Gold (Precious Metal)

זָהָב385 n.m. Gn 2:12 gold (NH id.; Arabic ذَهَبٌ, Sab. דֿהב e.g. Os29 DHMZMG 1883, 338; Aramaic דְּהַב, ܕܗܰܒ, Palm. דהבא VogNo. 23)—ז׳ abs. Gn 2:11 + 364 times; cstr. Gn 2:12 + 6 times; sf. זְהָבִי 1 K 20:7 + 2 times; זְהָֽבְךָ 1 K 20:3, 5; זְהָבֶ֑ךָ Is 30:22; זְהָבוֹ Is 2:20; 31:7; זְהָבָם Ho 8:4 + 4 times;—gold, 1. = gold-ore, gold in a raw state, Gn 2:11, 12 Je 10:9 Pr 17:3; 27:21 Jb 28:1 +; perhaps also 1 K 9:28; 10:11; 22:49 etc.; cf. עַפְרֹת ז׳ Jb 28:6 gold-dust v. also Zc 13:9 (sim. of tried people of י׳) and cf. Mal 3:3; likewise Jb 23:10 (sim. of Job’s purity, as shewn by divine tests); מִצָּפוֹן זָהָב Jb 37:22 is dub.; Ew De al. out of the North comes gold; others, however, golden light, brightness, of sun after clouds dispersed by north wind, 𝔊 Rabb. Da al.; or golden splendour of God coming from north BöÄ 76 Hi al.; Siegf conj. יהוה for זהב read perhaps זֹהַר Du and Dr. 2. gold as wealth Gn 13:2 (J; + מִקְנֶה, כֶּסֶף) 24:34 (J; + צֹאן, בָּקָר, כֶּסֶף, עֲבָדִם, שְׁפָחֹת, גְּמַלִּים, חֲמֹרִים) cf. Ho 2:8 Is 2:7 Dt 8:13; 17:17 Jb 3:15; 31:24 Zc 14:14 Ezr 1:4, 6 +; in gen., as precious: נִבְחָר שֵׁם מֵעשֶׁר רָ֑ב מִכֶּסֶף וּמִזָּהָב חֵן טוֹב Pr 22:1 to be chosen is a name more than great riches, and good favour more than silver and than gold; Jb 28:17 (of wisdom) gold and glass do not equal it; ψ 19:10 (ordinances of י׳) which are more to be desired than gold; cf. 119:72, 127; also metaph. of princes and chief men of Zion La 4:1 (cf. v 2). 3. gold as spoil of war Jos 6:19 (+ כֶּסֶף, כְּלֵי־נְחשֶׁת, בַּרְזֶל) so v 24, cf. 7:21, 24; 22:8 2 K 7:8 +. 4. gold as merchandise Ez 27:22 (+ אֶבֶן יְקָרָה, רֹאשׁ כָּל־בֹּשֶׂם), cf. also gold from Ophir 1 K 9:28 etc. (v. sub 7 infr.) 5. gold as costly gift: to a prophet מְלֹא בֵּיתוֹ כֶּסֶף וְז׳ (hypothet.), Nu 22:18; 24:13 (both E); brought by queen of Sheba to Solomon 1 K 10:2, 10 (both + אֶבֶן יְקָרָה and בְּשָׂמִים) = 2 Ch 9:1, 9; as tribute 2 K 23:35(×2) (cf. v 33; all + כֶּסֶף); as satisfaction for murder 2 S 21:4 (+ כֶּסֶף). 6. gold as material: of (nose- or ear-)ring, נֶזֶם Gn 24:22 Ex 32:2, 3 Ju 8:24, 26 Pr 11:22; 25:12 Jb 42:11; of chain Gn 41:42, shields 2 S 8:7, images of emerods 1 S 6:4, 17 and mice v 4, 11, 18; תַּפּוּחֵי ז׳ בְּמַשְׂכִּיּוֹת כֶּסֶף Pr 25:11; גֻּלַּת ז׳ Ec 12:6; כְּלֵי־ז׳ Ex 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 1 S 6:8 ψ 105:37 etc.; כְּלֵי־כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב Gn 24:53 as presents to a bride (+ בְּגָדִים); so of presents to secure king’s favour 2 S 8:10 (+ כְּלֵי נְחשֶׁת), and in list of yearly gifts or tribute to Sol. 1 K 10:25 = 2 Ch 9:24; as material of idols אֱלֹהֵי כֶסֶף וֵאלֹהֵי ז׳ Ex 20:23 cf. 32:31 Ho 8:4 Is 2:20; 30:22; 31:7 Dt 29:16 ψ 115:4; 135:15; as plating of idols Dt 7:25; especially as material of the furnishings of Solomon’s temple, or (oftener) the platings of temple, or parts thereof, or of its furnishings 1 K 6:20, 21(×3), 22(×2), 28; 7:48 + 10 times 1 K 6:7; also 2 Ch 3:5(×2), 6 + 14 times 2 Ch 3:4; cf. 1 Ch 28:14(×2) + 14 times 1 Ch 28. 29 (David’s preparation for temple); v. also 2 K 24:13 cf. 14:14 = 2 Ch 25:24, 2 K 25:15 = Je 52:19 (in accounts of plundering temple etc.); but more often still of furnishing and utensils of tabernacle, insignia of high-priest etc., Ex 25:3, 11, 24 + 97 times Ex 25–40, Lv 8:9 Nu 4:11; 8:4; (in case of large objects frequently of plating or sheathing, cf. 12 c infr.) Note the expressions תְּנוּפַת ז׳ ליהוה Ex 35:22 a wave-offering of gold, זְהַב הַתְּנוּפָה 38:24; also זְהַב הַתְּרוּמָה Nu 31:52 (all P) cf. Ezr 8:25, and (of offering to heathen god) יְכַבֵּד בְּזָהָב Dn 11:38. †7. gold described by its source, especially gold from Ophir (cf. GlasSkizze ii. 357, ff. 368) 1 K 9:28; 10:11; 22:49 1 Ch 29:4 2 Ch 8:18; 9:10; so perhaps Je 10:9 (read אוֹפִיר for אוּפַז Ew Klo al.); זְהַב שְׁבָא ψ 72:15; on ז׳ פַּרְוָ֑יִם 2 Ch 3:6 v. פרוים; cf. further Gn 2:11, 12. 8. gold defined By var. adj. and pts.: ז׳ שָׁחוּט beaten gold (v. שָׁחַט) 1 K 10:16, 17 = 2 Ch 9:15(×2), 16; ז׳ סָגוּר 1 K 6:20, 21; also 7:49, 50 10:21 = 2 Ch 4:20, 22; 9:21 (on meaning v. סָגַר); especially (but only P & Ch) ז׳ טָהוֹר pure gold Ex 25:11, 17, 24 + 21 times Ex 25, 28, 30, 37, 39 (of equipments of tabernacle and high priest’s insignia), 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 3:4; 9:17; cf. ז׳ טוֹב 2 Ch 3:5, 8; on ז׳ מוּפָז 1 K 10:18, AV best gold, cf. אוּפָז" dir="rtl" >אוּפָז, פָּזַז²" dir="rtl" >פָּזַז. 9. ז׳ as measure of weight and value: a. = gold-shekel, עֲשָׂרָה ז׳ מִשְׁקָלָם Gn 24:22; כַּף אַחַת עֲשָׂרָה ז׳ Nu 7:14 + 11 times Nu 7; אֶלֶף וּשְׁבַע־מֵאוֹת ז׳ Ju 8:26, cf. 1 K 10:16 2 K 5:5 2 Ch 9:15, 16; אַלְפֵי ז׳ וָכָ֑סֶף ψ 119:72; comp. further Jos 7:21; but also (only Ch) שֶׁקֶל expressed: שִׁקְלֵי ז׳ מִשְׁקַל שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת 1 Ch 21:25 (50 shekels of silver in ‖ 2 S 24:24); וּמִשְׁקָל לְמִסְמְרוֹת לִשְׁקָלִים חֲמִשִּׁים ז׳ 2 Ch 3:9. b. שְׁלשֶׁת מָנִים ז׳ 1 K 10:17 three minas of gold (v. מָנֶה). c. כִּכַּר ז׳ talent of gold 2 S 12:30 1 K 9:14 + (v. כִּכָּר). d. זָהָב דַּרְכְּמוֹנִים שֵׁשׁ־רִבֹּאוֹת וָאֶלֶף Ezr 2:69 cf. Ne 7:69, 70, 71; also וּכפֹרֵי ז׳ עֶשְׂרִים לַאֲדַרְכֹּנִים אָ֑לֶף Ezr 8:27 (v. דַּרְכְּמוֹן);—with the above should perhaps be compared הַזָּלִים ז׳ מִכִּיס Is 46:6 i.e. the gold used in making the god was the coin carried in the bag. 10. ז׳ = golden oil, from colour, Zc 4:12. 11. ז׳ often named with כֶּסֶף, and then, in earlier and sometimes in later writings, follows it: בַּכֶּסֶף וּבַזָּהָב Gn 13:2 (J), cf. 24:35, 53; 44:8 (all J), Ex 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 Nu 22:18; 24:13 (all E), Jos 6:19, 24 (JE), Dt 7:25; 17:17; 29:16 2 S 8:11; 21:4 1 K 7:51; 15:15, 18, 19 2 K 7:8; 16:8; 18:14; 20:13; 23:33, 35(×2) Ho 2:10; 8:4 Is 2:7; 60:9 Je 10:4 Zp 1:18 Ez 7:19; 38:13 Zc 6:11 Jo 4:5, Pr 22:1 ψ 105:37; 115:4; 135:15 2 Ch 1:15; 5:1 Ezr 1:4; 8:25 Dn 11:8 Ec 2:8 +; in later writings ז׳ often precedes Ez 28:4 Zc 14:14 Mal 3:3 1 Ch 18:10; 22:14, 16; 28:15, 16; 29:3, 4, 5, 7 2 Ch 9:14, 21; 24:14; 25:24 Ezr 1:11 ψ 119:72 Ct 1:11 Dn 11:38 +, and so in P, Ex 25:3; 31:4; 35:5, 32 Nu 31:32; yet also as early as Hb 2:19 1 K 10:22 2 K 25:15. 12. the chief vbs. used with ז׳ are: a. עָשָׂה make of (c. 2 acc.) 1 K 7:48 (cf. v 49(×2), 50(×2)) 10:6; 12:28; 14:26 2 Ch 4:7, 8, 19; 12:9; 13:8, and especially in P (tabern.) Ex 25:11, 17, 18 + 35 times Ex 25–39; also sq. בְּ work in gold, לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּזּ׳ וּבַכֶּסֶף וּבַנְּחשֶׁת Ex 31:4; 35:32, also (+ בַּבַּרְזֶל, etc.), 2 Ch 2:6, 13; b. יָצַק (obj. טַבְּעֹת ז׳) Ex 25:12; 37:3, 13 (all P); c. צִפָּה overlay with (c. 2 acc.) 1 K 6:20, 21(×2), 22, 28, 30, 32, 35 (v 32, 35 one acc. om.), 10:18 2 Ch 3:4, 10; 9:17, and especially P (tabern.) Ex 25:11, 13, 24, 28 + 15 times Ex 26–37; in same sense d. וַיְחַפֵּהוּ ז׳ 2 Ch 3:5 cf. v 7, 8, 9, and e. תָּפוּשׂ ז׳ וָכֶסֶף Hb 2:19 encased in gold and silver; also f. בַּזּ׳ יְרַקְּעֶנּוּ Is 40:19; g. רדד Hiph., וַיָּ֫רֶדּ עַל־הַכְּרוּבִים וְעַל־הַתִּמֹּרוֹת אֶת־הַזּ׳ 1 K 6:32and he spread upon the cherubim and upon the palm-trees the gold; further h. בָּחַן try, Zc 13:9, cf. i. זִקַּק Mal 3:3.—On דִּי זָהָב, n.pr. v. p. 191; on מֵי זָהָב n.pr. v. sub מַי" dir="rtl" >מַיִם.

דְּהַב23 n.m. Dn 2:32 gold (so 𝔗 Syriac; BH זָהֶב);—abs. ד׳ Dn 2:32 +, דְּהַ֑ב Ezr 7:15; emph. דַּהֲבָה 5:14; 6:5; 7:18, -בָא Dn 2:35 + 15 times Dn.

χρύσεος, η, ον, also ος, ον in Refs 1st c.BC+, Attic dialect contraction χρυσοῦς, ῆ, οῦν Refs; Epic dialect χρύσειος, η, ον: Refs 8th c.BC+; Lyric poetry used χρύσεος, α, ον, and this form sometimes occurs in Trag. dialogue and even in Prose, as Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect χρύσιος Refs 7th c.BC+ (but χρύσεα Refs 3rd c.BC+; Boeotian dialect χρούσιος Refs 4th c.BC+: (χρυσός):—golden, frequently in Epic dialect, especially of what belonged to gods, χρυσέῳ ἐν δαπέδῳ, χρυσέοις δεπάεσσι, χρύσειον ἐπὶ θρόνον, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. τάλαντα the golden scales of Zeus, Refs; ζώνη χ., of Calypso and Circe, Refs 8th c.BC+; δόμος Refs 7th c.BC+ [prev. cited]; of possessions of mortals, Refs 8th c.BC+: sometimes enriched or adorned with gold, χ. σκῆπτρον Refs 8th c.BC+; κλῖναι, κρητῆρες, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕστηκε.. Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ χ., of a statue, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 χρύσεια μέταλλα gold-mines, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 χρυσοῦς (i.e. στατήρ), ὁ, a gold coin, ={στατήρ}, LXX+3rd c.BC+ (in Papyrus, not a coin, but the equivalent of Refs 3rd c.BC+; χρυσοῖ ἐπίσημοι Refs 2nd c.BC+ __4 χρύσεον, τό, gold plaque, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II gold-coloured, golden-yellow, ἔθειραι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀέρος κόμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν τὰ χρυσᾶ the yolks of eggs, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III metaphorically, golden, χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη Refs 8th c.BC+; τιμή Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. γένος ἀνθρώπων, of the Refs 8th c.BC+ __III.b sometimes used ironically, ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ χ. but I, fine fellow that I am.., Refs 2nd c.AD+; Πλάτωνα χρυσοῦν (i.e. Ἐπίκουρος ἐκάλει) Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III.2 wealthy, Refs 8th c.BC+ must be pronounced as disyllable, as is fully proved by such passages as Refs 8th c.BC+; so also Trag., but only in Lyric poetry, not in Iambics or Anapaestics, Refs 5th c.BC+

χρῡσίον, τό, diminutive of χρυσός, a piece of gold, generally, gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 anything made of gold, gold plate, ornaments of gold, etc., ἄσημον NT+5th c.BC+ __3 especially gold coin, money, Refs 5th c.BC+pieces of gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 gold thread, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as a term of endearment, my little treasure! Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ={τὸ τῶν παιδίων αἰδοῖον}, Refs 5th c.AD+

χρῡσός, ὁ, gold, τιμῆς Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐσθής, Refs 8th c.BC+; χρυσὸν κέρασιν περιχεύας (of a victim) Refs 8th c.BC+; κοῖλος ἄργυρος καὶ χ. silver and gold plate, Refs 4th c.BC+; λευκὸς χ. white gold, i.e. gold alloyed with silver, opposed to χ. ἄπεφθος refined gold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 gold, to express anything made of gold, e. g. golden armour or raiment, χρυσὸν.. ἔδυνε περὶ χροΐ, of Zeus, Refs 8th c.BC+; of Poseidon, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀραρότως σύνδεσμα χρυσὸς (a gold crown) εἶχε Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 frequently used by Poets to denote anything dear or precious, ταῦτα μὲν.. κρείσσονα χρυσοῦ.. φωνεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+ golden words, Refs 5th c.BC+ and all derivations, though Lyric Poets sometimes made υ short in the adjective χρύσεος (which see); once we have χρῠσός, Refs 5th c.BC+.] (Borrowed from Semitic, cf. Hebrew chārūts, Assyr. h_urāšu 'gold', Aramaic hara 'yellow'.)

† V. חָרוּץ n.m. Pr 8:10 gold, poet. (Ph. חרץ, v. DrSm xxviii.; Assyrian ḫurâṣu)—חָרוּץ ψ 68:14 + 5 times; gold, always ‖ כֶּסֶף; Zc 9:3, of dove’s wings ψ 68:14 בִּירַקְרַק ח׳; elsewhere in comparison with value of wisdom, etc. Pr 3:14; 8:10 (ח׳ נִבְחָר) v 19; 16:16.

χρῡσόω, future -ώσωLXX:—make golden, gild, LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, χ. παχέϊ κάρτα χρυσῷ Refs 5th c.BC+; perhaps of gilding the horns of victims, Refs

† I. [בֶּ֫צֶר] n.[m.] precious ore (AW105 Thes), ingot > ring-gold HoffmZA 1887, 48 f. Hiob 70 (AW Thes ore as that broken off; Hoffm comp. Arabic بَظَرٌ ring, Heb. בָּצְרָה enclosure, Talm בטרא finger-measure, etc.; a √ ii. בצר must then be assumed, = بظر )—בָּ֑צֶר Jb 22:24 (‖ אוֹפִיר q.v.); בְּצָרֶיךָ v 25 (‖ כֶּסֶף) possibly also בִּצְרֵי כָּ֑סֶף ψ 68:31 for MT בְּרַצֵּי־כ׳, cf. Checrit. n. NesJBL, 1891, 151.

† פּוּךְ n.[m.] antimony, stibium (NH = BH; cf. poss. Arabic فَكَّ open, separate; Syriac ܦܰܟ pulverize; but פּוּךְ perhaps foreign word);—black mineral powder, for increasing brilliance of eyes by darkening edges of lids; וַתָּשֶׂם בַּפּ׳ עֵינֶיהָ 2 K 9:30, תִּקְרְעִי וגו׳ Je 4:30; (on practice in Arabic v. WeGGN, 1893, 443; in Egypt, LaneMod. Egypt. ed. 5, i. 45f.); fig. Is 54:11 of dark cement setting off precious stones (but WeDLZ, Aug. 2, 1890 CheHpt. al. read נֹפֶךְ q.v.); אַבְנֵי פ׳ 1 Ch 29:2 are perhaps stones of brilliant hue of antimony.—Cf. n.pr. קֶרֶן הַפּוּךְ, and כָּחַל.

χρῡσο-δακτύλιος [ῠ], ον, with ring of gold, ἀνήρ NT __2 gloss on{χρυσοκόλλητος}, χ. σφραγίς set in a gold ring, Refs 5th c.AD+