Rock and Cliff

† I. צוּר n.m. Jb 29:6 rock, cliff;—צ׳ abs. Ex 17:6 +, cstr. Dt 8:15 +; sf. צוּרִי 2 S 22:3, etc.; pl. צֻרִים Nu 23:9 +, צוּרוֹת Jb 28:10; cstr. צוּרֵי 1 S 24:3 (Gi v 2);— 1. a. rocky wall, cliff, Ex 17:6(×2) (E), Dt 8:15 (צ׳ הַחַלָּמִישׁ), Is 48:21(×2) ψ 78:15, 20; 105:41; 114:8 (‖ חַלָּמִישׁ); בּוֹא בַצּ׳ Is 2:10, בִּמְעָרוֹת צֻרִים v 19, בְּנִקְרוֹת הַצּ׳ v 21, cf. Ex 33:21, 22 (JE); yielding honey (from its clefts) ψ 81:17 (cf. Dt 32:13; Dy PerlesAnal. 34 We read צוּף); as look-out Nu 23:9 (JE), home of goats 1 S 24:3 (Gi v 2), snow-covered Je 18:14; bearing (olives for) oil Dt 32:13 (חַלְמִישׁ צ׳), Jb 29:6; resort of homeless 24:8, pierced by miners 28:10, cf. perhaps שִׁית בְּצ׳ נְחָלִים אוֹפִיר 22:24 deposit (thy) gold in the rock of the wadys (most sub צֹר pebble); as quarry, fig. of Abr. as ancestor of Isr. Is 51:1; place of security 1 Ch 11:15, צ׳ הַמִּישׁוֹר Je 21:13 (of city), fig. ψ 27:5; 61:3; symb. of firmness Na 1:6; Jb 14:18; 18:4; enduring material 19:24. b. rock with flat surface 2 S 21:10; Pr 30:19. c. block of stone, boulder Ju 6:21; 13:19 (as altar); cf. צוּר מִכְשׁוֹל Is 8:14 (‖ אֶבֶן נֶגֶף). d. rock with specif. name, צ׳ עוֹרֵב Ju 7:25; Is 10:26. 2. a. fig. of God (33 times) as support and defence of his people (often ‖ אֱלֹהִים, י׳, etc.), צ׳ מָעֻזֵּךְ Is 17:10, צ׳ מָעוֹז ψ 31:3, צ׳ עֻזִּי 62:8, צ׳ מָעוֹן 71:3, צ׳ יְשֻׁעָתוֹ Dt 32:15 cf. 2 S 22:47 b (but del., v. ‖ ψ 18:47), ψ 89:27; 95:1, צ׳ וִישׁוּעָתִי 62:3, 7, צ׳ מַחְסִי 94:22, צ׳ יִשְׂרָאֵל Is 30:29; 2 S 23:3 (personif.), צוּרִי ψ 18:3, 47 = 2 S 22:3, 47a, ψ 19:15; 28:1; 92:16; 144:1, צ׳ לְבָבִי 73:26, צוּרֵנוּ Dt 32:31, צוּרָם v 30 ψ 78:35; c. בְּ essent. בְּיָהּ י׳ צ׳ עוֹלָמִים Is 26:4 (cf. ψ 62:8; v. ב I. 7 c); as n.pr. dei (the) Rock Dt 32:4, 18 (צ׳ יְלָֽדְךָ), v 37 Hb 1:12, + (perhaps) ψ 75:6 (read בַּצּוּר, v. צַוָּאר; v. also פְּדָהצוּר). b. of a heathen god Dt 32:31, 37, cf. Is 44:8, מִי צוּר מִבַּלְעֲדֵי א׳ 2 S 22:32 ‖ ψ 18:32, cf. 1 S 2:2.—Vid. also בֵּית־צוּר" dir="rtl" >בֵּית צוּר and חֶלְקַת הַצֻּרִים" dir="rtl" >חֶלְקַת הַצֻּרִים.—ψ 89:44 v. צֹר²" dir="rtl" >צֹר sub צָרַר³" dir="rtl" >III. צרר, 49:15 v. צוּרָה" dir="rtl" >צוּרָה sub צוּר³" dir="rtl" >IV. צור.

I. סֶ֫לַע61 n.m. Ju 6:20 crag, cliff, synon. צוּר;—abs. ס׳ Ju 6:20 +, סָ֑לַע Nu 20:10 +; cstr. סֶ֫לַע 1 S 23:23; sf. סַלְעִי 2 S 22:2 +, סַלְעוֹ Is 31:9; pl. סְלָעִים Is 2:21 +;— 1. lit. cliff, crag Ju 6:20; Is 2:21; 7:19 Am 6:12 Nu 20:8(×2), 10(×2), 11 (cf. Ne 9:15 ψ 78:16, and contr. the צוּר of Ex 17:6), Nu 24:21; Dt 32:13 (not elsewhere Hex) Je 13:4, + 9 times; שֵׁן הַסּ׳ 1 S 14:4(×2) tooth of the crag, i.e. sharp crag, so Jb 39:28; excav. in cliff as place of burial Is 22:16; abode of wild animals, יַעֲלֵי־ס׳ v 1, cf. ψ 104:18; Pr 30:26, of birds Jb 39:28 Ct 2:14 (in fig.), cf. Je 48:28, so of Edom Ob 3 = Je 49:16; cf. (Nu 24:21 supr. and) Is 42:11; particular cliffs are: ס׳ עֵיטָם Ju 15:8, 11 cf. v 13, ס׳ (הָ)רִמּוֹן 20:45, 47(×2); 21:13 ס׳ הַמַּחְלְקוֹת 1 S 23:28 cf. v 25; v. also ii. סֶ֫לַע²" dir="rtl" >סֶלַע. †2. fig., especially סַלְעִי of י׳ (only ψψ), ψ 18:3 = 2 S 22:2, ψ 31:4; 42:10; 71:3; of Assyrian god Is 31:9 (prob.; cf. צוּר Dt 32:31, 37); צֵל ס׳ כָּבֵד Is 32:2 (sim. of protecting care); fig. of security ψ 40:3 (feet on cliff), מְצָדוֹת סְלָעִים מִשְׂגַּבּוֹ Is 33:16; symb. of obstinacy חִזְּקוּ פְנֵיהֶם מִסּ׳ Je 5:3; צְחִיחַ ס׳ (bare cliff, lit. glare of [the] cliff), in fig. of openness, flagrancy Ez 24:7, 8, of razed city 26:4, 14 (only here Ez); in fig. of fall of Bab. Je 51:25.

πέτρα, Ionic dialect and Epic dialect πέτρη, ἡ, rock; frequently of cliffs, ledges, etc. by the sea, λισσὴ αἰπεῖά τε εἰς ἅλα πέτρη Refs 8th c.BC+; χῶρος λεῖος πετράων free from rocks, of a beach,Refs 8th c.BC+; χοιρὰς π. Refs 5th c.BC+; also, rocky peak or ridge, αἰγίλιψ π. Refs 8th c.BC+; λιττὰς π. Refs 6th c.BC+; π. Λευκάς, Ὠλενίη, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; π. σύνδρομοι, Συμπληγάδες, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς πέτραις ὑψηλοκρήμνοις, of Caucasus, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. Δελφίς, π. δίλοφος, of Parnassus, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. Κεκροπία, of the Acropolis, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 π. γλαφυρή a hollow rock, i.e. a cave, Refs 8th c.BC+; σπέος κοιλῇ ὑπὸ π. Refs 8th c.BC+; δίστομος π. cave in the rock with a double entrance, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατηρεφεῖς αὐτῇ τῇ π. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕως τῆς π. down to virgin rock, NT+3rd c.BC+ __3 mass of rock or boulder, Refs 8th c.BC+ __4 stone as material, π. λαρτία, Τηΐα, Refs 3rd c.BC+, which is variant in X.[same place]; πέτρᾳ should be read in Refs 5th c.BC+; the distinction is minimized by Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II proverbial, οὐκ ἀπὸ δρυὸς οὐδ᾽ ἀπὸ πέτρης, etc. (see. δρῦς); as a symbol of firmness, ὁ δ᾽ ἐστάθη ἠΰτε π. ἔμπεδον Refs 8th c.BC+; of hard-heartedness, ἐκ πέτρας εἰργασμένος Refs 5th c.BC+ in a text with musical accompaniment, Refs

κρημνός, ὁ, irregular __Aplural κρημνά, τά, variant for{κρημνούς} in Refs 4th c.AD+ Mynd.63:—overhanging bank, in Refs 8th c.BC+ of the bank of a river, edge of a trench, Refs 5th c.BC+; later, beetling cliff, crag, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀναθεῖναι ἐπὶ κρημνόν τιν᾽ Refs 5th c.BC+ down from the cliffs of Epipolae, Refs 6th c.BC+; οἱ K., the Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 in plural, edges of an ulcer, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.3 labia pudendi, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† II. סֶ֫לַע n.pr.loc. in Edom, מֵהַסּ׳ Ju 1:36 (del. מֵ, cf. GFM); הַסּ׳ captured in war 2 K 14:7 (and called יָקְתְאֵל); מִסּ׳ Is 16:1; site dub.; old identif. with Petra denied, plausibly, by BuhlEdom GFM Ju 1:36 (who thinks of an actual cliff), but held Benz 2 K 14:7 BdPal (1898), 206; 𝔊 (ἡ) πέτρα.

† [כֵּף] n.[m.] rock (Assyrian kaæpu DlHWB 346; Aramaic כֵּיפָא, ܟܻܐܦܳܐ; perhaps Aramaic loan-word in Heb.; √ dub.);—only pl. כֵּפִים Je 4:29 as place of refuge; Jb 30:6 as dwelling-place.

σπῐλάς, άδος, ἡ, __A rock over which the sea dashes (opposed to ὕφαλοι πέτραι in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐφ᾽ ὑψηλαῖς σπιλάδεσσι Refs 5th c.BC+; πλαγκταὶ σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+; ῥεῖθρον ἀπὸ σ. Refs 3rd c.BC+: generally, slab, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὧδ᾽ ὑπὸ τὸ σπιλάδος μέλαθρον, i.e. under this tombstone, Refs; hollow rock, cave, Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.II as adjective, stony, or perhaps marly, i.e. γῆ, Refs 4th c.BC+

† [בַּתָּה] n.f. precipice, steep (as cut off, abrupt)—בְּנַחֲלֵי הַבַּתּוֹת Is 7:19 in the ravines of the precipices.