Plants

שֶׁ֫מֶן192 n.m. 2 K 20:13 (on appar. f. Ct 1:3 cf. AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 99, 106) fat, oil;—שׁ׳ abs. Gn 28:18 +, cstr. Lv 8:2 +; שָׁ֑׳ 2 K 4:6 +; sf. שַׁמְנִי Ho 2:7 +, etc.; pl. שְׁמָנִים Am 6:6 +; sf. שְׁמָנֶיךָ Ct 1:3, -נַיִךְ 4:10;— 1. fat, fatness: קֶרֶן בֶּן־שׁ׳ Is 5:1 (of fertile slope); pl. גֵּיא־שְׁמָנִים 28:1, 4; of food (in fig.) 25:6(×2); lit. בְּשָׂרִי כַּחַשׁ מִשָּׁ֑מֶן ψ 109:24 (cf. צוֹם v a), cf. מִפְּנֵי שׁ׳ Is 10:27 (in fig., si vera l., meaning obscure; most now emend by conjecture; RSJPh xiii (1885), 62 עָלָה מִצָּפוֹן שֹׁדֵד [v. also II. חבל], joining to v 28; Du Marti has gone up from Pene-Rimmon [??], cf. Di-Kit). 2. a. oil, specif. olive-oil, as rich product Dt 8:8 + (v. זַיִת); hence עֵץ שׁ׳ Is 41:19 oil-tree, usually explained as wild olive, oleaster, so Ne 8:15 (‖ זַיִת), עֲצֵי שׁ׳ oleaster-wood 1 K 6:23, 31, 32, 33; once שׁ׳ הַמֹּר Est 2:2 (v. מֹר p. 600b; מ׳ also in holy anointing oil Ex 30:23). b. שׁ׳ as staple (condiment) Nu 11:8 (J; v. לשׁד), of value 1 K 17:12, 14, 16; 2 K 2:4, 6, 7 + 4 times; symb. of plenty Dt 32:13; 33:24; Jb 29:6; ascribed (falsely) to gift of Baals Ho 2:7; as royal treasure 2 K 20:13 = Is 39:2, cf. 1 K 5:25 (שׁ׳ כָּתִית, v. כ׳) = 2 Ch 2:9, 14 + 3 times; tribute Ho 12:2, art. of trade Ez 27:17; odoriferous Pr 27:9; Ct 1:3; 4:10, שׁ׳ רוֹקֵחַ Ec 10:1, so (fig.) Ct 1:3; Ec 7:1; Pr. 27:16 is corrupt, v. Toy; sign of luxury Ez 16:13; Pr 21:17, of prosperity Ez 16:20. c. שׁ׳ as medicament Is 1:6; as unguent, for shield 2 S 1:21, person Am 6:6; Mi 6:15; Dt 28:40; Ez 16:9; Est 2:12 ψ 92:11; 104:15, not for mourner 2 S 14:2; on head, token of happiness Ec 9:8, of hospitality, דִּשַּׁנְתָּ בַּשּׁ׳ רֹאשִׁי ψ 23:5 (fig.), in sim. 133:2; 141:5. d. for anointing king, פַּךְ הַשּׁ׳ 1 S 10:1; 2 K 9:1, 3, cf. v 6, c. קֶרֶן 1 S 16:1, 13; 1 K 1:39; cf. בְּשׁ׳ קָדְשִׁי מְשַׁחְתִּיו ψ 89:21. e. in various figs., of joy שׁ׳ שָׂשׂוֹן Is 61:3 ψ 45:8; soft words 55:22 Pr 5:3; as penetrating 109:18; as clear, transparent Ez 32:14. f. used in primitive worship, poured on stone Gn 28:18 (E), 35:14 (J). g. in later ritual: for anointing priests, tabern., altar utensils, etc. (P), made of various ingred., שׁ׳ זַיִת among them, Ex 30:24, שׁ׳ הָמִּשְׁחָה 25:6 Lv 8:2, 10, 12 + 11 times; שׁ׳ מִשְׁחַת־קֹדֶשׁ Ex 30:25(×2) + 2 times; שׁ׳ מ׳ י׳ Lv 10:7, שׁ׳ מ׳ אֱלֹהָיו 21:12; שׁ׳ הַקּ׳ Nu 35:25; שׁ׳ alone Lv 14:10 + 12 times Lv 14; for lighting Ex 25:6 + 6 times + שׁ׳ זַיִת זָךְ כָּתִית Ex 27:20; Lv 24:2 (v. כָּתִית); poured upon מִנְחָה Lv 2:1 + 5 times, cf. 5:11 Nu 5:15; smeared (v. מָשַׁח) upon wafers Ex 29:2; Lv 2:4 +, and cakes (or mixed in the making? cf. בָּלַל) Ex 29:2; Lv 2:4, 5 +, so סֹלֶת בַּשׁ׳ Lv 2:7, etc. (c. 45 times in all), חַלַּת לֶחֶם שׁ׳ Ex 29:23; Lv 8:26. h. for use in temple 1 Ch 9:29. i. for תְּרוּמָה in Ezekiel’s temple Ez 45:14(×2) + 7 times 45, 46. †j. efficacy denied Mi 6:7. †k. offered to idols Is 57:9; Ez 16:18, 19; 23:41.—Vid. MacalisterHastDB Oil ARS KennedyEncy. Bib. Oil.

† אֶ֫רֶז n.m. Ez 17:23 cedar;—f. Ez 17:22 א׳ הָרָמָה, but del. הרמה 𝔊 Co;—(Arabic أَرْزٌ pine-tree, etc.; Ethiopic አርዝ Syriac ܐܰܪܙܳܐ )—א׳ abs. Lv 14:4 + 19 times, אָ֑רֶז Jb 40:17 + 6 times; pl. אֲרָזִים Is 9:9 + 35 times; cstr. אַרְזֵי Is 2:13 + 5 times; sf. אֲרָזֶיךָ Je 22:7; Zc 11:1; אֲרָזָיו Is 37:24 = 2 K 19:23;— 1. cedar-tree, (a) as growing Nu 24:6 ψ 148:9; Is 41:19; 44:14 cf. Ez 31:8; especially as growing on Lebanon 1 K 5:13; 2 K 14:9 = 2 Ch 25:18 (both in fable of Jehoash); often אַרְזֵי (הַ)לְּבָנוֹן Ju 9:15 Is 2:13; 14:8 ψ 29:5(×2) (fig.) 104:16, cf. 1 K 5:20 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24; ψ 92:13; Ct 5:15; Ez 27:5 (sg. coll.) Zc 11:1, 2 (fig.); Ct 1:17; Ezr 3:7; Je 22:23 (fig.) Ez 17:3 (fig.); (b) especially in sim., of outward power, stateliness & majesty ψ 80:11 (א׳ אֵל) cf. Ez 31:3 (personif., but v. Co on text), Am 2:9; of individuals Je 22:7; ψ 92:13; Ez 17:22, 23; cf. other exx. of fig. use, supr.; sim. of straightness & strength Jb 40:17 (tail of hippopotamus). 2. cedar-timber, cedar-wood for building, עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים 2 S 5:11; 1 K 5:22, 24; 6:10; 9:11; 1 Ch 14:1; 22:4(×2) 2 Ch 2:7; Ezr 3:7; without עֵץ 2 S 7:2, 7; 1 K 6:9, 15, 16, 18(×2), 20, 36; 7:2(×2), 3, 7, 11, 12; 10:27; 1 Ch 17:1, 6; 2 Ch 1:15; 2:2; 9:27 & Ct 8:9; Is 9:9; Je 22:14, 15 (cf. also Is 44:14; 1 K 5:20; Ez 27:5 supr.) 3. cedar-wood used in purifications, c. עֵץ Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52 Nu 19:6 (all P).

קָנֶה62 n.m. Gn 41:5 stalk, reed;—abs. ק׳ 1 K 14:15 +; cstr. קְנֵה Ez 40:3 +; sf. קָנָהּ Ex 25:31; 37:17 = קָנָהֿ (Ges§ 91 e) Jb 31:22; pl. קָנִים Ex 25:32 +; cstr. קְנֵי 37:18 +; sf. קְנֹתָם 25:36; 37:22;— †1. stalk of grain Gn 41:5, 22 (E). †2. water-plant, reed, 1 K 14:15; Is 19:6 (+ סוּף), 35:7 (+ גֹּמֶא); coll., חַיַּת ק׳ ψ 68:31 beasts of (the) reeds (dwelling among them), cf. בְּסֵתֶר ק׳ וּבִצָּה Jb 40:21; מִשְׁעֶנֶת הַקּ׳ הָרָצוּץ 2 K 18:21 = Is 36:6, מִשׁ׳ ק׳ Ez 29:6, all fig. of weak support; cf. ק׳ רָצוּץ Is 42:3 (spared by עבד י׳) †3. calamus, aromatic reed, ק׳ הַטּוֹב Je 6:20 (Ges§ 126 w), ק׳־בֹשֶׁם Ex 30:23 (P); ק׳ alone Ez 27:19; Is 43:24; Ct 4:14. 4. derived meanings: †a. measuring-rod, קְנֵה הַמִּדָּה Ez 40:3, 5 (6 cubits long, v. אַמָּה) 42:16(×2), 17, 18, 19. b. unit of measure, reed (of 6 cubits, as Assyrian ḳanû) Ez 40:5(×2) + 10 times 40, 42, + מְלוֹ הַקּ׳ 41:8 full reed (emphat.). †c. beam of scales, for scales themselves Is 46:6. †d. shaft of lamp-stand Ex 25:31 = 37:17 (P). e. branches thereof, Ex 25:32(×3) = 37:18(×3) + 16 times 25, 37 (all P). †f. shoulder-joint, Jb 31:22 (‖ שְׁכֶם).

† I. יַ֫עַר n.m. 2 S 18:8 wood, forest, thicket (MI21 pl. היערן (= n.pr.loc.?); Ph. יער and יר, cf. DHM in MV(10) 983; Aramaic יַעֲרָא, ܝܰܥܪܳܐ wood, thicket; Assyrian âru DlHWB 230, cf. JägerBAS i, 476)—abs. יַ֫עַר Is 7:2 +; יָ֑עַר Mi 3:12 +; c. ה loc. יַעֲרָה Jos 17:15; cstr. יַ֫עַר 2 S 18:6; יַעְרָהּ Je 46:23, etc.; pl. יְעָרִים Ezr 2:25 + 4 times (incl. Ez 34:25 Qr, so Co); יְעָרוֹת ψ 29:9;— a. wood, forest, wooded height, with trees to be felled Jos 17:15 (c. עלה go up to), v 18 (J), Dt 19:5 (not elsewhere Hex); עֵץ מִיַּעַר כִּרָתוֹ Je 10:3 as wood out of a forest he hath cut it; יחטבו מן־היערים Ez 39:10 (עצים מן־השׂדה in ‖ cl.); as producing trees יער צוֹמֵחַ עֵצִים Ec 2:6; in designation of Solomon’s palace בֵּית יַעַר הַלְּבָנוֹן 1 K 7:2 (on structure of this house v. StaSalomos Bauten, ZAW 1883, 150), 10:17, 21 = 2 Ch 9:16, 20; cf. בֵּית הַיָּ֑עַר Is 22:8; fig. of foes to be cut down and destroyed נִקַּף סִבְכֵי היער Is 10:34; כָּֽרְתוּ יַעְרָהּ Je 46:23; so Is 32:19 and יער הַבָּצִו֯ר Zc 11:2 (read Kt הַבָּצוּר inaccessible forest). b. as hiding-place for fugitive 1 S 22:5; lurking-place of wild beasts Am 3:4 Mi 5:7 2 K 2:24 Je 5:6; 12:8 Is 56:9 ψ 50:10; 80:14; 104:20, cf. Ez 34:25 (read Qr, v. supr.) c. stripped by voice of י׳ ψ 29:9; devoured by fire Is 9:17 (סִבְכֵי הַיּ׳; fig. of the people); so in metaph. or sim. of י׳’s judgements Is 10:18 (כְּבוֹד יַעְרוֹ, fig. of Assyrian), Je 21:14 Ez 21:2, 3 (v. infr.) ψ 83:15. d. opp. כַּרְמֶל (garden-land) Is 29:17; 32:15; but also יַעַר כַּרְמִלּוֹ his garden woodland 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24, and יַעַר בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמֶל Mi 7:14 (secluded and fertile abode for flock, fig. of people, v. Che; Hi-St thinks of sacred grove). e. = thicket, especially as symbol of desolation Ho 2:14; בָּמוֹת יער thicket-covered heights (overgrown with bushes and trees) Mi 3:12 = Je 26:18; also בַּיַּעַר בִּעְרַב Is 21:13 in the thicket (or bushes, so VB) in Arabia must ye lodge, caravans of Dedanites. f. עֲצֵי (ה)יער trees of the forest Is 7:2 (in sim.), 10:19 (שְׁאָר עֵץ יַעְרוֹ, fig.), 44:14 Ez 15:2, also v 6 (עֵץ היער), Ct 2:3 (in sim.); fig., as singing before י׳ ψ 96:12 = 1 Ch 16:33, Is 44:23 (יער וְכָל־עֵץ בּוֹ). g. particular forests are: יער אפרים 2 S 18:6, see אֶפְרַ֫יִם" dir="rtl" >אֶפְרַיִם p. 68 supr.; cf. v 8, 17 (v. also Jos 17:15, 18); יַעַר חָ֑רֶת 1 S 22:5 (v. supr.); יַעַר לְבָנוֹן (v. supr.); יַעַר הַשָּׂדֶה נֶגֶב and יַעַר הַנָּגֶב Ez 21:2, 3 (v. supr.) fig. of Judah (land and people); v. also יְעָרִים" dir="rtl" >יְעָרִים infr.—שְׂדֵי־יָ֑עַר ψ 132:6 is a n.pr.loc. (but Bae thinks appellat. ‘auf waldigem Gefilde’), v. יְעָרִים" dir="rtl" >קִרְיַת יְעָרִים. On 1 S 14:25, 26, v. ii. יער²" dir="rtl" >יער.—יעורים Ez 34:25 Kt, read יְעָרִים Qr, v. supr.

סֹ֫לֶת53 n.f. Lv 2:5 (cf. on gender AlbrechtZAW xvi (1896), 106) fine flour (𝔊 σεμίδαλις, 𝔙 simila) (NH id.; Aramaic סוּלְתָּא; Arabic سُلْتٌ a kind of barley without husks Lane 1401; Assyrian sillatu, or šillatu, a kind of grain (?) Meissner-RostBAS iii. 361; also ṯulṯȧ, ṯuruti̥, flour, as loan-word in Egyptian, Bondi84 WMMAs. u. Eur. 101);—abs. ס׳ Gn 18:6 +, cstr. ס׳ Ex 29:2 +; sf. סָלְתָּהּ Lv 2:2;—fine flour, used in king’s household 1 K 5:2 (‖ קֶמַח), for honoured guests קֶמַח ס׳ Gn 18:6 (J), a se’āh of it sold for a shekel in time of scarcity 2 K 7:1, 16, 18 (v. Benz); luxurious food Ez 16:13, 19 (of Jerus. under fig. of woman); elsewhere only in offerings Ez 46:14; 1 Ch 9:29; 23:29, and P; ס׳ חִטִּים Ex 29:2, ס׳ v 40, Lv 2:1 + 13 times Lv., Nu 6:15 + 26 times Nu.

† דָּגָן n.m. corn, grain (of cereals) (NH id., Sam. ࠃࠂࠍ v. Thes.; cf. Ph. ארצת דגן)—דָּגָן Gn 27:28 + 29 times; cstr. דְּגַן ψ 78:24; sf. דְּגָנִי Ho 2:11, דְּגָֽנְךָ Dt 7:13; 12:17; 14:23; 18:4, דְּגָנֶ֑ךָ Dt 11:14, דְּגָנֵךְ Is 62:8, דְּגָנָם ψ 4:8; 65:10—corn, c. תִּירוֹשׁ must, q.v., Gn 27:28, 37 (both J) ψ 4:8 Is 62:8 Ho 2:11; 7:14; 9:1 Zc 9:17; cf. also Nu 18:27 (P; here, for תירושׁ, מְלֵאָה מִן־הַיָּ֑קֶב), La 2:12 (where יַיִן), Ho 14:8 (where גֶּפֶן & יֵין לְבָנוֹן); ארץ דגן ותירושׁ of land of Canaan Dt 33:28; of land of captiv. (words of the Rabshak) 2 K 18:32 = Is 36:17 (other products, also, named in both); usually c. תירושׁ & יצהר Nu 18:12 Dt 7:13; 11:14; 12:17; 14:23; 18:4; 28:51 2 Ch 31:5 (+ דבשׁ) 32:28 Ne 5:11; 10:40; 13:5, 12 Je 31:12 Ho 2:10, 24 Jo 1:10; 2:19 Hg 1:11; also Jo 1:17 Me; (cf. 2 K 18:32 Is 36:17 supr.); alone, rare and late Ne 5:2, 3, 10 ψ 65:10 Ez 36:29; דְּגַן־שָׁמַיִם ψ 78:24;—of the above the following refer to firstfruits offered to the priests Nu 18:12 (cf. v 27) Dt 18:4 2 Ch 31:5; to tithe Dt 12:17; 14:23 Ne 13:5, 12; to both generally Ne 10:40; to loaning on usury Ne 5:10, 11.

† תְּאֵנָה n.f. fig-tree, (then) fig (√ dub.; Arabic تِينٌ,, Aramaic תִּינְתָא, ܬܻܐܬܳܐ; perhaps Pun. תין (v. Lzb385; i.e. תְּיֵן Eut, v. DHMVOJ i. 26), Assyrian tittu, a tree; LagM i. 58ff. combines ת׳ (precariously) with √ (III) אנה meet opportunely, with ref. to fructifying of fig by another tree, cf. HomAufsätze u. Abh. i (1892), 100);—abs. ת׳ Ju 9:10 +; sf. תְּאֵנָתוֹ 1 K 5:5 +, etc.; pl. תְּאֵנִים Nu 13:23 +; cstr. תְּאֵנֵי Je 24:2; sf. תְּאֵנֵיכֶם Am 4:9;— 1. fig-tree (ficus carica PostFlora 730; Hast. DB, s. v. TrNHB 350 M’Lean-Th-Dyer Ency. Bib., s. v.; cf. Löw§ 335; often + גֶּפֶן): Ju 9:10, 11 (in allegory), Am 4:9; Ho 9:10; Na 3:12; 1 K 5:5 2 K 18:31 = Is 36:16; Mi 4:4; Is 34:4; Pr 27:18; עֲלֵה ת׳ Gn 3:7 (J) fig-leaves, הַתּ׳ חָֽנְטָה פַגֶּיהָ Ct 2:13; coll. Nu 20:5 (JE), Ho 2:14; Je 5:17; 8:13; Dt 8:8; Hb 3:17; Hg 2:19; Zc 3:10; Jo 1:7, 12; 2:22 ψ 105:33. 2. fig, always pl.: Nu 13:23 (JE), Je 24:1, 2(×2), 3(×2), 5, 8; 29:17 (all symbolic of Judæans), Je 8:13 (אֵין תּ׳ בַּתְּאֵנָה), Ne 13:15; as medicament, דְּבֶלֶת ת׳ 2 K 20:7 = Is 38:21; תְּאֵנֵי הַבַּכֻּרוֹת Je 24:2 the figs of early ripeness (cf. Du).

† זַ֫יִת n.m. ψ 52:10 olive-tree, olive (NH id.; Aramaic ܙܰܝܬܳܐ, זֵיתָא; Ethiopic ዘይት Arabic زَيْتُونٌ olive-tree, olive, زَيْتٌ olive-oil; v. LagM iii. 215 ff. HomAufsätze. u. Abh., 1892, 94, 99 ff.; √ dub.; Thes and most der. from assumed זהה be bright, fresh, luxuriant (v. sub זִו) + ת afformat. which is then treated as radical, cf. Sta§ 187 a; but this not certain, cf. Ol§ 119 b. 142 a; according to LagArmen. Stud. § 1347; ז׳ is Armen. loan-word, v. also LagMl.c.; LagBN 219, Anm.);—abs. ז׳ Gn 8:11, cstr. זֵית Dt 8:8 2 K 18:32; sf. זֵיתְךָ Dt 24:20, זֵיתֶ֑ךָ Ex 23:11 Dt 28:40; pl. זֵיתִים Dt 6:11, etc.;— 1. olive-tree Ju 9:8, 9 (personif., in Jotham’s fable), Ho 14:7 (sim. of beauty), Jb 15:33 (as casting off its flowers, sim. of wicked man); in 2 S 15:23 ins. הַזּ׳ אֲשֶׁר (before הַמִּדְבָּר, read בַּמּ׳) 𝔊L Dr; also pl. of two olive-trees Zc 4:3, 11; ז׳ רַעֲנָן ψ 52:10 fresh, (thriving) olive-tree (sim. of prosperity), so Je 11:16; עֲלֵה־ז׳ Gn 8:11 (J) olive-branch, spring, cf. Ne 8:15 (here + עֲלֵי עֵץ־שֶׁמֶן, etc.); also pl. שְׁתִלֵי זֵיתִים ψ 128:3 olive-shoots (sim. of children); שִׁבֲּלֵי זֵיתִים Zc 4:12 olive-branches (in Zech.’s vision); זַיִת in representative or coll. sense, = olive-trees, groups of growing olive-trees, as property, source of wealth, olive-yards Ex 23:11 (JE; + כֶּרֶם), Ju 15:5 (+ id.); עֵץ־הַזַּיִת Hg 2:19 (+ הַגֶּפֶן וְהַתְּאֵנָה וְהָרִמּוֹן); also in phr. כִּחֵשׁ מַעֲשֵׂה־זַיִת Hb 3:17 the bearing, yield, of olive-trees (‖ וּשְׁדֵמוֹת לֹא־עָשָׂה אֹכֶל cf. also תְּאֵנָה and גֶּפֶן יְבוּל v a); specif. זֵית שֶׁמֶן, oil-yielding olive-trees Dt 8:8 cf. 2 K 18:32; נֹקֶף ז׳ striking or beating of olive-trees Is 17:6; 24:13 (sim. of desolation at judgment of י׳), cf. כִּי תַחְבֹּט זֵיתְךָ Dt 24:20; rather more often pl.; Am 4:9 (‖ גַּנּוֹת, כְּרָמִים, תְּאֵנִים), 1 S 8:14 (‖ שָׂדוֹת, כְּרָמִים), cf. also Dt 6:11; 28:40a Jos 24:13 2 K 5:26 1 Ch 27:28 Ne 5:11; 9:25. 2. of fruit of olive-tree, olives: Dt 28:40b (c. שֶׁמֶן); תִּדְרֹךְ זַיִת Mi 6:15 (‖ שֶׁמֶן); also שֶׁמֶן זַיִת olive-oil Ex 27:20; 30:24 (P) Lv 24:2 (P). 3. in designations of place: מַעֲלֵה הַזֵּיתִים 2 S 15:30 the ascent of the olive-trees (𝔊 ἐν τῇ ἀναβάσει τῶν ἐλαιῶν = Mount of Olives); הַר־הַזֵּיתִים Zc 14:4(×2) (𝔊 τὸ ὄρος τῶν ἐλαιῶν); the well-known hill E. of Jerus. (NT usually as Zc 14:4 𝔊, e.g. Mk 13:3; cf. also הָהָר 1 K 11:7 Ez 11:33 Ne 8:15; 𝔗 טוּר זֵיתַיָּא 2 K 23:13 cf. 2 S 15:30 Zc 14:4 etc.; 𝔗 Ct 8:5 טוּר מִשְׁחָא, and so Talm etc.)

† שְׂעֹרָה n.f. barley (bearded grain; 𝔊 κριθή, 𝔙 hordeum; NH id.; Sab. שערם Glass in FellZMG liv (1900), 256, Arabic شَعِيرٌ; Old Aramaic שערה, 𝔗 סְעָרְתָא; Syriac ܣܥܳܪܬܳܐ; Di260 cp. Ethiopic ሥርናይ wheat, grain);—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 9:31 +; usually pl. שְׂעֹרִים Ho 3:2 +;—barley, common grain (often ‖ חִטָּה, etc.): 1. growing, standing, sg. Ex 9:31(×2) (J), Dt 8:8 Jb 31:40 Jo 1:11, as sown Is 28:25; standing, pl. 2 S 14:30 שְׂעוֹ׳ 1 Ch 11:13, reaped קְצִיר (הַ)שְׂעֹרִים 2 S 21:9 Ru 1:22; 2:23, גֹּרֶן הַשּׂ׳ 3:2. 2. pl., the grains, measured, cooked, etc.: Ho 3:2(×2) Ez 4:9; 13:19; 45:13 2 K 7:1, 16, 18 Je 41:8 2 Ch 2:9, 14; 27:5 Ru 2:17; 3:15, 17, 2 S 17:28 1 K 5:8 (food for horses); זֶרַע חֹמֶר שׂ׳ Lv 27:16 (P); קֶמַח שׂ׳ Nu 5:15, לֶחֶם שׂ׳ Ju 7:13 2 K 4:42, עֻגַת שׂ׳ Ez 4:12.

† עֵ֫שֶׂב n.m. Gn 1:11 herb, herbage;—ע׳ abs. Dt 11:15 +; cstr. Gn 2:5 +; sf. עֶשְׂבָּם Is 42:15; pl. cstr. עִשְּׂבוֹת (d.f. dirim.) Pr 27:25;—herb, herbage, in oldest use often gen. (therefore incl. grass [דֶּשֶׁא]): ע׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Ex 9:22 (E), Gn 2:5 (+ שִׂיחַ) Ex 9:25 (+ עֵץ), 10:15 (+ id; all J) Am 7:2, so ע׳ הָאָרֶץ Ex 10:12 (E), + פְּרִי הָעֵץ v 15 (J), whence ψ 105:35; appar. gen. also in ע׳ הארץ Jb 5:25 ψ 72:16, ע׳ alone 92:8; ע׳ כָּל־הַשָּׂדֶה Je 12:14, ע׳ alone Dt 32:2 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא), Is 42:15 ψ 102:5, 12, and Dt 29:22 Mi 5:6 Pr 19:12; hence ע׳ as food for cattle Dt 11:15 ψ 106:20 cf. Je 14:6 Zc 10:1; עִשְּׂבוֹת הָרִים Pr 27:25 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא, חָצִיר); but as human food (hence excluding דֶּשֶׁא) ע׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Gn 3:18 (J); especially P Gn 1:29 (+ עֶץ), יֶרֶק ע׳ v 30; 9:3, hence ע׳ ψ 104:14 (‖ חָצִיר for cattle); ע׳ disting. from דֶּשֶׁא, עֵץ also Gn 1:11, 12, ע׳ שָׂדֶה + דֶּשֶׁא, חָצִיר 2 K 19:26 + Is 37:27.

† צָמַח vb. sprout, spring up (NH id., so 𝔗 צְמַח; Syriac ܨܡܰܚ spring or shine forth, ܨܶܡܚܳܐ shining, also sprout; Ph. צמח posterity);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. צָֽמַח־בּוֹ Lv 13:37; 3 pl. וְצָֽמְחוּ consec. Is 44:4; Impf. 3 ms. יִצְמַח Jb 5:6, 3 fpl. תִּצְמַחְנָה Is 42:9, etc.; Pt. צֹמֵחַ Ex 10:5, צוֹמֵחַ Ec 2:6; fpl. צֹמְחוֹת Gn 41:6, 23;—sprout, spring up: 1. of plants, trees, etc. Gn 2:5; Ex 10:5 (both J), Gn 41:6, 23 (E), Ez 17:6 (in fig.); once (late) יַעַר צוֹמֵחַ עֵצִים Ec 2:6 wood sprouting with trees (full of growing trees); fig. of future ruler (v. צֶמַח) Zc 6:12, posterity Is 44:4, cf. Jb 8:19, trouble (עָמָל) 5:6, truth (אֱמֶת) ψ 85:12, restoration (אֲרֻכָֽתְךָ) Is 58:8, future events Is 42:9. 2. of hair Lv 13:37 (P; cf. Pi.). Pi. grow abundantly, always of hair;—Pf. 3 ms. צִמֵּחַ Ez 16:7 (in fig.): Impf. 3 ms. יִצַמַּח 2 S 10:5 = 1 Ch 19:5 (of beard); Inf. cstr. לְצַמֵּחַ Ju 16:22 (Samson’s hair). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. וְהִצְמִיחָהּ Is 55:10; Impf. 3 ms. יַצְמִיחַ 2 S 23:5; Is 61:11, וַיַּצְמַח Gn 2:9, etc.; Inf. cstr. לְהַצְמִיחַ Jb 38:27; Pt. מַצְמִיחַ ψ 104:14; 147:8;— 1. cause to grow, c. acc. of plant, subj. י׳ Gn 2:9 ψ 104:14, cf. Jb 38:27, c. 2 acc. ψ 147:8 who causeth mts. to sprout grass; fig., obj. צֶמַח צְדָקָה Je 33:15; horn (קֶרֶן) of Isr. Ez 29:21, of David ψ 132:17; righteousness, etc. Is 61:11b; cf. also 2 S 23:5 (if interrog., v. Dr Bu; otherwise HPS); subj. ground Gn 3:18 cf. Is 61:11a (sim.), Dt 29:22 (obj. om.); also (fig.) Is 45:8 (cf. Di Kit). 2. of rain, cause the earth to sprout (abs.), Is 55:10.

† שֹׁ֫רֶשׁ n.m. Dt 29:17 root;—שׁ׳ abs. Dt 29:17 +, cstr. Is 11:10 +; sf. שָׁרְשִׁי Jb 29:19, etc.; pl. cstr. שָׁרְשֵׁי 13:27 (v. infr.) 36:30, sf. שָֽׁרָשָׁיו Am 2:9 +, שָֽׁרָשֶׁיהָ Ez 17:7 +;— 1. root of people under fig. of tree, involving firmness, permanence, Am 2:9; Ho 9:16; 14:6; Is 14:30; 2 K 19:30 = Is 37:31;—שָׁרְשָׁם Ju 5:14 is prob. corrupt, v. GFM;—so of pers. (cf. Ph., Eshmunazar 11 GACooke pp. 30, 36) Is 5:24; Mal 3:19; Jb 8:17; 18:16; 29:19; Pr 12:3, 12; = stock, family Is 11:1, 10; Dn 11:7, cf. (of serpent) Is 14:29; = source or cause Dt 29:17, שׁ׳ דָּבָר Jb 19:28. 2. lit root of tree or shrub Je 17:8 (sim.), Ez 31:7 (metaph. of people), Is 53:2 (sim.), Jb 14:8; 30:4; of vine (metaph. of people) Ez 17:6, 7, 9(×2) ψ 80:10 (acc. cogn. c. שׁרשׁ Hiph.). 3. root, fig. = lowest stratum, of mt. Jb 28:9, of sea 36:30 = bottom (text strange and dub.: Du רָאשֵׁי הָרִים, with אֵדוֹ in v a); of feet, שָׁרְשֵׁי רַגְלַי 13:27, i.e. soles Ew Di De Da al. (elsewhere כַּף), Bu place of treading, footholds; Du (arbitrarily) שָׁרְשִׁי, del. רגלי.

† I. רִמּוֹן n.m. Je 52:23 pomegranate (foreign word of doubtful origin, cf. LöwNo. 310 HomA. u. A. 97 ff.; Aramaic רִימּוֹנָא, רוּמָּנָא, ܪܽܘܡܳܢܳܐ, Mand. רומאנא NöM. 123; Arabic رُمَّانٌ (Aramaic loan-word, Frä 142), Ethiopic ሮማን: );—abs. ר׳ 1 S 14:2 +, רִמֹּן Ex 39:26, 26; sf. רִמֹּנִי Ct 8:2; pl. רִמּוֹנִים 1 K 7:20 +, etc.;—pomegranate: 1. tree 1 S 14:2, often + גֶּפֶן, תְּאֵנָה, etc., Nu 20:5 (JE), Dt 8:8; Hg 2:19; Jo 1:12; Ct 4:13; 6:11; 7:13. 2. fruit Nu 13:23 (JE; + עֲנָבִים, תְּאֵנִים); עֲסִיס ר׳ Ct 8:2, פֶּלַח הָר׳ (in sim.) 4:3; 6:7. 3. ornaments in temple, shaped like pomegranates (cf. رُمَّانَة in mod. Syria = epaulet, AlmkvistKl. Beiträge zur Lexicogr., etc. NesMarg. 12), 1 K 7:18 (on text cf. StaZAW iii (1883), 154 f. Kit Benz), v 20, 42(×2) ‖ 2 Ch 3:16; 4:13(×2) 2 K 25:17 = Je 52:22; Je 52:22, 23(×2); so in tabernacle, Ex 28:33, 34(×2); 39:24, 25(×2), 26(×2).

† חִטָּה n.f. wheat (NH id., Aramaic חִנְטִין, חִיטְּתָא, ܚܶܛܬܳܐ; Arabic حِنْطَةٌ );—abs. ח׳ Ex 9:32 + 6 times; pl. חִטִּים Gn 30:14 + 20 times; חִטִּין Ez 4:9; cstr. חִטֵּי Ez 27:17;—wheat, sg. chiefly poet., of growing wheat Ex 9:32 (E), Dt 8:8 Jb 31:40; Jo 1:11; sown Is 28:25; food-product Dt 32:14 (חֵלֶב כִּלְיוֹת ח׳ kidney-fat of wheat, i.e. the choicest, v. חֵלֶב) חֵלֶב ח׳ ψ 81:17 (cf. 147:14 infr.); elsewhere pl.; wheat as sown Je 12:13; wheat-harvest קְצִיר ח׳ Gn 30:14 (J), Ex 34:22 (JE), Ju 15:1 1 S 6:13; 12:17 Ru 2:23, + 2 S 24:15 where insert according to 𝔊 We Dr; wheat threshed Ju 6:11; 1 Ch 21:20 cf. v 23; measured 1 K 5:25 = 2 Ch 2:9 (חטים מַכּוֹת, read ח׳ מַכֹּלֶת as 1 K 5:25 = wheat for food Th Be Ke after Vrss), v 14; 27:5 Ez 45:13; stored (with barley, oil and honey) Je 41:8; for food 2 S 17:28, חֵלֶב חִטִּים ψ 147:14 (cf. 81:14 supr.); לֹקְחֵי חִטִּים 2 S 4:6 (read סֹקְלָה ח׳ 𝔊 We Dr); סֹלֶת ח׳ fine wheaten flour Ex 29:2 (P); Ez 4:9 (חִטִּין, Aramaic pl.) mixed with barley, beans, lentils, etc., and made into bread.

† I. סוּף n.m. Jon 2:6 reeds, rushes (coll.) (prob. loan-word from Egyptian ṭwfi, reeds, SteindorffBASi. 603 ErmanZMG xivi (1892), 122; Semitic according to WMMAs. u. Eur. 101);— 1. rushes, in Nile Ex 2:3, 5 (E); קָנֶהוָסוּף Is 19:6 (of Egypt); Jon 2:6. 2. usually in combin. יַם־סוּף prob. = sea of rushes or reeds (> sea of (city) Suph), which Gk. incl. in wider name θάλασσα ἐρυθρά, Red Sea (cf. Di Ex 13:18 and especially WMMAs. u. Eur. 42 f., who expl. as name orig. given to upper end of Gulf of Suez, extending into Bitter Lakes, shallow and marshy, whence reeds (prob. also reddish colour));—name applied only to arms of Red Sea; most often a. to Gulf of Suez Ex 10:19 Jos 2:10 (both J), Ex 13:18; 15:4, 22; 23:31 (all E), Dt 11:4 Jos 4:23; 24:6 (D), Nu 33:10, 11 (P), elsewhere late Ne 9:9 ψ 106:7, 9, 22; 136:13, 15. b. sometimes to Gulf of Akaba 1 K 9:26, and דֶּרֶךְ יַם־סוּף Nu 21:4 (E), prob. also 14:25 (E), Dt 1:40; 2:1; perhaps Ju 11:16 Je 49:21; poss. read מִיַּם־סוּף for מוֹל ס׳ Dt 1:1 (v. infr.).

שִׁטָּה27 n.f. acacia, tree and wood (= שִׁנְטָה*, Arabic سَنْطٌ, prob. loan-word from Egyptian šndt, šondet, Thes1452 ErmanZMG xivi (1892), 120);—growing in dry places; especially acacia (mimosa) Nilotica; cf. RobBR ii. 20, or a. seyyâl PostFlora 298 f. Hast. DB Shittah-tree TristrNHB 390 ff.;—שׁ׳ sg. Is 41:19 (to grow in desert); usually pl., עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים shiṭṭîm wood, material of ark, altars, staves, etc., in tabern., Dt 10:3; Ex 25:5, 10, 13 + 19 times Ex 25–38 (P); עֲצֵי om., עַמּוּדֵי שׁ׳ pillars of shiṭṭîm (wood), Ex 26:32, 37; 36:36 (P).

† נָאַץ vb. contemn, spurn (NH id., Pi.; 𝔗 נִיאוּצָא reviling);— Qal Pf. נ׳ Pr 5:12; 3 pl. נָֽאֲצוּ Pr 1:30; נָאָ֑צוּ ψ 107:11; Impf. יִנְאַץ Pr 15:5; יִנְאָצ֑וּן Je 33:24, etc.;—contemn, subj. wicked and foolish, obj. תּוֹכַחַת Pr 1:30; 5:12; obj. מוּסָר Pr 15:5; עֵצָה ψ 107:11; Je 33:24 (obj. עַם י׳; cf. Gie); subj. י׳ Dt 32:19 Je 14:21 La 2:6. Pi. Pf. נִאֵץ ψ 10:3, 13; נִאַ֫צְתָּ 2 S 12:14, etc.; Impf. יְנָאֵץ ψ 74:10, sf. יְנַאֲצֻנִי Nu 14:11; Inf. abs. נִאֵץ (Sta§ 221) 2 S 12:14; Pt. sf. מְנָֽאֲצַי Nu 14:23; מְנַאֲצַי Je 23:17; מְנַאֲצָ֑יִךְ Is 60:14;—contemn, spurn, subj.men, obj. י׳, etc.: Nu 14:11, 23; 16:30 (all J), Dt 31:20 Is 1:4 ψ 10:3, 13 Je 23:17; obj. שֵׁם י׳ ψ 74:10, 18; אִמְרַת י׳ Is 5:24; מִנְחַת י׳ 1 S 2:17; once obj. Jerus. Is 60:14; cause to contemn (blaspheme AV RV) 2 S 12:14(×2) (but אֹיְבֵי prob. interp.; v Comm). Hiph. Impf. יָנֵ֯אץ v. נצץ" dir="rtl" >נצץ. Hithpoʿel Pt. כל־היום שְׁמִי מִנֹּאָץ Is 52:5 every day is my name contemned.

† I. פָּרַח vb. bud, sprout, shoot (NH Hiph. = BH Hiph. 2; Ecclus פרח Qal = flourish, Hiph. causat., 49:10; 40:19; Arabic فَرِخَ ii. hatch, also sprout, فَرْخٌ young of bird (v. אֶפְרֹחַ infr.), twig, sprout; Assyrian pirḫu, n. sprout;—on meaning cf. GFMJBL x (1891), 57)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. פ׳ Ez 7:10 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִפְרַח Ho 14:6 +, 3 fpl. תִּפְרַחְנָה Is 66:14, etc.; Inf. abs. פָּרֹחַ 35:2; cstr. בִּפְרֹחַ ψ 92:8; Pt. f. פֹּרַ֫חַת Gn 40:10;—bud, sprout, send out shoots, of vine Gn 40:10 (E), Ho 14:8 (sim.), Ct 6:11; 7:13; fig-tree Hb 3:17 (תִּפְרֶה); rods Nu 17:20, 23; metaph. of restored Isr. Ho 14:6; Is 27:6, cf. of bones Is 66:14 (כַּדֶּשֶׂא); of righteous ψ 72:7; 92:13 Pr 11:28; of wicked (כְּמוֹ עֵשֶׂב) ψ 92:8; also of steppe (עֲרָבָה) Is 35:1, פָּרֹחַ תִּפְרַח v 2; fig. of judgment Ho 10:4 (כָּרֹאשׁ; but on text v. Now); of זָדוֹן (q.v. p. 268) Ez 7:10. Hiph. Pf. 1 s. הִפְרַחְתִּי Ez 17:24; Impf. יַפְרִחַ Jb 14:9, etc.;— 1. cause to bud or sprout, c. acc. עֵץ Ez 17:24, זֶרַע Is 17:11, both fig. 2. shew buds, sprouts, of tree Jb 14:9; fig. of righteous ψ 92:14; = flourish, of אֹהֶל יְשָׁרִים, Pr 14:11 (all Qal in—ִ according to BaZMG xliii (1889), 180f.).

αὐξάνω Refs 5th c.BC+:—also αὔξω (poetry ἀέξω, which see) Refs 6th c.BC+ (so Attic dialect Inscrr. and Ptolemaic Papyrus; both forms in NT) imperfect ηὔξανον only Ps.-Refs 5th c.BC+; ηὖξονRefs 5th c.BC+: future αὐξήσωLXX+5th c.BC+: aorist I ηὔξησαRefs 6th c.BC+: perfect ηὔξηκαRefs 5th c.BC+:—passive, αὐξάνομαιRefs 5th c.BC+, imperfect ηὔξετοRefs 8th c.BC+: perfect ηὔξημαιRefs 5th c.BC+, Ionic dialect αὔξ-Refs 5th c.BC+: pluperfect ηὔξητοRefs: aorist ηὐξήθηνRefs 5th c.BC+: future αὐξηθήσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+:—increase, not in Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to ἰσχναίνειν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 increase in power, strengthen, αὐ. τὰ Ἑλλήνων increase their power, Refs 5th c.BC+; exalt by one's deeds, glorify, πόλιν, πάτραν, Refs 5th c.BC+; exalt by praise, extol, ἐπαινεῖν καὶ αὔξειν τινάRefs 5th c.BC+; σέ γε.. καὶ τροφὸν καὶ ματέρ᾽ αὔξειν honour thee as.., Refs 5th c.BC+; of an orator, amplify, exaggerate, αὔξειν καὶ μειοῦνRefs 4th c.BC+ __3 with an adjective, τρέφειν καὶ αὐ. τινὰ μέγαν bring up to manhood, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 αὔξειν ἔμπυρα to sacrifice, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare ἀέξω. __5 in Logic, ={καταπυκνόω} (which see), Refs 4th c.BC+; but ὁ αὐξόμενος λόγος, name of a fallacy, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II passive, grow, increase, in size, number, strength, power, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; αὐ. ἐς πλῆθος, ἐς ὕψος, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a child, grow up, Refs.; ἐν γὰρ τοῖς πόνοισιν αὔξεται, of Theseus, Refs 5th c.BC+; ηὐξανόμην ἀκούων I grew taller as I heard, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the wind, rise, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with an adjective, αὔξεσθαι μέγας wax great, grow up, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III later, active intransitive, like passive, ἡ σελήνη αὐξάνειNT+4th c.BC+ __IV of Verbs, take the augment, both active and passive, Refs 2nd c.AD+; αὔξουσα (i.e. συλλαβή), ἡ, augment, Refs

† בְּרוֹשׁ n.m. Ho 14:9 cypress or fir (Assyrian burâšu COTGloss, Aramaic בּרוֹתא, ܒܪܽܘܬܳܐ cf. בְּרוֹת infr., v. also Gr. βράθυ, Lat. bratum, cypress, juniper (PS); in favour of cypress, also 𝔊 𝔖 & so Thes; in favour of fir or pine, 𝔙 Rob in RobGes (because cypress not now indigenous on Lebanon); cf. also RSProph. iv. n. 20 who lays stress on Ph. n.pr.loc. אי בשם (= אי ברושים) = Gr. Πιτυοῦσαι i.e. isle of firs;—v. further SchroedPhön. Spr. 99 LöwNo. 59 & Brathu as name of Hermon Philo Bybl. in Euseb Praep. Evang. i. 10)—בְּרוֹשׁ Ho 14:9 + 4 times; בְּרוֹשִׁים 2 S 6:5 + 11 times, בְּרשִׁים Na 2:4, בְּרוֹשָׁיו Is 37:24, בְּרשָׁיו 2 K 19:23;— 1. (lit.) a noble tree, usually ‖ ארז (except 2 S 6:5; 1 K 6:34; 2 Ch 3:5 ψ 104:17; Is 55:13; Ho 14:9; Na 2:4); as standing and growing Is 14:8; 37:24 = 2 K 19:23, Is 41:19; 55:13 (‖ הֲדַס) 60:13 (‖ כבוד לבנון = ארז) ψ 104:17. 2. sim. of luxuriance, stateliness Ez 31:8, productiveness Ho 14:9 (Now thinks cypress), fig. for spear-shafts Na 2:4 Hi-St, but 𝔊 𝔖 פרשׁים; fig. for mighty men Zc 11:2. 3. as material (always pl.), for building temple (עצי ב׳) 1 K 5:22, 24; 6:34 cf. 9:11; 2 Ch 2:7; עץ ב׳ (sing.) 2 Ch 3:5 (cf. Baer’s n.); צלעות ב׳ 1 K 6:15; for ships (no עץ) Ez 27:5;—בְּכֹל עֲצֵי ברושׁים 2 S 6:5 appar. = with all musical instruments made of fir, but ‖ 1 Ch 13:8 בְּכָל־עֹז וּבְשִׁירִים & so here 𝔊 We Dr.

תִּמֹרָה19 n.f. palm(-tree) figure, as ornament;—ת׳ Ez 41:18 + (van d. H. תִּמּ׳, so throughout); pl. תִּמֹרֹת 1 K 6:29 + (Gi תִּמּ׳), תִּמֹרִים Ez 40:16 +; sf. תִּימֹרָיו v 22 Qr (Kt תימרו);—palm-figure in Sol.’s temple 1 K 6:29, 32(×2) 35; 7:36 2 Ch 3:5; in Ezekiel’s temple Ez 40:16, 22, 26 + 10 times 40, 41.

† II. חָצִיר n.m. Is 15:6 green grass, herbage, abs. חָצִיר Nu 11:5 + 16 times; cstr. חֲצִיר Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26, ψ 129:6;— 1. grass, as food for animals 1 K 18:5; Jb 40:15 ψ 104:14; 147:8; Pr 27:25 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and עֵשֶׂב), Is 15:6 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and יֶרֶק); spec. of leeks (as still sometimes in Aramaic, v. Löwpp. 226, 228) Nu 11:5 (v. Di); in sim. of abundant growth Is 44:4 (v. 𝔊 Ew Che); on Is 35:7; v. חָצִיר" dir="rtl" >I. חָצִיר supr. 2. as type of what is quickly perishing Jb 8:12, hence fig. of perishing enemies חֲצִיר גַּגּוֹת Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא, עֵשֶׂב), ψ 129:6, i.e. having no depth of root; of wicked, soon to be cut down ψ 37:2; with special reference to Israel’s oppressors Is 40:6 (‖ ציץ [השׂרה]), v 7 (‖ id.), v 7, 8 (‖ id.), 51:12; in sim. of frail man ψ 90:5; man’s days ψ 103:15 (‖ ציץ השׂדה).

† רַעֲנָן adj. luxuriant, fresh;—m. ר׳ Dt 12:2 +; f. רַעֲנָנָה Ct 1:16; mpl. רַעֲנַנִּים ψ 92:15;—luxuriant, of trees: בְּרוֹשׁ Ho 14:9, זַיִת ψ 52:10 (both sim.), Je 11:16 (fig.); sim. also, כְּאֶזְרָה ר׳ ψ 37:35 (but read כְּאֶרֶז הַלְּבָנוֹן 𝔊 and most); especially in phrase תַּחַת כָּל־עֵץ ר׳ place of idolatrous rites, Dt 12:2; 1 K 14:23; 2 K 16:4 = 2 Ch 28:4; 2 K 17:10; Je 2:20; 3:6, 13; Is 57:5; Ez 6:13; עַל־עֵץ ר׳ Je 17:2 (si vera l.); leaf v 8 (fig.); leafy couch Ct 1:16; fresh, oil ψ 92:11; fresh, flourishing, pers. (fig., as trees) v 15 (+ דְּשֵׁנִים).

ῥίζ-α, ης, ἡ: Ionic dialect nominative ῥίζη Refs 8th c.BC+:—root, Refs 8th c.BC+; used as a medicine, Refs 8th c.BC+; ῥ. ἐλατήριος, of a purgative medicine, Refs 5th c.BC+: mostly in plural, roots, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, roots of the eye, Refs 8th c.BC+ probably bloodshot streaks); the roots or foundations of the earth, Refs 8th c.BC+; of feathers, hair, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; of the teeth, Refs __3 τὸν πόλεμον ἐκ ῥιζῶν ἀνῄρηκε 'root and branch', LXX+1st c.AD+; compare ῥιζόθεν, πρόρριζος. __II that from which anything springs as from a root, ῥίζαν ἀπείρου τρίταν a third continental foundation, of Libya, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀστέων ῥ., of Cyrene, as the root or original of the Cyrenaic Pentapolis, Refs; root or stock from which a family springs, ῥ. σπέρματος Refs 5th c.BC+; so, race, family, Refs 5th c.BC+; συκοφάντου.. σπέρμα καὶ ῥ. Refs 4th c.BC+; sect, party, NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 base, foundation, ῥ. πάντων καὶ βάσις ἁ γᾶ ἐρήρεισται Ti. Locrian dialectRefs 5th c.BC+; base of a vertical pillar, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.3 in Mathematics texts, root or base of a series, Anatolius cited in Refs. (Aeolic dialect βρίζα (which see): cf. Gothic waúrts, Latin radix.)

† אֶזְרָח n.m. ψ 37, 35 a native (one arising from the soil; = ‘free tribesman’ RSSemi. 75)—abs. א׳ Lv 19:34 + 13 times; cstr. אֶזְרַח Ex 12:19 + 2 times;— 1. a native Israelite, usually coll., c. art., כל־הָא׳ בישׂראל Lv 23:42 (H), cf. Nu 15:13 (P); elsewhere opp. גֵּר (q.v.):—הָא׳ בִּבְנֵי ישׂר׳ Nu 15:29 (P), cf. Ez 47:22; אֶזְרַח הָאָרֶץ Ex 12:19, 48 Nu 9:14 (all P); א׳ מִכֶּם Lv 19:34 v. also 17:15; 18:26; 24:16, 22 (all H); Ex 12:49 Lv 16:29 Nu 15:30 (all P), Jos 8:33 (D). 2. a native tree, growing in its natural soil א׳ רַעֲנָן ψ 37:35 (fig. of prosperous wicked).

† פֶּ֫רַח n.m. Na 1:4 bud, sprout;—abs. פ׳ Is 18:5 +, פָּ֑רַח EX 25:33; Ex 37:19; מְּרַחcstr. Na 1:4 +; sf. פִּרְחָהּ Nu 8:4, פִּרְחָם Is 5:24; pl. sf. פְּרָחֶיהָ Ex 25:31 +;—bud, Is 5:24, of vine 18:5 (both fig.), Nu 17:23; פ׳ לְבָנוֹן Na 1:4 the sprout of Lebanon (i.e. of its cedars); of bud-shaped ornament in temple 1 K 7:26 (פ׳ שׁוֹשָׁ֑ן) v 49 = 2 Ch 4:5 (פ׳ שׁוֹשַׁנָּה) v 21; in tabern. Ex 25:31, 33(×2), 34; 37:17, 19(×2), 20 Nu 8:4.

† תֶּ֫בֶן n.m. Ex 5:16 straw (√ unknown; Ges al. cp. בנה (cf. Thes 1492), but v. LagBN 138; NH = BH; Assyrian tibnu; Aramaic תִּיבְנָא, ܬܶܒܢܳܐ, whence Arabic تِبْنٌ as loan-wd. Frä124);—abs. ת׳ Gn 24:25 +, תֶּ֑בֶן Ex 5:10 +;—straw, i.e. straw threshed fine: chaff Je 23:28 (opp. בָּר), blown by wind Jb 21:18 (in sim.; ‖ מֹץ), yielding 41:19 (sim.); food for camels Gn 24:25, 32 (J), asses Ju 19:19 (all + מִסְפּוֹא), בָּקָר Is 11:7; 65:25, horses 1 K 5:8 (+ שְׂעֹרִים); mixed with clay in brick-making Ex 5:7(×2), 10, 11, 12 (opp. קַשׁ), v 13, 16, 18 (J);—v. further VogelsteinLandwirthsch. 67.

Included with: σῡκέα, ἡ, only Doric dialect (see. συκία), Epic dialect nominative plural συκέαι Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialect accusative singular συκέην Refs 5th c.BC+; elsewhere only in contraction or analogical forms from συκῆ (Epic dialect and Ionic dialect nominative συκῆ Refs 8th c.BC+:—fig-tree, Ficus Carica, Refs 8th c.BC+; for various kinds, see Refs 4th c.BC+; ἱερὰ σ. a suburb of Eleusis, where Demeter first produced the fig-tree, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 σ. Αἰγυπτία,= κερωνία, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 σ. περὶ τὴν Ἴδην, Amelanchier, Amelanchias vulgaris, Refs __4 ={χαμαισύκη}, Refs 1st c.AD+ __5 banyan, Ficus bengalensis, Refs __II ={σῦκον} 1, fig, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III a tar or resin in Aleppo pine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV a kind of spurge,= πέπλιον, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __V ={σῦκον} Refsexcrescence on the body, Refs 1st c.AD+ __VI a seaweed, Refs 4th c.BC+

† I. כַּרְמֶל n.m. Is 29:17 1. plantation, garden-land. 2. fruit, garden-growth (ל + כֶּרֶם, cf. Ges§ 85, 52 Sta§ 299);—abs. כ׳ Is 16:10 + 12 times; sf. כַּרְמִלּוֹ Is 10:18 + 2 times;— 1. garden-land, Is 16:10 (‖ כְּרָמִים), 10:18 (‖ יַעַר), 29:17(×2) (opp. לְבָנוֹן, יַעַר), 32:15(×2) (opp. מִדְבָּר, יַעַר), v 16 Je 4:26 (opp. מִדְבָּר), 48:33 2 Ch 26:10 (opp. הֶהָרִים); אֶרֶץ הַכּ׳ Je 2:7 the country of garden-land, i.e. fertile; יַעַר כַּרְמִלּוֹ 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24, the garden-like forest of it (viz. of Lebanon). On Mi 7:14 v. ii. כַּרְמֶל²" dir="rtl" >כַּרְמֶל. 2. by meton. (fresh) fruit, garden-growth, 2 K 4:42 (+ לֶחֶם שְׂעוֹרִים); Lv 2:14 (+ אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ, and גֶּרֶשׂ, q.v.), לֶחֶם וְקָלִי וכי Lv 23:14.

† נָזִיר n.m. Gn 49:26 one consecrated, devoted (נזיר י׳ Ecclus 46:13 c (of Samuel); cf. Syriac ܢܙܝܺܪ RSSem i. 463, 2d ed. 483);—נ׳ abs. Nu 6:2 + 5 times; cstr. נְזִיר Gn 49:26 + 4 times; sf. נְזִירֶ֑ךְ Lv 25:5; pl. נְזִרִים Am 2:11, 12; sf. נְזִרֶיהָ Lv 25:11, נְזִירֶיהָ La 4:7;— 1. of prince, ruler, as consecrated: נְזִיר אֶחָיו Gn 49:26 (poem in J), one consecrated among his brethren, = Dt 33:16; cf. נְזִירֶיהָ La 4:7 her princes. 2. specif. of one dedicated to י׳ by vow involving abstinence from intoxicants, from touching corpse, and from cutting hair (cf. נֵזֶר 2), devotee (GFM), Nazirite: נ׳ אֱלֹהִים God’s devotee, of Samson Ju 13:5, 7; 16:17 (exceptionally, from birth); usually voluntary Am 2:11, 12, and for limited time, cf. נֶדֶר נ׳ Nu 6:2 (of man or woman; cf. PeritzJBL xvii (1898), 128), תּוֹרַת נ׳ v 13, 21, also v 18, 19, 20 (all P; cf. also נֵזֶר).—On Naz. v. GFM Ju 13:5 Dr Am 2, 11, especially GrillJPTh 1880, 645–680 NowArch. ii, § 97 BenzArch. 429 f. GrayJThS Jan. 1900, 201 ff. 3. = untrimmed vine (like Nazirite with unshorn hair) Lv 25:5, 11 (HP).

† קַשׁ n.m. Na 1:10 stubble, chaff;—abs. ק׳ Ex 5:12 +, כַּקַּשׁ 15:7;—lit. as acc. cogn. לְקשֵׁשׁ ק׳ לַתֶּבֶן Ex 5:12 (J); in sim., as inflammable, 15:7; Is 5:24; 47:14; Na 1:10; Jo 2:5, so in metaph. Is 33:11; Ob 18; Mal 3:19; in sim., as driven by wind Is 40:24; 41:2; Je 13:24 ψ 83:14; fig. of the worthless Jb 13:25, of harmless trifles 41:20, 21.

ἐλαία, Attic dialect ἐλάα, ἡ, olive-tree, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἱερὴ ἐRefs 5th c.BC+ to run beyond the olives, which stood at the end of the Athenian racecourse, i.e. to go too far, Refs 5th c.BC+, ubi see Scholia; of the Indian Olea cuspidata, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 variety of δάφνη Refs 1st c.BC+ __II olive, Refs 5th c.BC+ —Acc. to Grammars ἐλάα was the proper form in this sense, ἐλαία in the first; but ἐλάα is simply the Attic dialect form,Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III naevus on the skin, Melamp.Refs __IV ={δίφρου Κυρηναϊκοῦ μέρος}, Refs 5th c.AD+, the penultimate is long, Refs 5th c.BC+; but ἐλᾰῶν in Refs 1st c.AD+

σῖτος, ὁ, irregular plural σῖτα, τά, Refs 6th c.BC+:— grain, comprehending both wheat (πυρός) and barley (κριθή), ἐν [Ἰθάκῃ] σ. ἀθέσφατος ἐν δέ τε οἶνος γίγνεται Refs 8th c.BC+; περὶ σίτου ἐκβολήν about the shooting of the corn into ear, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῦ σ. ἀκμάζοντος at its ripening, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ἀληλεσμένος or -εμένος ground corn, Refs 5th c.BC+; σίτου εἰσαγωγή, ἐξαγωγή, Refs 5th c.BC+; comprehending πυρός, κριθή, ὄλυρα, and φακός, Refs 2nd c.BC+; περὶ τοῦ σ. καὶ τοῦ σησάμου Refs 3rd c.BC+; ὁ σ. καὶ τὰ λάχανα as examples of πόα, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 food made from grain, bread, opposed to flesh-meat, σ. καὶ κρέα Refs 8th c.BC+; σῖτον ἔδοντες, a general epithet of men as opposed to to beasts, ὅσσοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπὶ χθονὶ σ. ἔδ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of savages, who eat flesh only, οὐδέ τι σῖτον ἤσθιον Refs 8th c.BC+; of civilized men, σῖτον καὶ σπείρουσι καὶ σιτέονται Refs 5th c.BC+; κάρδαμον ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῷ σ. Refs; πίνειν ὕδωρ ἐπὶ τῷ σRefs 1st c.AD+ __3 in a wider sense, food, as opposed to to drink, σ. ἠδὲ ποτής Refs 8th c.BC+; even of porridge (κυκεών),Refs 8th c.BC+; εὐνὴ καὶ σ. Refs 8th c.BC+; provisions, σῖτα ἀναιρέεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; παρέχειν μέχρι τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν σ. Foed. cited in Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 rarely of beasts, fodder, Refs 8th c.BC+—In the general sense of food, Prose writers prefer the diminutive form σιτία, τά. __II in Attic dialect Law, allowance of grain made to widows and orphans. σῖτον διδόναι, ἀποδιδόναι, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 δίκην σίτου δικάσασθαι, bring an action under the Athen. Corn-law against regraters and monopolists, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 allowance made to the Ἱππεῖς, Refs __II.4 public distribution of corn in Rome, Latin frumentatio, τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ σίτου ὄντα ἐν Ῥώμῃ Refs 2nd c.AD+

χόρτος, ὁ, properly enclosed place (see. entry near the end), but always with collateral notion of a feeding-place: in Refs 8th c.BC+, farmyard, in which the cattle were kept, αὐλῆς ἐν χόρτῳ Refs __2 generally, any feeding-ground, pasturage, frequently in plural, χόρτοι λέοντος, of Nemea, Refs 5th c.BC+; χόρτος οὐρανοῦ the expanse of heaven, poetical cited in Refs 5th c.AD+ __II fodder, provender, especially for horses and cattle, Refs 5th c.BC+; grass, NT+8th c.BC+hay, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. ἐβλάστησεν, ἐξηράνθη, NT+5th c.BC+; χόρτον ἔχει ἔπὶ τοῦ κέρατος as translation of the Latin proverb, foenum habet in cornu, of a dangerous ox, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.b green crop, [γῆ] ἐσπαρμένη χόρτῳ Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 poetical, food generally, δούλιος χ. Refs 6th c.BC+; compare χορτάζω. (Cf. Latin hortus, Welsh garth 'fold, enclosure', Irish gort 'crop', 'field'.)

† דֶּ֫שֶׁא n.m. Is 15:6 grass (NH id., Assyrian dišu, herb, Lyon Sargontexte 69; Sab. דתֿא fresh shoots DHMZMG 1875, 597 = springtime CISiv. p. 11; Aramaic דִּתְאָה, ܬܰܕܐܴܐ (cf. LagBN 130))—ד׳ abs. Gn 1:11 + 13 times—acc. cogn. תַּדְשֵׁא Gn 1:11; cf. v 12 (in both, produced by earth); springing out of earth 2 S 23:4; of a second crop of grass Pr 27:25 (opp. חָצִיר); caused to spring forth by God לְהַצְמִיחַ מֹצָא דֶ֑שֶׁא Jb 38:27; refreshed by rain Dt 32:2; נְאוֹת ד׳ ψ 23:2; as food of wild ass Jb 6:5; as failing (withered) Is 15:6; lacking for animals Je 14:5; וִירַק דֶּשֶׁא sim. of weakness 2 K 19:26 (‖ עֵשֶׂב שָׂדֶה) = Is 37:27; of transitoriness (withering) ψ 37:2 (יֶרֶק ד׳), of growth and prosperity, Is 66:14.

† II. שִׁבֹּ֫לֶת n.f. ear of grain;—שׁ׳ abs. Jb 24:24 +; pl. שִׁבֳּלִים Gn 41:5 +, cstr. שִׁבֳּלֵי Zc 4:12;—ear, Gn 41:5, 6, 7(×2), 22, 23, 24(×2), 26, 27; Is 17:5(×2); Ru 2:2; Jb 24:24; transf. spike (Pusey), end of olive bough Zc 4:12.

† I. שׁוּשַׁן, שׁוֹשָׁ֑ן n.m. שׁוֹשַׁנָּה n.f. usually lily, prob. any lily-like flower (TristrNHB 462 ff. Post Hast. DB Lily Löw No. 323; NH שׁוֹשַׁנָּה, Arabic سَوْسَنٌ (Vulg. سُوسَنٌ), especially iris, Aramaic שׁוּשַׁנְתָּא, ܫܽܘܫܰܢܬܳܐ (PS 4344), Gk. σοῦσον LewyFremdw. 48; orig. loan-word from Egyptian sššn, šôšĕn, Erman ZMG xlvi (1892), 117);—lily: in sim., יִפְרַח כַּשּׁוֹשַׁנָּה Ho 14:6 (of Isr.), כְּשׁוֹ׳ בֵּין הַחוֹחִים Ct 2:2 (sim. of bride), so cstr. שׁוֹשַׁנַּת הָעֲמָקִים v 1 (cf. חֲבַצֶּלֶת); pl. שׁוֹשַׁנִּים 2:16; 4:5; 6:2, 3; 7:3 and (fig. of lover’s lips) 5:13; of flower-shaped capitals of pillars, מַעֲשֵׂה שׁוּשַׁן 1 K 7:19, מ׳ שׁוֹשָׁ֑ן v 22; cf. פֶּרַח שׁוֹשָׁ֑ן of brim of molten sea v 26, ‖ פ׳ שׁוֹשַׁנָּה 2 Ch 4:5; elsewhere only ψ-titles: עַל־שֹׁשַׁנִּים ψ 45:1; 69:1, עַל־שׁוּשַׁן עֵדוּת 60:1, אֶל־שֹׁשַׁנִּים עֵדוּת 80:1; meaning not clear, v. Bae et Comm. al.; yet cf. עֵדוּת, sub עוד.

ἄκανθ-α [ᾰκ], ης, ἡ, (ἀκή A) thorn, prickle, Refs 4th c.BC+ __1 any thorny or prickly plant (in Refs 8th c.BC+ probably Eryngium campestre), Refs 5th c.BC+ no thistles, i.e. 'an easy job', Refs 5th c.BC+ —special kinds: ἄ. Ἀραβική smaller milk-thistle, Notobasis syriaca, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἄ. βασιλική fish-thistle, Cnicus Acarna, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄ. Ἰνδική, = Balsamodendron Mukul, Refs; ἄ. λευκή Acacia albida, Refs; ={ἄ. βασιλική}, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἄ. λευκὴ τρίοζος, = Euphorbia antiquorum, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄ. ἀκανώδης (probably) cornthistle, Carduus arvensis, Refs __2 of other plants, e.g. Spanish broom, Spartium junceum, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄ. μέλαινα Acacia arabica, LXX+5th c.BC+; ἄ. διψάς, = Acacia tortilis, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 central flowering-bud of χαμαιλέων λευκός,Refs 1st c.AD+ __4 ={ἄκανθος}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __5 in plural, prickles or spines of the hedgehog and of certain fish, Ion Trag.38, Refs 4th c.BC+ __6 backbone or spine of fish, Refs 5th c.BC+; of serpents, Refs 5th c.BC+; of men, Refs 5th c.BC+; improperly used of mammalia, accusative to Refs 4th c.BC+; of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, Refs 2nd c.AD+; χονδρώδεις ἄ. false ribs, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __7 metaphorically in plural, thorny questions, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† דּוּשׁ, דִּישׁ vb. tread, thresh (Arabic دَاسَ, Assyrian dâšu, Impf. 1 s. adîš DlPr 191 COT Gloss. HomNS 391; cf. NH דּוּשׁ, Aramaic id., ܕܳܫ; v. further NöZMG 1883, 538)— Qal Pf. דָּשׁ 1 Ch 21:20, וְדַשְׁתִּ֫י Ju 8:7; Impf. וַיָּדָשׁ so read for וַיֹּדַע Ju 8:16 cf. Be Door Bu Vrss 2 ms. תָּדוּשׁ Is 41:15 Hb 3:12; 3 ms. sf. יְדוּשֶׁ֑נּוּ Is 28:28; 3 fs. sf. תְּדוּשֶׁ֑הָ Jb 39:15; Imv. fs. דּוֹשִׁי Mi 4:13; Inf. cstr. לָדֻשׁ 2 K 13:7, לָדוּשׁ Ho 10:11, sf. דּוּשָׁם Am. 1:3; דִּישׁוֹ Dt 25:4; abs. אָדוֹשׁ Is 28:28 as if from אדשׁ cf. Köi 444; yet אדשׁ nowhere else & form very possibly textual error, cf. Ol§ 245 k; Pt. f. דָּשָׁא Je 50:11;—tread on, trample on, c. acc. Jb 39:15 (beast on eggs, ‖ זוּר); thresh, lit. c. acc. חִטִּים 1 Ch 21:20 Je 50:11, לֶחֶם (i.e. its material) Is 28:28 (in sim.); abs. 2 K 13:7 (in sim.); Ho 10:11 (metaph. of Ephraim as heifer); tread or thresh Ju 8:7 with (אֶת = together with, cf. Stu; Ew§ 234 e takes as acc., & vb. as abbrev. Hiph.) thorns, קוֹצִים and בַּרְקָנִים q.v.; and also in Ju 8:16 (read וידשׁ cf. supr.) sq. בָּהֶם, with them, ref. to קוצים and ברקנים; fig. of devastation of land Am 1:3 (Gilead), destruction of peoples Hb 3:12 (גוים); espec. Mi 4:13 (abs.), where full metaph.; hyperbol. of Israel Is 41:15 c. acc. הרים.— Niph. be trampled down, Pf. וְנָדוֹשׁ consec. Is 25:10 fig., subj. Moab; Inf. הִדּוּשׁ ib. (simile, subj. מתבן straw-heap; on form cf. Ol§ 193 a BaNB 156)— Hoph. be threshed, Impf. יוּדַשׁ Is 28:27 (subj. קֶצַח).

† I. צִיץ n.m. Is 28:1 1. blossom, flower. 2. shining thing;—צ׳ abs. Is 40:7 +, cstr. v 6 +; pl. צִצִּים 1 K 6:18 + 3 times 6 (on form v Köii. 1, 60);— 1. blossom, flower, Nu 17:23 (P; of Aaron’s rod); (fig. of man Is 40:7, 8 (both נָבֵל צ׳; ‖ חָצִיר), cf. sim. צִיץ הַשָּׂדֶה v 6 (‖ id.), ψ 103:15, and צ׳ alone Jb 14:2; צ׳ נֹבֵל Is 28:1 (fig. of Samaria), so prob. also v 4 (for MT צִיצַת נ׳; so Marti); פְּטוּרֵי צִצִּים, as ornaments of temple 1 K 6:18, 29, 32, 35. 2. shining thing, plate of gold, constituting the diadem on front of high priest’s mitre, Lv 8:9; Ex 28:36; 39:30 (all P).—ii, iii. צִיץ, v. p. 851 infr.

† קֶ֫מַח n.[m.] flour, meal;—abs. ק׳ 1 S 1:24 +, קָ֑מַח Is 47:2; cstr. קֶמַח Nu 5:15;—Ju 6:19 (material for unleavened cakes), 1 S 1:24; 28:24; 2 K 4:41; defined by סֹלֶת (q.v.) Gn 18:6, disting. from סֹלֶת 1 K 5:2; of barley (שְׂעֹרִים) Nu 5:15 (P), but 2 S 17:28 + חִטִּם, שְׂעֹרִים, קָלִי; + other articles of food 1 Ch 12:41 (van d. H. v 40); kept in a כַּד 1 K 17:12, 14, 16; made by grinding Is 47:2; צֶמַח בְּלִי יַעֲשֶׂה ק׳ Ho 8:7.

† I. אֵלָה n.f. terebinth (= אֵילָה (?) v. iv. איל > StaGesch. 455 wh. derives from אֵל = divine; but cf. ib. on lack of clear distinction betw. אֵלָה, אֵלוֹן & אַלּוֹן)—Gn 35:4 + 15 times + אֵילָה Gn 49:21 (for MT אַיָּלָה v. infr.)—terebinth = Pistacia terebinthus, Linn, a deciduous tree with pinnate leaves & red berries; occasional in Palestine; grows to great age; always of single tree; near Shechem Gn 35:4 (E) cf. †אַלָּה Jos 24:26 (E, read אֵלָה?), Ophrah Ju 6:11, 19; in Jabesh 1 Ch 10:12; tree in which Absalom was caught 2 S 18:9(×2), 10, 14; v. also 1 K 13:14; expressly of idol-shrine Ho 4:13 (‖ אַלּוֹן, לִבְנֶה) Ez 6:13; as fading, withering, sim. of Judah Is 1:30; as hewn down, sim. id. 6:13 (‖ אַלּוֹן); fig. of Naphtali אֵילָה שְׁלֻחָה Gn 49:21 (𝔊 Ew Ol Di > MT אַיָּלָה hind q.v.) a slender terebinth, v. Di & cf. ii. אֵלָה; in topogr. designat. עֵמֶק הָא׳ 1 S 17:2, 19; 21:10 (v. עֵמֶק).

† III. בַּר n.m. grain, corn (cf. Arabic بُرٌّ wheat, grain of wheat), ψ 72:16 Am 5:11; 8:5, 6; בָּר Gn 41:35, 49; 42:3, 25; 45:23 (E) ψ 65:14 Pr 11:26 Je 23:28 Jo 2:24.

κάλᾰμος [κᾰ], ὁ, reed, used for thatching or wattling, Refs 5th c.BC+; various species, κ. εὐώδης, ἀρωματικός, sweet flag, Acorus Calamus, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. αὐλητικός pole-reed, Arundo Donax, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. εἰλετίας marram, Ammophila arundinacea, Refs; κ. ἐπίγειος bush-grass, Calamagrostis epigeios, Refs; κ. Ἰνδικός bamboo, Bambusa arundinacea, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. Ἰνδικὸς ὁ ἄρρην male bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. κύπριος, ={δόναξ}, Refs 3rd c.BC+; κ. πλόκιμος spear-grass, Phragmites communis, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. Χαρακίας, Arundo Donax, Refs __II applied to various uses, __II.1 reed-pipe, flute, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 fishing-rod, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 limed twig used by fowlers, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 shaft of an arrow, Refs 1st c.BC+; made of κ. τοξικός, or Κρητικός, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.5 reed-pen, LXX+NT+1st c.BC+; κ. γραφεῖς Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 measuring-rod, NT+2nd c.AD+; = 5 πήχεις, Refs 2nd c.BC+ “*Geometry texts” 4.11; = 6 2/3 πήχεις, Refs __II.7 in Medicine texts, tube for insufflation, Refs 3rd c.BC+; also, splint, Refs 6th c.AD+in Hp.Fract.Refs __II.8 ornament of female dress, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.9 stake to which vines were tied, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III collectively, __III.1 reed, i.e. reeds, Refs 4th c.BC+, etc.: in plural, reed-beds, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III.2 of plants, which are neither shrub nor bush (ὕλη), nor tree (δένδρον), Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 mat of reeds, Refs 5th c.BC+; roof of reeds Refs 5th c.AD+ __IV ={καλάμη}, stalk of wheat, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V ὁ κ. τοῦ σκέλους the shinbone, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VI ticket for obtaining corn-rations, = tessera frumentaria, Refs (Cf. Latin culmus, OHG. halm, etc.)

† צֶ֫מַח n.m. Je 23:5 sprout, growth;—abs. צ׳ Ho 8:7 +, צֶ֑מַח Zc 3:8; cstr. צֶ֫מַח Gn 19:25 +; sf. צִמְחָהּ Ez 17:9 +;— 1. coll. sprouting, growth, צ׳ הָאֲדָמָה Gn 19:25 (J), צ׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Ez 16:7 (sim.), cf. Is 61:11 ψ 65:11; so צ׳ יהוה Is 4:2, צ׳ abs. Ho 8:7; growth (= foliage) of vine, טַרְפֵּי צ׳ Ez 17:9. 2. process of growth, of vine, עֲרֻגֹת צִמְחָהּ Ez 17:10 = the beds where it grew. 3. future ruler, under fig. of sprout from Davidic tree (cf. ψ 132:17) וַהֲקִמֹתִי לְדָוִד צ׳ צַדִּיק Je 23:5 a righteous sprout, shoot, = אַצְמִיחַ לְדָוִד צ׳ צְדָקָה 33:15; hence (as n.pr.) עַבְדִּי צ׳ Ze 3:8, of Joshua אִישׁ צ׳ שְׁמוֹ 6:12.

† I. קוֹץ n.m. Ez 28:24 thorns, thorn-bush; abs. ק׳ Gn 3:18 +; pl. קֹצִים Ex 22:5 +, קוֹצִים Is 33:12 +; cstr. קוֹצֵי Ju 8:7, 16;— 1. thornbush, + דַּרְדַּר (q.v.) Gn 3:18 (J), Ho 10:8; + שָׁמִיר Is 32:13; + בַּרְקָנִים (q.v.), ק׳ הַמִּדְבָּר Ju 8:7, 16; ק׳ alone Ex 22:5 (E); כְּאֵשׁ קוֹצִים ψ 118:12 (sim. of foes); in various fig., Is 33:12 Je 4:3; 12:13. 2. thorn, fig, Ez 28:24 (c. מַכְאִב, v. כאב; ‖ סִלּוֹן q.v.); sim. כְּק׳ מֻנָד 2 S 23:6 (PerlesAnal. 53 conj.. מֹץ, but v. also נוד Hoph.).

† I. תָּמָר n.m. palm-tree, date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera;—ת׳ Jo 1:12; in sim. of prosperity ψ 92:13, of (graceful) stature Ct 7:8, cf. (fig.) v 9; pl. תְּמָרִים in oasis Ex 15:27 (J), ‖ Nu 33:9 (P); כַּפֹּת ת׳ Lv 23:40 (H) palm-branches, cf. עֲלֵי ת׳ Ne 8:15; עִיר הַתְּמָרִים = Jericho Dt 34:3 (JE), 2 Ch 28:15 Ju 1:16; 3:13.—Vid. PostHast.DB; palm-tree M’LeanEncy. Bib. Id. TrNHB 378 ff. Theob. FischerDattelpalme, 1881.

† חוֹחַ n.m. 2 K 14:9 1. brier, bramble. 2. hook, ring, fetter;—ח׳ abs. Ho 9:6 + 8 times; pl. חֲוָחִים 1 S 13:6 (but v. infr.), חוֹחִים Ct 2:2; חֹחִים 2 Ch 33:11;— 1. a. brier, bramble 2 K 14:9(×2) = 2 Ch 25:18(×2) (allegory of Jehoash); coll., sign of desolation Ho 9:6 (‖ קִמּוֹשׁ), Is 34:13 (‖ קִמּוֹשׁ, סִירִים), Jb 31:40 (opp. חִטִּים); in sim. of fool’s parable ח׳ עָלָה בְּיַד־שִׁכּוֹר Pr 26:9 a brier cometh into the hand of a drunken man (De Now Str); כְּשׁוֹשַׁנָּה בֵּין הַחוֹחִים Ct 2:2; briers = thickets as hiding-places 1 S 13:6 (but Ew We Dr חוֹרִים holes, cf. 14:11; v. sub iii. חרר; ‖ מְעָרוֹת, סְלָעִים, צְרִחִים, בֹּרוֹת; 𝔊 here ἐν τ. μάνδραις; 14:11 ἐκ τ. τρωγλῶν). 2. late, a. hook or ring, in jaw of crocodile c. תִּקֹּב Jb 40:26 (‖ הֲתָשִׂים אַגְמֹן בְּאַפּוֹ); of captive וַיִּלְכְּדוּ אֶת־מְנַשֶּׁה בַּחֹחִים 2 Ch 33:11 (cf. חַח).

† [צֶאֱצָא] n.m. Jb 27:14 only pl., issue, offspring, produce (Nö ZMG 1886, 725 comps. ضِئْضِئٌ origin, root, stock)— 1. offspring of men, abs. הַצֶּאֱצָאִים וְהַצְּפִעוֹת Is 22:24; elsewhere only Is 2, 3 and Job: cstr. צֶאֱצָאֵי מֵעֶיךָ Is 48:19 (‖ זַרְעֲךָ); sf. צֶאֱצָאַי Jb 31:8, צֶאֱצָאֶיךָ 5:25 (‖ זַרְעֲךָ), Is 44:3 (‖ id.); צֶאֱצָאָיו Jb 27:14 (‖ בָּנָיו); צֶאֱצָאֵיהֶם 21:8 (‖ זַרְעָם), Is 61:9 (‖ id.), 65:23. 2. produce of earth, sf. תֵּבֵל וְכָל־צֶאֱצָאֶ֑יהָ Is 34:1; הָאָרֶץ וְצ׳ 42:5.

† I. שָׁמִיר n.m. Ez 3:9 thorn(s), adamant, flint;—abs. שׁ׳ Is 5:6 +; sf. שְׁמִירוֹ 10:17;— 1. coll. thorns, thorn-bushes, token of waste-land, only Is, + שַׁיִת Is 5:6; 7:23, 24, 25; 27:4; fig. 9:17; 10:17; קוֹץ שׁ׳ 32:13. 2. adamant, as sharp, כְּתוּבָה … בְּצִפֹּרֶן שׁ׳ Je 17:1 (‖ בְּעֵט בַּרְזֶל); as hard, fig. of prophet’s firmness Ez 3:9; Zc 7:12 fig. of hard heart.

† אֵזוֹב n.m. 1 K 5:13 hyssop (Mish. אזוב, Aramaic ܙܽܘܦܐ, Arabic زُوفَا Frey., Ethiopic አዞብ 𝔊 ὕσσωπος, herb of purging qualities, but perhaps not precise botanical term, v. Di Lv 14:6f, also Löw93) prob. a kind of wild marjoram (origanum Maru) PostHast DB Hyssop.—א׳ abs. Ex 12:22 + 4 times; אֵזֹב Lv 14:4 + 4 times;—hyssop, little plant (contr. אֶרֶז cedar) 1 K 5:13, הָא׳ אֲשֶׁר יֹצֵא בַּקִּיר; Ex 12:22 (J) אֲגֻדַּת א׳ a bunch of h. for sprinkling blood on doorposts; without אגרת, used in cleansing from leprosy Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52; burnt with red heifer Nu 19:6; used in cleansing with ashes of red heifer v 18 (all P); cf. ψ 51:9 תְּחַטְּאֵנִי בְּ׳ וְאֶטְהָ֑ר.

† קָמָה n.f. standing grain;—abs. ק׳ Ex 22:5 +; cstr. קָמַת Dt 23:26(×2); pl. cstr. קָמוֹת Ju 15:5;—standing grain (mature) Ex 22:5 (E), Dt 16:9; 23:26(×2) Ju 15:5(×2) Is 17:5; לִפְנֵי ק׳ 2 K 19:26 = Is 37:27 dub., לְפָנַי קֻמְךָ … and join to v 28: before me is thy rising up and thy sitting down We Bur Du CheHpt. al.; cf. sub שְׁדֵפָה. (i.e. before maturity);* in fig. Ho 8:7.—cf. VogelstLandwirthsch.51.

† III. שֶׁ֫בֶר n.[m.] corn, grain, as food stuff (perhaps broken, i.e. threshed, HoffmZAW iii (1883), 122 SS Siegf Ne 10:32; > Köii. 1, 19 n breaking out, i.e. sprouting (as chief fruit of soil); hence NH שִׁבָּרוֹן price of corn);—שׁ׳ abs. Gn 42:1 +; cstr. v 19; sf. שִׁבְרָם v 26, שִׁבְרוֹ 44:2;—corn, grain 42:1, 2, 19, 26; 43:2; 44:2; 47:14 (acc. cogn.), Am 8:5 (id.); so perhaps (for בָּר) Gn 42:3 LagBN 230; כָּל־שׁ׳ Ne 10:32 all kinds of grain.

ζιζάνιον, τό, a weed that grows in wheat, ={αἶρα} 11, probably darnel, Lolium temulentum, NT. (Cf. Sumer. zizân 'wheat'.)

† אָבִיב n.m. Lv 2:14 coll. (LagBN 207 Inf.) 1. fresh, young ears of barley Ex 9:31; indef. Lv 2:14 מִנְחַת בִּכּוּרִים ליהוה א׳ קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ. 2. חֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב month of ear-forming, or of growing green, Abib, month of Exodus & passover, Ex 13:4; 23:15; 34:18, 18 (JE), Dt 16:1, 1 (1st month = c. April = הָרִאשֹׁן, הַחֹדֶשׁ הָר׳ (q.v.) in P; v. Di Ex 12:2; = postexilic נִיסָן q.v.)

† אַלּוֹן n.m. Gn 35:8 oak (𝔊 βάλανος, δρῦς, etc.)—א׳ abs. Gn 35:8 +; cstr. ib.; pl. אַלּוֹנִים Am 2:9; Ez 27:6; cstr. אַלּוֹנֵי Is 2:13; Zc 11:2;—as marking grave of Deborah, Rebekah’s nurse Gn 35:8 (E); whence called oak of weeping, א׳ בָּכוּת ib. (v. Di ad loc., & sub אֵלוֹן p. 18); elsewhere only in prophets; as marking illicit shrines Ho 4:13 (‖ לִבְנֶה, אֵלָה); as felled Is 6:13 (in sim.; ‖ אֵלָה); as furnishing material for making idols Is 44:14 (‖ אֶרֶז, תִּרְזָה, אֹרֶן); as sim. for strength (חסן) Am 2:9; also אַלּוֹנֵי הַבָּשָׁן Is 2:13 (as lofty & majestic), cf. Ez 27:6 (as strong, for making oars); Zc 11:2, metaph. of prominent men.

† [דָּלִיּוֹת] pl. of [דָּלִית] n.f. branch, bough, metaph. of Israel under figure of olive tree דָּֽלִיּוֹתָיו Je 11:16 Ez 17:6, 7 (figure of vine); v 23 (under figure of cedar); 31:7, 9, 12 of Asshur as a cedar, דָּלִיֹּתָיו Ez 19:11 Isr. as a vine (cf. Löw65).

† [מוֹץ], מֹץ n.m. Is 29:5 chaff (Talm. 𝔗 מוֹצָא, Arabic مَوْصٌ straw);—מ׳ abs. Ho 13:3 + 6 times; cstr. Is 17:13;—chaff, always as driven by wind, and always c. כְּ, in sim.; of wicked Jb 21:18 (‖ תֶּבֶן לִפְנֵי רוּחַ), cf. ψ 1:4; 35:5 Ho 13:3; of hostile nations Is 17:13 (מ׳ הָרִים), 29:5 (‖ אָבָק דַּךְ); hyperb. of Judah’s power, גְּבָעוֹת כַּמֹּץ תָּשִׂים Is 41:15 (‖ תָּדוּשׁ הָרִים וְתָדֹק); of passing time, יוֹם Zp 2:2.

† I. [צוּץ, צִיץ] vb. 1. blossom. 2. shine, sparkle (perhaps orig. meaning of √, but connex. of 1, 2. dub.) (NH id. Hiph., fig. senses, צִיץ n. = BH);— Qal Pf. 1. 3 ms. צָץ הַמַּטֶּה Ez 7:10 (fig.; ‖ פָּרַח הַזָּדוֹן); Impf. 3 ms. יָצִיץ ψ 90:6 (of grass, חָצִיר), 103:15 (man under fig. of flower), fig. יָצִיץ וּפָרַח יִשׂ׳ Is 27:6; 3 mpl. יָצִיצוּ ψ 72:16, וַיָּצִיצוּ 92:8 (‖ פָּרַח; both fig. of men =) flourish. 2. shine, gleam: of crown (נֵזֶר) ψ 132:18. Hiph. Impf. 3 ms. וַיָּצֵץ צִיץ Nu 17:23 it put forth blossoms (of rod;—ֵ perhaps from ‖ וַיֹּצֵא פֶרַח).

I. שֶׁ֫לַח n.[m.] missile, weapon, sprout (late);—abs. שׁ׳ Jo 2:8 +, שָׁ֑לַח Ne 4:11 Jb 33:18, sf. שִׁלְחוֹ Ne 4:17; pl. שְׁלָחִים 2 Ch 23:10, etc.;— 1. missile, weapon, Ne 4:11 and v 17 (where הַמַּיִם corrupt; read probably בִּימִינוֹ or בְּיָדוֹ; v. Ryle Be-Ry Berthol), 2 Ch 23:10 (disting. from חֲנִית, מָגֵן); coll. 32:5 and עָבַר בַּשׁ׳ Jb 33:18; 36:12 (perish by or rush upon [and perish]), Jo 2:8 (v. בְּעַד). 2. sprout, shoot (cf. [שְׁלוּחָה], and √ ψ 80:12 Je 17:8), שְׁלָחַיִךְ פַּרְדֵּס Ct 4:13 (fig.; meaning? PerlesAnal. 63 proposes שְׁנֵי לְחָיַיִךְ thy two cheeks); + prob. Ez 31:5 (read בִּשְׁלָחָיו Co Toy al., or בְּשִׁלְחֵי [with v 6] Krae).

† [שָׁרַשׁ] vb. denom. Pi. = deal with the roots;— 1. root up, out: Pf. 3 ms. sf. consec. וְשֵׁרֶשְׁךָ ψ 52:7 he shall root thee up from (מִן) the land of the living; of fire (burn) roots, root: Impf. 3 fs. תְּשָׁרֵשׁ בְּ Jb 31:12 fire (fig.) roots at all my increase. Pu. Impf. 3 mpl. יְשֹׁרָשׁוּ 31:8 be rooted up (of produce). 2. Poʿēl take root, establish oneself firmly: Pf. 3 ms. שֹׁרֵשׁ בָּאָרֶץ גִּזְעָם Is 40:24 (fig. of princes, etc.). Poʿal id.: Pf. 3 mpl. שֹׁרָ֔שׁוּ Je 12:2 (fig. of wicked). Hiph. id.: Impf. 3 ms. יַשְׁרֵשׁ Is 27:6 (fig. of Isr.); 3 fs. וַתַּשְׁרֵשׁ ψ 80:10 (id.; c. acc. cogn.); Pt. מַשְׁרִישׁ Jb 5:3 (fig. of pers.).

κόκκος, ὁ, grain, seed, as of the pomegranate, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. Βαβυλώνιος Refs 2nd c.AD+; of the poppy, Refs 3rd c.BC+; of the pine, Refs; of wheat, Refs 3rd c.AD+; of weeds in corn, Refs 6th c.AD+; compare Κνίδιος: metaphorically, νόου δέ μοι οὐκ ἔνι κ. not a grain of sense, Refs __2 a measure, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II 'berry' (gall) of kermes oak, used to dye scarlet, Refs 4th c.BC+: hence, scarlet (the colour), Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 κ. or κ. βαφική, ἡ, kermes oak, Quercus coccifera, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III pill, Refs 6th c.AD+ __IV in plural, testicles, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV.2 pudenda muliebria, Refs 5th c.AD+

† חֹ֫רֶשׁ n.m. Ez 31:3 wood, wooded height (Assyrian ḫuršu, wooded height COTGloss LyonSargontexte, Gloss (v. also DlPr 180 Checrit. n. on Is 17, 9); NH חוֹרֶשׁ wood, forest; Aramaic חוּרְשָׁא id.)—abs. ח׳ Is 17:9 Ez 31:3 (but on both v. infr.); חֹ֫רְשָׁה 1 S 23:16 (v. Dr); בַּחֹ֫רְשָׁה 1 S 23:15, 18, 19; pl. חֳרָשִׁים 2 Ch 27:4;—wooded height 1 S 23:15 (‖ בָּהָר v 14), v 16, 18, so בַּמְּצָדוֹת בַּח׳ בְּגִבְעַת הַחֲכִילָה v 19; וּבֶח׳ בנה בִּירָנִיּוֹת וּמִגְדָּלִים 2 Ch 27:4 and on the wooded heights he built fortresses and towers (‖ בְּהַר יְהוּדָה); עֲזוּבַת הַחֹרֶשׁ וְהָאָמִיר Is 17:9 the forsaken places of the wooded heights and summits Ges Ew De Di RV; but read prob. ע׳ החוי והאמרי forsaken places of the Hivites and the Amorites, so 𝔊 Lag Che Or Brd Du; ח׳ מֵצַל Ex 31:3 shade-giving wood or thicket, of close branches of cedar (but sense hardly legitimate; del. 𝔊 Co).

† שַׁ֫יִת n.[m.] coll. thorn-bushes (connex. with above √ dub.; DietrAbh. 73 cp. (improb.) שׁאה devastate, שְׁאִיָּה ruin, whence שׁ׳ wild, rough growth);—always c. שָׁמִיר: abs. שׁ׳ Is 7:23, 24; 9:17; 27:4 (cf. Du); שָׁ֑יִת 5:6; 7:25; sf. שִׁיתוֹ 10:17 (fig. Assyrian).

† [שִׁקְמָה] n.f. sycomore tree (NH id., Aramaic שִׁיקְמָא, ܫܶܩܡܳܐ, LöwNo.332; hence Gk. συκάμινος, mulberry LewyFremdw.23);—pl. abs. שִׁקְמִים Am 7:14 +; sf. שִׁקְמוֹתָם ψ 78:47;—sycomore, ficus sycomorus Linn (TristrNHB 397ff. PostFlora of Syria 730. Hast DB s.v.) a common tree Is 9:9, growing in the Shephela 1 K 10:27 = 2 Ch 1:15 = 9:27;1 Ch 27:28; as property ψ 78:47 (‖ גֶּפֶן); בּוֹלֵס שִׁקְמִים Am 7:14 a tender of sycomores (v. [בָּלַם]).

κάρφος, εος, τό, any small dry body, especially dry stalk, as of the dry sticks of cinnamon, Refs 5th c.BC+; of rice-straw, Refs 2nd c.AD+: generally, in plural, dry twigs, chips, straws, bits of wool, such as birds make their nests of, Refs 5th c.BC+: in singular, chip of wood, Refs 5th c.BC+; toothpick, Refs 4th c.AD+. 'not stirring an inch', Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπὸ τῆς κύλικος κάρφος τῷ μικρῷ δακτύλῳ ἀφαιρετεῖν Ion Hist.1. __II = Latin festuca, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III a small piece of wood on which the watchword was written, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __IV in plural, ripe fruit, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __V ={τῆλις}, Refs 1st c.AD+ in A.[same place], Plb.[same place]: perhaps cognate with Engl. sharp.)

† אָטָד n.m. Ju 9:15 bramble, buck-thorn (cf. Che ψ 58:10) (rhamnus, Arabic أَطَد, Assyrian eṭidu v. DlW, No. 153, Aramaic אַטְדָּא, ܐܛܕܐ cf. Löw No. 15) contr. עֵצִים Ju 9:14, 15(×2) (personif., in fable); ψ 58:10 as fuel (in fig., cf. Che); בְּגֹרֶן הָא׳, n.loc., Gn 50:10, 11 (v. גֹּרֶן & אבל מצרים).

† הֲדַס n.m. Is 55:13 myrtle (-tree), only late (NH, Aramaic id.; Arabic هَدَس (in the dialect of Yemen); also آسٌ, Aramaic אָסָה, ܐܳܣܳܐ; cf. LöwNo. 25)—abs. ה׳ Is 41:19 Ne 8:15; הֲדַ֑ס Is 55:13; pl. הַהֲדַסִּים Zc 1:8 + 2 times (on form cf. Ges§ 93, R. 4)—Is 41:19 (‖ תְּאַשּׁוּר, תִּדְהָר, בְּרוֹשׁ, עֵץ שָׁ֑מֶן, שִׁטָּה, אֶרֶז); Is 55:13 (‖ בְּרוֹשׁ; opp. הַסִּרְפַּד), עֲלֵי הֲדַס Ne 8:15 (‖ ע׳ עֵץ עָבוֹת, ע׳ תְּמָרִים, ע׳ עֵץ־שֶׁמֶן, עֲלֵי־זַיִת); pl. Zc 1:8, 10, 11.

† [יוֹנֶ֫קֶת] n.f. young shoot, twig (= foregoing)—יוֹנַקְתּוֹ Jb 8:16 + 2 times; יוֹנְקוֹתָיו Ho 14:7; יֹנְקוֹתָיו Ez 17:22; יוֹנְקוֹתֶיהָ ψ 80:12;—shoot, twig, of tree Jb 14:7; of wicked under fig. of tree Jb 8:16; 15:30; Israel under fig. of olive-tree Ho 14:7, of cedar Ez 17:22, of vine ψ 80:12.

† מַצֵּבָה, מַצֶּ֫בֶת n.f. pillar, maṣṣēbā, stump; on this v. also Lagrange Études Bibl. 197 ff. and review by BauZMG lvii (1903), 830; also GFMEB massebah Sta Bib. Theol. i. § 55 OC WhitehouseHastDB pillar—abs. מַצֵּבָה Ho 3:4 +, מַצֶּ֫בֶת 2 S 18:18a (read הַמּ׳ 𝔊 Dr Bu Kit), v 18b Is 6:13, cstr. מַצְּבַת 2 K 3:2; 10:27, מַצֶּ֫בֶת Gn 35:14, 20; sf. מַצַּבְתָּהּ Is 6:13; pl. abs. מַצֵּבוֹת 1 K 14:23, cstr. מַצְּבוֹת 2 K 10:26, etc.;— 1. a. pillar, as monument, personal memorial 2 S 18:18(×2). b. a stone, set up (שׂים, הציב), and anointed as memorial of divine appearance Gn 28:18, 22; 31:13 (all E), 35:14(×2) (J); so also 33:20 (E), where ins. מ׳, or read מ׳ for MT מִזְבֵּחַ (We Di NowArch. ii. 18), set up (שׂים, הרים, חציב), in token of an agreement 31:45, 51, 52(×2) (all E); over grave 35:20(×2) (E). c. especially of sacred stones or pillars in connexion with altar, erected (בנה) by Moses Ex 24:4 (E; 12 pillars), Ho 3:4; 10:1, 2 Is 19:19; conj. also 2 K 12:10 for MT מִזְבֵּחַ Sta ZAW v (1885), 296 NowArch. l.c., but dub., v. Benzad loc.; (usually + אֲשֵׁרִים etc.): of Canaanites Ex 23:24 (E), 34:13 (J), Dt 7:5; 12:3, cf. מ׳ הַבַּעַל 2 K 3:2; 10:26, 27; Tyre, מ׳ עֻזֵּךְ, Ez 26:11, of obelisks of Heliopolis in Egypt Je 43:13; condemned for Isr. by Deut. code, and Deut. redaction of K: Dt 16:22; 1 K 14:23; 2 K 17:10; 18:4; 23:14;, 2 Ch 14:2; 31:1; cf. Mi 5:12; Lv 26:1 (H).—On maṣṣēbā v. further NowArch. ii. 18 f. BenzArch. 380 f. Dr Dt. 16:21 f. WeSkizzen iii. 99, 165 RSSem. i. 184 ff. 437 f.; 2d ed. 204 ff. 456 f.; K. 50.—Ju 9:6 v. [נָצַב" dir="rtl" >נָצַב] Hoph. 2. stock, stump of tree Is 6:13a (in sim.), so v 13b (fig.; but prob. del. as gloss).

† סְנֶה n.m. Ex 3:2 a thorny bush, perhaps black-berry bush (cf. LöwNo. 219; rubus fruticosus Linn.; Aramaic סַנְיָא, ܣܰܢܝܳܐ thorn-bush, Assyrian sinû, Meissner ZA vi. 293 blackberry bush (M. thinks Aramaic ס׳ loan-word from this); Arabic سَنًا senna, Lane 1449);—abs. ס׳ Ex 3:2(×2), 4, סְנֶ֑ה v 2, 3 (all E) Dt 33:16 (akin to E).

† [סָעִיף] n.[m.] 1. cleft. 2. branch;— 1. cleft of a crag, cstr. סְעִיף סֶלַע Ju 15:8, 11; pl. cstr. וּבִסְעִפֵֿי הַסְּלָעִים Is 2:21; סְעִיפֵי הַסּ׳ 57:5. 2. branches, boughs, pl. cstr. סְעִפֵֿי הַפֹּרִיָּה Is 17:6 (so divide, Hi Kn Di DrSm xxx Du al.) the boughs of the fruit-tree; sf. סְעִיפֶיהָ 27:10 (of ruined city; cf. קְצִירָהּ v 11).

† II. קוֹץ n.pr.m. 1. name in Judah 1 Ch 4:8, Κωε, Κως. 2. הַקּ׳: priest 1 Ch 24:10, Κως, A 𝔊L Ακκως; Ezr 2:61 = Ne 7:63; Ne 3:4, 21, Ακ(κ)ους, -ως.

† קָלִי n.m. 1 S 17:17 parched grain, a common food (RobBR ii. 50–1 AnderlindZPV ix. 3);—abs. ק׳ 1 S 25:18; 2 S 17:28 a + v 28 b (but dittogr., del. 𝔙 𝔖 and Comm.), Lv 23:14 (P), Ru 2:14; = קָלִיא 1 S 17:17.

† [שָׁקַד] vb. Pu. denom.—only Pt. pl. in גְּבִעִים מְשֻׁקָּדִים cups shaped like almond (blossoms) Ex 25:33(×2), 34; 37:19(×2), 20 (all P).

† I. תַּפּוּחַ n.[m.] apple-tree, apple (from aromatic scent (breath), Thes Lag BN 111, 129 Post (v. infr.); Arabic تُفّاحٌ is loan-wd. Frä 140; on meaning apple v. Löw No. 109 RSJPhl. xiii. 65 f. Post Hast Dict. Bib. Apple) v. also HomA. u. A 100, 106, 107; TristrNHB 334 f. thinks ת׳ = apricot (so Id.Smith DB (2) apple); M’Lean-DyerEB apple makes ת׳ = quince.v. also HomA. u. A 100, 106, 107; TristrNHB 334 f. thinks ת׳ = apricot (so Id.Smith DB (2) apple); M’Lean-DyerEB apple makes ת׳ = quince.— 1. sg. תַּפּוּח apple-tree Jo 1:12; Ct 2:3; 8:5. 2. pl. תַּפּוּחִים apples Ct 2:5, רֵיח אַפֵּךְ כַּתּ׳ 7:9; תַּפּוּחֵי זָהָב Pr 25:11 (in sim.).

βάτος[ᾰ], ἡ, __A bramble, Rubus ulmifolius, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ, NT+5th c.BC+ __A.II β. Ἰδαία raspberry, Rubus Idaeus, Refs 1st c.AD+; ={β. ὀρθοφυής} Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.III β. Μοσυλῖτις, a kind of cassia, Refs 1st c.AD+ __A.IV ={ἑλένιον}, elecampane, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+

ἐλαύνω, Refs 8th c.BC+imperfect ἐλαύνεσκον (ἀπ-) Refs 5th c.BC+future ἐλάσω [ᾰ], participle ἐλάσοντας Refs 5th c.BC+ (παρ-) is falsa lectio in Refs 8th c.BC+ is subjunctive in Refs 8th c.BC+; Attic dialect ἐλῶ, ᾷς, ᾷ, infinitive ἐλᾶν, also Refs 8th c.BC+ in the resolved form ἐλόω Refs 8th c.BC+: infinitive ἐλάαν (though this is also infinitive present, see below) Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἤλᾰσα, Epic dialect ἔλᾰσα Refs 8th c.BC+, Ionic dialect 3rd.pers. singular ἐλάσασκεν Refsperfect ἐλήλᾰκα (ἀπ-, ἐξ-) Refs 5th c.BC+pluperfect ἐληλάκειν (ἐξ-) Refs 5th c.BC+:— middle (see. below Refs, future ἐλάσομαι (παρ-) uncertain reading in Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist ἠλασάμην Refs 8th c.BC+, rare in Attic dialect, as Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular ἤλσατο Refs 6th c.BC+; Epic dialect ἐλάσαιο, -ασαίατο, -ασσάμενος, Refs 8th c.BC+ —passive, future ἐλασθήσομαι (ἐξ-) Refs 1st c.BC+aorist ἠλάθην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+ the Mss. vary between the two forms, ἐξελαθείς Refs: perfect ἐλήλαμαι Refs 8th c.BC+ (ἐξ-), etc.; ἐλήλασμαι Refs 5th c.BC+: pluperfect ἠλήλατο Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural ἠλήλαντο Refs 8th c.BC+— The present ἐλάω is rare and mainly poetical, imperative ἔλα Refs 5th c.BC+ (also non-thematic 3rd.pers. plural ἐλάντω Refs: infinitive ἐλᾶν Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive ἐλάαν as Epic dialect infinitive present is frequently in Refs 8th c.BC+: participle ἐλάουσα Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect 3rd.pers. plural ἔλων Refs 8th c.BC+, 3rd.pers. singular ἔλαεν Refs 5th c.BC+; but ἀπ-ήλαον in Refs 5th c.BC+:—radical sense, drive, set in motion, of driving flocks, εἰς εὐρὺ σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα Refs 8th c.BC+aorist middle ἠλασάμην in active sense, Refs: frequently of horses, chariots, ships, drive, ἐλάαν (infinitive present) ἅρμα καὶ ἵππους Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ἵππον ride it, Refs; κέλητας καὶ ἅρματα ἐ. ride and drive, Refs; ἐ. νῆα row it, Refs 8th c.BC+; στρατὸν ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __b with accusative omitted, intransitive, go in a chariot, drive, μάστιξεν δ᾽ ἐλάαν (i.e. ἵππους) he whipped them on, Refs 8th c.BC+; βῆ δ᾽ ἐλάαν ἐπὶ κύματα he drove on over the waves, Refs 8th c.BC+; διὰ νύκτα ἐλάαν travel the night through, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐς τὸ ἄστυ ἐ. drive into the city, Refs 5th c.BC+; ride, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐλῶν ἐς Θρηΐκην marching.., Refs 5th c.BC+; row, μάλα σφοδρῶς ἐλάαν Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐλαύνοντες rowers, Refs __c in this intransitive sense, it sometimes took an accusative loci, γαλήνην ἐλαύνειν to sail the calm sea, i.e. over it, Refs; so τὰ ἕσπερα νῶτ᾽ ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἐλαύνειν δρόμον run a course, Refs 5th c.BC+ __d passive, [νηῦς] ἐλαυνομένη a ship under way, NT+8th c.BC+; τὰ κατάντη ἐλαύνεσθαι, of horses, to be ridden on steep ground, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 drive away, carry off, in Refs 8th c.BC+ of stolen cattle or horses, βοῶν ἀρίστας Refs 8th c.BC+:—middle, Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 drive away, expel, ἐ. [τινὰ] ἐκ δήμου Refs 5th c.BC+; μύσος, μίασμα ἐ., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄγος ἐ.,= ἀγηλατέω, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, γῆν πρὸ γῆς ἐλαύνομαι Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 drive (to extremities), persecute, plague, οἵ μιν ἄδην ἐλόωσι.. πολέμοιο who will harass him till he has had enough of war, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔτι μέν μίν φημι ἄδην λάαν κακότητος I think I shall persecute him till he has had enough, Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, ἐλαυνομένων καὶ ὑβριζομένων Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐλαύνεσθαι τὴν γνώμην to be out of one's mind, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __5 ={βινέω}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 intransitive in expressions like{ἐς τοσοῦτον ἤλασαν} they drove it so far (where πρᾶγμα must be supplied), Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς κόρον ἐλαύνειν push matters till disgust ensued, Refs 7th c.BC+; εἰς ἴσον (i.e. τισί) Refs 1st c.AD+: hence, push on, go on, ἐγγὺς μανιῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔξω τοῦ φρονεῖν Refs*ba.Refs; πόρρω ἐ. σοφίας go far in.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II strike, ἐλάτῃσιν πόντον ἐλαύνοντες Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 strike with a weapon, but never with a missile, τὸν σκήπτρῳ ἐλάσασκεν Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀδόντας ἐ. knock out, Refs 3rd c.BC+ him he struck on.., Refs 8th c.BC+; χθόνα δ᾽ ἤλασε παντὶ μετώπῳ struck earth with his forehead, of a falling man, Refs 8th c.BC+: with accusative cognate, inflict a wound, οὐλὴν τήν ποτέ με σῦς ἤλασε Refs:—passive, with accusative νῶτον ὄπισθ᾽ αἰχμῇ δουρὸς ἐληλαμένος Refs 7th c.BC+ __II.3 strike one thing against another, πρὸς γῆν ἐ. κάρη Refs 8th c.BC+; of weapons, drive through, διαπρὸ χαλκὸν ἔλασσε Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, go through, Refs 8th c.BC+; to be fixed in, ὀϊστὸς ὤμῳ ἐνὶ στιβαρῷ ἠλήλατο Refs 5th c.BC+ __III metaphorically, __III.1 beat out metal, forge, ἀσπίδα.. ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺς ἤλασεν Refs 8th c.BC+; πέντε πτύχας ἤλασε beat out five plates, Refs; περὶ δ᾽ ἕρκος ἔλασσε κασσιτέρου make a fence of beaten tin (with a play on signification Refs; εὐνὴ Ἡφαίστου χερσὶν ἐληλαμένη χρυσοῦ a bed of beaten gold, Refs 6th c.BC+; σίδηρος λεπτῶς ἐληλ. Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 draw a line of wall, trench, etc., ἀμφὶ δὲ τάφρον ἤλασαν Refs 8th c.BC+; τεῖχος τοὺς ἀγκῶνας ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐλήλαται the wall has its angles carried down to the river, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐληλαμέναι πέρι πύργον having a wall built round, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὄγμον ἐλαύνειν work one's way down a ridge or swathe in reaping or mowing, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀμπελίδος ὄρχον ἐ. to draw a line of vines, i.e. plant them in line, Refs 5th c.BC+: generally, plant, produce, ἐλᾷ τέσσαρας ἀρετὰς αἰών Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 κολῳὸν ἐλαύνειν prolong, keep up the brawl, Refs 8th c.BC+ __III.4 ἐξ ὄσσων ἐς γαῖαν ἐ. δάκρυ Refs 5th c.BC+

στάχυς [στᾰχῡς Refs 5th c.BC+, υος, ὁ: plural στάχυες Refs.1424a333, etc.; Epic dialect dative σταχύεσσιν LXX+8th c.BC+—ear of corn, in plural, Il.[same place], NT+8th c.BC+; τοὺς ὑπερέχοντας τῶν σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκ καλάμης.. στάχυες, of Bacchylides' poems, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the crop reaped by Cleon in capturing the Spartans at Sphacteria, Refs 5th c.BC+; βίον θερίζειν ὥστε κάρπιμον σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 generally, scion, progeny, σ. ἄρσην Refs 3rd c.BC+; δισσὸν Βορέον σ. Refs 4th c.AD+; Ἑλλάδος ἀμώων ἄγαμον σ. Refs __3 name of the chief star in the constellation Virgo, Spica Virginis, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II lower part of the abdomen, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III base horehound, Stachys germanica, Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV νάρδου στάχυς,= ναρδόσταχυς, Refs; ὁ τῆς νάρδου σ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __V surgical bandage, 'spica' bandage, Refs 1st c.AD+ __VI παρὰ τοῖς ναυπηγοῖς τὸ ἐπὶ τῆς φάλαγγος μεριζόμενον, Refs 5th c.AD+ __VII = Heb. shibboleth, LXX

† אַגְמֹן, אַגְמוֹן n.[m.] rush, bulrush. 1. used as cord or line Jb 40:26 (of twisted rushes, or spun of rush-fibre, cf. Di ad loc.); as fuel 41:12; sim. of bending head Is 58:5. 2. metaph. of the lowly, insignif. (‖ כִּפָּה) Is 9:13; 19:15.

† דְּבֵלָה n.f. lump of pressed figs, pressed (fig-) cake (NH דְּבֵילָה, Aramaic id., ܕܒܶܠܬܳܐ, = Greek παλάθη; Arabic دُبْلَةٌ lump, large gobbet or mouthful; cf. Assyrian dublu, foundation, & Heb. synon. אֲשִׁישָׁה Dl HA 58)—דְּבֵלָה 1 S 30:12; cstr. דְּבֶלֶת 2 K 20:7 = Is 38:21; pl. דְּבֵלִים 1 S 25:18 1 Ch 12:41;—used as food 1 S 25:18; 30:12; 1 Ch 12:41 דְּבֶלֶת תְּאֵנִים, as application to boil, or eruption 2 K 20:7 = Is 38:21.

† יָרָק n.[m.] herbs (coll.), herbage (green, greens)—abs. יָרָק Dt 11:10 + 2 times; cstr. יְרַק Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26;—גַּן־יָרָק Dt 11:10 1 K 21:2; אֲרֻחַת יָרָק Pr 15:17; as subst., יְרַק דֶּשֶׁא Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26 green shoots of grass (‖ עֵשֶׂב שָׂדֶה, etc.)

† II. [סִיר] n.[m.] thorn, hook (𝔗 id.; cf. סירם in Sab. n.pr. HomZMG xivi (1892), 532);— 1. pl. סִירִיס, thorns, sign of desolation Is 34:13, a barrier Ho 2:8, on Na 1:10 v. [סָבַךְ" dir="rtl" >סָבַךְ]; כְּקוֹל הַסּ׳ תַּחַת הַסִּיר Ec 7:6 as the sound of thorns (crackling as they burn) under the pot. 2. pl. סִירוֹת hooks Am 4:2 (cf. בּוּגָה sub דגה; ‖ צִנּוֹת; on realtion of meanings v. חוֹחַ, צֵן).

† עֲשַׂב n.[m.] herbage, grass (v. BH עשׂב);—emph. עִשְׂבָּא, as fodder: Dn 4:12, 22, 29, 30; 5:21.

† [פֹּארָה] n.f. bough;—pl., all in fig.: of vine, abs. פֹּארֹת Ez 17:6 (Baer פֹּרֹאות); of cedar, sf. פֹּארֹתוֹ 31:5 (Kt; יו—ָ Qr); פֹּארֹתָיו v 6, פֹּרֹאתָיו v 8, 12, 13.

† II. צוּף n.pr.m. Ephr. ancestor of Elḳanah and Samuel, בֶּן־צ׳ 1 S 1:1 (ἐν Νασειβ, 𝔊L υἱοῦ Σωφ), 1 Ch 6:20 Qr 𝔊 𝔙 (Kt ציף); appar. = צוֹפַי v 11 (Levite), Σουφ(ει): hence prob. אֶרֶץ צוּף 1 S 9:5 (in Benj., τὴν (γὴν) Σ(ε)ιφ(α)).

† II. קָצִיר n.m. Is 27:11 usually coll., boughs, branches (connex. with above √ dub.);—abs. ק׳ Jb 14:9; sf. קְצִירִי Jb 29:19 (in fig.; ‖ שֹׁרֶשׁ), קְצִירוֹ 18:16 (fig.; ‖ id.); קְצִירָהּ Is 27:11; pl. sf. קְצִירֶיהָ ψ 80:12.

ἄνθος, ὁ, a kind of __B bird, perhaps the yellow wagtail, Refs 4th c.BC+

βλαστάνω, Refs 5th c.BC+ (later βλαστέω, Refs 4th c.BC+, corrupt in passive -ουμένηRefs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect imperfect βλαστάνεσκε (variant{βλάστεσκεν}) Refs: future βλαστήσω Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist 2 ἔβλαστον Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἐβλάστησα Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect βεβλάστηκα Refs 5th c.BC+: pluperfect ἐβεβλαστήκει Refs 5th c.BC+:—bud, sprout, grow, properly of plants, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἦ βλαστὸς οὐκ ἔβλαστε; Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphoricallyin Poets, shoot forth, come to light, βλάστε νᾶσος ἐξ ἁλός, of Rhodes, Refs 5th c.BC+; of children, to be born, Refs; ἀνθρώπου φύσιν βλαστών born in man's nature, Refs 5th c.BC+; not common in Prose, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II causal, make to grow, produce, propagate, in present, Refs 5th c.BC+: mostly aorist 1 ἐβλάστησα LXX+3rd c.BC+:—passive, βλαστηθείς Refs 1st c.AD+

λάχᾰνον [λᾰ], τό, mostly in plural, garden-herbs, opposed to wild plants, vegetables, Refs 5th c.BC+ not a single herb, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν τῷ λ. τούτῳ, i.e. the lettuce, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 in plural also, the vegetable-market, Refs 5th c.BC+

σῦκον, Boeotian dialect τῦκον Refs 5th c.BC+, τό, fruit of the συκῆ, fig, Refs 8th c.BC+; βασίλεια σ. were a large kind, Refs 4th c.BC+; to eat figs in the heat of the day was thought to cause fever, Refs 5th c.BC+; ξηρὰ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ 'as different as chalk from cheese', Refs 4th c.AD+; σύκῳ.. σ. οὐδὲ ἓν οὕτως ὅμοιον γέγονεν poetical cited in Refs 3rd c.BC+; σῦκα αἰτεῖν, proverbial for τρυφᾶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; σῦκον χειμῶνος ζητεῖν, of a foolish enterprise, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 σ. Αἰγύπτιον, fruit of κερωνία, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II from its shape, a large wart on the eyelids, Refs 5th c.BC+; of tumours in other places, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III pudenda muliebria, Refs 5th c.BC+

χλωρός, ά, όν, greenish-yellow, pale green, χλωραὶ ῥῶπες Refs 8th c.BC+; also in Prose, σίτου ἔτι χ. ὄντος Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ χ. the green plaster, Refs 1st c.AD+; χλωρὸς λίθος, ={σμάραγδος}, Refs; of sea-water, poetical cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; of other water, Refs 5th c.AD+ green paint, as a stage-property to represent a river in scenery, Papyrus in Refs 5th c.AD+ __2 yellow, μέλι χ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀμφὶ χλωρὰν ψάμαθον on the yellow sand, Refs 5th c.BC+; ᾠοῦ τὸ χ. yolk of egg, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II generally, pale, pallid, χλωρὸς ἀδάμας Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 of persons, pale, χλωρὸς ὑπαὶ δείους Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. Ἀχλύς (personified) Refs 8th c.BC+; hence as an epithet of fear, χλωρὸν δέος Refs 8th c.BC+: in in Medicine texts writers, yellow, biliouslooking, ὀφθαλμοὶ -ότεροι see reading in Refs 5th c.BC+; also χ. πτύελος, οὖρον, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III without regard to colour, green, i. e. fresh, opposed to dry, especially of wood, ῥόπαλον.. χλωρὸν ἐλαΐνεον of green olive-wood, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to αὖος, Refs 8th c.BC+; of various things, χλωραὶ ἐέρσαι Refs 5th c.BC+; τυρὸς χ. fresh cheese, Refs 5th c.BC+; of fish, fresh, not salted, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of fruit, fresh picked, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 metaphorically, fresh, blooming, χλωρόν τε καὶ βλέποντα Trag. cited in Refs 5th c.AD+ (perhaps to be read in Refs 4th c.BC+; λειμὼν ἄνθεσι (sed perhaps ἔρνεσι) θάλλων χλωροῖς Refs 5th c.BC+fresh, living, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. δάκρυ fresh, bursting tear, Refs 5th c.BC+sparkling, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 metaphorically, unripe, χ. καὶ ἄναιμα πράγματα Refs 5th c.BC+

† בָּכָא n.[m.] balsam-tree (v. Arabic بَكْأٌ DozyZMG 1869, 188 but LöwNo. 47; according to TA like جرجير, an eruca, cf. Lane s.v.; perhaps cf. بَكَأَ give little milk, of camel, i.e. drop, drip); pl. בְּכָאִים 2 S 5:23, 24 = 1 Ch 14:14, 15; sg. in עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא ψ 84:7 balsam-vale, cf. De Che.

† גֹּ֫מֶא n.m. Jb 8:11 rush, reed, papyrus (cf. Löw p. 55) (NH גּוֹמֶא, Ethiopic ጎሜዕ loan-word, according to Di;—name from swallowing, sucking up, water? so Thes, cf. Che Is 18:2 al.; = Copt. gome, v. Di Ex 2:3 whence others der. as loan-word)—גֹּ֫מֶא Ex 2:3 + 3 times;—rush, paper-reed, (Egyptian) Jb 8:11 (‖ אָחוּ; coll. Is 35:7 (‖ קָנֶה); as material, תֵּבַת ג׳ Ex 2:3 chest of paper-reed; כְּלֵי־ג׳ Is 18:2 vessels of paper-reed.

† עָבוֹת adj. having interwoven foliage, leafy;—עֵץ עָבוֹת leafy trees Ez 20:28; Ne 8:15; עֵץ עָבֹת Lv 23:40 (H); f. אֵלָה עֲבֻתָּה Ez 6:13 a leafy terebinth.—עָבוֹת 2 S 23:4 ψ 77:18 v. ii. עָב sub עוּב.

† [עֲנַף] n.[m.] bough (v. BH ענף);—pl. sf. עַנְפ֫וֹהִי Dn 4:9, 11(×2), 18.

† I. [קָלָה] vb. roast, parch (NH קָלָה id. (rare), קָלִי = BH; Assyrian ḳalû, ii. i, iii. i burn, consume MeissnSuppl. 84; Sab. קלאתם conflagratio, aestus Os4. 1. 19. 20 CIS iv. No. 74, 1, 20; Arabic قَلَى fry or roast wheat; Ethiopic ቀለወ: ቀለየ: burn, fry, so 𝔗 קְלָא, Syriac ܩܠܴܐ );— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. קָלָם בָּאֵשׁ Je 29:22 (acc. pers.) he roasted them with fire; Pt. pass. אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ Lv 2:14 (P) grian parched with fire; so קָלוּי alone, as common food, Jos 5:11 (P), v. קָלִי" dir="rtl" >קָלִי. Niph. Pt. נִקְלֶה as n. ψ 38:8 my loins are filled with burning (Vrss Bae with contempt, II. קלה).

† II. שִׂיחַ n.[m.] bush, shrub, plant;—שׂ׳ abs. coll. Jb 30:4, cstr. שׂ׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Gn 2:5 (J); pl. שִׂיחִים Jb 30:7, אַחַד הַשִּׂיחִם Gn 21:15 (E).

† שָׁקֵד n.[m.] almond(-tree) (NH id.; so called from its early waking out of winter’s sleep, according to Ki Thes LagBN 45 al.; Aramaic שִׁיגְדָּא, ܫܶܓܕܳܐ, ܫܶܓܕܬܳܐ, whence Ethiopic ሰግድ: cf. NöM 39; cf. LöwNo. 319);— 1. almond, i.e. the nut, pl. שְׁקֵדִים Gn 43:11 (J; + בָּטְנִים, etc.), Nu 17:23 (P). 2. almond-tree Je 1:11 and (prob.) Ec 12:5.

ἀλοάω, Epic dialect ἀλοιάω Refs 3rd c.BC+: Epic dialect imperfect ἀλοίαRefs 8th c.BC+: future -ήσωLXX, Doric dialect ἀλοιησέωRefs 7th c.BC+: aorist ἠλόησαRefs 5th c.BC+participle ἀλοάσας [ᾱς] Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect ἠλοίησα (ἀπ-) Refs 8th c.BC+, (συν-) Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, future -ηθήσομαιLXX: aorist ἠλοήθηνRefs 4th c.BC+: perfect ἠλόημαιRefs 4th c.BC+ — poetry aorist participle ἀλοίσας (as if from ἀλοίω,Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀλοϝάω uncertain in Refs:—tread, thresh, LXX+5th c.BC+ __2 thresh, smite, γῆν χερσὶν ἀλοίαRefs 8th c.BC+; cudgel, thrash, Glotta [same place], Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 crush, smash, σκεύηRefs; destroy, πόλειςLXX __II drive round and round, like cattle treading out corn, Refs 5th c.BC+

πώρ-ωσις, εως, ἡ, process by which the extremities of fractured bones are reunited by a callus, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, obtuseness, blindness, τῆς καρδίας NT

φύω, Refs 8th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect φυίω perhaps to be read in Refs 7th c.BC+imperfect ἔφυον, Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular φύεν Refs 8th c.BC+future φύσω [ῡRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἔφῡσα Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive and middle,Refs 5th c.BC+: future φύσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: similar in sense are the intransitive tenses, perfect πέφῡκα Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect 3rd.pers. plural πεφύᾱσι Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular subjunctive πεφύῃ (ἐμ-) Refs 6th c.BC+; Epic dialect participle feminine πεφυυῖα (ἐμ-) Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect infinitive πεφύκειν Refs 5th c.BC+: pluperfect ἐπεφύκειν Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect πεφύκειν Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. plural ἐπέφῡκον Refs 8th c.BC+aorist 2 ἔφῡν (as if from φῦμι) Refs 8th c.BC+: Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular φῦ Refs 8th c.BC+; subjunctive φύω or φυῶ Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular optative φύη Refs 3rd c.BC+; infinitive φῦναι, Epic dialect φύμεναι Refs 4th c.BC+; participle φύς Refs 8th c.BC+, Boeotian dialect feminine φοῦσα Refs 6th c.BC+; conversely ἔφυ, ={ἔφυσεν}, Refs: later, future φυήσω LXX, passive φυήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist 2 passive ἐφύην Refs 4th c.BC+; infinitive φυῆναι Refs 1st c.BC+; participle φῠείς NT+5th c.BC+: aorist 1 passive συμ-φυθείς Refs 2nd c.AD+. [Generally ῠ before a vowel, Epic dialect, Trag. Refs 5th c.BC+, etc., ῡ before a consonant; but φῡει Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐφῡετο probably in Refs 5th c.BC+; even in thesi, προσφῡονται Refs 2nd c.BC+; also in compounds] __A transitive, in present, future, and aorist 1 active:—bring forth, produce, put forth, φύλλα.. ὕλη τηλεθόωσα φύει Refs 8th c.BC+; so τρίχες.., ἃς πρὶν ἔφυσεν φάρμακον made the hair grow, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a country, καρπόν τε θωμαστὸν φύειν καὶ ἄνδρας ἀγαθούς Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 beget, engender, Refs 5th c.BC+; so of God creating man, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ φύσας the begetter, father (opposed to ὁ φύς the son, see below Refs 5th c.BC+; of both parents, γονεῦσι οἵ σ᾽ ἔφυσαν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἥδ᾽ ἡμέρα φύσει σε will bring to light thy birth,Refs __3 of individuals in reference to the growth of parts of themselves, φ. πώγωνα, γλῶσσαν, κέρεα, grow or get a beard, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. τρίχας, πόδας καὶ πτερά, etc., Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 metaphorically, φρένας φῦσαι get understanding, Refs 5th c.BC+ 'once bit, twice shy', Refs 5th c.BC+; δόξαν φῦσαι get glory or to form a high opinion of oneself, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II in present seemingly intransitive, put forth shoots, εἰς ἔτος ἄλλο φύοντι Refs 3rd c.BC+ one generation is putting forth scions, the other is ceasing to do so, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν στήθεσι φύει (perhaps φυίει) grows up, appears, LXX+7th c.BC+ __B passive, with intransitive tenses of active, aorist 2, perfect and pluperfect, grow, wax, spring up or forth, especially of the vegetable world, θάμνος ἔφυ ἐλαίης Refs 8th c.BC+growing there, Refs; πεφυκότα δένδρα trees growing there, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῦ κέρα ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἑκκαιδεκάδωρα πεφύκει from his head grew horns sixteen palms long, Refs 8th c.BC+; κεφαλαὶ πεφυκυῖαι θριξί grown with hair, Refs 1st c.BC+is produced, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ σπέρμα παρασχών, οὗτος τῶν φύντων αἴτιος [κακῶν] of the things produced, Refs 4th c.BC+; also κατὰ πάντων ἐφύετο waxed great by or upon their depression, Refs—In this sense aorist 2 is rare (see. above), except in phrases such as ἔν τ᾽ ἄρα οἱ φῦ χειρί (see. ἐμφύω), Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.2 of persons, to be begotten or born, most frequently in aorist 2 and perfect, ὁ λωφήσων οὐ πέφυκέ πω Refs 4th c.BC+; μὴ φῦναι τὸν ἅπαντα νικᾷ λόγον not to be born is best, Refs 5th c.BC+; γονῇ πεφυκὼς.. γεραιτέρᾳRefs 5th c.BC+; φύς τε καὶ τραφείςRefs 5th c.BC+ to be born or descended from any one, τὸ κοινὸν σπλάγχνον οὗ πεφύκαμεν Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ μετ᾽ ἐκείνου φύντες, opposed to οἱ ἐξ ἐκείνου γεγονότες, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II in present, become, οὐδεὶς ἐχθρὸς οὔτε φύεται πρὸς χρήμαθ᾽ οἵ τε φύντες.. Refs 5th c.BC+; the perfect and aorist 2 take a present sense, to be so and so by nature, κακός, σοφός πέφυκα (-κώς), etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; φύντ᾽ ἀρετᾷ born for virtue, i.e. brave and good by nature, Refs 5th c.BC+; so of things, τὸ μὲν εὖ πράσσειν ἀκόρεστον ἔφυ Refs 5th c.BC+ of good natural ability, Refs 5th c.BC+: then, simply, to be so and so, φῦναι Ζηνὶ πιστὸν ἄγγελον Refs 5th c.BC+; Ἅιδης ὁ παύσων ἔφυRefs 5th c.BC+: with participle, νικᾶν.. χρῄζων ἔφυν Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 with infinitive, to be formed or disposed by nature to do so and so, τὰ δεύτερα πέφυκε κρατεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; πέφυκε.. τρυφὴ.. ἦθος διαφθείρειν Refs 4th c.AD+ __B.II.3 with Preps., γυνὴ.. ἐπὶ δακρύοις ἔφυ is by nature prone to tears, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔρως γὰρ ἀργόν, κἀπὶ τοῖς ἀργοῖς ἔφυ is inclined to idleness, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.4 with dative, fall to one by nature, be one's natural lot, πᾶσι θνατοῖς ἔφυ μόρος Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.5 impersonal, it is natural, it happens naturally, with infinitive, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.II.6 absolutely, ὡς πέφυκε as is natural, Refs 5th c.BC+; also expressed personally, τοῖς ἁπλῶς, ὡς πεφυκασι, βαδίζουσι Refs 4th c.BC+participle, τὰ φύσει πεφυκότα the order of nature, Refs 5th c.BC+; φύντα, opposed to ὁμολογηθέντα, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄνθρωπος πεφυκώς man as he is, Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cf. Sanskrit bhū- 'to be, become', Lithuanian búti 'to be', Latin fui, Eng. be, etc.)

† אָ֫חוּ n.m. Jb 8, 11 coll. reeds, rushes (Aramaic אַחְוָא, orig. Egyptian, cf. demot. ȧxu̇ from ȧxȧ be green, v. EbersAG & BBMos. 338; WiedSammlung 16) Gn 41:2, 18 (E) Jb 8:11; also Ho 13:15 where read אָחִים pl. for אֲחָוִים (cf. AW), or from a parall. form [אָחֶה], v. DeCompl. Var. 23 f.

† אַלְגּוּמִים n.[m.] pl. a tree (foreign & obscure) alw. with עֲצֵי:—2 Ch 2:7 עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים בְּרוֹשִים וְאַ׳ (fr. Lebanon); עֲצֵי אַ׳ 2 Ch 9:10 (‖ אֶבֶן יְקָרָה; both fr. Ophir); cf. v 11. vid. foll.

† אַלְמֻגִּים n.[m.]pl. id. עֲצֵי אַלְמֻגִּים 1 K 10:11, 12 (fr. Ophir); ע׳ הָא׳ 1 K 10:12.

† [גֶּ֫זַע] n.m. Jb 14:8 stock, stem (NH id., cf. Syriac ܓܽܘܙܥܳܐ stem, trunk)—cstr. גֶּזַע Is 11:1; sf. גִּזְעוֹ Jb 14:8, גִּזְעָם Is 40:24;—stock, stem of a tree Jb 14:8 (‖ שֹׁרֶשׁ); fig. ג׳ ישׁי ‘stem of Jesse’ Is 11:1 (‖ שֹׁרֶשׁ); שֹׁרֵשׁ בָּאָרֶץ ג׳ Is 40:24 (‖ נטע, זרע).

† חָרוּל n.[m.] a kind of weed, perhaps chickpea (cicercula), v. Löw p. 153 (Syriac ܚܽܘܪܠܴܐ fodder for horses; 𝔗 Pr 24:31 gives חוּרְלָא)—abs. ח׳ Jb 30:7 Zp 2:9; pl. חֲרֻלִּים Pr 24:31;—as growing in devastated land, coll. Zp 2:9; in vineyard of slothful, pl. כִּסּוּ פניו ח׳ Pr 24:31 (‖ קִמְּשׂנִים); as sole shelter of certain outcast peoples Jb 30:7 (שִׂיחִים).

† יַהֲלֹם n.[m.] a precious stone, jasper? (so 𝔊 𝔙), or onyx? (cf. Di Ex 28:18) (appar. from √ הלם; owing to its hardness, as able to smite, hammer?)—mentioned in lists of precious stones Ex 28:18; 39:11 Ez 28:13.

† II. יַ֫עַר n.[m.] honeycomb,—abs. יַעַר 1 S 14:25, 26; sf. יַעְרִי Ct 5:1;—honeycomb, containing honey 1 S 14:25 (where read וְיַעַר הָיָה עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׁדֶה with 𝔊 We Dr Kit in KauAT, instead of v. as in MT); וַיָּבוֹא העם אֶל־הַיַּעַר 1 S 14:26 (‖ דבשׁ v 25) and when the people came to the honeycomb behold its bees had departed (v. 𝔊 We Dr Kit VB); אָכַלְתִּי יַעְרִי עִם־דִּבְשִׁי Ct 5:1; v. also i. יַעֲרָה.

† יְרַקְרַק (Sta§ 156, 234) adj. greenish, palegreen (cf. Assyrian raḳraḳḳu, ZimBP 37)—Lv 13:49 ψ 68:14; fpl. יְרַקְרַקּוֹת Lv 14:37;—of plague spots Lv 13:49; 14:37; as subst., ψ 68:14 the green-shim-mering (Che) of gold.

† כֻּסֶּ֫מֶת n.f. 1. spelt, triticum spelta (NH pl. כוּסְמִין, cf. 𝔗 𝔖 כונתא, ܟܽܘܢܬܳܐ; cf. Löwp. 104 ff. Di Ex 9:23 NowArch. i, 111);—abs. כ׳ Ex 9:32 Is 28:25 pl. כֻּסְּמִים Ez 4:9 (in all disting. from wheat, barley, etc.)

† כִּפָּה n.f. branch, frond (prob. of palm-tree, cf. כַּף 4 d);—כ׳ Is 9:13; 19:15 fig. of nobles, rulers (both opp. אַגְמוֹן rush, i.e. high and low; ‖ רֹאשׁ וְזָנָב); c. sf. כִּפָּתוֹ Jb 15:32 (of wicked under fig. of palm-tree).

† [נְטִישָׁה] n.f. twig, tendril of vine (as spreading, cf. √ Niph. 3);—only pl. הַנְּטִישׁוֹת הֵסִיר הֵתַז Is 18:5 the tendrils he hath removed, cf. הָסִירוּ נְטִישׁוֹתֶיהָ Je 5:10 (appar. cited from Is.; expl. by Finn Journ. Trans. Vict. Inst. xxii. 306 f. from use by shepherds of poterium spinosum, called nettsh, as defence of sheepfolds),—in both of destroying city (under fig. of vineyard); נְטִישֹׁתַיִךְ עָֽבְרוּ יָם Je 48:32 thy tendrils went over the sea (fig. of prosperity of Moab).

† [סְמָדֵר ?] , also סְמָדַ֔ר֖, סְמָדַ֑ר n.m. Ct 7:13 blossom of grape (just at flowering DuvalREJ xiv (1887), 277–81 NH id.; Aramaic סמדד, ܣܡܳܕܪܳܐ, Mand. סימאדרא NöM. 128);—always abs. ס׳, only Ct: הַגְּפָנִים סְמָדַר֖ 2:13 the vines are (all) blossom; כְּרָמִים סְמָדַ֑ר v 15 (on bold predicate cf. Ges§ 141 d); פִּתַּח הַסְּמָדַר 7:13 the blossom has opened (its buds).

† [שֹׁ֫רֶשׁ] n.m. Dn 4:12 root (v. BH);—pl. sf. שָׁרְשׁוֹ֫הִי of tree Dn 4:12, 20, 23.

ἀγρι-έλαιος, ον, = {ἀγριελάινος}, σκυτάληRefs __II as substantive, ={ἀγριελαία}, NT+4th c.BC+

ἀκάνθ-ινος, η, ον, of thorns, στέφανοςLXX+NT __2 metaphorically, thorny, ἐν ἀ. ἀταρποῖςRefs __II of shittah-wood, ἱστόςRefs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἀ. cloths made of ἀκάνθιονRefs 1st c.BC+ __II.2 ἀ. πάππος thistle-down, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἀποτομ-ία, ἡ, severity, νόμωνRefs 1st c.BC+; ἐπιτιμημάτωνRefs 4th c.BC+; of tortures, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II cutting off, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III sheer madness, Refs 3rd c.AD+

αὔξ-ησις, εως, ἡ, growth, increase, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the Delta, Refs 5th c.BC+, increments, Refs 5th c.BC+; multiplications, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 amplification, in Rhet., Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 Grammars, the augment, Refs

ἄχῠρον [ᾰ], τό, mostly in plural ἄχυρα, chaff, bran, husks left after threshing or grinding, NT+5th c.BC+ 'pig in clover', of unexpected good fortune, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄχυρα ἀπὸ τοῦ τοίχου ἀποσπᾶν, of dying persons, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II in plural, ἄ. χρυσοχοϊκά slag from gold-smelting, Refs

ἐκφύω, generate: mostly of the male, beget, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὃς ἐξέφυσεν Ἀερόπης λέκτρων ἄπο Ἀγαμέμνον᾽ Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 rarely of the female, bear, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 generally, produce, ἡ γῆ κατὰ καιρὸν ἐκφύουσα πάντα Refs 4th c.BC+: absolutely, of seed, germinate, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II passive, with perfect and aorist 2 active, to be engendered, born from, κεφαλαὶ τρεῖς ἑνὸς αὐχένος ἐκπεφυυῖαι (Epic dialect perfect participle) Refs 8th c.BC+; πατρός, μητρὸς ἐκφῦναι, Refs 5th c.BC+; λάληα ἐκπεφυκός a born tattler, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 grow, of hair, μέχρις ἂν [αἱ τρίχες] ἐκφυῶσι Refs 2nd c.AD+; spring, take rise, of muscles, Refs __III intransitive in present active, ἕλκεα ἐκφύουσιν Refs 5th c.BC+

ἐξανα-τέλλω, cause to spring up from, ποίην χθονός Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 intransitive, spring up from, χθονός Refs 5th c.BC+

κρῑθ-ῐνος, η, ον, made of or from barley, κόλλιξ, ἄρτος, Refs 6th c.BC+; κ. ὕδωρ Refs beer, Refs 2nd c.BC+: metaphorically, κ. Δημοσθένης, 'gingerbread Demosthenes', nickname of Dinarchus, Refs 2nd c.AD+

κρίνον [ῐ], τό, irregular plural Refs 5th c.BC+; dative Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.:—white lily, Lilium candidum, Refs 4th c.BC+ Turk's cap lily, L. chalcedonicum, Refs 4th c.BC+: hence, of a needy man, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 Egyptian bean, Nelumbium speciosum, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II kind of choral dance, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III kind of loaf, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV architectural ornament, Refs 3rd c.BC+

ῥιζ-όω, cause to strike root: metaphorically, plant, fix firmly, ὅς μιν [τὴν ναῦν] λᾶαν θῆκε καὶ ἐρρίζωσεν ἔνερθεν Refs 8th c.BC+; [νήσους] κατὰ βυσσὸν πρυμνόθεν (assuming variant) Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, of trees and plants, take root, strike root, Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, ἄριστον ῥιζώσασθαι, of the fig, Refs; so αἱ πίνναι ἐρρίζωνται, opposed to ἀρρίζωτοι, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὀδὸς βάθροισι γῆθεν ἐρριζωμένος made fast or solid, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a bridge, αἰώνιος ἐρρίζωται Refs __2 metaphorically, ἐρρίζωσε τὴν τυραννίδα Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, τυραννὶς ἐρριζωμένηRefs 5th c.BC+; ἐξ ἀμαθίας πάντα κακὰ ἐρρ. have their root in.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἀγάπῃ ἐρρ. NT __II passive also of land, to be planted with trees, ἀλωὴ ἐρρίζωται Refs 8th c.BC+

στρηνιάω, run riot, wax wanton, NT+4th c.BC+;= gerrio, gestio, Refs 2nd c.AD+

τρίβολος [ῐ], ὁ, name of various prickly plants, __a water-chestnut, Trapa natans, τ. ἔνυδρος Refs 4th c.BC+ __b caltrops, Tribulus terrestris, Refs 5th c.BC+; τ. περικαρπιάκανθος, χερσαῖος, LXX+7th c.BC+ __c τ. φυλλάκανθος, thorny trefoil, Fagonia cretica, Refs 4th c.BC+ __d τ. παραθαλάσσιος, prickly samphire, Echinophora spinosa, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II τρίβολοι, οἱ, a threshing-machine, a board with sharp stones fixed in the bottom, LXX+3rd c.BC+; τ. ξύλινος (in the section περὶ κάρρων) Refs 1st c.AD+ __III caltrop, i. e. a four-spiked implement thrown on the ground to lame the enemy's horses, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III.b τ. πηχῶν έ a larger contrivance for stopping boulders, etc., thrown down a slope, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III.c οἱ κατακρημνώμενοι τ. an instrument hung from the walls of a fortress as a defence against battering-rams, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III.d a kind of missile, τριβόλων σιδηρῶν σφενδονῆται Refs 1st c.BC+; οἱ τ. οἱ καιόμενοι a kind of incendiary missile, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __IV part of the bit of a bridle, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __V uncertain meaning in naval dockyard records, σίδηρος ἐκ τοῦ τ. Refs __VI as adjective, three-tiered, πυρὰ πυργοειδὴς τ. Refs 2nd c.AD+

τρῠφ-ή, ἡ, (θρύπτω) softness, delicacy, daintiness, Refs 5th c.BC+; στολίδος κροκόεσσαν.. τρυφάν (sic to be read pro στολίδα.. τρυφᾶς) Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, luxuries, daintinesses, τ. Τρωϊκαί Refs; τρυφὰς τοιάσδε [τρυφᾶν] Refs 5th c.BC+ __II luxuriousness, wantonness, τῶν γυναικῶν ἡ τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τ. καὶ ἀκολασία, τ. καὶ μαλθακία, NT+5th c.BC+ __III daintiness, fastidiousness, ὑπὸ τρυφῆς Refs 5th c.BC+

ὕσσωπος, ἡ, hyssop, Origanum hirtum, Hebrew 'ēzōb, NT+5th c.BC+:—also ὕσσωπον, τό, Refs 1st c.AD+; compare ὑσωπίς. (Written ὑσω- in Refs 1st c.AD+ [same places] (hyso-), NT+2nd c.AD+; ὑσσω- in Refs and frequently in codices; ὑσσ- is a long syllable in Refs 2nd c.BC+ [same places]; genitive written ἱσσύπου in Refs 2nd c.AD+

φοῖνιξ, ῑκος, ὁ, ἡ, Phoenician, Φοῖνιξ ἀνὴρ ἀπατήλια εἰδώς Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 feminine, γυνή Φοίνισσα Refs 8th c.BC+; Φοίνισσαι, name of plays by Euripides, Phrynichus, etc.; also Φ. ἐμπολά Refs 5th c.BC+; χθών, νᾶσος, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; κώπη Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II Carthaginian, ἀλαλατός Refs 5th c.BC+ __B φοῖνιξ, ῑκος, ὁ, purple or crimson, because the discovery and earliest use of this colour was ascribed to the Phoenicians, Refs 8th c.BC+ —hence, __B.2 as adjective (feminine φοίνισσα Refs 5th c.BC+; φοῖνιξ as feminine, Refs 5th c.BC+, blood-bay, of a horse, Refs 8th c.BC+; of red cattle, φοίνισσα ἀγέλα Refs 5th c.BC+: of the colour of fire, φοίνισσα φλόξ Refs 5th c.BC+; πυρὸς φ. πνοά E.[same place]; also φ. ἱμάντες Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera, Refs 8th c.BC+: the male and female distinguished by Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 palm-frond, as a badge of victory, Arist Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.II.3 date, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare φοινικοβάλανος. __B.III ὁ χαμαιρριφής dwarf-palm, Chamaerops humilis, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.III.2 a Bactrian tree, Mazri palm, Nannorhops ritchieana, Refs __B.III.3 a sea-plant, Callophyllis laciniata, Refs __B.III.4 rye-grass, Lolium perenne, Refs 1st c.AD+ __B.IV a musical instrument, like a guitar, invented by the Phoenicians, Refs 5th c.BC+; but so called because made from the Delian palm, accusative to Refs __B.V the fabulous bird phoenix, Refs 8th c.BC+; but from India, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.VI an ornament, LXX __B.VII perfume prepared from the fronds of the date-palm, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.VIII a fish, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.IX a bandage, Refs 1st c.AD+ __B.X ={εὐρύνοτος}, Refs __B.XI φ. ἐν ὁπλῇ, a disease of the hoof, Refs __B.XII an eye-salve, Refs 4th c.AD+

† בָּצֵק vb. swell— Qal Pf. 3 fs. בָּצֵ֑קָה Dt 8:4; 3 pl. בָּצֵ֑קוּ Ne 9:21;—swell, or receive swellings, blisters, of foot, Di Dt 8:4, Ry Ne 9:21.

† בַּרְקָנִים n.m.pl. briers (so Vrss Ki al., also Stu q.v., Be, √ unknown; cf. ‖ קוֹצִים; > J. D. Michaelis, Thes al. threshing-sledges, furnished with sharp (glittering) stones) Ju 8:7 וְדַשְׁתִּי אֶת־בְּשַׂרְכֶם אֶת־קוֹצֵי הַמִּדְבָּר וְאֶת־הַבּ׳ (vid. also דושׁ) and I will thresh your flesh together with the thorns of the wilderness and the briers; v 16 וַיִּקַּח אֶת־זִקְנֵי הָעִיר וְאֶת־קוֹצֵי הַמִּדְבָּר וְאֶת הַבּ׳ וַיֹּדַע בָּהֶם אֵת אַנְשֵׁי סֻכּוֹת (read וַיָּדָשׁ for וַיֹּדַע 𝔊 BuRS 114; cf. Stu Be) and he took the thorns of the wilderness and the briers and threshed, etc.

† גֶּ֫רֶשׂ n.[m.] a crushing, but only concrete of that which is crushed, groats, grits (cf. Arabic جَرِيشٌ, NH גְּרִיס, Aramaic (rare) גִּרְשָׂא, גְּרוּסְיָא, ܓܳܪܣܳܐ )—אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ גֶּרֶשׂ כַּרְמֶל Lv 2:14 young ears parched with fire, groats (&) fresh fruit (v. Sifra ad loc.); (וּמִשַּׁמְנָהּ) מִגִּרְשָׂהּ Lv 2:16.

† דַּרְדַּר n.[m.] thistles (coll.) (Arabic دردار, still current in Pal., Löwp. 100; Ethiopic ደንደር ) קוֹץ וְדַרְדַּר Gn 3:18 (J) Ho 10:8 symbol of wildness, desert.

† [דָּשָׁא] vb. sprout, shoot, grow green (Assyrian dišû Pi make abundant Lyon Sargontexte 77; cf. also sub דֶּשֶׁא, whence, according to others, vb. denom.)— Qal Pf. דָּֽשְׁאוּ Jo 2:22 (subj. נְאוֹת מִדְבָּר). Hiph. Impf. 3 fs. תַּדְשֵׁא (juss.) Gn 1:11 cause to sprout or shoot forth תַּדְשֵׁא הָאָרֶץ דֶּשֶׁא.—דָּשָׁא Je 50:11 v. sub דּוּשׁ" dir="rtl" >דּוּשׁ.

† [דֶּ֫תֶא] n.[m.] grass (so 𝔗 Syriac; BH דֶּשֶׁא);—emph. דִּתְאָא Dn 4:12, 20.

† [הָבְנִי] n.[m.] ebony (so Symm 𝔙 Ki & moderns; otherwise 𝔊 𝔖; Egyptian heben, LiebleinÄZ 1886, 13 cf. PinskerEinleitung 83; Gk. ἔβενος, Lat. hebenum)—only pl. הָבְנִים Ez 27:15 Qr (Kt הובנים) קַרְנוֹת שֵׁן והבנים; it was brought from India, & (finer) from Ethiopia, cf. Sm & reff.

† חֲבַצֶּלֶת n.f. meadow-saffron or crocus (colchicum autumnale, Linn.) (Syriac ܚܰܡܨܰܠܳܝܬܳܐ, v. GesComm. Is 35:1 Löwp. 174, No. 128; Assyrian ḫabaṣillatu VR32, 62 is a marsh-plant, reed; cf. ZimBP 59 DlHA 34; Pr 82; also Chel.c. and crit. n.);—ח׳ הַשָּׁרוֹן שׁוֹשַׁנַּת הָעֲמָקִים Ct 2:1 (fig. of Shulamite), וְתָגֵל עֲרָבָה וְתִפְרַח כַּחֲבַצָּֽלֶת׃ Is 35:1 (narcissus Che Is 35:1 cf. Conder PEF, 1878, 46 TristrNHB 476 al.)

† חֵ֫דֶק n.[m.] brier (NH id.; Aramaic חִדְקָא Löwp. 147, No. 104; cf. Arabic حَدَقٌ a kind of nightshare, v. Lane532);—טוֹבָם כְּחֵדֶק Mi 7:4 the best of them (si vera l.) is like the brier (‖ יָשָׁר מִמְּסוּכָה); דֶּרֶךְ עָצֵל כִּמְשֻׂכַת חָ֑דֶק Pr 15:19 the way of a sluggard is like a brier-hedge.

† [חִנְטָה] n.f. wheat (v. BH חִטָּה, √ חָנַט; NöLCB, 1896, 703 cp. Egyptian chnt; Old Aramaic has חטה, pl. חטי, Plam. חטא Lzb 279 SAC 51);—pl. חִנְטִין Ezr 6:9; 7:22.

† II. חָצִיר n.m. Is 15:6 green grass, herbage, abs. חָצִיר Nu 11:5 + 16 times; cstr. חֲצִיר Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26, ψ 129:6;— 1. grass, as food for animals 1 K 18:5; Jb 40:15 ψ 104:14; 147:8; Pr 27:25 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and עֵשֶׂב), Is 15:6 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and יֶרֶק); spec. of leeks (as still sometimes in Aramaic, v. Löwpp. 226, 228) Nu 11:5 (v. Di); in sim. of abundant growth Is 44:4 (v. 𝔊 Ew Che); on Is 35:7; v. חָצִיר" dir="rtl" >I. חָצִיר supr. 2. as type of what is quickly perishing Jb 8:12, hence fig. of perishing enemies חֲצִיר גַּגּוֹת Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא, עֵשֶׂב), ψ 129:6, i.e. having no depth of root; of wicked, soon to be cut down ψ 37:2; with special reference to Israel’s oppressors Is 40:6 (‖ ציץ [השׂרה]), v 7 (‖ id.), v 7, 8 (‖ id.), 51:12; in sim. of frail man ψ 90:5; man’s days ψ 103:15 (‖ ציץ השׂדה).

† חֲשַׁשׁ n.m. Is 5:24 chaff;—abs. תַּהֲרוּ ח׳ תִלְדוּ קַשׁ Is 33:11 ye conceive chaff, ye bring forth stubble (fig. of vain attempt of Assyrian); cstr. ח׳ לֶהָבָה יִרְפֶּח Is 5:24 (‖ קַשׁ) as flaming chaff sinketh down (sim. of perishing of heedless Judahites).

† לִבְנֶה n.[m.] poplar (appar. = Arabic لُبْنَى named from exuding milky (white) gum De Ges al.; Ethiopic ልብን styrax officinalis; but 𝔊 λεύκη, cf. 𝔖 and Löw No. 107);—Gn 30:37 מַקַּל ל׳ לַח וְלוּז וְעַרְמוֹן; as marking places of idolatrous incense-burning תַּחַת אַלּוֹן וְלִבְנֶה וְאֵלָה Ho 4:13.

† [נוּן, נִין] vb. propagate, increase (si vera l.) (> denom. from נין Hup-Now SS;—NH נוּן = fish, so Aramaic נוּנָא, ܢܽܘܢܳܐ, Assyrian nûnu);— Qal (or Hiph.?) Impf. ינין Kt; > Niph. ינּוֹן Qr ψ 72:17 let his name have increase (or, if Niph., be propagated, spread); but dub., Vrss perhaps יִכּוֹן be established, endure.

† [נָצַץ] vb. denom. bloom, blossom (NH id.; Jewish-Aramaic נְצַץ id.);— Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. הֵנֵ֫צוּ Ct 6:11 (no dagh., v. Köi. 381 Ges§ 67, 8, R. 11) the pomegranates have put forth blossoms, so 7:13; Impf. 3 ms. יָנֵאץ Ec 12:5 the almond-tree wears blossoms.

† נַעֲצוּץ n.[m.] thorn-bush (on form cf. BaNB 213);—abs. נ׳ Is. 55:13; pl. נַעֲצוּצִים 7:19.

† נִצָּה n.f. blossom (perhaps from above √, blossom, flower, as shining amid leaves);—abs. נ׳ of vine Is 18:5 (‖ פֶּרַח; = berry-cluster according to Di Kit CheHpt. cf. J. Derenb ZAW v (1885), 301 f.; vi (1886). 98 f.); sf. נִצָּתוֹ Jb 15:33 (of olive); read also נִצָּתָהּ Gn 40:10 (of vine) for MT נִצָּהּ, cf. Di Holz.

† [סַלּוֹן], סִלּוֹן n.m. brier (√ unknown);—סִלּוֹן מַמְאִיר Ez 28:24 a pricking brier (fig. of national distress; ‖ קוֹץ מַכְאִב); pl. סַלּוֹנִים 2:6 (+ סָרָבִים; Co [after Vrss] Berthol [not Toy] read (אותך) סֹרְבִים וְסֹלִים resisting and despising thee; סֹל׳ is then Pt. from I. סלה).

† [סְעַפָּה] n.f. bough, branch;—pl. sf. סְעַפֹּתָיו Ez 31:6, 8 (of king under fig. of cedar).

† I. עֲרוֹעֵר n.[m.] prob. a tree or bush; juniper? (Arabic عَرْعَرٌ juniper (or cypress? v. Lane), so TristrNHB 358 RobBR ii. 124; on format. v. LagBN 162 BaNB 160);—עֲרוֹעֵר בַּמִּדְבָּר Je 48:6, + 17:6, where read prob. עֲרֹעֵר בָּעֲרָבָה (for MT עַרְעָר; > Gf al. conversely, read עַרְעָר 48:6).

† עַרְמוֹן n.[m.] plane-tree (as stripped of bark);—ע׳ Gn 30:37 (J); pl. עַרְמֹנִים Ez 31:8.

—

† צֶאֱלִים n.m.pl. a kind of lotus (Rhamnus (more exactly Zizyphus), Lotus [Linn.], thorny lotus (not sacred Nymphaea Lotus); Saad. ضَالٌ, cf. AW De Job 2, Syriac ܥܳܐܠܴܐ, v. Löwp. 275);—Jb 40:21, 22.

† [צֵן] n.[m.] thorn? barb?;—pl. צִנִּים Pr 22:5 (+ פַּחִים); וְאֶל־מִצִּנִּים Jb 5:5 from (behind) thorns (a protecting thorn hedge, so Di), but very dub.; CheJQ July, 1897, 576 del. as doublet of צַמִּים; BevJPhil. xxvl, 305 proposes וְאֹנָם צִנִּים [and as to their wealth, barbs (? barbed spears) take it].

† [צָנִין] n.[m.] thorn, prick;—pl. צְנִינִם Nu 33:55 (P; ‖ שִׂכִּים), צְנִנִים Jos 23:13 (D; both fig.).

† קִמּוֹשׂ n.m. Ho 9:6 coll. thistles or nettles (𝔊 ἄκανθαι, cf. Ki; 𝔙 urtica);—abs. ק׳, sign of desolation, Ho 9:6 (> van d. H. קִימשׁ; cf. Baer DeComplut. Var. 28; ‖ חוֹחַ), Is 34:13 (+ סִירִים, חוֹחַ); pl. (c. נ ins., Thes NöM 169, Anm. 3 Löw 194 Anm.) קִמְּשׂנִים Pr 24:31 (> van d. H. קִמְּשׁוֹנִים; ‖ חֲרֻלִּים).

† [רִיפָה] n. [f.] dub.; some grain or fruit (such as was spread out to dry (2 S), and also pounded (Pr); 𝔙2 S as if drying barley-groats, 𝔊L παλάθας, cakes of preserved fruit, cf. preparation of ‘apricot-cheese’ WetzstZPV xiv. 2 NesMarg. 18, who cites also AlmkvistKl. Beitr. zur Lexicogr. des Vulg. Ar. Actes, 419);—pl. abs. רִפוֹת 2 S 17:19, רִיפוֹת Pr 27:22.

[שָׂגָא] vb. grow, grow great (√ only in Job; Aramaism; cf. Aramaic סְגִי, סְגָא, ܣܓܳܐ, all increase, grow great; Old Aramaic Biblical Aramaic Palm. שג(י)א adj. much);— Qal Impf. 3 ms. metapl. יִשְׂגֶּא Jb 8:11 (of plant; metapl. form Ges§ 75 oo; > van d. H. יִשְׂגֶּה). Hiph. 1. make great, pt. מַשְׂגִּיא לַגּוֹיִם Jb 12:23 he maketh the nations great (v. ל 3 b). 2. magnify, laud, 2 ms. תַּשְׂגִּיא פעלו Jb 36:24 that thou magnify his work.—Vid. שָׂגָה" dir="rtl" >שׂגה.

† סָחִישׁ n.[m.] grain that shoots up of itself in 2nd year (√ unknown);—‖ סָפִיחַ, 2 K 19:29 (= שָׁחִיס ‖ Is 37:30); on use of this for food, cf. Straboxi. 4, 3 (of Albanians).

† תְּאַשּׁוּר n.f. box-tree (on form cf. Sta§ 267) Is 14:19; 60:13 Ez 27:6 (cf. supr.) a small evergreen tree about 20 feet high, growing on Lebanon, Bo Tristr Nat. Hist. Bib. 339, so 𝔙 𝔗 RV. (Others sherbîn, a species of cedar distinguished by the smallness of its cones and the upward direction of its branches, cf. Thes RobGes.)

† תִּדְהָר n.[m.] name of a tree, prob. elm (Syriac ܕܰܕܳܪ (or ܕܶܕܳܪ PS) LagBN 130 Löw 71; Arabic دَرْدَارٌ Lane 864 Dozy i. 432 (also ash, v. Dozyib.); so Symm & 𝔙 Is 41:19; cf. Di, where also other views, e.g. plane-tree (Rabb. Che), or pine;—√ dub.; Ges Is 41:19 Thes der. from דהר endure inferred from Arabic دَهْرٌ time, but this questionable; perhaps a loan-word), בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר וּתְאַשּׁוּר יַחְדָּו Is 41:19 = 60:13.

ἀκμ-άζω, ἀκμή ) to be in full bloom, at the prime: __I of persons, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. σώματι, ῥώμῃ, Refs 5th c.BC+; of cities and states, Refs 5th c.BC+; ={τὰ τῶν νέων πράττειν} Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.2 flourish, abound in a thing, πλούτῳRefs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 with infinitive, to be strong enough to do, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of things, ἀ. ὁ πυρετός, ἡ νόσος is at its height, Refs 5th c.BC+; of corn, to be ripe, Refs __II.2 ἡνίκα.. ἀκμάζοι [ὁ θυμός] when passion is at its height, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀκμάζει πάντα ἐπιμελείας δεόμενα require the utmost care, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 impersonal, with infinitive, ἀκμάζει βρετέων ἔχεσθαι 'tis time to.., Refs 4th c.BC+; νῦν γὰρ ἀ. Πειθὼ.. ξυγκαταβῆναι now 'tis time for her to.., Refs

ἀναθάλλω, aorist ἀνέθηλαRefs 2nd c.AD+: aorist 2 ἀνέθαλονNT:—shoot up again, sprout afresh, Refs 2nd c.AD+ [same places]:—future passive in active sense, ἀναθαλήσεται στάχυςLXX __II transitive, make to flourish, revive, LXX+NT

ἀφειδ-ία, ἡ, generosity, liberality, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 unsparing treatment, σώματοςNT

βλαστός, ὁ, shoot, Refs 5th c.BC+; bud, Refs 4th c.BC+; embryo, germ, Refs; ὁ τοῦ β. καιρός, i. e. Spring, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 blossom, β. κρίνου LXX __II offsprmg, Refs 5th c.BC+

βοτάνη [ᾰ], ἡ, (βόσκω) pasture, Refs 8th c.BC+; β. ἁ λέοντος the lion's pasture, i.e. Nemea, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fodder, Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 herb, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 in plural, plants, as material for making clothes, opposed to δοραί, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 weeds, Refs 4th c.BC+ __6 ἱερὰ β., ={περιστερεών}, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἐλαι-ών, ῶνος, ὁ, olive-yard, LXX+3rd c.BC+ __II the Mount of Olives, Olivet, NT+1st c.AD+

θύϊνος [ῠ], η, ον, of the tree θύον (which see), δένδρα, ξύλον, Refs 1st c.BC+; made of this wood, NT+3rd c.BC+

κᾰλᾰμ-η, ἡ, (see. κάλαμος) stalk, especially the stalk or straw of corn, metaphorically in Refs 8th c.BC+, i.e. when there is much straw and little harvest, much slaughter and little profit, Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. πυρῶν wheat-straw, Refs 5th c.BC+; proverbial of a greedy farmer, πυροὺς ἐπὶ καλάμῃ ἀροῦν to exhaust ground by one corn-crop after another, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 stubble, NT+4th c.BC+ thou mayst still, I ween, perceive the stubble (i.e. the residue) of former strength, Refs 8th c.BC+; Ῥήσου κ. the remains of Rhesus, i.e. his corpse, Oracle texts cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀπὸ τῆς κ. τεκμαίρεσθαι to judge from the remains, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 κολχὶς κ., ={λίνον}, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II ={κάλαμος}, Refs 3rd c.AD+

καλλῐ-έλαιος, ἡ, garden olive, opposed to ἀγριέλαιος, NT:—feminine καλλῐ-ελαία, ἡ, Refs 3rd c.AD+: as adjective, κ. ἐλαία Refs 3rd c.BC+

κέδρος, ἡ, cedar-tree, ὀδμὴ κέδρου.. θύου τ᾽ ἀνὰ νῆσον ὀδώδει δαιομένων Refs 8th c.BC+; applied to prickly cedar, Juniperus Oxycedrus, Od.[same place], Refs 4th c.BC+; Syrian cedar, J. excelsa,Refs 1st c.AD+; Phoenician cedar, J. phoenicea, Refs 4th c.BC+; Himalayan cedar, J. macropoda, Refs 1st c.BC+; κ. μικρά juniper, J. communis, Dsc. [prev. cited] __2 anything made of cedar- wood: cedar coffin, Refs 5th c.BC+; cedar box, for a bee- hive, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 cedar-oil, τῇ κ. ἀλείφειν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 see at {κέδρον} Refs

κρῑθ-ή, ἡ, mostly in plural, barleycorns, barley (compare κρῖ), the meal being ἄλφιτα: Refs 8th c.BC+; οἶνος ἐκ κριθέων πεποιημένος a kind of beer, Refs 5th c.BC+, also of species of barley, Refs 4th c.BC+ millet, Sorghum halepense, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II pustule on the eyelid, stye, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III barley-corn, the smallest weight, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV in singular, ={πόσθη}, Refs 5th c.BC+

μηκύν-ω, Doric dialect μᾱκ- Refs 5th c.BC+: future - ῠνῶ Refs 5th c.BC+, Ionic dialect -ῠνέω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐμήκῡνα Refs —middle, see below Refs:—passive, perfect μεμήκυσμαι Refs 1st c.BC+:— lengthen, prolong, Refs 5th c.BC+; of Time, μ. χρόνον, βίον, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, νοσεύματα μηκυνθέντα Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 delay, put off, τέλος Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 μ. λόγον, λόγους, spin out a speech, speak at length, Refs 5th c.BC+, to be lengthy or tedious, Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. περί τινος enlarge upon.., Refs 4th c.BC+, talk at length about, dwell upon.., Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be expounded at length, αὖθις ταῦτα μηκυνθήσεται Refs 4th c.BC+; to be continually repeated, Refs 1st c.BC+; to be dwelt upon, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 μ. βοήν raise a loud cry, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 Grammars, lengthen a syllable, Refs 1st c.BC+:—passive, Refs 1st c.BC+; φωνῆεν μηκυνόμενον a vowel capable of being scanned long, as αιυ, Refs 7th c.AD+ __6 Arith., multiply by a fresh factor, Refs __7 middle, ἐμακύναντο κολοσσόν reared a tall statue, Refs

πήγᾰνον, τό, rue, Ruta graveolens, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. ὀρεινόν, ἄγριον, mountain rue, Ruta halepensis, Refs 1st c.AD+, i.e. scarcely at the edge or beginning of a thing, because these herbs were planted for borders in gardens, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare περίκηπος.

προβῐβ-άζω, future -άσωRefs 2nd c.AD+, Attic dialect προβῐβῶ Refs 5th c.BC+ — causal of προβαίνω, cause to step forward, lead on, τινα Refs 5th c.BC+; ποῖ προβιβᾷς ἡμᾶς ποτ; to what point, how far do you mean to carry us ? Ar.[same place]; τινὰ εἰς ἀρετήν, εἰς ἐγκράτειαν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἕως Μακεδονίας τὴν ἀρχήν extend it.., Refs 1st c.BC+; push on, οὐδὲν ἠδύνατο π. τῶν ἔργων Refs 2nd c.BC+:—passive, to be developed, improved, of machines, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __2 push forward, advance, τὸ ὑπερκείμενον τοῦ κρημνοῦ (by building a wall) Refs 1st c.BC+; exalt, τὴν πατρίδα Refs 2nd c.BC+; τινὰ ἐς τὰς ἀρχάς promote him, D.C.[same place]; δύναμιν Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 teach, τινάς τι LXX+1st c.AD+; put forward as a representative, NT:— passive, to be instructed or egged on, ὑπὸ τῆς μητρός NT __II intransitive, ={προβαίνω}, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III of a male, mount before, ἄλλην Refs 4th c.BC+

σεμίδᾱλις [ῐ], εως or ιος (εος in Refs 4th c.BC+, ἡ, the finest wheaten flour, Refs 5th c.BC+, Acut.(Sp.)NT+5th c.BC+; σεμιδάρεως is an error in Refs 1st c.AD+:—hence σεμῐδᾱλίτης [ῑ] ἄρτος, ὁ, bread made of σεμίδαλις, Refs 5th c.BC+:—also σεμιδάλιν (={-ιον}), τό, Refs 3rd c.AD+ (Cf. Assyr. samīdu, Aramaic semīdā in same sense.)

σκληρότης, ητος, ἡ, hardness, opposed to μαλακότης, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of taste, harshness, οἴνου Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 stiffness, rigidity, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 ἡ τῆς κοιλίης σ. costivity, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of persons, harshness, austerity, τοῦ δαίμονος Refs 5th c.BC+

σκόλοψ, οπος, ὁ, anything pointed: especially pale, stake, κεφαλὴν πῆξαι ἀνὰ σκολόπεσσι Refs 8th c.BC+, palisade, τείχεα.. σκολόπεσσιν ἀρηρότα Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 thorn, NT+4th c.BC+ __3 an instrument for operating on the urethra, Refs 1st c.AD+ __4 point of a fishing-hook, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II tree, Refs 5th c.BC+

στρῆνος, ὁ, NT+3rd c.BC+ εος, τό:— insolence, arrogance, LXX __2 wantonness, NT __II with genitive, eager desire, μόρου Lyc.[same place]

σῡκᾰμιν-ος, ἡ, more rarely ὁ,= μορέα, mulberry-tree, ὁ σ. συκάμιν᾽, ὁρᾷς, φορεῖ Refs 4th c.BC+ __II σ. ἡ Αἰγυπτία,= συκόμορος,NT+3rd c.BC+ __III σ. ἀγρία, ={βάτος} (A), Refs 4th c.BC+

σῡκόμορ-ος, ἡ, (μόρον) sycamore-fig, Ficus Sycomorus, Refs 1st c.AD+. (Heb. shikemah.)

ὑγρός, ά, όν: comparative ὑγρότερος Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ότατοςRefs 5th c.BC+:—wet, moist, fluid (opposed to ξηρός), ὑγρὸν ἔλαιον, i. e. olive-oil, opposed to fat or tallow, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὑ. πίσσα, νᾶπυ, raw pitch, liquid mustard, Refs 1st c.BC+; τὸ ὑ. ξύλον, opposed to τὸ ξηρόν, NT+8th c.BC+; ἄνεμοι ὑγρὸν ἀέντες winds blowing moist or rainy, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὑ. ἅλς, πέλαγος, θάλασσα, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑγρὰ νύξ a wet night, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐφ᾽ ὑγροῖς ζωγραφεῖν paint on a wet ground, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 ὑγρά, Ionic dialect ὑγρή, ἡ, the moist, i.e. the sea, ἐπὶ τραφερήν τε καὶ ὑγρήν Refs 8th c.BC+; so ὑγρὰ κέλευθα the watery ways, i. e. the sea,Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 τὸ ὑ. and τὰ ὑ. wet, moisture, Refs 5th c.BC+; Liquid, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐξερρύα συχνὸν ὑγρόν a quantity of fluid, Refs 4th c.BC+; μετρεῖν τὰ ὑγρά liquids, Refs; ἐπὶ ὑγροῖς οὐκ ἐξὸν δανείζειν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 μέτρα ὑγρὰ καὶ ξηρά liquid and dry measure, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 θῆρες ὑ. water-animals, opposed to πεζοί, Refs 1st c.BC+; ὑ. ἀοιδός, of a frog, Refs __6 of the bowels or faeces, loose, Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 ὑ. σφυγμός a damp pulse, defined by Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II soft, pliant, supple, of the eagle's back, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the limbs and body, ὑγραῖς ἐν ἀγκάλαις Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑγρὸς τὸ εἶδος, of Ἔρως, Refs 5th c.BC+; νεώτερος καὶ ὑγρότερος, opposed to σκληρός, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑγρὰ ἔχειν τὰ σκέλη, of a horse, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a horse's neck, Refs; of the hare, Refs; of the jackal, ταχυτῆτι διαφέρει διὰ τὸ ὑγρὸς εἶναι καὶ πηδᾷ πόρρω Refs 4th c.BC+; also of plants, ὑ. ἄκανθος Refs 3rd c.BC+; σῶμα ὑγρὸν κείμενον lying in an easy position, Refs 5th c.BC+; κέρας ὑ., of a bow, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.2 languid, feeble, of one dying, ἐς ὑγρὸν ἀγκῶνα.. παρθένῳ προσπτύσσεται Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 of substance, flaccid, flabby, σάρκες Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3.b tender, νεοττοί Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.4 moist with wine, tipsy, ὑγρὴν τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχειν Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.5 of the eyes, melting, languishing, ὑ. βλέμμα Refs 1st c.AD+; also πόθος ὑ. a languishing, longing desire, Refs. adverb, ὑγρῶς βλέπειν Refs 2nd c.AD+: superlative, ὑγρότατα καὶ πένθιμα μελῳδεῖν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.6 of language, smoothly flowing, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.7 metaphorically of persons or their tempers, facile, pliant, easy, ὑγρός τις καὶ δημοτικός Refs 1st c.AD+; τὸ Κίμωνος ὑ. his easy temper, Refs; pleasure-loving, Refs 5th c.AD+; ὑγρότατος ἐς ταῦτα prone to.., Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.7.b soft, dainty, luxurious, voluptuous, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.8 of the vowels α ι υ, sometimes long and sometimes short, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.8.b of στοιχεῖα, liquid (i.e. λ μ ν ρ), Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III adverb ὑγρῶς, see above Refs; also ὑγρότερον δαπανᾶν spend more freely, Refs 1st c.BC+

ὕλη [ῡ], ἡ, forest, woodland, NT+8th c.BC+; ὕλα ἀεργός virgin forest, Refs; τὰ δένδρα καὶ ὕλη fruit-trees and forest-trees, Refs 5th c.BC+; not only of forest-trees, but also of copse, brushwood, undergrowth (compare ὕλημα), directly opposed to to timber-trees, Refs 5th c.BC+: also in plural, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II wood cut down, Refs 8th c.BC+; firewood, fuel, Refs 8th c.BC+; brushwood, Refs 5th c.BC+; timber, ὕ. ναυπηγησίμη Refs 5th c.BC+; also, twigs for birds' nests, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III the stuff of which a thing is made, material, (perhaps so of wood), Refs 8th c.BC+; rarely of other material, as metal, οἱ παρ᾽ ἄκμονι.. ὕλην ἄψυχον δημιουργοῦντες Refs 5th c.BC+: generally, materials, Refs 6th c.AD+ __III.2 in Philosophy, matter, first in Refs 5th c.BC+; defined as τὸ ὑποκείμενον γενέσεως καὶ φθορᾶς δεκτικόν, Refs; as τὸ ἐζ οὗ γίγνεται, Refs in later philosophical writers, mostly opposed to to the intelligent and formative principle (νοῦς), Refs 4th c.AD+ __III.3 matter for a poem or treatise, ὕ. τραγική, ποιητικαὶ ὗλαι, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἡ ὑποκειμένη ὕ. the subject-matter, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.4 ὕ. ἰατρική materia medica, Dsc.at Title Page; so ὕλη alone, materia medica, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ὗλαι τῆς τέχνης Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III.4.b ἡ μέση ὕλη the middle range of diet, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III.5 plural, material resources, βασιλικαὶ ὗλαι Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV sediment, Refs 5th c.BC+ (ἀφ-, δι-), ὑλώδης Refs; mud, slime, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὕλῃ, ὕλει, and ἰλυῖ are conjecture for ὕδει in Refs 6th c.BC+ __IV.2 matter excreted from the human body, Refs 2nd c.AD+; phlegm, catarrh, PMed. in Refs 3rd c.AD+

ὑπεραυξ-άνω and ὑπεραύξ-ω, increase above measure:—passive, to be so increased, Refs 2nd c.AD+; become over-powerful, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 passive also, grow above, ὑπεραύξονται τῶν ἀμπέλων Refs 5th c.BC+ __II intransitive in active, grow or abound exceedingly, ὑπεραυξήσας (of a fish) Callisth. cited in NT+5th c.AD+

† אֵבֶ֫ה n.[m.] reed, papyrus (etymology uncertain; = Arabic أَبَاءٌ, Assyrian abu DlW, AGl) אֳנִיּוֹת אֵבֶ֑ה Jb 9:26 (craft made of reeds, light & swift, Heliod.Aethiop. X, 460) = כְּלֵי־גֹמֶא Is 18:2.

† II. [אוֹרָה] n.f. herb (so Mish., Ges cf. נצץ, Arabic اذوار = lights & flowers, & Sam. יאר = דֶּשֶׁא of Gn 1:11, 12) only pl. אֹרֹת herbs 2 K 4:39 (cf. Is 26:19 supr. sub i. אוֹרָה).

† אַלָּה n.f. oak (cf. אַלּוֹן, but 𝔊 here τερέμινθος) only Jos 24:26 the oak which is in the sanctuary of י׳; read however perhaps אֵלָה, terebinth (v. i. אֵלָה).

† I. אֹ֫רֶן n.[m.] fir or cedar (Assyrian erinu COTGloss, Mish. pl. ארנים) Is 44:14 (‖ אֶרֶז, תִּרְזָה, אַלּוֹן, עֲצֵי יַעַר).

† בָּכָא n.[m.] balsam-tree (v. Arabic بَكْأٌ DozyZMG 1869, 188 but LöwNo. 47; according to TA like جرجير, an eruca, cf. Lane s.v.; perhaps cf. بَكَأَ give little milk, of camel, i.e. drop, drip); pl. בְּכָאִים 2 S 5:23, 24 = 1 Ch 14:14, 15; sg. in עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא ψ 84:7 balsam-vale, cf. De Che.

† בִּכּוּרָה n.f. first ripe fig, early fig (regarded as a delicacy) (Löw391; cf. Arabic بَاكُورَة, Span. albacora, Moorish bokkôre) Mi 7:1; Ho 9:10; sf. בִּכּוּרָהּ = בִּכּוּרָתָהּ (read בִּכּוּרָה Di), Is 28:4; pl. בַּכֻּרוֹת Je 24:2. בַּכֻּרוֹת Je 24:2 prob. a diff. word, pl. abstr. = early ripeness, cf. Du.

† [בְּרוֹת] n.m. id. (Aramaic (prob. North-Palest.) form of same) only pl. בְּרוֹתִים ‖ אֲרָזִים Ct 1:17; ref. to arbour of trees as their home, cf. אֶרֶז.

† גִּבְעֹל n.[m.] bud (Ol§ 216 b)—Ex 9:31 the flax was bud (i. e. in bud Dr§ 188. (2)), cf. RSJPh. xii. 299, 300.

† גֹּ֫פֶר n.[m.] gopher, only in עֲצֵי־גֹּפֶר Gn 6:14 (P), wood of which the ark was made (word dub.; Thes comp. כֹּפֶר & so Rob Ges (hence ‘pitch-wood, resinous wood’), cf. Di; LagSemitica i. 64; Symmict. ii. 93, BN 217 ff. thinks word not original, but inferred from גפרית, and substituted here for גפרית by copyist, or editor. Cf. following).

† דֹּ֫חַן n.m. millet (NH דּוֹחַן Aramaic דּוֹחִינָא), ד׳ Ez 4:9 in the series חִטִּין וּשְׂעֹרִים וּפוֹל וַעֲדָשִׁים וְד׳ וְכֻסְּמִים v. Löw72.

† [זֵרֹעַ] n.[m.] vegetable (cf. foregoing; on this and foll. cf. Bev Dn 62, and n. 2)—only pl. מִן־הַזֵּרֹעִים Dn 1:12.

† [זֵֽרְעֹן] n.[m.] id., only pl. זֵֽרְעֹנִים Dn 1:16.

† חוֹחַ n.m. 2 K 14:9 1. brier, bramble. 2. hook, ring, fetter;—ח׳ abs. Ho 9:6 + 8 times; pl. חֲוָחִים 1 S 13:6 (but v. infr.), חוֹחִים Ct 2:2; חֹחִים 2 Ch 33:11;— 1. a. brier, bramble 2 K 14:9(×2) = 2 Ch 25:18(×2) (allegory of Jehoash); coll., sign of desolation Ho 9:6 (‖ קִמּוֹשׁ), Is 34:13 (‖ קִמּוֹשׁ, סִירִים), Jb 31:40 (opp. חִטִּים); in sim. of fool’s parable ח׳ עָלָה בְּיַד־שִׁכּוֹר Pr 26:9 a brier cometh into the hand of a drunken man (De Now Str); כְּשׁוֹשַׁנָּה בֵּין הַחוֹחִים Ct 2:2; briers = thickets as hiding-places 1 S 13:6 (but Ew We Dr חוֹרִים holes, cf. 14:11; v. sub iii. חרר; ‖ מְעָרוֹת, סְלָעִים, צְרִחִים, בֹּרוֹת; 𝔊 here ἐν τ. μάνδραις; 14:11 ἐκ τ. τρωγλῶν). 2. late, a. hook or ring, in jaw of crocodile c. תִּקֹּב Jb 40:26 (‖ הֲתָשִׂים אַגְמֹן בְּאַפּוֹ); of captive וַיִּלְכְּדוּ אֶת־מְנַשֶּׁה בַּחֹחִים 2 Ch 33:11 (cf. חַח).

חַלָּמוּת n.f. name of a plant, with thick, slimy juice, purslain, Jb 6:6 RVm, so Thes Rob Ges al.; 𝔖 ܚܠܰܡܬܳܐ, anchusa PS i, 1284; on this, and later interpr. v. Bö Di Löw pp. 165, 361; only אִם־יֶשׁ־טַעַם בְּרִיר חַלָּמוּת Jb 6:6 is there any taste in the juice of ח׳ (fig. of insipid and dull discourse); > AV RV Ew Hi SS after 𝔗 Saad Rabb. in the white of an egg. The ref. is to Job’s suffering (from which as little joy comes as from eating unsavoury food, so now Comm. generally), rather than to the unpalatable words of his friends. It is doubtful whether Di’s reason for perferring purslain to 𝔗 חֶלְמוֹנָא yolk of egg (רִיר ח׳ slime of yolk, i.e. the white of the egg) is convincing, viz. that ancient Hebrews did not keep hens, or that of De, viz. that white of egg is not slime and is not unpalatable; meaning yolk preferred also by Da Bu Du.

† I. חָצִיר n.[m.] settled abode or haunt (‖ form of חָצֵר supr., or textual error for it);—נְוֵה תַנִּים חָצִיר לִבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה Is 34:13 a dwelling of jackals (and) a haunt for ostriches; also בִּנְוֵה תַנִּים רִבְצָהּ חָצִיר לְקָנֶה וָגֹ֑מֶא 35:7 an abode, home, of reeds and rushes (so Che Di Du al.; others put this under ii. חָצִיר); Che Du think the v. mutilated, and would emend this line according to 34:13.

† יוֹנֵק n.m. young plant, sapling (sucker)—Is 53:2 (‖ שׂרֶשׁ) in sim. of the suffering servant of י׳.