Rain and Precipitation

† מָטָר n.m. Ex 9:33 rain (Assyrian meṭru, DlHWB 406; Arabic مَطَرٌ; Sab. (Min.) מטר HomChrestom. 127, Aramaic מִטְרָא, ܡܶܛܪܳܐ );—מ׳ Ex 9:33 + 30 times; cstr. מְטַר Dt 11:11 + 5 times; pl.cstr. מִטְרוֹת Jb 37:6;—rain, as watering earth, especially Canaan, Dt 11:11 מ׳ הַשָּׁמַיִם; as blessing sent (vb. usually נָתַן) and withheld by י׳, Dt 11:14 (‖ יוֹרֶה, מַלְקוֹשׁ); v 17 (here מְ׳ אַרְצְכֶם); 28:12 1 K 8:35, 36; 17:1 (‖ טַל), 18:1 2 Ch 6:26, 27; 7:13 Jb 5:10 (‖ מַיִם), cf. 28:26; 36:27 ψ 147:8 (vb. מֵכִין); so מְ׳ זַרְעֲךָ Is 30:23 Zc 10:1 (‖ מַלְקוֹשׁ), v 1 מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם; גֶּשֶׁם מָטָר Jb 37:6, גֶּשֶׁם מִטְרוֹת עֻזּוֹ v 6 (‖ שֶׁלֶג); 38:28 (‖ אֶגְלֵי־טָ֑ל) בְּרָקִים לַמּ׳ ψ 135:7 Je 10:13 = 51:16 (‖ הֲמוֹן מַיִם); also in נָתַן אֵת מְ׳ אַרְצְךָ אָבָק וְעָפָר Dt 28:24; cf. Is 5:6 (where acc. cogn. with הִמְטִיר); wish of David 2 S 1:21 (‖ טַל); מ׳ בַּקָּצִיר sim. of the unseasonable, Pr 26:1 (‖ שֶׁלָג בַּקַּיִץ); sent by extraord. supernat. power as sign Ex 9:33, 34 (J; both ‖ בָּרָד, קֹלוֹת) cf. 1 S 12:17, 18 (‖ קֹלוֹת); sim. of refreshment Dt 32:2 (‖ טַל), Jb 29:23 (‖ מַלְקוֹשׁ), ψ 72:6 (‖ רְבִיבִים). cf. 2 S 23:4; as destructive Pr 28:3 (מָטָר סֹחֵף); also fig., Is 4:6 (‖ זֶרֶם).

† II. גֶּ֫שֶׁם n.m. Gn 7:12 rain, shower (NH id., conn. wi. above √ dub.)—abs. ג׳ Gn 7:12 +; גָּ֑שֶׁם 1 K 18:41 +; cstr. גֶּשֶׁם Jb 37:6(×2) +; pl. גְּשָׁמִים Ezr 10:9, 13; cstr. גִּשְׁמֵי Ez 34:26; sf. גִּשְׁמֵיכֶם Lv 26:4; גִּשְׁמֵיהֶם ψ 105:32;—rain, shower Gn 7:12; 8:2 (both J) Lv 26:4 (H) Ho 6:3 Am 4:7; Je 5:24; 14:4; Is 44:14; 55:10; Ez 1:28 Jo 2:23 (‖ מוֹרֶה, מַלְקוֹשׁ); 1 K 17:7, 14; 18:45 (ג׳ גדול) 2 K 3:17; Pr 25:14, 23; Ec 11:3; Ct 2:11 ψ 105:32 וּמֵהַגּ׳ Ezr 10:9 and because of the rains, cf. v 13; קוֹל הֲמוֹן הַגּ׳ 1 K 18:41 cf. v 44 Zc 14:17; Ec 12:2; גֶּשֶׁם מָטָ֑ר וְג׳ מִטְרוֹת עֻזּוֹ Jb 37:6; מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם Zc 10:1; cf. ג׳ נְדָבוֹת ψ 68:10; fig. of blessing Ez 34:26, ג׳ בְּרָכָה v 26; of destruction ג׳ שֹׁטֵף Ez 13:11, 13 cf. 38:22.

† [מָטַר] vb. denom. (cf. GerberVerb. denom. 106) [rain] (Arabic مَطَرَ; Syriac ܡܛܰܪ; 𝔗 Aph. אַמְטַר);— Niph. Impf. be rained upon חֶלְקָה אַחַת תִּמָּטֵר Am 4:7. Hiph. Pf. הִמְטִיר Gn 2:5; 19:24; וְהִמְטַרְתִּ֫י Am 4:7; Impf. יַמְטֵר ψ 11:6 Jb 20:23; וַיַּמְטֵר Ex 9:3 + 2 times; 3 fs. תַּמְטִיר Am 4:7 (but read אַמְטִיר 𝔊 𝔙); 1 s. אַמְטִיר Am 4:7 + v 7 (for תַּמְטִיר), Ez 38:22; Inf. cstr. הַמְטִיר Is 5:6 Jb 38:26; Pt. מַמְטִיר Gn 7:4 + 2 times;—send rain, rain (sq. עַל except Ex 9:18; 16:4); subj. י׳ (no dir. obj.) Gn 2:5; 7:4 (both J), Am 4:7(×3), cf. Jb 38:26; subj. clouds עָבִים by divine command Is 5:6 (acc. cogn. מָטָר); הִמְ׳ מָן ψ 78:24; שְׁאֵר v 27; לֶחֶם Ex 16:4 (J מִן־הַשָּׁמַים; no עַל); as act of judgment הִמ׳ בָּרָד rain hail, send hail, subj. י׳ Ex 9:23 (J); cf. v 18 (J; no עַל); obj. גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ Gn 19:24 (J), cf. Ez 38:22 וְגֶשֶׁם שׁוֹטֵף וְאַבְנֵי אֶלְגָּבִישׁ אֵשׁ וְגָפְרִית אַמ׳; fig. ψ 11:6 (obj. פַּחִים; but read פַּחֲמ��י אֵשׁ v. Ew Che Bae al.); Jb 20:23 (‖ cl. יְשַׁלַּח בּוֹ חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ).

† מַלְקוֹשׁ n.m. Je 3:3 latter-rain, spring-rain (i.e. showers of March–April; important, as strengthening and maturing crops); מ׳ Ho 6:3 + 7 times;—related to גֶּשֶׁם as particular to general, opp. יוֹרֶה (former rain, q.v.): Ho 6:3 Je 5:24, so opp. מוֹרֶה Jo 2:23; particular under מָטָר Dt 11:14 (opp. יוֹרֶה), Zc 10:1 (+ מְטַר־גֶּשֶׁם), Jb 29:23; ‖ רְבִבִים Je 3:3; עָב מ׳ Pr 16:15 spring-rain-cloud (sim. of king’s favour).

βρέχω, future -ξωLXX+2nd c.AD+: aorist ἔβρεξα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future βρᾰχήσομαι LXX: aorist ἐβρέχθην Refs 5th c.BC+aorist 2 ἐβράχην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect βέβρεγμαι Refs 5th c.BC+ 47:—wet, of persons walking through water, τὸ γόνυ Refs 5th c.BC+; steep in water, Refs 5th c.BC+; β. χρυσέαις νιφάδεσσι πόλιν shower wealth upon it, LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, get wet, βρεχόμενοι πρὸς τὸν ὀμφαλόν Refs 5th c.BC+; βρέχεσθαι ἐν ὕδατι to be bathed in sweat or drench themselves, Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβρεγμένος filled with water, opposed to διερός, Refs 4th c.BC+; of sponges, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be rained upon, Refs 2nd c.BC+; especially in Egypt of the inundation of the Nile, τὰ βρεχέντα πεδία Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἡ βεβρεγμένη (i.e. γῆ) Refs 2nd c.BC+; γῆ οὐ βρεχομένη LXX:—but also intransitive in active, to be inundated, Refs 3rd c.BC+ steeped, bathed in light, Refs 5th c.BC+; of hard drinkers, μέθῃ βρεχθείς Refs 5th c.BC+; βεβρεγμένος tipsy, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II rain, send rain, NT; Ζεὺς ἔβρεχε Refs 2nd c.AD+: with accusative, ἔβρεξε Κύριος χάλαζαν LXX; θεῖονLXX+NT; ἄρτους LXX __II.2 impersonal, βρέχει it rains, NT+5th c.BC+

† רְבִיבִים n.m. Je 3:3 pl. copious showers, causing fertility;—ר׳ Dt 32:2 + 3 times, רְבִבִים Je 14:22, רְבִבִם 3:3;—copious showers, Je 3:3 (+ מַלְקוֹשׁ), יִתְּנוּ ר׳ 14:22 (‖ מַגְשִׁמִים), ר׳ ψ 65:11; sim., of penetrating, pervasive infl. of prophetic words Dt 32:2 (‖ שְׂעִירִם, also מָטָר, טַל), of Jacob Mi 5:6 (‖ טַל), of future king ψ 72:6 (‖ מָטָר).

ὑετ-ός [ῡ], ὁ, (ὕὠ rain, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially a heavy shower (whereas ὄμβρος is continuous rain, ψεκάς or ψακάς drizzle), Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, rains, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II as adjective in superlative, ἄνεμοι ὑετώτατοι the rainiest winds, Refs 8th c.BC+, Attic dialect; later ῠ in ῠετοῖο Refs 2nd c.BC+

† יוֹרֶה n.[m.] early rain, which falls in Palestine from the last of October until the first of December, opp. מַלְקוֹשׁ: Dt 11:14 Je 5:24 Ho 6:3 (where MT makes יו׳ Pt., or Hiph. Impf., but v. We); cf. also i. מוֹרֶה. Vid. further RobBR i, 429 f. ChaplinPEF 1883, 8 ff. KleinZPV iv, 72 f.

† I. מוֹרֶה n.m. ψ 84:7 (early) rain (cf. יוֹרֶה);—Jo 2:23 (‖ גֶּשֶׁם, מַלְקוֹשׁ) v 23 (del. We), ψ 84:7.

βροχή, ἡ, (βρέχω) rain, NT+1st c.AD+ __II moistening, Refs 1st c.AD+; steeping, in brewing, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III inundation of the Nile, in plural, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 irrigation, Refs 4th c.BC+

† לֶ֫קֶשׁ n.[m.] prob. after-growth, after-math, i.e. spring-crop (cf. GASm 12 Proph. i. 109);—only (2 times) Am 7:1, בִּתְחִלַּת עֲלוֹת הַלָּ֑קֶשׁ וְהִנֵּה לֶקֶשׁ אַחַר גִּזֵּי הַמֶּלֶךְ׃.—> Other interpr. are: late-rain growth (from מַלְקוֹשׁ q.v.), HoffmZAW iii. (1883) 116; leaf-and-herb-gathering in spring, We after KleinZPV iv. 1881, 83; Anderlindviii. 1886, 62.

ὄμβρος, ὁ, __A storm of rain, thunder-storm, sent by Zeus, ὅτ᾽ ἐπιβρίσῃ Διὸς ὄ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of a storm at sea, Refs 7th c.BC+; distinct from ὑετός or common rain, Refs 4th c.BC+; but sometimes, heavy rain, Refs 5th c.BC+: in plural, rains, ὄ. πολλοὶ καὶ λάβροι Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 generally, water, as an element, μήτε γῆ, μήτ᾽ ὄ. ἱερός, μήτε φῶς Refs 5th c.BC+urine, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __A.3 inundation, τῶν παρακειμένων ὑδάτων Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὀχετοὺς ἀγαγεῖν οἳ ἄξουσιν τὸν ὄ. εἰς τὰς ἐξαγωγούς Refs 3rd c.BC+ __A.II metaphorically, storm, shower, ἐν πολυφθόρῳ Διὸς ὄ., of a battle, Refs 5th c.BC+; μέλας ὄ. χάλαζά θ᾽ αἱματοῦσσ᾽ (χαλάζης αἵματος codices) Refs 5th c.BC+

ὄψῐμος, ον, (ὀψέ) poetry for ὄψιος, late, slow, τέρας ὄ. for (concerned with) a late time, Refs 8th c.BC+: in Prose, late in the season, σπόρος Refs 5th c.BC+; of crops, LXX+3rd c.BC+; ἐν τοῖς ὀ. τῶν ὑδάτων NT+1st c.BC+: comparative, καιρὸς -ώτερος Refs 3rd c.AD+; recent, ποιητική Refs 1st c.AD+. adverb -μωςRefs 8th c.BC+

† [גשׁם] vb.denom. (cf. NH Qal Pt. pass. & Hoph.)— Pu. Pf. 3 fs. גֻּשְׁמָ֯ה Ez 22:24 be rained upon (גֻּשְׁמָהּ Baer, but v. Ke Sm). Hiph. cause or send rain, Pt. מַגְשִׁמִים Je 14:22.

† סַגְרִיר n.[m.] steady, persistent rain (on format. cf. BaNB 215);—abs. יוֹם ס׳ Pr 27:15 a day of steady rain, rainy day.

† שְׂעִירִים n.[m.]pl. rain(-drops), si vera l.; (so according to Vrss and context; Thes cp. ii. שַׂעַר; Lag proposes רְסִיסִים);—כִּשׂ׳ עֲלֵי־דֶשֶׁא Dt 32:2 (‖ מָטָר, טַל, רְבִיבִים).