Grain and Wheat

קָנֶה62 n.m. Gn 41:5 stalk, reed;—abs. ק׳ 1 K 14:15 +; cstr. קְנֵה Ez 40:3 +; sf. קָנָהּ Ex 25:31; 37:17 = קָנָהֿ (Ges§ 91 e) Jb 31:22; pl. קָנִים Ex 25:32 +; cstr. קְנֵי 37:18 +; sf. קְנֹתָם 25:36; 37:22;— †1. stalk of grain Gn 41:5, 22 (E). †2. water-plant, reed, 1 K 14:15; Is 19:6 (+ סוּף), 35:7 (+ גֹּמֶא); coll., חַיַּת ק׳ ψ 68:31 beasts of (the) reeds (dwelling among them), cf. בְּסֵתֶר ק׳ וּבִצָּה Jb 40:21; מִשְׁעֶנֶת הַקּ׳ הָרָצוּץ 2 K 18:21 = Is 36:6, מִשׁ׳ ק׳ Ez 29:6, all fig. of weak support; cf. ק׳ רָצוּץ Is 42:3 (spared by עבד י׳) †3. calamus, aromatic reed, ק׳ הַטּוֹב Je 6:20 (Ges§ 126 w), ק׳־בֹשֶׁם Ex 30:23 (P); ק׳ alone Ez 27:19; Is 43:24; Ct 4:14. 4. derived meanings: †a. measuring-rod, קְנֵה הַמִּדָּה Ez 40:3, 5 (6 cubits long, v. אַמָּה) 42:16(×2), 17, 18, 19. b. unit of measure, reed (of 6 cubits, as Assyrian ḳanû) Ez 40:5(×2) + 10 times 40, 42, + מְלוֹ הַקּ׳ 41:8 full reed (emphat.). †c. beam of scales, for scales themselves Is 46:6. †d. shaft of lamp-stand Ex 25:31 = 37:17 (P). e. branches thereof, Ex 25:32(×3) = 37:18(×3) + 16 times 25, 37 (all P). †f. shoulder-joint, Jb 31:22 (‖ שְׁכֶם).

סֹ֫לֶת53 n.f. Lv 2:5 (cf. on gender AlbrechtZAW xvi (1896), 106) fine flour (𝔊 σεμίδαλις, 𝔙 simila) (NH id.; Aramaic סוּלְתָּא; Arabic سُلْتٌ a kind of barley without husks Lane 1401; Assyrian sillatu, or šillatu, a kind of grain (?) Meissner-RostBAS iii. 361; also ṯulṯȧ, ṯuruti̥, flour, as loan-word in Egyptian, Bondi84 WMMAs. u. Eur. 101);—abs. ס׳ Gn 18:6 +, cstr. ס׳ Ex 29:2 +; sf. סָלְתָּהּ Lv 2:2;—fine flour, used in king’s household 1 K 5:2 (‖ קֶמַח), for honoured guests קֶמַח ס׳ Gn 18:6 (J), a se’āh of it sold for a shekel in time of scarcity 2 K 7:1, 16, 18 (v. Benz); luxurious food Ez 16:13, 19 (of Jerus. under fig. of woman); elsewhere only in offerings Ez 46:14; 1 Ch 9:29; 23:29, and P; ס׳ חִטִּים Ex 29:2, ס׳ v 40, Lv 2:1 + 13 times Lv., Nu 6:15 + 26 times Nu.

† דָּגָן n.m. corn, grain (of cereals) (NH id., Sam. ࠃࠂࠍ v. Thes.; cf. Ph. ארצת דגן)—דָּגָן Gn 27:28 + 29 times; cstr. דְּגַן ψ 78:24; sf. דְּגָנִי Ho 2:11, דְּגָֽנְךָ Dt 7:13; 12:17; 14:23; 18:4, דְּגָנֶ֑ךָ Dt 11:14, דְּגָנֵךְ Is 62:8, דְּגָנָם ψ 4:8; 65:10—corn, c. תִּירוֹשׁ must, q.v., Gn 27:28, 37 (both J) ψ 4:8 Is 62:8 Ho 2:11; 7:14; 9:1 Zc 9:17; cf. also Nu 18:27 (P; here, for תירושׁ, מְלֵאָה מִן־הַיָּ֑קֶב), La 2:12 (where יַיִן), Ho 14:8 (where גֶּפֶן & יֵין לְבָנוֹן); ארץ דגן ותירושׁ of land of Canaan Dt 33:28; of land of captiv. (words of the Rabshak) 2 K 18:32 = Is 36:17 (other products, also, named in both); usually c. תירושׁ & יצהר Nu 18:12 Dt 7:13; 11:14; 12:17; 14:23; 18:4; 28:51 2 Ch 31:5 (+ דבשׁ) 32:28 Ne 5:11; 10:40; 13:5, 12 Je 31:12 Ho 2:10, 24 Jo 1:10; 2:19 Hg 1:11; also Jo 1:17 Me; (cf. 2 K 18:32 Is 36:17 supr.); alone, rare and late Ne 5:2, 3, 10 ψ 65:10 Ez 36:29; דְּגַן־שָׁמַיִם ψ 78:24;—of the above the following refer to firstfruits offered to the priests Nu 18:12 (cf. v 27) Dt 18:4 2 Ch 31:5; to tithe Dt 12:17; 14:23 Ne 13:5, 12; to both generally Ne 10:40; to loaning on usury Ne 5:10, 11.

† חִטָּה n.f. wheat (NH id., Aramaic חִנְטִין, חִיטְּתָא, ܚܶܛܬܳܐ; Arabic حِنْطَةٌ );—abs. ח׳ Ex 9:32 + 6 times; pl. חִטִּים Gn 30:14 + 20 times; חִטִּין Ez 4:9; cstr. חִטֵּי Ez 27:17;—wheat, sg. chiefly poet., of growing wheat Ex 9:32 (E), Dt 8:8 Jb 31:40; Jo 1:11; sown Is 28:25; food-product Dt 32:14 (חֵלֶב כִּלְיוֹת ח׳ kidney-fat of wheat, i.e. the choicest, v. חֵלֶב) חֵלֶב ח׳ ψ 81:17 (cf. 147:14 infr.); elsewhere pl.; wheat as sown Je 12:13; wheat-harvest קְצִיר ח׳ Gn 30:14 (J), Ex 34:22 (JE), Ju 15:1 1 S 6:13; 12:17 Ru 2:23, + 2 S 24:15 where insert according to 𝔊 We Dr; wheat threshed Ju 6:11; 1 Ch 21:20 cf. v 23; measured 1 K 5:25 = 2 Ch 2:9 (חטים מַכּוֹת, read ח׳ מַכֹּלֶת as 1 K 5:25 = wheat for food Th Be Ke after Vrss), v 14; 27:5 Ez 45:13; stored (with barley, oil and honey) Je 41:8; for food 2 S 17:28, חֵלֶב חִטִּים ψ 147:14 (cf. 81:14 supr.); לֹקְחֵי חִטִּים 2 S 4:6 (read סֹקְלָה ח׳ 𝔊 We Dr); סֹלֶת ח׳ fine wheaten flour Ex 29:2 (P); Ez 4:9 (חִטִּין, Aramaic pl.) mixed with barley, beans, lentils, etc., and made into bread.

† I. כַּרְמֶל n.m. Is 29:17 1. plantation, garden-land. 2. fruit, garden-growth (ל + כֶּרֶם, cf. Ges§ 85, 52 Sta§ 299);—abs. כ׳ Is 16:10 + 12 times; sf. כַּרְמִלּוֹ Is 10:18 + 2 times;— 1. garden-land, Is 16:10 (‖ כְּרָמִים), 10:18 (‖ יַעַר), 29:17(×2) (opp. לְבָנוֹן, יַעַר), 32:15(×2) (opp. מִדְבָּר, יַעַר), v 16 Je 4:26 (opp. מִדְבָּר), 48:33 2 Ch 26:10 (opp. הֶהָרִים); אֶרֶץ הַכּ׳ Je 2:7 the country of garden-land, i.e. fertile; יַעַר כַּרְמִלּוֹ 2 K 19:23 = Is 37:24, the garden-like forest of it (viz. of Lebanon). On Mi 7:14 v. ii. כַּרְמֶל²" dir="rtl" >כַּרְמֶל. 2. by meton. (fresh) fruit, garden-growth, 2 K 4:42 (+ לֶחֶם שְׂעוֹרִים); Lv 2:14 (+ אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ, and גֶּרֶשׂ, q.v.), לֶחֶם וְקָלִי וכי Lv 23:14.

σῖτος, ὁ, irregular plural σῖτα, τά, Refs 6th c.BC+:— grain, comprehending both wheat (πυρός) and barley (κριθή), ἐν [Ἰθάκῃ] σ. ἀθέσφατος ἐν δέ τε οἶνος γίγνεται Refs 8th c.BC+; περὶ σίτου ἐκβολήν about the shooting of the corn into ear, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῦ σ. ἀκμάζοντος at its ripening, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ἀληλεσμένος or -εμένος ground corn, Refs 5th c.BC+; σίτου εἰσαγωγή, ἐξαγωγή, Refs 5th c.BC+; comprehending πυρός, κριθή, ὄλυρα, and φακός, Refs 2nd c.BC+; περὶ τοῦ σ. καὶ τοῦ σησάμου Refs 3rd c.BC+; ὁ σ. καὶ τὰ λάχανα as examples of πόα, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 food made from grain, bread, opposed to flesh-meat, σ. καὶ κρέα Refs 8th c.BC+; σῖτον ἔδοντες, a general epithet of men as opposed to to beasts, ὅσσοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπὶ χθονὶ σ. ἔδ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of savages, who eat flesh only, οὐδέ τι σῖτον ἤσθιον Refs 8th c.BC+; of civilized men, σῖτον καὶ σπείρουσι καὶ σιτέονται Refs 5th c.BC+; κάρδαμον ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῷ σ. Refs; πίνειν ὕδωρ ἐπὶ τῷ σRefs 1st c.AD+ __3 in a wider sense, food, as opposed to to drink, σ. ἠδὲ ποτής Refs 8th c.BC+; even of porridge (κυκεών),Refs 8th c.BC+; εὐνὴ καὶ σ. Refs 8th c.BC+; provisions, σῖτα ἀναιρέεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; παρέχειν μέχρι τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν σ. Foed. cited in Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 rarely of beasts, fodder, Refs 8th c.BC+—In the general sense of food, Prose writers prefer the diminutive form σιτία, τά. __II in Attic dialect Law, allowance of grain made to widows and orphans. σῖτον διδόναι, ἀποδιδόναι, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 δίκην σίτου δικάσασθαι, bring an action under the Athen. Corn-law against regraters and monopolists, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 allowance made to the Ἱππεῖς, Refs __II.4 public distribution of corn in Rome, Latin frumentatio, τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ σίτου ὄντα ἐν Ῥώμῃ Refs 2nd c.AD+

† קֶ֫מַח n.[m.] flour, meal;—abs. ק׳ 1 S 1:24 +, קָ֑מַח Is 47:2; cstr. קֶמַח Nu 5:15;—Ju 6:19 (material for unleavened cakes), 1 S 1:24; 28:24; 2 K 4:41; defined by סֹלֶת (q.v.) Gn 18:6, disting. from סֹלֶת 1 K 5:2; of barley (שְׂעֹרִים) Nu 5:15 (P), but 2 S 17:28 + חִטִּם, שְׂעֹרִים, קָלִי; + other articles of food 1 Ch 12:41 (van d. H. v 40); kept in a כַּד 1 K 17:12, 14, 16; made by grinding Is 47:2; צֶמַח בְּלִי יַעֲשֶׂה ק׳ Ho 8:7.

† III. בַּר n.m. grain, corn (cf. Arabic بُرٌّ wheat, grain of wheat), ψ 72:16 Am 5:11; 8:5, 6; בָּר Gn 41:35, 49; 42:3, 25; 45:23 (E) ψ 65:14 Pr 11:26 Je 23:28 Jo 2:24.

† קָמָה n.f. standing grain;—abs. ק׳ Ex 22:5 +; cstr. קָמַת Dt 23:26(×2); pl. cstr. קָמוֹת Ju 15:5;—standing grain (mature) Ex 22:5 (E), Dt 16:9; 23:26(×2) Ju 15:5(×2) Is 17:5; לִפְנֵי ק׳ 2 K 19:26 = Is 37:27 dub., לְפָנַי קֻמְךָ … and join to v 28: before me is thy rising up and thy sitting down We Bur Du CheHpt. al.; cf. sub שְׁדֵפָה. (i.e. before maturity);* in fig. Ho 8:7.—cf. VogelstLandwirthsch.51.

† III. שֶׁ֫בֶר n.[m.] corn, grain, as food stuff (perhaps broken, i.e. threshed, HoffmZAW iii (1883), 122 SS Siegf Ne 10:32; > Köii. 1, 19 n breaking out, i.e. sprouting (as chief fruit of soil); hence NH שִׁבָּרוֹן price of corn);—שׁ׳ abs. Gn 42:1 +; cstr. v 19; sf. שִׁבְרָם v 26, שִׁבְרוֹ 44:2;—corn, grain 42:1, 2, 19, 26; 43:2; 44:2; 47:14 (acc. cogn.), Am 8:5 (id.); so perhaps (for בָּר) Gn 42:3 LagBN 230; כָּל־שׁ׳ Ne 10:32 all kinds of grain.

κόκκος, ὁ, grain, seed, as of the pomegranate, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. Βαβυλώνιος Refs 2nd c.AD+; of the poppy, Refs 3rd c.BC+; of the pine, Refs; of wheat, Refs 3rd c.AD+; of weeds in corn, Refs 6th c.AD+; compare Κνίδιος: metaphorically, νόου δέ μοι οὐκ ἔνι κ. not a grain of sense, Refs __2 a measure, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II 'berry' (gall) of kermes oak, used to dye scarlet, Refs 4th c.BC+: hence, scarlet (the colour), Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 κ. or κ. βαφική, ἡ, kermes oak, Quercus coccifera, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III pill, Refs 6th c.AD+ __IV in plural, testicles, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV.2 pudenda muliebria, Refs 5th c.AD+

† קָלִי n.m. 1 S 17:17 parched grain, a common food (RobBR ii. 50–1 AnderlindZPV ix. 3);—abs. ק׳ 1 S 25:18; 2 S 17:28 a + v 28 b (but dittogr., del. 𝔙 𝔖 and Comm.), Lv 23:14 (P), Ru 2:14; = קָלִיא 1 S 17:17.

† I. [קָלָה] vb. roast, parch (NH קָלָה id. (rare), קָלִי = BH; Assyrian ḳalû, ii. i, iii. i burn, consume MeissnSuppl. 84; Sab. קלאתם conflagratio, aestus Os4. 1. 19. 20 CIS iv. No. 74, 1, 20; Arabic قَلَى fry or roast wheat; Ethiopic ቀለወ: ቀለየ: burn, fry, so 𝔗 קְלָא, Syriac ܩܠܴܐ );— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. קָלָם בָּאֵשׁ Je 29:22 (acc. pers.) he roasted them with fire; Pt. pass. אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ Lv 2:14 (P) grian parched with fire; so קָלוּי alone, as common food, Jos 5:11 (P), v. קָלִי" dir="rtl" >קָלִי. Niph. Pt. נִקְלֶה as n. ψ 38:8 my loins are filled with burning (Vrss Bae with contempt, II. קלה).

† כֻּסֶּ֫מֶת n.f. 1. spelt, triticum spelta (NH pl. כוּסְמִין, cf. 𝔗 𝔖 כונתא, ܟܽܘܢܬܳܐ; cf. Löwp. 104 ff. Di Ex 9:23 NowArch. i, 111);—abs. כ׳ Ex 9:32 Is 28:25 pl. כֻּסְּמִים Ez 4:9 (in all disting. from wheat, barley, etc.)

† גֶּ֫רֶשׂ n.[m.] a crushing, but only concrete of that which is crushed, groats, grits (cf. Arabic جَرِيشٌ, NH גְּרִיס, Aramaic (rare) גִּרְשָׂא, גְּרוּסְיָא, ܓܳܪܣܳܐ )—אָבִיב קָלוּי בָּאֵשׁ גֶּרֶשׂ כַּרְמֶל Lv 2:14 young ears parched with fire, groats (&) fresh fruit (v. Sifra ad loc.); (וּמִשַּׁמְנָהּ) מִגִּרְשָׂהּ Lv 2:16.

† [חִנְטָה] n.f. wheat (v. BH חִטָּה, √ חָנַט; NöLCB, 1896, 703 cp. Egyptian chnt; Old Aramaic has חטה, pl. חטי, Plam. חטא Lzb 279 SAC 51);—pl. חִנְטִין Ezr 6:9; 7:22.

† [רִיפָה] n. [f.] dub.; some grain or fruit (such as was spread out to dry (2 S), and also pounded (Pr); 𝔙2 S as if drying barley-groats, 𝔊L παλάθας, cakes of preserved fruit, cf. preparation of ‘apricot-cheese’ WetzstZPV xiv. 2 NesMarg. 18, who cites also AlmkvistKl. Beitr. zur Lexicogr. des Vulg. Ar. Actes, 419);—pl. abs. רִפוֹת 2 S 17:19, רִיפוֹת Pr 27:22.

† סָחִישׁ n.[m.] grain that shoots up of itself in 2nd year (√ unknown);—‖ סָפִיחַ, 2 K 19:29 (= שָׁחִיס ‖ Is 37:30); on use of this for food, cf. Straboxi. 4, 3 (of Albanians).

σεμίδᾱλις [ῐ], εως or ιος (εος in Refs 4th c.BC+, ἡ, the finest wheaten flour, Refs 5th c.BC+, Acut.(Sp.)NT+5th c.BC+; σεμιδάρεως is an error in Refs 1st c.AD+:—hence σεμῐδᾱλίτης [ῑ] ἄρτος, ὁ, bread made of σεμίδαλις, Refs 5th c.BC+:—also σεμιδάλιν (={-ιον}), τό, Refs 3rd c.AD+ (Cf. Assyr. samīdu, Aramaic semīdā in same sense.)

† דֹּ֫חַן n.m. millet (NH דּוֹחַן Aramaic דּוֹחִינָא), ד׳ Ez 4:9 in the series חִטִּין וּשְׂעֹרִים וּפוֹל וַעֲדָשִׁים וְד׳ וְכֻסְּמִים v. Löw72.

† צְבָתִים n.[m.]pl. bundles of grain Ru 2:16 (VogelstLandwirthschaft 61 swaths [grasped and] lifted for binding).