθῃ βρεχθείς Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβρεγμένος tipsy, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II rain, send rain, NT; Ζεὺς ἔβρεχε Refs 2nd c.AD+: with accusative, ἔβρεξε Κύριος χάλαζαν LXX; θεῖονLXX+NT; ἄρτους LXX __II.2 impersonal, βρέχει it rains, NT+5th c.BC+

θεῖον, __AEpic dialect θέειον (in Refs 8th c.BC+ θήϊον), τό, brimstone, used to fumigate and purify, δέπας.. ἐκάθηρε θεείῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; δεινὴ δὲ θεείου γίγνεται ὀδμή, from a thunderbolt, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν δὲ θεείου πλῆτο, of a ship struck by lightning, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐμβαλόντες πῦρ ξὺν θ. LXX+5th c.BC+; as a natural product, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to πεπυρωμένον, Refs 1st c.AD+; compare θεάφιον, θέαφος. (Perh. cognate with θύω, θυμιάω, Latin suffire.)

χρῆμα, ατος, τό: (χράομαι):— need, in the phrase παρὰ χ. or παραχρῆμα (which see); a thing that one needs or uses,Refs 5th c.BC+: hence in plural, goods, property (χρήματα λέγομεν πάντα ὅσων ἡ ἀξία νομίσματι μετρεῖται Refs 8th c.BC+; of temple-treasures, heirlooms, etc., Refs 6th c.BC+; τὰ ἱρὰ χ. τῆς Ἀθηναίης Refs 5th c.BC+; πρόβατα καὶ ἄλλα χ. Refs 5th c.BC+ a man's money is his life, Refs 8th c.BC+; χρήματ᾽ ἄνηρ 'money makes the man', Refs 7th c.BC+; even of debts, διαλῦσαι τὰ χ. Refs 4th c.BC+; for how much money.. ? Answ. ἐπ᾽ οὐδενί, Refs 5th c.BC+; also in Refs 6th c.BC+, χ. δ᾽ ὃ μὲν Διόθεν καὶ σὺν δίκῃ ἀνδρὶ γένητα; in Attic dialect, οὐδενὸς ἂν χ. δεξάμενοι at no price, Refs 5th c.BC+; and in later Prose, fund, sum of money, Arch. f. Religionswiss.Refs 2nd c.BC+; τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ χ. NT+1st c.BC+merchandise, Refs 5th c.BC+; property, substance, Refs __II generally, thing, matter, affair, especially in Epic dialect and Ionic dialect, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀντὶ πάντων χ. on every account, Refs 5th c.BC+; πᾶν χ. ἐκίνεε 'left no stone unturned', Refs 5th c.BC+; τεκμαίρει χρῆμ᾽ ἕκαστον 'deeds show the man', Refs 5th c.BC+; περαίνεται τὸ χ. the issue is being decided, Refs 1st c.AD+: plural, simply, things, ὁμοῦ πάντα χ. ἦν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 χρῆμα is frequently expressed where it might be omitted, δεινὸν χ. ἐποιεῦντο Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐς ἀφανὲς χ. ἀποστέλλειν ἀποικίην to send out a colony without any certain destination, Refs; frequently in Trag., τί χρῆμ; ={τί}; what? τί χ. λεύσσ; Refs 4th c.BC+; or why? Refs 5th c.BC+; so in genitive, τοῦ χ. (i.e. ἕνεκα); Refs 5th c.BC+; τί δ᾽ ἐστὶ χρῆμ; what is the matter? Refs 5th c.BC+; μάλιστα χρημάτων most of anything, i. e. certainly, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.3 used in periphrases to express something strange or extraordinary of its kind, ὑὸς χ. μέγα a huge monster of a boar, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ χ. τῶν νυκτῶν ὅσον what a business the nights are! Refs 5th c.BC+; λιπαρὸν τὸ χ. τῆς πόλεως what a grand city! Refs; κλέπτον τὸ χ. τἀνδρός a thievish sort of fellow, Refs; μακάριον.. λέγεις τυράννου χ. your tyrant-creature, Refs 5th c.BC+: without a genitive, ἔλαφον, καλόν τι χ. καὶ μέγα Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφόν τοι χρῆμ᾽ ἄνθρωπος truly a clever creature is he! Refs 3rd c.BC+; κοῦφον χ. ποιητής ἐστιν καὶ πτηνὸν καὶ ἱερόν, of the poet, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. καλόν τι such a fine thing! Refs 3rd c.BC+; also in a periphrastic use, οὐδὲν χ. τοῦ ἀγκῶνος κάμψαι δύνανται cannot bend the elbow at all, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3.b so, to express a great number or mass, as we say, a deal, a heap of.., πολλόν τι χ. τῶν τέκνων, χ. πολλὸν ἀρδίων, νεῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅσον τὸ χ. παρνόπων what a lot of locusts! Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ χ. τῶν κόπων ὅσον what a lot of them! Refs; also of persons, χ. θηλειῶν womankind, Refs 5th c.BC+ what a crowd.. ! Refs 5th c.BC+ __III (χράω (B) A) oracle, Refs 5th c.BC+

† אַשְׁפֹּת n.[m.] ash-heap (?), refuse-heap, dung-hill (prob. orig. fire-place stone, cf. Arabic sub √);—א׳ abs. as beggars’ resting-place 1 S 2:8 = ψ 113:7 (both ‖ עָפָר; cf. Jb 2:8 Wetzstap. De); so pl. אַשְׁפַּתּוֹת La 4:5; שַׁעַר הָאַשְׁפֹּת Ne 2:13; 3:14; 12:31 = שׁ׳ הָֽשְׁפוֹת 3:13 (Ges§ 35 d).

† גִּזָּה n.f. fleece—(Arabicجِزَّةٌ, Aramaic ܓܶܙܬܳܐ ) גִּזָּה Ju 6:37 + 5 times; cstr. גִּזַּת Ju 6:37;—fleece, ג׳ צֶמֶר Ju 6:37; abs. Ju 6:37, 38(×2), 39(×2), 40.

† גָּפְרִית n.f. brimstone (Aramaic גּוּפְרִיתָא, also כבריתא, כובריתא, ܟܶܒܪܝܺܬܳܐ, ܟܽܒܪܝܺܬܳܐ; Arabic كِبْرِيت (certainly foreign wd.); der. from (כֹּפֶר), גֹּפֶר by Thes RobGes, cf. Di Gn 6:14; i.e. pitch, and then other combustibles, especially sulphur; Lagl.c. thinks from Bactr. vohûkereti)—גָּפְרִית Gn 19:24 + 6 times—brimstone, after הִמְטִיר Gn 19:24 (J), fig. of judgment ψ 11:6 Ez 38:22 (in all ‖ אֵשׁ etc.), cf. also Jb 18:15 Is 34:9, & Dt 29:22; נַחַל ג׳ simile for the destroying breath of י׳ Is 30:33.

† פְּנִינִים n.[f.]pl. corals (? as branching, cf. Arabic فَنَنٌ branch of tree; so Mich Thes al.; > pearls BoHieroz. 601 Di Jb after Ra al.);—פ׳ fig. of value Pr 20:15; usu.מִפּ׳, comp. Jb 28:18; Pr 3:15 (Kt מפניים), 8:11; 31:10 (all of value), La 4:7 (of red colour); + ψ 45:14 (perhaps; for פְּנִימָה, q.v.).

† I. תַּרְשִׁישׁ n.m. a precious stone, perhaps yellow jasper, or other gold-coloured stone (𝔊 Ex 28:20; 39:13 χρυσόλιθος, so JosAnt. iii, 7, 5 [168], v. PetrieHast. DB Stones, Precious MyresEncy. Bib. Id. § 17 Dr Dn 10:6);—כְּעֵין ת׳ Ez 1:16; כְּעֵין אֶבֶן ת׳ 10:9; in list of gems 28:13; Ex 28:20; 39:13; in sim. of resplendent body Dn 10:6, cf.Ct 5:14.

πηλός (Doric dialect πᾱλός Refs 5th c.BC+:— clay, earth, used by masons and potters, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. ἠχυρωμένος clay mixed with chaff for use as mortar, LXX; εὐώδεϊ πηλῷ, of earth on which wine has been poured, Refs 3rd c.AD+; Βρομιώδεα π. φύρησαν.. Χάριτες, of a drinkingcup, Refs 1st c.AD+: metaphorically, clay from which man was made: hence ὁ π. ὁ Προμηθεῖος, of man, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 mud, mire, Refs 5th c.BC+; κάσις πηλοῦ ξύνουρος, i. e. dust, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II poetical, thick or muddy wine, lees, Refs 5th c.BC+; of wine spilt on the floor, Refs 1st c.AD+; compare Πηλεύς near the end __III metaphorically, dolt, blockhead, Comedy texts Adesp.Refs

† אָבָק n.m. Ez 26:10 dust—א׳ Dt 28:24 + 3 textual; cstr. אֲבַק Na 1:3; sf. אֲבָקָם Ez 26:10—dust (?fleeing, flying; syn. עָפָר = oft. dust lying on or composing ground) Ex 9:9 Ez 26:10 Dt 28:24 (‖ עָפָר) Is 5:24 (‖ מָק) 29:5 (‖ מֹץ); fig. of clouds under Yahweh’s feet Na 1:3.

† בְּדִיל n.[m.] alloy, tin, dross (orig. that which is separated from precious metal; cf. Plin. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 16, xxxiii. 9)—בּ׳ abs. Nu 31:22 + 4 times; Pl. sf. בְּדִילָ֑יִךְ Is 1:25;— 1. alloy, Is 1:25 fig. of evil of Jerusalem, which י׳ will remove (הֵסִיר; ‖ סִגָ֑יִךְ). 2. tin (plumbum album) Nu 31:22 (P; + זָהָב, כֶּסֶף, נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל, עֹפָ֑רֶת); fig. of Isr. Ez 22:18 (+ נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל, עוֹפֶרֶת); in simile v 20 (+ id. + כֶּסֶף); as article of commerce brought to Tyre from Tarashish Ez 27:12 (+ כֶּסֶף, בַּרְזֶל, עוֹפֶרֶת). 3. plummet, הָאֶבֶן הַבְּדִיל (appos.) Zc 4:10.

† דֹּ֫מֶן n.m. dung (Arabic دِمْنٌ ) always in this form and always of corpses, lying on ground as offal 2 K 9:37 Je 8:2; 9:21; 16:4; 25:33 ψ 83:11.

† V. חָרוּץ n.m. Pr 8:10 gold, poet. (Ph. חרץ, v. DrSm xxviii.; Assyrian ḫurâṣu)—חָרוּץ ψ 68:14 + 5 times; gold, always ‖ כֶּסֶף; Zc 9:3, of dove’s wings ψ 68:14 בִּירַקְרַק ח׳; elsewhere in comparison with value of wisdom, etc. Pr 3:14; 8:10 (ח׳ נִבְחָר) v 19; 16:16.

† עָשַׁן vb. denom. smoke, be wroth;— Qal 1. a. smoke, Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ of mt. Ex 19:18, so Impf. 3 mpl. יֶעֱשָׁ֑נוּ (at touch of י׳) ψ 104:32; 144:5. b. fig., 3 ms. יֶעְשַׁן אַף־י׳, c. ב against, Dt 29:19 ψ 74:1. Hence 2. subj. pers., fume, i.e. be wroth, Pf. 2 ms. עָשַׁנְתָּ בּ׳ ψ 80:5.

† רְבִיבִים n.m. Je 3:3 pl. copious showers, causing fertility;—ר׳ Dt 32:2 + 3 times, רְבִבִים Je 14:22, רְבִבִם 3:3;—copious showers, Je 3:3 (+ מַלְקוֹשׁ), יִתְּנוּ ר׳ 14:22 (‖ מַגְשִׁמִים), ר׳ ψ 65:11; sim., of penetrating, pervasive infl. of prophetic words Dt 32:2 (‖ שְׂעִירִם, also מָטָר, טַל), of Jacob Mi 5:6 (‖ טַל), of future king ψ 72:6 (‖ מָטָר).

ἄργῠρος, ὁ, (ἀργός A) white metal, i.e. silver, ἐξ Ἀλύβης ὅθεν ἀργύρου ἐστὶ γενέθληRefs 8th c.BC+silver plate, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 ἄ. χυτός quicksilver, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II ={ἀργύριον}, silver-money, generally, money, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴ τι μὴ ξὺν ἀργύρῳ ἐπράσσετ᾽ by bribery, Refs; in later Prose, coupled with χρυσός, NT+4th c.AD+ __III ={λινόζωστος ἄρρην}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+

κονῐορτ-ός, ὁ, (κόνις, ὄρνυμι) dust raised or stirred up, cloud of dust, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τῆς ὕλης νεωστὶ κεκαυμένης, i.e. a cloud of woodashes,Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 generally, dirt, sweepings, σαρώματα.. σὺν τῷ κ. Wilcken Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II metaphorically, dirty fellow, χαίρει τις αὐχμῶν ἢ ῥυπῶν, κ. ἀναπέφηνεν Refs 4th c.BC+

σῐδήρ-εος, α, Ionic dialect and Epic dialect η, ον, Attic dialect contraction σιδηροῦς, ᾶ, οῦν Refs; Epic dialect also σιδήρειος, η, ον, see below; also late, Refs 6th c.AD+ (feminine -ειοςRefs 9th c.AD+; Doric dialect σιδάρεος [ᾱ] Refs 4th c.BC+, and see below 11, also σιδάριος Refs 4th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect σιδάριος Refs 3rd c.BC+:—made of iron or steel, ἄξων Refs 8th c.BC+; χεὶρ σ. grappling-iron, Refs 5th c.BC+, i.e. the clang of arms, Refs 8th c.BC+; σ. οὐρανός the iron sky, the firmament, which the ancients held to be of metal, Refs 8th c.BC+; σ. γένος, of the Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, ἦ γὰρ σοί γε σ. ἐν φρεσὶ θυμός a soul of iron, i.e. hard, stubborn as iron, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἦ ῥά νυ σοί γε σ. πάντα τέτυκται thou art iron all! Refs 8th c.BC+; πυρὸς μένος.. σ. the iron force of fire, Refs 8th c.BC+; of Heracles, the ironsided, Refs 4th c.BC+; of men, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὦ σιδήρεοι O ye ironhearted! Refs 5th c.BC+ __II σιδάρεοι, οἱ, Byzantine iron coins, always used in Doric dialect form, even at Athens, Refs 5th c.BC+

ὑετ-ός [ῡ], ὁ, (ὕὠ rain, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially a heavy shower (whereas ὄμβρος is continuous rain, ψεκάς or ψακάς drizzle), Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, rains, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as adjective in superlative, ἄνεμοι ὑετώτατοι the rainiest winds, Refs 8th c.BC+, Attic dialect; later ῠ in ῠετοῖο Refs 2nd c.BC+

χαλκός, Cretan dialect καυχός Refs 3rd c.BC+, ὁ:— copper, χ. ἐρυθρός Refs 8th c.BC+; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν Refs 8th c.BC+; of copper as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δ᾽ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δ᾽ εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δ᾽ οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. ἐρυθρός (compare above) Refs 5th c.BC+; alloyed with tin to form bronze, the usual meaning of the word in Refs 8th c.BC+ and frequently in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα Refs 5th c.BC+ __II in Poets frequently for anything made of metal, especially of arms (hence Refs 5th c.BC+ the proper epithet of iron, Refs; of offensive arms, ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ., of a spear, a sword, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a knife, Refs; of an axe, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a fish-hook, Refs 8th c.BC+; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, Refs; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι, of a warrior girding on his armour,Refs; of both combined, πλάγχθη δ᾽ ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός the spear of bronze glanced off the helm of bronze, Refs __II.2 of vessels, copper, cauldron, urn,Refs 8th c.BC+; of a cinerary urn, Refs 5th c.BC+; collectively of bronze plate, χ. μυρίος, Refs 8th c.BC+; used in payment of ransom, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 of a bronze mirror, Refs 4th c.BC+; used as a burning-glass, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 collectively, copper money, NT+4th c.BC+; generally, money, opposed to κύαμοι, Refs 3rd c.AD+; χαλκοῦ σπάνις MenRefs __II.5 ={χάλκωμα}, bronze plate or tablet, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν, who have not received bronze copies of the privileges granted on discharge, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 a weight, 1/8 obol, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III χαλκοῦ ἄνθος, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.b χαλκοῦ λεπίς, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, Refsgeležìs 'iron'.)

ἀλάβαστος [ᾰλᾰ-] or ἄλᾰβ-στρος, ὁ (ἡ, variant in Ev Marc. 14.3), globular vase without handles for holding perfumes, often made of alabaster, Refs 5th c.BC+ is the earlier Attic dialect form, Refs 4th c.BC+: Doric dialect accusative plural ἀλαβάστρωςRefs 3rd c.BC+:—neuter ἀλάβαστρον NT+3rd c.BC+: plural ἀλάβαστρα or -τα Refs 3rd c.BC+

ἄνυδρ-ος, ον, (ὕδωρ) waterless, of arid countries, Refs 8th c.BC+ Trag. cited in Phot.p.151 R.; especially without spring-water, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ ἄνυδρος (i.e. γῆ) LXX+4th c.BC+; of seasons, Refs 5th c.BC+, of a corpse, deprived of funeral lustrations; unwatered, σμύρναRefs __II ἄνυδρον, τό, ={στρύχνον μανικόν}, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἴασπ-ῐς, ιδος (but accusative ἴασπιν Refs 5th c.AD+, ἡ, jasper, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II ={χρυσόγονον}, Refs 1st c.AD+. (Cf. Hebrew yāšpheh).

πετρ-ώδης, ες, like rock or stone, rocky, stony, π. κατῶρυξ, of a grave, Refs 5th c.BC+; of ground, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ π. Refs; ἄνθρωποι π. καὶ δενδρώδεις Refs 3rd c.AD+

† [דַּרְכְּמוֹן, אֲדַרְכּוֹן (א prosthet.)] n.[m.

† III. [מָלַח] vb. denom. salt, season; Qal Impf. 2 ms. תִּמְלָ֑ח sq. acc. Lv 2:13 (obj. offering). Pu. Pt. מְמֻלָּח Ex 30:35 salted, i.e. the incense (v. Di.) Hoph. Pf. 2 fs. + Inf. abs. הָמְלֵחַ לֹא הֻמְלַ֫חַתְּ Ez 16:4, i.e. rubbed or washed with salt (of infant, in personification).

† נֹ֫פֶךְ n.[m.] a precious stone which Tyre gained by trade Ez 27:16 (where נ׳ doubted by Berthol, queried by Toy Hpt), cf. 28:13 (symbol. of wealth and honour of king of Tyre); in high priest’s breastplate Ex 28:18; 39:11. Perhaps = ruby or carbuncle 𝔊 Joseph. ἄνθραξ, 𝔙 carbunculus, cf. Di Ex Kau Ex Sgfr Ezek Co Berthol; 𝔗 AV emerald.

† פִּטְדָה n.f. (m. according to AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 108) topaz or chrysolite (according to 𝔊 τοπάζιον, 𝔙 topazius, etc.; prob. foreign word, cf. Skr. pîta (prob. yellow));—named with other precious stones Ez 28:13; Ex 28:17 = 39:10; cstr. פִּטְדַת־כּוּשׁ Jb 28:19.—Vid. PlinNH xxxvii. 8 (32), Houghton in SmDB, Topaz RiHWB, Edelstein.

† שִׂיד n.[m.] lime, whitewash;—always שׂ׳;—lime, produced by burning bones Am 2:1, in sim. Is 33:12; as whitewash Dt 27:2, 4.

ἁλίζω, [ᾰ], (ἅλς) __B salt, passive, to be salted, LXX+4th c.BC+:—passive, NT+3rd c.BC+ __B.II supply with salt or salt food, Refs 4th c.BC+ —passive Refs

ἀργύρεος [ῠ], α, ον, contraction ἀργῠροῦς, ᾶ, οῦν: of silver, of the bow of Apollo, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 silver-plated, κλῖναιRefs 5th c.BC+ __II as substantive, ἀργυροῦς, ὁ, silver coin, LXX+2nd c.BC+

δραχμ-ή, ἡ, (δράσσομαι, properly as much as one can hold in the hand,Refs 1st c.AD+ __I a weight, drachm, [κρεῶν] probably in Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.2 a silver coin, drachma, worth six obols, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc. [The penultimate is long in Refs 5th c.BC+: δαρχμή is found in Refs 5th c.AD+; compare δαρκνά.]

κρημνός, ὁ, irregular __Aplural κρημνά, τά, variant for{κρημνούς} in Refs 4th c.AD+ Mynd.63:—overhanging bank, in Refs 8th c.BC+ of the bank of a river, edge of a trench, Refs 5th c.BC+; later, beetling cliff, crag, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀναθεῖναι ἐπὶ κρημνόν τιν᾽ Refs 5th c.BC+ down from the cliffs of Epipolae, Refs 6th c.BC+; οἱ K., the Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 in plural, edges of an ulcer, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.3 labia pudendi, Refs 2nd c.AD+

λεπτός, ή, όν, (λέπω) rare in literal sense, peeled, husked, ῥίμφα τε λέπτ᾽ ἐγένοντο, of barley being threshed out, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 fine, small, κονίη Refs 5th c.BC+; of soil, light, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 thin, fine, delicate, frequently in Refs 8th c.BC+, mostly of garments and the Refs 8th c.BC+; πέπλοι, φᾶρος, Refs 8th c.BC+; ῥινὸς βοός Refs 8th c.BC+; δέρμα Refs 4th c.BC+; τρίχες Refs; σάρξ Refs 5th c.BC+; λεπτὰ τὰ πρῴραθεν ἔχειν, of ships, to have the bows thin and weak, Refs __4 of the human figure, mostly in bad sense, thin, lean, Refs 7th c.BC+; opposed to παχύς, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐγὼ δὲ λεπτὴ κἀσθενής Refs 8th c.BC+; of animals, Refs 5th c.BC+; also, slender, taper (opposed to παχύς), δάκτυλος Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπολήγειν εἰς λεπτόν, of the fingers of a statue, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __5 of space, strait, narrow, εἰσίθμη Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐπὶ λεπτὸν τετάχθαι in a thin line, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 generally, small, weak, impotent, λεπτὴ μῆτις Refs 8th c.BC+; λ. ἴχνη faint traces, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. οὖας, of a child's ear, tiny, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ λ. τῶν προβάτων small cattle, i.e. sheep and goats, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. πλοῖα small craft, Refs; ἄκραι λ. small headlands, Refs 5th c.BC+; see below 111.2. adverb -τῶς, ζῆν poorly, meanly, Refs 4th c.BC+: neuter plural as adverb, λεπτὰ λεύσσω κόραις Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 light, slight, λεπταῖς ὑπαὶ κώνωπος.. ῥιπαῖσι Refs 4th c.BC+; λ. πνοαί light breezes, Refs 5th c.BC+; λεπταῖς ἐπὶ ῥοπῇσιν on slight turns of fortune, Refs 5th c.BC+ __8 of size or quantity, λ. πυρίδια small, Refs 5th c.BC+ adverb, λ. τῖλαι 'pluck into small pieces', Refs 3rd c.BC+ __9 of liquids, thin, γάλα Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. οἶνος light wine, Refs 2nd c.AD+; also of food, λ. δίαιται Refs 5th c.BC+ adverb -τῶς, διαιτᾶσθαι, διαιτᾶνRefs 2nd c.AD+ __10 ={λεπτομερής}, consisting of fine parts, ὅσῳ -ότερον ἀὴρ ὕδατος Refs 4th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, subtle, refined, νοῦς Refs 5th c.BC+; - ότατοι λῆροι Refs 5th c.BC+; compare λεπτολόγος. adverb - τῶς, μεριμνᾶν Refs 4th c.BC+: comparative -οτέρως Refs 4th c.BC+in detail, Refs 5th c.BC+ see at {νιφετός}; compare κατάλεπτον, καταλεπτολογέω: τὰ κατὰ λεπτόν, title of poems by Aratus, Refs 1st c.BC+; also of minor poems of Virgil; τῶν κατὰ λεπτὸν πόρων ἀραίωσις, perhaps small pores, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 rarely of the voice, fine, delicate, Refs 5th c.BC+: neuter as adverb, λεπτὸν ἀμφιτιττυβίζειν Refs 5th c.BC+; of sound, λ. ὑποτρύζουσα Refs 6th c.AD+; compare λεπταλέος. __II.3 of smell, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 of persons, οἱ λ. the poor, Refs 2nd c.BC+; λεπτὴν πλέκειν, proverbial of poor people, Refs 5th c.AD+ __III substantive λεπτόν (i.e. ἔντερον), τό, the small intestine, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 (i.e. νόμισμα) a very small coin, NT, Phot. see at {ὀβολός}; compare#1.6. __III.3 (i.e. κεράμιον) jar, Refs 2nd c.AD+; compare λεπτίον, λεπτοκεραμεύς. __III.4 Astron. (i.e. ἑξηκοστόν), division of a degree, πρῶτα λεπτά, = minutes, δεύτερα λ., = seconds, Refs 1st c.BC+; λεπτά alone, = minutes, Refs 1st c.AD+

λῐθ-ῐνος, η, ον, also ος, ον Refs 3rd c.AD+:— made of stone, Refs 6th c.BC+; λ. θάνατος, i.e. caused by seeing the Refs 5th c.BC+; but, ἕστηκε λίθινος, of a statue, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ λ. marble statues, LXX+5th c.BC+. adverb -νως like stone, λ. βλέπειν πρός τινα, with allusion to the Refs 5th c.BC+

σποδός, ἡ, wood-ashes, embers, Refs 8th c.BC+: generally, ashes, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπ᾽ Ἰσμηνοῦ τε μαντεία σ., of the ashes of an altar, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the dead, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀμφὶ σποδὸν κάρᾳ κεχύμεθα, in sign of mourning, Refs 5th c.BC+:—death by plunging into a room filled with ashes, αὐτήν μιν ῥῖψαι ἐς οἴκημα σποδοῦ πλέον Refs 5th c.BC+; as a Persian punishment (cf. Val. LXX+5th c.BC+ __II dust, τῆς χαμᾶθεν σποδοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; μετρεῖν τὴν σ., of labour in vain, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III oxide of certain metals, σ. Κυπρίη copper oxide, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV metaphorically, κυλίκων, πίθων σ., of a bibulous old woman, 'soaker', 'sponge', Refs 1st c.AD+ __V lava, Refs 1st c.BC+

ὑᾰλ-ῐνος, η, ον, of crystal or glass, Refs 6th c.BC+; ὑ. χρῶμα, = ferrugineus, Refs; hyalinum is explained as vitreum, viridi colore, Refsὑέλινος, η, ον, Refs 2nd c.AD+

ψῆφος, Doric dialect ψᾶφος, Aeolic dialect ψᾶφαξ, ἡ, genitive plural ψηφάων Refs 4th c.AD+: (ψάω):—a small round worn stone, pebble, ψᾶφος ἑλισσομένα Refs 5th c.BC+; ψήφῳ μούνῃ διατετρανέεις, opposed to μόγις ἂν λίθῳ παίσας διαρρήξειας, Refs 5th c.BC+; ψ. ἄμμου a grain of sand, LXX __2 precious stone, gem, Refs 2nd c.AD+; especially worn in a ring, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II accusative to the various uses made of such pebbles: __II.1 pebble used for reckoning, counter, λογίζεσθαι ψήφοις calculate or reckon by abacus, cipher, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence to reckon exactly or accurately, opposed to ἀπὸ χειρὸς λ., Refs 5th c.BC+ itself for a cipher, number, πὸτ ἄρτιον (i.e. ἀριθμὸν) ποτθέμειν.. ψᾶφον Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, accounts, καθαραὶ ψ., where there is an exact balance, Refs 4th c.BC+calculators, Refs 1st c.AD+; δακτυλικὴ ψ. reckoning on the fingers, Refs 6th c.AD+; of astrological calculations, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.1.b in Magic, κατέχων τὴν ψ. (i. e. the object on which the number is written) λέγε.. Refs __II.2 pebble used for a draughts- or chess-man, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.b pebble used by jugglers, ψηφάων παῖκται Refs 4th c.AD+ __II.3 pebble used in divination, ἡ διὰ ψήφων μαντική Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.4 cube used in mosaic pavements, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.5 pebble used in voting, ψήφῳ ψηφίζεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, the vote itself, ψῆφον φέρειν give one's vote, ἐν καρδίᾳ ψ. φέροντες Refs 5th c.BC+; ψῆφον τίθεσθαι, ={ψηφίζεσθαι}, Refs 5th c.BC+; with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; ψήφῳ διαιρεῖν to determine by vote, Refs 4th c.BC+; ψήφῳ κρίνειν, Refs 5th c.BC+ a vote is taken, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἷς ἂν πλείστη γένηται ψ. a majority of votes, Refs 5th c.BC+ to put the vote or question, of the president, Refs 5th c.BC+; διένεμον (variants διενέμοντο, ἔφερον) τὰς ψ. were casting their votes, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑπὸ ψήφου μιᾶς with one accord, Refs 5th c.BC+; ψ. φανερά open voting, ψ. φανερὰν διενεγκεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ψ. ἀφανής voting by ballot, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.5.b that which is carried by vote, a vote, ψ. καταγνώσεως a vote of condemnation, Refs 5th c.BC+; ψῆφος αὐτῷ ἐπῆκτο περὶ φυγῆς a vote of banishment was moved for against him, Refs 5th c.BC+ —hence, __II.5.c any resolve or decree, ψ. τυράννων Refs 5th c.BC+; λιθίνα ψᾶφος a decree written on stone, Refs 5th c.BC+; διδοῖ ψᾶφον περ᾽ αὐτᾶς [the oak] gives judgement of itself, Refs; ψ. φλεγυρὰ βροτῶν, i. e. public opinion, Refs 5th c.BC+; τίν᾽ ἂν ψῆφον θεῖ; what judgment.. ? Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5.d Ἀθηνᾶς ψ., calculus Minervae, proverbial phrase to express acquittal, when the votes were even, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.5.e ψ. is sometimes omitted, κἂν ἴσαι γένωνται Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5.f Διὸς ψῆφος (ψῆφοι Refs 5th c.AD+ of the scene of contest betw. Athena and Poseidon, Refs __II.5.g Κόννου ψ., negligible quantity, cipher, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6 place of voting, tribunal, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7 metaphorically, influence, πόλις μεγάλην ψ. ἔχουσα Refs 4th c.AD+

† אֹ֫דֶם n.[f.] carnelian (fr. redness; 𝔊 σάρδιον; on format. cf. LagBN 144) Ex 28:17; 39:10 (P) Ez 28:13.

† זֶ֫פֶת n.f. Is 34:9 pitch (cf. on format. Ol§ 164 c Sta§ 187a. Word is Armenian according to LagArm. Stud. 1351, BN 219; on Egyptian deriv. cf. CookSpeaker’s Comm. i. 484; Arabic زِفْتٌ according to Frä 151, if Shemit., is Aramaic loan-wd. v also Ethiopic ዝፍት Di 1068)—pitch:—וַתַּחְמְרָה בַחֵמָר וּבַזָּ֑פֶת Ex 2:3 of ark of bulrushes; Is 34:9a וְנֶהֶפְכוּ נְחָלֶיהָ לְזֶפֶת וַעֲפָרָהּ לְגָפְרִ֑ית, v 9b והיתה אַרְצָהּ לְזֶפֶת בֹּעֵרָֽה ׃.

† חֵמָר n.[m.] bitumen, asphalt (from I. חמר according to OBlauZMG 1869, 279, bitumen as seething, swelling up; Thes MV, from IV. חמר, with ref. to reddish-brown colour)—חֵמָר Gn 11:3 + 2 times; used for cement in building Babel Gn 11:3 (J); abounding in vale of Siddim בֶּאֱרֹת בֶּאֱרֹת ח׳ Gn 14:10; used in coating Moses’ ‘ark’ of bulrushes Ex 2:3 (E; ‖ זָ֑פֶת).

† חָצָץ n.[m.] gravel (as divided, comminuted; Aramaic חֲצִיצָא, ܚܨܳܨܳܐ )—only abs. ח׳ Pr 20:17; La 3:16 [חֲצָצֶיךָ ψ 77:18 v. חֵץ].—יִמָּלֵּא־פִיהוּ ח׳ Pr 20:17 fig. of a liar; וַיַּגְרֵס בח׳ שִׁנָּ֑י La 3:16 and he hath crushed my teeth with gravel-stones, fig. of י׳’s dealings with sufferer.

† יוֹרֶה n.[m.] early rain, which falls in Palestine from the last of October until the first of December, opp. מַלְקוֹשׁ: Dt 11:14 Je 5:24 Ho 6:3 (where MT makes יו׳ Pt., or Hiph. Impf., but v. We); cf. also i. מוֹרֶה. Vid. further RobBR i, 429 f. ChaplinPEF 1883, 8 ff. KleinZPV iv, 72 f.

† יָֽשְׁפֶה n.[m.] jasper (loan-word from Pers. يَشْم; so Arabic يَشْبٌ Lane2978, also (and on forms يَشْفٌ, يَشْمٌ) Frey; perhaps Assyrian ašpû DlHA 36, HWB 147)—תַּרְשִׁישׁ וְשֹׁהַם וְיָֽשְׁפֵ֑ה Ex 28:20; 39:13 (both P) beryl and onyx and jasper (v. Di); וְיָֽשְׁפֶ֔ה (+ id.) Ez 28:13 (v. Sm).

† II. כְּפוֹר n.m. hoar frost (NH id.)—כ׳ ψ 147:16; כְּפֹר Ex 16:14 (P), Jb 38:29.

† I. מוֹרֶה n.m. ψ 84:7 (early) rain (cf. יוֹרֶה);—Jo 2:23 (‖ גֶּשֶׁם, מַלְקוֹשׁ) v 23 (del. We), ψ 84:7.

† מַחְצֵב n.[m.] hewing, always אַבְנֵי מ׳ = hewn stones 2 K 12:13; 22:6 = 2 Ch 34:11 (in all ‖ עֵצִים).

† מְלַח n.m. salt (v. BH);—מ׳ abs. Ezr 6:9; 7:22 (both for sacrifices), cstr. 4:14.

† נְוָלוּ, נְוָלִי (K§ 61, 4. 5) n.f. refuse-heap (𝔗 נְוָלִי dung-heap; perhaps loan-word from Assyrian namâlu (nawâlu), ruin, JenKB vi. 363);—נְוָלוּ Ezr 6:11, נְוָלִי Dn 2:5; 3:29.

† II. סֶ֫לַע n.pr.loc. in Edom, מֵהַסּ׳ Ju 1:36 (del. מֵ, cf. GFM); הַסּ׳ captured in war 2 K 14:7 (and called יָקְתְאֵל); מִסּ׳ Is 16:1; site dub.; old identif. with Petra denied, plausibly, by BuhlEdom GFM Ju 1:36 (who thinks of an actual cliff), but held Benz 2 K 14:7 BdPal (1898), 206; 𝔊 (ἡ) πέτρα.

† קְשִׂיטָה n.f. unit of (unknown) value, perhaps weight: Gn 33:19 ‖ Jos 24:32 (both E), Jb 42:11.

ἀσσάριον, τό, (Latin assarius (i.e. nummus)), NT+1st c.BC+ __II a sort of valve, Refs 2nd c.BC+

ἀτμ-ίς, ίδος (-ίτοςRefs 5th c.BC+: properly, moist vapour, steam, opposed to καπνός (but ἀτμὶς καπνοῦLXX+4th c.BC+ __II sublimate or deposit of colouring matter, Refs __III poultice, Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV ={σπινθήρ, ἀπαύγασμα}, Refs 5th c.AD+

ἀφῐλ-άργῠρος, ον, not loving money, NT+2nd c.BC+. adverb -ρωςRefs 2nd c.BC+

βροχή, ἡ, (βρέχω) rain, NT+1st c.AD+ __II moistening, Refs 1st c.AD+; steeping, in brewing, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III inundation of the Nile, in plural, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 irrigation, Refs 4th c.BC+

δῐδραχμ-ος, ον, priced at two drachms, Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. ὁπλῖται soldiers with pay of two drachms a day, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II weighing two drachms, ὁλκή Refs 4th c.BC+ __III δ. τόκος interest at two drachms per mina per month (24%), Refs 1st c.BC+ __IV δίδραχμον, τό, coin of two drachms, Refs 4th c.BC+: especially half-shekel, paid to the temple-treasury at Jerusalem, LXX+NT

ἔριον, τό, Ionic dialect εἴριον Refs 8th c.BC+:— wool, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐρίῳ στέψαντες, i.e. with woollen fillets, Refs 8th c.BC+; εἴρια ῥυπαρά, ἔρια οἰσυπηρά, greasy wool, Refs 5th c.BC+; τἄρια, crasis for τὰ ἔ., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. πεπταμένα outspread flocks of wool, Refs 4th c.BC+cotton, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἔ. [τῆς ἀράχνης] a spider's web, Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὰ ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ἔ., of the byssus of the pinna, Refs 4th c.AD+; Latin vervex perhaps not cognate)

καταχράομαι, Delph. καταχρέομαι Refs 2nd c.BC+: future - χρήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+perfect -κέχρημαι both in active and passive senses (see.below): aorist -εχρήσθην (see.belowRefs:—make full use of, apply, τινὶ εἰς.., ἐπί.., πρός τι, Refs 5th c.BC+; μάρτυσι κ. πρὸς τὸ.. Refs 4th c.BC+; λόγους.. οἷσπερ νυνὶ κατακέχρηται (in active sense) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect participle in passive sense, ἐξεύρημα.. Ἀθήνησιν.. κατακεχρημένον ἐν συμποσίοις ἰδίᾳ 'στί is fashionable at private banquets there, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II do what one likes with a person or thing, καταχρήσασθέ μοι, εἰ δοκῶ τοιοῦτος εἶναι Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 use up, consume, of money, etc., with accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κρέα ἐν τὰν δαμοθοινίαν Refs 2nd c.BC+; lay out, apply money, εἴς τι Refs 4th c.BC+; ἐνταῦθα on this, Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect in active sense, ὅσα κατακέχρημαι Ἀθήνησι Refs 3rd c.AD+:—passive, to be spent, consumed, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 misuse, abuse, Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]; κ. ὀνόματι use it in a wrong sense, misapply it, Refs 5th c.BC+; fall into an error, Refs 6th c.AD+misappropriate, Refs __II.4 of persons, in bad sense, make away with, destroy, kill, with accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, aorist -χρησθῆναι, ἐδέοντό μιν κ. requested that he might be put to death, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III pretend, allege, ὡς.. Refs 4th c.BC+; ὅτι.. Refs __B active καταχράω only Ionic dialect, used only in 3rd.pers. singular, ἀντὶ λόφου ἡ λοφιὴ κατέχρα the mane sufficed them for a crest, Refs 5th c.BC+; elsewhere impersonal, it suffices, οὐδέ οἱ καταχρήσει.. ὑμέων ἀπέχεσθαι nor will he be satisfied to keep his hands off you, Refs; ὥς οἱ καταχρᾷ εἰ βούλονται that it is sufficient for him, if.., Refs; καταχρήσει it will suffice, Refs 3rd c.BC+

κεφάλαι-ος [ᾰ], α, ον, (κεφαλή) of the head: metaphorically, principal, chief, ῥῆμα κ. (with a play on κεφαλίτης λίθος) Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ότατος variant in Refs 5th c.BC+ __II mostly substantive κεφάλαιον, τό, ={κεφαλή}, head, parts about the head, especially of fish, θύννου κ. τοδί Callias Comedy texts Refs 5th c.BC+; of an infant, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 chief or main point, κ. δὴ παιδείας λέγομεν τὴν ὀρθὴν τροφήν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in speaking or writing, sum, gist of the matter, κεφάλαια λόγων Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κ. συγγράφων Εὐριπίδῃ drawing up the heads of the play, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κεφαλαίῳ, or ὡς ἐν κ., εἰπεῖν to speak summarily, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κεφαλαίοις ὑπομνῆσαι, ἀποδείξειν, περιλαβεῖν τι, Refs 5th c.BC+; τύπῳ καὶ ἐπὶ κεφαλαίου (variant -αίῳ), opposed to ἀκριβέστερον, Refs 4th c.BC+; especially in an argument, summing up, ἐν κεφαλαίοις Refs 5th c.BC+; κεφαλαίῳ δέ.., Latin denique, Decrees cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; συναγαγεῖν τὸ κ. to sum up, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 metaphorically, of persons, the head or chief, ὅ τι περ κ. τῶν κάτωθεν, of Pericles, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κ. τῶν μαθημάτων, of philosophers, Refs 2nd c.AD+; οἳ τὸ τῆς στάσεως κ. ἦσανRefs 2nd c.AD+ __II.4 Rhet., head, topic of argument, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.5 of money, capital, opposed to interest or income, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5.b sum total, Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλοῦ κ. for a large sum, NT+1st c.AD+; also σιτικὰ καὶ ἀργυρικὰ κ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 crown, completion of a thing, τὸ μὲν κ. τῶν ἀδικημάτων the crowning act of wrong, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.7 chapter, section, PGnom.Prooem., Refs 5th c.AD+; distinguished from τίτλος, Refs

κοδράντης, ου, ὁ, = Latin quadrans, = 1/4 of an as, NT

κοπρ-ία, ἡ, (compare κόπερρα) dunghill, LXX+7th c.BC+; in Egypt, rubbish-heap, Refs 2nd c.AD+, etc.; ἀναιρεῖσθαι ἀπὸ κοπρίας, of foundlings, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II refuse, ἐν σείσματι κοσκίνου διαμένει κ. LXX; manure, NT

κρύσταλλος, ὁ, (κρύος, κρυσταίνομαι) ice, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ παῖς τὸν κρύσταλλον proverbial, of persons who cannot keep a thing, but do not wish to let it go, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 ={νάρκη}, numbness, torpor, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II rock-crystal, Refs 1st c.BC+: as adjective, Refs 1st c.BC+.

ὀστρᾰκ-ῐνος, η, ον, earthen, made of clay, of vessels, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 like earthenware, ὀστράκινατὸ δέρμα, ={ὀστρακόδερμα}, variant in Refs 2nd c.AD+

σάρδιον, τό, the Sardian stone, NT+5th c.BC+; as a seal, Refs 4th c.BC+; σάρδια, of female ornaments, Refs 5th c.BC+—This stone was of two kinds, the transparent-red or female being our carnelian, the transparent-brown or male our sardine, Refs 4th c.BC+:—later λίθος σάρδιος, Refs 6th c.AD+ in “de An.” 321.10 (plural); σάρδινος λ., Refs; σαρδόνιον, Refs 5th c.AD+

σμύρνα, frequently written ζμύρνα as in Refs 3rd c.BC+, myrrh, the gum of an Arabian tree, Balsamodendron Myrrha (itself called σμύρνα Refs 2nd c.AD+, used for embalming the dead, NT+5th c.BC+; called σμύρνης ἱδρώς by Refs 5th c.BC+; burnt as incense, βωμὸς ἀτμίζων πυρὶ σμύρνης σταλαγμούς Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑποθυμιῆν σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; used as an unguent or salve, σμύρνῃ κατάλειπτος Refs 5th c.BC+ __II Indian bdellium, Balsamodendron Mukul, Refs 3rd c.BC+ môrâh; compare κιννάμωμον.)

ὕᾰλος or ὕελος (see. below), ἡ, see Refs 4th c.BC+, ὁ:—the form ὕαλος is said to be Attic dialect, ὕελος Hellenic, Refs 5th c.BC+ and ὕαλο; ὕελος is read in NT+4th c.BC+; compare ὑάλινος:—originally some kind of crystalline stone, such as that used by the Ethiopians to enclose their mummies in, Refs 5th c.BC+rock-crystal, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __2 a convex lens of crystal, used as a burning-glass, λίθος διαφανὴς ἀφ᾽ ἧς τὸ πῦρ ἅπτουσι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II glass, first in Refs 5th c.BC+glass-ware, Refs 4th c.AD+ __III ὕαλος χνοώδης, in Refs 7th c.AD+, is an absorbent of some kind:—ὕαλος is also explained by βόρβορος in Refs 5th c.AD+. [ῠᾰλος, as appears from Refs 5th c.BC+:—but late Poets make ῡ in some derivations to bring them into dactylic verses, ῡάλεος Refs; ῡέλινος Refs; ῡαλόεις Refs; ῡαλοειδής Refs 5th c.AD+; in iambic metre, ῡαλόχροα Refs

φῐλάργῠρ-ος, ον, fond of money, avaricious, NT+5th c.BC+; superlative -ώτατοςRefs 5th c.BC+

χαλκο-λίβᾰνος [ῐ], ου, ἡ, either fine brass, brass of Lebanon, or yellow frankincense, NT

χιών, όνος, ἡ: (see. entry near the end):— snow, in Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly of fallen snow, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐπὶ χιόνι πεσούσῃ Refs 5th c.BC+; also of falling snow, ὥς τε νιφάδες χιόνος πίπτωσι θαμειαί thick fall the snow-flakes, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II snow-water, 'ice-coldwater, Θρῄκην χιόνι.. κατάρρυτον Refs 5th c.BC+; used to cool wine, εἰ χιών ἐστ᾽ ὠνία Refs 5th c.BC+: rare in plural, Refs 4th c.BC+. [ῐ by nature, ῑ Epic dialect for the sake of meter] (Cf. Sanskrit himás 'cold, winter', Latin hiems, Avest. zyam- 'winter', etc.)

χοῦς, ὁ, also ἡ __BRefs 1st c.BC+: (χέω):— soil excavated or heaped up, ὁ χ. ὁ ἐξορυχθείς Refs 5th c.BC+ (un contraction χόου Refs; also (from confusion with χοῦς A) genitive χοός LXX+2nd c.AD+; dative χοΐ Refs 2nd c.BC+ __B.2 ={κονιορτός}, dust, LXX+NT __B.3 χοῦς θανάτου the grave, LXX+5th c.AD+

χρῡσόω, future -ώσωLXX:—make golden, gild, LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, χ. παχέϊ κάρτα χρυσῷ Refs 5th c.BC+; perhaps of gilding the horns of victims, Refs

† [אֹבֶן] n.[m.] wheel, disc.—Du. הָאָבְנָ֑יִם— 1. potter’s wheel Je 18:3 (two discs revolving one above the other; name from likeness to mill-stones; v. AW18). 2. עַל־הָא׳ Ex 1:16 prob. = sella parturientis, = δίφροι λοχειαῖοι bearing-stool, midwife’s stool (fr. likeness to potter’s wheel; on custom of labor upon stool v. PlossDas Weib, 2nd ed. ii, 35, 179 etc. & Cesnola Coll. fr. Cyprus, Metrop. Mus., N. York, No. 614, terra cotta fig. fr. 4th or 5th cent. b.c.; Descriptive Atlas of Cesn. Coll. I, pl. lxvi. No. 435; cf. W. H. W[ard]PESoc. 2nd Statement 1873, p. 76). SpiegelbergZA xiv (1900), 269 ff.; Randglossen 19 ff. expl. as the two stones [read אַבְנַיִם], i.e. bearing-stool of ‘stones’ = bricks, tiles.

† [דַּרְכְּמוֹן, אֲדַרְכּוֹן (א prosthet.)] n.[m.

† אַחְלָ֑מָה n.f. perhaps amethyst (etym. dub.; sub חלם Thes q.v.; HalJAs 7, x. 426 from חלם être fort, solide; Di Kn comp. Talm. חַלְמִית, malva & think of green malachite; DlHA 36 N der. from Aramaic land Aḫamû), amethyst according to 𝔊 𝔙 Josephus; v. also LagGGA 1884, 285, but cf. Di; one of the gems on the ephod Ex 28:19; 39:12.

† אֲפֵר n.[m.] covering, bandage (Assyrian ipru, covering ZimBP 95, êpartu, garment, Id.ib. & DlPr 54) א׳ עַל־עֵינָיו 1 K 20:38 cf. v 41.

† I. [בֶּ֫צֶר] n.[m.] precious ore (AW105 Thes), ingot > ring-gold HoffmZA 1887, 48 f. Hiob 70 (AW Thes ore as that broken off; Hoffm comp. Arabic بَظَرٌ ring, Heb. בָּצְרָה enclosure, Talm בטרא finger-measure, etc.; a √ ii. בצר must then be assumed, = بظر )—בָּ֑צֶר Jb 22:24 (‖ אוֹפִיר q.v.); בְּצָרֶיךָ v 25 (‖ כֶּסֶף) possibly also בִּצְרֵי כָּ֑סֶף ψ 68:31 for MT בְּרַצֵּי־כ׳, cf. Checrit. n. NesJBL, 1891, 151.

† בָּרֶ֫קֶת n.f. a precious stone, emerald, according to 𝔊 𝔙 Josephus; (from flashing, sparkling; LagRel. Jur. Eccl. x. comp. Skr. markata, Gk. μάραγδος, ζμάραγδος) Ex 28:17; 39:10 (both P).

† כַּדְכֹּד n.[m.] a precious stone, perhaps ruby (from sparkle?; Aramaic ‖ is כַּדְכְּדָנָא); כ׳ Ez 27:16 as article of commerce; כַּדְכֹד Is 54:12 fig. in promise to Zion.

† [כֵּף] n.[m.] rock (Assyrian kaæpu DlHWB 346; Aramaic כֵּיפָא, ܟܻܐܦܳܐ; perhaps Aramaic loan-word in Heb.; √ dub.);—only pl. כֵּפִים Je 4:29 as place of refuge; Jb 30:6 as dwelling-place.

† לֹט n.[m.] myrrh, or ‘ladanum’ (Gk.), an aromatic gum exuded by leaves of cistus-rose, cistus villosus, TristrFFP, 235, and especially Nat. Hist. Bib., 458 ff.; RiHWB 897, cf. LöwNo. 79 Di Gn 37:25 NowArch. i. 64 (Sab. לדן, SabDenkm84; Assyrian ladunu (from Damascus) cf. SchrCOT Gn 37:25MBAk. 1881, pp. 413 ff.; Arabic لَادَنٌ, whence Gk. λήδανον, λάδανον Hdt iii. 112);—נְכֹאת וּצְרִי וָלֹט Gn 37:25, merchandise of Ishmaelite caravan, cf. 43:11, present to Joseph (both J; 𝔊 στακτή).

† לֶ֫קֶשׁ n.[m.] prob. after-growth, after-math, i.e. spring-crop (cf. GASm 12 Proph. i. 109);—only (2 times) Am 7:1, בִּתְחִלַּת עֲלוֹת הַלָּ֑קֶשׁ וְהִנֵּה לֶקֶשׁ אַחַר גִּזֵּי הַמֶּלֶךְ׃.—> Other interpr. are: late-rain growth (from מַלְקוֹשׁ q.v.), HoffmZAW iii. (1883) 116; leaf-and-herb-gathering in spring, We after KleinZPV iv. 1881, 83; Anderlindviii. 1886, 62.

† I. לֶשֶׁם n.[m.] a precious stone in h. p.’s breast-plate Ex 28:19; 39:12 (√ and meaning dub.; 𝔊 λιγύριον, JosephAnt. iii, 7, 5 λίγυρος, 𝔙 ligurius, and this (= λυγκούριον, lyncurion?) compared with carbuncle PlinNH viii. 57 (38); identif. with amber Demostratus in PlinNH xxxvii.11(2), or with jacinth (Rev 21:20) Braunde Vest. Sacerd. ii. 14 WinerRWB i. 332; cf. further, Di Ex 28:19).

מִשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם n.[m.] du. prob. fire-places or ash-heaps (viz. of the villages or encampments of the tribe) (> Ki Thes and most sheepfolds, v. StuJu);—בֵּין הַמִּשְׁפְּתַ֫יִם Ju 5:16 (poem; cf. GFM); so (-תָּ֑יִם) Gn 49:14 (poem in J).

† נֶ֫תֶר n.[m.] natron, or carbonate of soda, a mineral alkali (NH = BH; Aramaic נִתְרָא, ܢܶܬܪܳܐ; cf. Gk. νίτρον, λίτρον, Lat. nitrum (v. Lexx.));—אִם־תְּכַבְּסִי בַּנֶּתֶר Je 2:22 though thou wash thyself with natron (fig.; ‖ בֹּרִית; on use of ‘nitrum’ for handwashing among Greeks v. MeinekeFragm. Comicorum ii. 638); חֹמֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר Pr 25:20 (fig. of the incompatible).

† עָשֵׁן adj. smoking;—ע׳ of mt. Ex 20:18 (Gi v 15); pl. הָאוּדִים הָעֲשֵׁנִים Is 7:4 the smoking firebrands (dying out; in fig.).

† פּוּךְ n.[m.] antimony, stibium (NH = BH; cf. poss. Arabic فَكَّ open, separate; Syriac ܦܰܟ pulverize; but פּוּךְ perhaps foreign word);—black mineral powder, for increasing brilliance of eyes by darkening edges of lids; וַתָּשֶׂם בַּפּ׳ עֵינֶיהָ 2 K 9:30, תִּקְרְעִי וגו׳ Je 4:30; (on practice in Arabic v. WeGGN, 1893, 443; in Egypt, LaneMod. Egypt. ed. 5, i. 45f.); fig. Is 54:11 of dark cement setting off precious stones (but WeDLZ, Aug. 2, 1890 CheHpt. al. read נֹפֶךְ q.v.); אַבְנֵי פ׳ 1 Ch 29:2 are perhaps stones of brilliant hue of antimony.—Cf. n.pr. קֶרֶן הַפּוּךְ, and כָּחַל.

† I. רָאמוֹת n.[f.pl.] usually corals (so Ki; black corals Thes (פְּנִינִים = red corals); cf. Arabic رَأْمَةٌ, sea-shell, WeHeid. 2. 163);—as costly Jb 28:18, as merchandise, רָאמֹת Ez 27:16;—רָאמוֹת לֶאֱוִיל חָכְמוֹת Pr 24:7, reading and sense dub., v. Toy.

† [רֶ֫גֶב] n.m. clod of earth;—pl. רְגָבִים יְדֻבָּ֑קוּ Jb 38:38 clods are joined together; cstr. רִגְבֵי נָ֑חַל 21:33 clods of (the) wady.

† שְׁבוֹ n.[f.] a precious stone (relation to above √ dub.; = Assyrian šubû; 𝔊 𝔙 agate);—Ex 28:19 = 39:12 (+ לֶשֶׁם, אַחְלָ֑מָה).

† שֶׁנְהַבִּים appar. n.m. [pl.], in list of Solomon’s imports, 1 K 10:22 = 2 Ch 9:21, AV RV ivory (elsewhere שֵׁן alone); hence הַבִּים = elephants according to Ges (in Thes) Ew Hi SchrZMG xxvii (1873), 709 COT 1 K, cf. 𝔊 (2 Ch, and A in 1 K) ὀδόντων ἐλεφαντίνων, 𝔙 (in 1 K) dentes elephantorum, 𝔗; but this very dub.; EB 1154 שֵׁן (וְ)הָבְנִים ivory (and) ebony (Ez 27:15).

ἅλς, ἁλός [ᾰ], h( __B (ἁλὸς πολιοῖοRefs 8th c.BC+, sea (generally of shallow water near shore), εἰς ἅλα δῖανRefs 8th c.BC+in sea-water, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἁλὸς πελάγη or πέλαγος, Refs 8th c.BC+; in plural (with a pun on ἅλς A), Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cf. Latin sal: both masculine and feminine are from the same root.)

ἁλῠκ-ός, ή, όν, salt, LXX+5th c.BC+; brackish, Refs 4th c.BC+

ἀμέθυστος, ον, (μεθύω) not drunken, without drunkenness, Refs 1st c.AD+: comparative, Refs __II not intoxicating, perhaps so used in Refs 4th c.AD+substantive, ἀμέθυστον, τό, remedy against drunkenness, Refs 1st c.AD+; also ἀμέθυστος, ἡ, Refs 1st c.AD+ —hence, such things as were supposed to act as remedies, i.e. , __II.1 kind of herb, Refs 1st c.AD+; ={σέλινον ἄγριον}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 amethyst, LXX+NT+5th c.BC+:—also ἀμέθυστον, τό, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.3 ἀμέθυστον, τό, kind of grape, Colum.3.2.24.

ἄνᾰλος, ον, (ἅλς A) without salt, not salted, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 of salt itself, salt which is no salt, NT.Mark.9.50.

ἀργῠρο-κόπος, ὁ, (κόπτω) coiner, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II silversmith, NT+1st c.AD+

ἀφρός, ὁ, foam, of the sea, ῥόος Ὠκεανοῖο ἀφρῷ μορύρωνRefs 8th c.BC+, etc.; of a river, Refs __2 of persons and animals, foam, slaver, froth, περί τ᾽ ἀ. ὀδόντας γίγνεταιNT+5th c.BC+frothy blood, Refs 5th c.BC+; βακχίου παλαιγενοῦς ἀφρῷ, of wine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II ἀφρὸς νίτρου, ={ἀφρόνιτρον}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. alone, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 ἀ. αἵματος, ={σπέρμα},Refs 4th c.BC+ __III a kind of ἀφύη, Refs 4th c.BC+. (ṃbhrós, cf. Sanskrit abhrám 'cloud', Latin imber.)

βήρυλλος, ἡ, gem of sea-green colour, beryl, LXX+2nd c.AD+; β. λίθος Refs 2nd c.AD+:—diminutive βηρύλλιον, τό, LXX+1st c.BC+

δᾰπᾰν-η, ἡ, cost, expenditure, Refs 8th c.BC+; δ. χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου, χρημάτων, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. κούφα the cost is little, with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+: also in plural, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II money spent, ἵππων on horses, Refs.47; δαπάνην παρέχειν money for spending, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III extravagance, ἡ ἐν τῇ φύσει δ. Refs 4th c.BC+

ἐλεφάντ-ῐνος, η, ον, of ivory, Refs 7th c.BC+; δίφρος ἐ.,= Latin sella curulis, Refs 2nd c.BC+; οἶκοι ἐ. LXX; τὸ ἐ. the substance of ivory, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 white as ivory, μέτωπον Refs; τάριχος Crates 29.

θειώδης, ες, (θεῖον A) __A sulphureous, of waters, etc., Refs 1st c.BC+ __A.2 of colour, yellow, θώρακες NT

κερᾰμ-ῐκός, ή, όν, of or for pottery, γῆ κ. potter's earth, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ῥύμη, ={Κεραμεικός}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ κ. τροχός Refs 1st c.BC+; κ. μάστιξ, Comedy texts Phrase for ostracism, Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἡ -κή (i.e. τέχνη) the potter's art, pottery, Refs 5th c.BC+; see at {κεραμεικός}.

κέρᾰμος, ὁ, rare plural κέραμα, τά, Refs 3rd c.BC+:— potter's earth, potter's clay, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II anything made of this earth, as __II.1 earthen vessel, wine-jar, ἐκ κεράμων μέθυ πίνετο Refs 8th c.BC+; in collective sense, pottery, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ἐσάγεται πλήρης οἴνου jars full of wine, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.1.b jar of other material, κ. ἀργυροῦς Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 tile, Refs 5th c.BC+; collectively, tiling, τοῦ τέγους τὸν κέραμον αὐτοῦ χαλάζαις.. ξυντρίψομεν Refs 5th c.BC+ roof, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 pottery (i.e.place of manufacture), ὁ κ. ὁ χυτρικός Refs __III dungeon (said by Refs 8th c.BC+. (Possibly cognate with Latin cremo.)

κέρμα, ατος, τό, (κείρω) fragment, κέρματα θηρείων μελέων uncertain reading in Refs 5th c.BC+; but mostly, __2 coin, ἐγκάψας τὸ κ. εἰς τὴν γνάθον Refs 4th c.BC+; collectively, cash, Refs 5th c.BC+ especially of copper money, opposed to silver (ἀργύριον), Refs 2nd c.AD+: frequently in plural, μικρὰ κ. Refs 5th c.BC+; διδοὺς κέρματα Test. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+

λῐθό-στρωτος, ον, paved with stones, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 especially of tessellated work, λ. ἔδαφος Refs 1st c.BC+; λ., τό, mosaic or tessellated pavement, NT+4th c.BC+ (Cyprus, -στρατ-), Roussel Délos: Colonie Athénienne p.422, Refs 2nd c.AD+

νόμ-ισμα, ατος, τό, anything sanctioned by current or established usage, custom, Ἑλληνικὸν ν. Refs 5th c.BC+; institution, οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀνθρώποισιν οἷον ἄργυρος κακὸν ν. ἔβλαστε Refs 5th c.BC+ (do not pass current with us). __II especially current coin, ν. κόψαι or κόψασθαι, coin money, Refs 5th c.BC+pieces of money, coins, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III full legal measure, τοῦ χοῶς ἢ τῶν κοτυλῶν τὸ ν. διαλυμαίνεται Refs 5th c.BC+

ὄμβρος, ὁ, __A storm of rain, thunder-storm, sent by Zeus, ὅτ᾽ ἐπιβρίσῃ Διὸς ὄ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of a storm at sea, Refs 7th c.BC+; distinct from ὑετός or common rain, Refs 4th c.BC+; but sometimes, heavy rain, Refs 5th c.BC+: in plural, rains, ὄ. πολλοὶ καὶ λάβροι Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 generally, water, as an element, μήτε γῆ, μήτ᾽ ὄ. ἱερός, μήτε φῶς Refs 5th c.BC+urine, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __A.3 inundation, τῶν παρακειμένων ὑδάτων Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὀχετοὺς ἀγαγεῖν οἳ ἄξουσιν τὸν ὄ. εἰς τὰς ἐξαγωγούς Refs 3rd c.BC+ __A.II metaphorically, storm, shower, ἐν πολυφθόρῳ Διὸς ὄ., of a battle, Refs 5th c.BC+; μέλας ὄ. χάλαζά θ᾽ αἱματοῦσσ᾽ (χαλάζης αἵματος codices) Refs 5th c.BC+

ὄψῐμος, ον, (ὀψέ) poetry for ὄψιος, late, slow, τέρας ὄ. for (concerned with) a late time, Refs 8th c.BC+: in Prose, late in the season, σπόρος Refs 5th c.BC+; of crops, LXX+3rd c.BC+; ἐν τοῖς ὀ. τῶν ὑδάτων NT+1st c.BC+: comparative, καιρὸς -ώτερος Refs 3rd c.AD+; recent, ποιητική Refs 1st c.AD+. adverb -μωςRefs 8th c.BC+

περικᾰθᾰρ-μα, ατος, τό, expiation,LXX __II ={κάθαρμα}NT+2nd c.AD+

σάπφειρ-ος (proparoxytone), ἡ, lapis lazuli, of which two chief kinds, κυανῆ and χρυσῆ, are mentioned by LXX+4th c.BC+. (Cf. Hebrew sappīr, perhaps not Semitic.)

σαρδόνυξ, ῠχος, ὁ, (σάρδιον) sardonyx, NT+4th c.BC+The stone was called ὄνυξ when the dark ground was simply spotted or streaked with white, but σαρδόνυξ if the different colours were disposed in layers.

σίδηρος [ῐ], Doric dialect σίδᾱρος Refs 4th c.BC+, etc.: ; also ἡ, Refs 2nd c.BC+: neuter σίδηρον, τό, Refs 8th c.BC+ (but probably falsa lectio for{σιδήριον} in Refs 2nd c.AD+: —iron, σ. πολιός Refs 8th c.BC+; as an article of traffic, οἰνίζοντο.. Ἀχαιοί, ἄλλοι μὲν χαλκῷ, ἄλλοι δ᾽ αἴθωνι σ. Refs 8th c.BC+; χαλκός τε χρυσός τε πολύκμητός τε σ., of treasures, Refs 8th c.BC+; as a prize, Refs; Σκύθης σ., because brought from the Euxine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 frequently as a symbol of hardness Refs, or of stubborn force, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡσεὶ κέρα ἕστασαν ἠὲ σRefs 8th c.BC+; also of firmness, steadfastness, πέτρης ὅ γ᾽ ἔχων νόον ἠὲ σ. Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II anything made of iron, iron tool or implement, for husbandry, Refs 8th c.BC+: also of weapons, arrow-head, Refs; sword or knife, Refs 8th c.BC+; axe-head, Refs 8th c.BC+: generally, arms, οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι σ. κατέθεντο Refs 5th c.BC+: also, knife, sickle, Refs 8th c.BC+: plural, fishing-hooks, Refs 3rd c.BC+; irons, fetters, Refs 2nd c.AD+; compare σιδήριον. __III place for selling iron, smithy or cutler's shop, ἀγαγόντα εἰς τὸν σ. Refs 5th c.BC+

σκῠβᾰλ-ον, τό, dung, excrement, Refs 1st c.BC+; manure, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 refuse, offal, NT+4th c.AD+; ἀποδειπνίδιον σ. Refs 1st c.AD+; ἄνδρα, πολύκλαυτον ναυτιλίης σRefs; τέφρης λοιπὸν ἔτι σRefs 1st c.AD+; opposed to τὸ χρήσιμον, Refs 3rd c.BC+; ς. χόρτου Refs 3rd c.AD+; σ. ἀνθρώπου LXX

σμᾰράγδ-ῐνος, η, ον, of smaragdus, [λίθος] NT+4th c.AD+ __II smaragdusgreen, Refs 1st c.AD+; written ζμ- in Refs 2nd c.AD+

σμάραγδος [μᾰ], ἡ (ὁ, Refs 1st c.BC+, name of several green stones, including the emerald, LXX+5th c.BC+; also μάραγδος, Refs 4th c.BC+; ζμάραγδος implied in Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II Σμάραγδος, ἡ, name of the emerald mines in Egypt, ἀρχιμεταλλάρχου τῆς Ζμαράγδου Refs 1st c.AD+; μεταλλάρχη (genitive singular) Ζμαράκτου Refs 1st c.AD+; also Σμάραγδος ὄρος Refs 2nd c.AD+

σμυρν-ίζω, flavour or drug with myrrh, ἐσμυρνισμένος οἶνος NT __2 intransitive, to be like myrrh, Refs 1st c.AD+

σπῐλάς, άδος, ἡ, __A rock over which the sea dashes (opposed to ὕφαλοι πέτραι in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐφ᾽ ὑψηλαῖς σπιλάδεσσι Refs 5th c.BC+; πλαγκταὶ σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+; ῥεῖθρον ἀπὸ σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+: generally, slab, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὧδ᾽ ὑπὸ τὸ σπιλάδος μέλαθρον, i.e. under this tombstone, Refs; hollow rock, cave, Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.II as adjective, stony, or perhaps marly, i.e. γῆ, Refs 4th c.BC+

στᾰτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, (ἵστημι Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. Αἰγιναῖος as a weight, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II standard coin, struck in various materials, whether gold, electrum, or silver: __II.1 gold, σ. χρυσοῖ, σ. χρυσοῦ, Refs 5th c.BC+; of various standards, e.g. σ. Δαρεικός (compare Δαρεικός) Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. Φιλίππειος, Ἀλεξάνδρειος, Refs 4th c.BC+; Πτολεμαϊκὸς σ. Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 electrum Refs 5th c.BC+; at Phocaea, σ. Φωκαϊται, Φωκαιῆς, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 silver, σ. Αἰγιναῖοι Refs 5th c.BC+; in Sicily called δεκάλιτρος σ., Refs 5th c.BC+; later applied to the Attic τετράδραχμον, Refs 9th c.AD+; also to the Ptolemaic τ., Refs 3rd c.BC+ “*Geometry texts” 23.55,56; also of the Jewish shekel, NT __III one who owes money, debtor, πολλοὶ σ., ἀποδοτῆρες οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς (οὐδαμεῖ conjecture Kaibel) Refs 5th c.BC+

τόπαζος, ὁ, a gem of green hue Refs 1st c.AD+, hence probably chrysolite or peridot, Refs 1st c.AD+:—also τόπαζον, τό, Eust.ad Refs 2nd c.AD+; τοπάζιον, LXX+1st c.BC+ gives the name of topazon (variant topazium) to two varieties. (From the Trogodyte language accusative to Refs 1st c.AD+ [same place]; perhaps the same as ταβάσιος.)

τύφω [ῡ], Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist infinitive θῦψαι Refs 5th c.AD+perfect τέθῠφα uncertain conjecture in Refs 4th c.BC+ (ὑπο-): —passive, Refs 4th c.BC+future τῠφήσομαι (ἐκ-) Refs 4th c.BC+aorist ἐτύφην (ἐπ-) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect τέθυμμαι (ἐπι-) Refs 5th c.BC+:—raise a smoke, Refs 4th c.BC+ Hdt.[same place]: absolutely, smoke, ἐπὶ σποδῷ μυδῶσα κηκὶς μηρίων ἐτήκετο κἄτυφε κἀνέπτυε Refs 5th c.BC+ __II transitive, smoke, τῦφε πολλῷ τῷ καπνῷ (i.e. τοὺς σφῆκας) Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, [μέλισσαι] καπνῷ τυφόμεναι Refs 3rd c.BC+; τυφόμεθα (variant{-ούμεθα}) ὑπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ Refs 4th c.AD+ __II.2 consume in smoke, burn slowly, τυφέτω, καιέτω τὸν Αἴτνας μηλονόμον Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, Refs 4th c.BC+ [same place]:—passive, smoke, smoulder, τύφεται Ἴλιον Refs 5th c.BC+; λίνον τυφόμενον smouldering flax, LXX+NT smouldering, but not yet broken out, Refs 1st c.AD+; also of the fire of love, πόθοις τυφόμενον γλυκὺ πῦρ Refs 1st c.BC+

Ὑάκινθος [ῠᾰ], ὁ, Hyacinthus, a Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, who killed him by an unlucky cast of the discus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B as appellative, __B.I ὑάκινθος, ὁ, Refs 8th c.BC+; but ἡ in Refs 7th c.BC+:—wild hyacinth, bluebell, Scilla bifolia, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.I.2 blue larkspur, Delphinium Ajacis, ὑ. σπαρτή Refs 4th c.BC+; said to have sprung up from the blood of Hyacinthus or (accusative to others) of Telamonian Ajax: and the ancients thought they could decipher on the petals the initial letters AI, or the interj. AIAI,Refs 2nd c.BC+; hence the epithets γραπτά Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.I.3 ὑ. πορφυρέη, probably Lilium Martagon, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.II ὑάκινθος, ἡ Refs 1st c.AD+:—a precious stone, of blue colour Refs 1st c.AD+, perhaps aquamarine, NT+1st c.AD+ __B.III name of a blue colour, Refs 1st c.AD+; blue stuff, LXX+1st c.AD+

ὑδρο-ποτέω, drink water, NT+5th c.BC+—ὑδροπωτέω is the more correct form accusative to Refs 1st c.AD+

φῐλαργῠρ-ία, ἡ, love of money, avarice, NT+5th c.BC+

χάλκεος, έα, Ionic dialect -έη Refs 8th c.BC+, εον (also εος, εον Refs 8th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect, Doric dialect χάλκιος Refs 7th c.BC+, also Boeotian dialect, compare χαλκοῦ; Attic dialect χαλκοῦς, ῆ, οῦν Refs, but χαλκέων δέλτων Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect also χάλκειος, see at {χάλκειος}: (χαλκός):—of copper or bronze, brazen, οὐδός, δόμος, τεῖχος, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄξων, κύκλα, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially of arms and armour, ἔγχος, ξίφος, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔντεα Refs 5th c.BC+; χαλκέοισικάδοις, χαλκέοις δρεπάνοις, S.[same place]; in Trag. mostly contraction, χαλκοῖς βάθροισι Refs __b of statues, χ. Ζεύς, χ. Ποσειδέων, a bronze statue of.., Refs 5th c.BC+; compare χαλκῆ. __c χ. ἀγών a contest for a shield of brass, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, brazen, i. e. hard, stout, strong, χάλκεος Ἄρης Refs 8th c.BC+ (unless wearing brazen armour, compare χάλκεοι ἄνδρες Oracle texts cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; Χαλκοῦς, nickname of Aristomedes, Refs 4th c.BC+in D.Refs 5th c.BC+; χάλκεον ἦτορ a heart of brass, Refs 8th c.BC+; χαλκέοισι νώτοις, of Atlas, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 χαλκῆ μυῖα, a boy's game, a sort of blind-man's-buff, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II as substantive, see at {χαλκοῦς. [χάλκεοι} is disyllable in Refs 8th c.BC+

χαλκ-εύς, έως, ὁ: plural χαλκεῖς, Attic dialect -ῆςRefs 5th c.BC+:—coppersmith, opposed to τέκτων (joiner, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 generally, worker in metal, of a goldsmith, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a worker in iron. Refs; hence later, blacksmith, smith (χαλκέας τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους LXX+5th c.BC+ __II John Dory, Zeus faber, Refs 4th c.BC+; distinguished from χαλκίς, Refs 2nd c.AD+

χαλκηδών, όνος, ἡ, chalcedony, NT

χαλκίον, τό, copper vessel, cauldron, kettle, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. θερμαντήριον, ={θερμαντήρ}, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 cymbal, τὸ Δωδωναῖον χ., proverbial of a chatterbox, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 bowl of the κότταβος, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 copper ticket given to the dicasts, bearing the name of the court in which they were to serve, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 piece of copper money, πονηρὰ χαλκία Refs 5th c.BC+ __II probably diminutive of χάλκη, ={κάλχη}Refs 4th c.BC+

χρῡσο-δακτύλιος [ῠ], ον, with ring of gold, ἀνήρ NT __2 gloss on{χρυσοκόλλητος}, χ. σφραγίς set in a gold ring, Refs 5th c.AD+

χρυσό-λῐθος, ὁ, topaz, LXX+1st c.BC+

χρῡσό-πρᾰσος, ὁ, chrysoprase, a precious stone of golden-green colour, NT+1st c.AD+

† בַּ֫הַט n.[m.] a costly stone, perhaps porphyry (cf. Egyptian behiti, behet, behat Brugsch Dict. v. 438 Dümichen Gesch. 167 f. WendelAltäg. Bau- u. Edelsteine (1888) 77 f.; 𝔊 has σμαραγδίτης), Est 1:6 עַל רִֽצֲפַת ב׳־וָשֵׁשׁ וְדַר וְסֹחָ֑רֶת upon a pavement of porphyry and marble, etc.

† בָּֽרְקַת n.f. id., Ez 28:13, cf. Ges§ 80 R. 2 PinskEinl. 73.

† [בַּתָּה] n.f. precipice, steep (as cut off, abrupt)—בְּנַחֲלֵי הַבַּתּוֹת Is 7:19 in the ravines of the precipices.

† גָּבִישׁ n.m. crystal (cf. אֶלְגָּבִישׁ hail—on relation of meanings cf. Gk. κρύσταλλος, & Ethiopic usage of እብነ በረድ DiLex. Aeth. 759—Arabic جِبْسٌ gypsum, Assyrian gibšu, mass, abundance, COTGloss)—רָאמוֹת וְגָבִישׁ Jb 28:18 coral and crystal.

† [גִּיר] n.[m.] chalk, plaster (so 𝔗; BH once, p. 162);—emph. גִּירָא Dn 5:5.

† II. גָּלָל n.[m.] dung (Arabic جَلَّةٌ ), הַגּ׳ 1 K 14:10; גְּלָלִים Zp. 1:17.—See also [גֵּל].

† גִּר n.[m.] chalk, lime (perhaps Aramaic loanword cf. Frä9; Aramaic (also Biblical Aramaic) גִּיר, ܓܺܪܳܐ; Arabic جِيرٌ is loan-wd.Fräl.c.)—מִזְבֵּחַ כְּאַבְנֵי גִר Is 27:9.

† [גשׁם] vb.denom. (cf. NH Qal Pt. pass. & Hoph.)— Pu. Pf. 3 fs. גֻּשְׁמָ֯ה Ez 22:24 be rained upon (גֻּשְׁמָהּ Baer, but v. Ke Sm). Hiph. cause or send rain, Pt. מַגְשִׁמִים Je 14:22.

† II. דַּכָּא n.[m.] dust (as pulverized), תָּשֵׁב אֱנוֹשׁ עַד־דַּכָּא ψ 90:3 (on form cf. BaNB 143).

† דַּר n.[m.] pearl? mother of pearl? (Arabic دُرٌّ دُرَّةٌ a pearl) Est 1:6.

† זְכוֹכִית n.[f.] glass (𝔗 זכוכיתא; but v. Frä64); as precious (‖ זָהָב), yet of less value than wisdom Jb 28:17. (Baer as above; זְכוּכִית van d. H., al.)

† חָמִיץ adj. seasoned (viz. with salt, or a salt herb—Arabic حَمْضٌ, Pun. Ἀμουτ [= חמוץ] BlauZMG 1873, 522; v. Thes—rendering it more tasty), of provender for cattle בְּלִיל חָמִיץ יֹאכֵ֑לוּ Is 30:24.

† יִשְׁפָּה n.pr.m. in Benjamin 1 Ch 8:16, Σαφαν, 𝔊L Ιεσφα.—יָֽשְׁפֶה v. p. 448b supr.

† II. כֹּ֫פֶר n.m. pitch (Arabic كُفْرٌ (loan-wd., cf. Frä150), Syriac ܟܽܘܦܪܳܐ, 𝔗 כּוּפְרָא; Assyrian kupru, kupur DlHWB 348; cf. גֹּפֶר?)—Gn 6:14 (P).

† [מְלַח] vb. denom. c. acc. cogn., eat salt;— Pe. Pf. 1 pl. מְלַחְנָא Ezr 4:14 we have eaten the salt of the palace (so most), i.e. have assumed obligations of loyalty, cf. M 69 * K§ 71, 2 (and Syriac ܐܶܬܡܰܠܰܚ be intimate with PS2134); Str (after NesMM 30 f.) thinks n. c. sf.: our salt is the salt of the palace.

† מֶ֫לֶט n.[m.] mortar, cement (etym. dub.; Aramaic ܡܠܳܛܳܐ id., whence Arabic مِلَاطٌ Frä10);—Je 43:9.

† [מַשְׁאָב] n.[m.] appar. drawing-place of water; only pl. מַשְׁאַבִּים Ju 5:11.

† נָחוּשׁ adj. of bronze;—אִם־בְּשָׂרִי נ׳ Jb 6:12 or is my flesh of bronze? fig. for strong, enduring (‖ אֲבָנִים; cf. 40:18).

† II. [נְחֹ֫שֶׁת] n.[f.] sf. נְחֻשְׁתֵּךְ Ez 16:36 where context (‖ עֶרְוָה) favours meaning lust, harlotry, or specif. sens. obscoen. (Co [citing Ki Ra] Berthol, v. also Da); text perhaps crpt. (cf. Nö ZMG xi (1886), 730); Sm proposes תַּזְנוּתַיִךְ, so appar. Toy Hpt; Or בָּשְׁתֵּךְ.

† סַגְרִיר n.[m.] steady, persistent rain (on format. cf. BaNB 215);—abs. יוֹם ס׳ Pr 27:15 a day of steady rain, rainy day.

† סְחִי n.[m.] offscouring;—ס׳ וּמָאוֹס תְּשִׂימֵנוּ La 3:45.