Forest Woodland

† אֶ֫רֶז n.m. Ez 17:23 cedar;—f. Ez 17:22 א׳ הָרָמָה, but del. הרמה 𝔊 Co;—(Arabic أَرْزٌ pine-tree, etc.; Ethiopic አርዝ Syriac ܐܰܪܙܳܐ )—א׳ abs. Lv 14:4 + 19 times, אָ֑רֶז Jb 40:17 + 6 times; pl. אֲרָזִים Is 9:9 + 35 times; cstr. אַרְזֵי Is 2:13 + 5 times; sf. אֲרָזֶיךָ Je 22:7; Zc 11:1; אֲרָזָיו Is 37:24 = 2 K 19:23;— 1. cedar-tree, (a) as growing Nu 24:6 ψ 148:9; Is 41:19; 44:14 cf. Ez 31:8; especially as growing on Lebanon 1 K 5:13; 2 K 14:9 = 2 Ch 25:18 (both in fable of Jehoash); often אַרְזֵי (הַ)לְּבָנוֹן Ju 9:15 Is 2:13; 14:8 ψ 29:5(×2) (fig.) 104:16, cf. 1 K 5:20 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24; ψ 92:13; Ct 5:15; Ez 27:5 (sg. coll.) Zc 11:1, 2 (fig.); Ct 1:17; Ezr 3:7; Je 22:23 (fig.) Ez 17:3 (fig.); (b) especially in sim., of outward power, stateliness & majesty ψ 80:11 (א׳ אֵל) cf. Ez 31:3 (personif., but v. Co on text), Am 2:9; of individuals Je 22:7; ψ 92:13; Ez 17:22, 23; cf. other exx. of fig. use, supr.; sim. of straightness & strength Jb 40:17 (tail of hippopotamus). 2. cedar-timber, cedar-wood for building, עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים 2 S 5:11; 1 K 5:22, 24; 6:10; 9:11; 1 Ch 14:1; 22:4(×2) 2 Ch 2:7; Ezr 3:7; without עֵץ 2 S 7:2, 7; 1 K 6:9, 15, 16, 18(×2), 20, 36; 7:2(×2), 3, 7, 11, 12; 10:27; 1 Ch 17:1, 6; 2 Ch 1:15; 2:2; 9:27 & Ct 8:9; Is 9:9; Je 22:14, 15 (cf. also Is 44:14; 1 K 5:20; Ez 27:5 supr.) 3. cedar-wood used in purifications, c. עֵץ Lv 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52 Nu 19:6 (all P).

† I. יַ֫עַר n.m. 2 S 18:8 wood, forest, thicket (MI21 pl. היערן (= n.pr.loc.?); Ph. יער and יר, cf. DHM in MV(10) 983; Aramaic יַעֲרָא, ܝܰܥܪܳܐ wood, thicket; Assyrian âru DlHWB 230, cf. JägerBAS i, 476)—abs. יַ֫עַר Is 7:2 +; יָ֑עַר Mi 3:12 +; c. ה loc. יַעֲרָה Jos 17:15; cstr. יַ֫עַר 2 S 18:6; יַעְרָהּ Je 46:23, etc.; pl. יְעָרִים Ezr 2:25 + 4 times (incl. Ez 34:25 Qr, so Co); יְעָרוֹת ψ 29:9;— a. wood, forest, wooded height, with trees to be felled Jos 17:15 (c. עלה go up to), v 18 (J), Dt 19:5 (not elsewhere Hex); עֵץ מִיַּעַר כִּרָתוֹ Je 10:3 as wood out of a forest he hath cut it; יחטבו מן־היערים Ez 39:10 (עצים מן־השׂדה in ‖ cl.); as producing trees יער צוֹמֵחַ עֵצִים Ec 2:6; in designation of Solomon’s palace בֵּית יַעַר הַלְּבָנוֹן 1 K 7:2 (on structure of this house v. StaSalomos Bauten, ZAW 1883, 150), 10:17, 21 = 2 Ch 9:16, 20; cf. בֵּית הַיָּ֑עַר Is 22:8; fig. of foes to be cut down and destroyed נִקַּף סִבְכֵי היער Is 10:34; כָּֽרְתוּ יַעְרָהּ Je 46:23; so Is 32:19 and יער הַבָּצִו֯ר Zc 11:2 (read Kt הַבָּצוּר inaccessible forest). b. as hiding-place for fugitive 1 S 22:5; lurking-place of wild beasts Am 3:4 Mi 5:7 2 K 2:24 Je 5:6; 12:8 Is 56:9 ψ 50:10; 80:14; 104:20, cf. Ez 34:25 (read Qr, v. supr.) c. stripped by voice of י׳ ψ 29:9; devoured by fire Is 9:17 (סִבְכֵי הַיּ׳; fig. of the people); so in metaph. or sim. of י׳’s judgements Is 10:18 (כְּבוֹד יַעְרוֹ, fig. of Assyrian), Je 21:14 Ez 21:2, 3 (v. infr.) ψ 83:15. d. opp. כַּרְמֶל (garden-land) Is 29:17; 32:15; but also יַעַר כַּרְמִלּוֹ his garden woodland 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24, and יַעַר בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמֶל Mi 7:14 (secluded and fertile abode for flock, fig. of people, v. Che; Hi-St thinks of sacred grove). e. = thicket, especially as symbol of desolation Ho 2:14; בָּמוֹת יער thicket-covered heights (overgrown with bushes and trees) Mi 3:12 = Je 26:18; also בַּיַּעַר בִּעְרַב Is 21:13 in the thicket (or bushes, so VB) in Arabia must ye lodge, caravans of Dedanites. f. עֲצֵי (ה)יער trees of the forest Is 7:2 (in sim.), 10:19 (שְׁאָר עֵץ יַעְרוֹ, fig.), 44:14 Ez 15:2, also v 6 (עֵץ היער), Ct 2:3 (in sim.); fig., as singing before י׳ ψ 96:12 = 1 Ch 16:33, Is 44:23 (יער וְכָל־עֵץ בּוֹ). g. particular forests are: יער אפרים 2 S 18:6, see אֶפְרַ֫יִם" dir="rtl" >אֶפְרַיִם p. 68 supr.; cf. v 8, 17 (v. also Jos 17:15, 18); יַעַר חָ֑רֶת 1 S 22:5 (v. supr.); יַעַר לְבָנוֹן (v. supr.); יַעַר הַשָּׂדֶה נֶגֶב and יַעַר הַנָּגֶב Ez 21:2, 3 (v. supr.) fig. of Judah (land and people); v. also יְעָרִים" dir="rtl" >יְעָרִים infr.—שְׂדֵי־יָ֑עַר ψ 132:6 is a n.pr.loc. (but Bae thinks appellat. ‘auf waldigem Gefilde’), v. יְעָרִים" dir="rtl" >קִרְיַת יְעָרִים. On 1 S 14:25, 26, v. ii. יער²" dir="rtl" >יער.—יעורים Ez 34:25 Kt, read יְעָרִים Qr, v. supr.

† בְּרוֹשׁ n.m. Ho 14:9 cypress or fir (Assyrian burâšu COTGloss, Aramaic בּרוֹתא, ܒܪܽܘܬܳܐ cf. בְּרוֹת infr., v. also Gr. βράθυ, Lat. bratum, cypress, juniper (PS); in favour of cypress, also 𝔊 𝔖 & so Thes; in favour of fir or pine, 𝔙 Rob in RobGes (because cypress not now indigenous on Lebanon); cf. also RSProph. iv. n. 20 who lays stress on Ph. n.pr.loc. אי בשם (= אי ברושים) = Gr. Πιτυοῦσαι i.e. isle of firs;—v. further SchroedPhön. Spr. 99 LöwNo. 59 & Brathu as name of Hermon Philo Bybl. in Euseb Praep. Evang. i. 10)—בְּרוֹשׁ Ho 14:9 + 4 times; בְּרוֹשִׁים 2 S 6:5 + 11 times, בְּרשִׁים Na 2:4, בְּרוֹשָׁיו Is 37:24, בְּרשָׁיו 2 K 19:23;— 1. (lit.) a noble tree, usually ‖ ארז (except 2 S 6:5; 1 K 6:34; 2 Ch 3:5 ψ 104:17; Is 55:13; Ho 14:9; Na 2:4); as standing and growing Is 14:8; 37:24 = 2 K 19:23, Is 41:19; 55:13 (‖ הֲדַס) 60:13 (‖ כבוד לבנון = ארז) ψ 104:17. 2. sim. of luxuriance, stateliness Ez 31:8, productiveness Ho 14:9 (Now thinks cypress), fig. for spear-shafts Na 2:4 Hi-St, but 𝔊 𝔖 פרשׁים; fig. for mighty men Zc 11:2. 3. as material (always pl.), for building temple (עצי ב׳) 1 K 5:22, 24; 6:34 cf. 9:11; 2 Ch 2:7; עץ ב׳ (sing.) 2 Ch 3:5 (cf. Baer’s n.); צלעות ב׳ 1 K 6:15; for ships (no עץ) Ez 27:5;—בְּכֹל עֲצֵי ברושׁים 2 S 6:5 appar. = with all musical instruments made of fir, but ‖ 1 Ch 13:8 בְּכָל־עֹז וּבְשִׁירִים & so here 𝔊 We Dr.

† חֹ֫רֶשׁ n.m. Ez 31:3 wood, wooded height (Assyrian ḫuršu, wooded height COTGloss LyonSargontexte, Gloss (v. also DlPr 180 Checrit. n. on Is 17, 9); NH חוֹרֶשׁ wood, forest; Aramaic חוּרְשָׁא id.)—abs. ח׳ Is 17:9 Ez 31:3 (but on both v. infr.); חֹ֫רְשָׁה 1 S 23:16 (v. Dr); בַּחֹ֫רְשָׁה 1 S 23:15, 18, 19; pl. חֳרָשִׁים 2 Ch 27:4;—wooded height 1 S 23:15 (‖ בָּהָר v 14), v 16, 18, so בַּמְּצָדוֹת בַּח׳ בְּגִבְעַת הַחֲכִילָה v 19; וּבֶח׳ בנה בִּירָנִיּוֹת וּמִגְדָּלִים 2 Ch 27:4 and on the wooded heights he built fortresses and towers (‖ בְּהַר יְהוּדָה); עֲזוּבַת הַחֹרֶשׁ וְהָאָמִיר Is 17:9 the forsaken places of the wooded heights and summits Ges Ew De Di RV; but read prob. ע׳ החוי והאמרי forsaken places of the Hivites and the Amorites, so 𝔊 Lag Che Or Brd Du; ח׳ מֵצַל Ex 31:3 shade-giving wood or thicket, of close branches of cedar (but sense hardly legitimate; del. 𝔊 Co).

† בָּכָא n.[m.] balsam-tree (v. Arabic بَكْأٌ DozyZMG 1869, 188 but LöwNo. 47; according to TA like جرجير, an eruca, cf. Lane s.v.; perhaps cf. بَكَأَ give little milk, of camel, i.e. drop, drip); pl. בְּכָאִים 2 S 5:23, 24 = 1 Ch 14:14, 15; sg. in עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא ψ 84:7 balsam-vale, cf. De Che.

† II. יַ֫עַר n.[m.] honeycomb,—abs. יַעַר 1 S 14:25, 26; sf. יַעְרִי Ct 5:1;—honeycomb, containing honey 1 S 14:25 (where read וְיַעַר הָיָה עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׁדֶה with 𝔊 We Dr Kit in KauAT, instead of v. as in MT); וַיָּבוֹא העם אֶל־הַיַּעַר 1 S 14:26 (‖ דבשׁ v 25) and when the people came to the honeycomb behold its bees had departed (v. 𝔊 We Dr Kit VB); אָכַלְתִּי יַעְרִי עִם־דִּבְשִׁי Ct 5:1; v. also i. יַעֲרָה.

† [הָבְנִי] n.[m.] ebony (so Symm 𝔙 Ki & moderns; otherwise 𝔊 𝔖; Egyptian heben, LiebleinÄZ 1886, 13 cf. PinskerEinleitung 83; Gk. ἔβενος, Lat. hebenum)—only pl. הָבְנִים Ez 27:15 Qr (Kt הובנים) קַרְנוֹת שֵׁן והבנים; it was brought from India, & (finer) from Ethiopia, cf. Sm & reff.

κέδρος, ἡ, cedar-tree, ὀδμὴ κέδρου.. θύου τ᾽ ἀνὰ νῆσον ὀδώδει δαιομένων Refs 8th c.BC+; applied to prickly cedar, Juniperus Oxycedrus, Od.[same place], Refs 4th c.BC+; Syrian cedar, J. excelsa,Refs 1st c.AD+; Phoenician cedar, J. phoenicea, Refs 4th c.BC+; Himalayan cedar, J. macropoda, Refs 1st c.BC+; κ. μικρά juniper, J. communis, Dsc. [prev. cited] __2 anything made of cedar- wood: cedar coffin, Refs 5th c.BC+; cedar box, for a bee- hive, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 cedar-oil, τῇ κ. ἀλείφειν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 see at {κέδρον} Refs

ὕλη [ῡ], ἡ, forest, woodland, NT+8th c.BC+; ὕλα ἀεργός virgin forest, Refs; τὰ δένδρα καὶ ὕλη fruit-trees and forest-trees, Refs 5th c.BC+; not only of forest-trees, but also of copse, brushwood, undergrowth (compare ὕλημα), directly opposed to to timber-trees, Refs 5th c.BC+: also in plural, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II wood cut down, Refs 8th c.BC+; firewood, fuel, Refs 8th c.BC+; brushwood, Refs 5th c.BC+; timber, ὕ. ναυπηγησίμη Refs 5th c.BC+; also, twigs for birds' nests, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III the stuff of which a thing is made, material, (perhaps so of wood), Refs 8th c.BC+; rarely of other material, as metal, οἱ παρ᾽ ἄκμονι.. ὕλην ἄψυχον δημιουργοῦντες Refs 5th c.BC+: generally, materials, Refs 6th c.AD+ __III.2 in Philosophy, matter, first in Refs 5th c.BC+; defined as τὸ ὑποκείμενον γενέσεως καὶ φθορᾶς δεκτικόν, Refs; as τὸ ἐζ οὗ γίγνεται, Refs in later philosophical writers, mostly opposed to to the intelligent and formative principle (νοῦς), Refs 4th c.AD+ __III.3 matter for a poem or treatise, ὕ. τραγική, ποιητικαὶ ὗλαι, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἡ ὑποκειμένη ὕ. the subject-matter, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.4 ὕ. ἰατρική materia medica, Dsc.at Title Page; so ὕλη alone, materia medica, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ὗλαι τῆς τέχνης Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III.4.b ἡ μέση ὕλη the middle range of diet, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III.5 plural, material resources, βασιλικαὶ ὗλαι Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV sediment, Refs 5th c.BC+ (ἀφ-, δι-), ὑλώδης Refs; mud, slime, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὕλῃ, ὕλει, and ἰλυῖ are conjecture for ὕδει in Refs 6th c.BC+ __IV.2 matter excreted from the human body, Refs 2nd c.AD+; phlegm, catarrh, PMed. in Refs 3rd c.AD+

† I. אֹ֫רֶן n.[m.] fir or cedar (Assyrian erinu COTGloss, Mish. pl. ארנים) Is 44:14 (‖ אֶרֶז, תִּרְזָה, אַלּוֹן, עֲצֵי יַעַר).

† בָּכָא n.[m.] balsam-tree (v. Arabic بَكْأٌ DozyZMG 1869, 188 but LöwNo. 47; according to TA like جرجير, an eruca, cf. Lane s.v.; perhaps cf. بَكَأَ give little milk, of camel, i.e. drop, drip); pl. בְּכָאִים 2 S 5:23, 24 = 1 Ch 14:14, 15; sg. in עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא ψ 84:7 balsam-vale, cf. De Che.

† [בְּרוֹת] n.m. id. (Aramaic (prob. North-Palest.) form of same) only pl. בְּרוֹתִים ‖ אֲרָזִים Ct 1:17; ref. to arbour of trees as their home, cf. אֶרֶז.

† גֹּ֫פֶר n.[m.] gopher, only in עֲצֵי־גֹּפֶר Gn 6:14 (P), wood of which the ark was made (word dub.; Thes comp. כֹּפֶר & so Rob Ges (hence ‘pitch-wood, resinous wood’), cf. Di; LagSemitica i. 64; Symmict. ii. 93, BN 217 ff. thinks word not original, but inferred from גפרית, and substituted here for גפרית by copyist, or editor. Cf. following).

† [סְבֹךְ] n.[m.] id.;—cstr. בִּֽסֲבָךְ־עֵץ ψ 74:5 in the thicket of trees; sf. מִסֻּבְּכוֹ Je 4:7 (abode of lion; on בְּ v. Ges§ 20 h; on—Köii. 1, 512).

† I. שַׁלֶּ֫כֶת n.f. felling of tree;—Is 6:13.