Grass and Vegetation

† עֵ֫שֶׂב n.m. Gn 1:11 herb, herbage;—ע׳ abs. Dt 11:15 +; cstr. Gn 2:5 +; sf. עֶשְׂבָּם Is 42:15; pl. cstr. עִשְּׂבוֹת (d.f. dirim.) Pr 27:25;—herb, herbage, in oldest use often gen. (therefore incl. grass [דֶּשֶׁא]): ע׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Ex 9:22 (E), Gn 2:5 (+ שִׂיחַ) Ex 9:25 (+ עֵץ), 10:15 (+ id; all J) Am 7:2, so ע׳ הָאָרֶץ Ex 10:12 (E), + פְּרִי הָעֵץ v 15 (J), whence ψ 105:35; appar. gen. also in ע׳ הארץ Jb 5:25 ψ 72:16, ע׳ alone 92:8; ע׳ כָּל־הַשָּׂדֶה Je 12:14, ע׳ alone Dt 32:2 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא), Is 42:15 ψ 102:5, 12, and Dt 29:22 Mi 5:6 Pr 19:12; hence ע׳ as food for cattle Dt 11:15 ψ 106:20 cf. Je 14:6 Zc 10:1; עִשְּׂבוֹת הָרִים Pr 27:25 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא, חָצִיר); but as human food (hence excluding דֶּשֶׁא) ע׳ הַשָּׂדֶה Gn 3:18 (J); especially P Gn 1:29 (+ עֶץ), יֶרֶק ע׳ v 30; 9:3, hence ע׳ ψ 104:14 (‖ חָצִיר for cattle); ע׳ disting. from דֶּשֶׁא, עֵץ also Gn 1:11, 12, ע׳ שָׂדֶה + דֶּשֶׁא, חָצִיר 2 K 19:26 + Is 37:27.

† I. רִמּוֹן n.m. Je 52:23 pomegranate (foreign word of doubtful origin, cf. LöwNo. 310 HomA. u. A. 97 ff.; Aramaic רִימּוֹנָא, רוּמָּנָא, ܪܽܘܡܳܢܳܐ, Mand. רומאנא NöM. 123; Arabic رُمَّانٌ (Aramaic loan-word, Frä 142), Ethiopic ሮማን: );—abs. ר׳ 1 S 14:2 +, רִמֹּן Ex 39:26, 26; sf. רִמֹּנִי Ct 8:2; pl. רִמּוֹנִים 1 K 7:20 +, etc.;—pomegranate: 1. tree 1 S 14:2, often + גֶּפֶן, תְּאֵנָה, etc., Nu 20:5 (JE), Dt 8:8; Hg 2:19; Jo 1:12; Ct 4:13; 6:11; 7:13. 2. fruit Nu 13:23 (JE; + עֲנָבִים, תְּאֵנִים); עֲסִיס ר׳ Ct 8:2, פֶּלַח הָר׳ (in sim.) 4:3; 6:7. 3. ornaments in temple, shaped like pomegranates (cf. رُمَّانَة in mod. Syria = epaulet, AlmkvistKl. Beiträge zur Lexicogr., etc. NesMarg. 12), 1 K 7:18 (on text cf. StaZAW iii (1883), 154 f. Kit Benz), v 20, 42(×2) ‖ 2 Ch 3:16; 4:13(×2) 2 K 25:17 = Je 52:22; Je 52:22, 23(×2); so in tabernacle, Ex 28:33, 34(×2); 39:24, 25(×2), 26(×2).

† II. חָצִיר n.m. Is 15:6 green grass, herbage, abs. חָצִיר Nu 11:5 + 16 times; cstr. חֲצִיר Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26, ψ 129:6;— 1. grass, as food for animals 1 K 18:5; Jb 40:15 ψ 104:14; 147:8; Pr 27:25 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and עֵשֶׂב), Is 15:6 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and יֶרֶק); spec. of leeks (as still sometimes in Aramaic, v. Löwpp. 226, 228) Nu 11:5 (v. Di); in sim. of abundant growth Is 44:4 (v. 𝔊 Ew Che); on Is 35:7; v. חָצִיר" dir="rtl" >I. חָצִיר supr. 2. as type of what is quickly perishing Jb 8:12, hence fig. of perishing enemies חֲצִיר גַּגּוֹת Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא, עֵשֶׂב), ψ 129:6, i.e. having no depth of root; of wicked, soon to be cut down ψ 37:2; with special reference to Israel’s oppressors Is 40:6 (‖ ציץ [השׂרה]), v 7 (‖ id.), v 7, 8 (‖ id.), 51:12; in sim. of frail man ψ 90:5; man’s days ψ 103:15 (‖ ציץ השׂדה).

† נָזִיר n.m. Gn 49:26 one consecrated, devoted (נזיר י׳ Ecclus 46:13 c (of Samuel); cf. Syriac ܢܙܝܺܪ RSSem i. 463, 2d ed. 483);—נ׳ abs. Nu 6:2 + 5 times; cstr. נְזִיר Gn 49:26 + 4 times; sf. נְזִירֶ֑ךְ Lv 25:5; pl. נְזִרִים Am 2:11, 12; sf. נְזִרֶיהָ Lv 25:11, נְזִירֶיהָ La 4:7;— 1. of prince, ruler, as consecrated: נְזִיר אֶחָיו Gn 49:26 (poem in J), one consecrated among his brethren, = Dt 33:16; cf. נְזִירֶיהָ La 4:7 her princes. 2. specif. of one dedicated to י׳ by vow involving abstinence from intoxicants, from touching corpse, and from cutting hair (cf. נֵזֶר 2), devotee (GFM), Nazirite: נ׳ אֱלֹהִים God’s devotee, of Samson Ju 13:5, 7; 16:17 (exceptionally, from birth); usually voluntary Am 2:11, 12, and for limited time, cf. נֶדֶר נ׳ Nu 6:2 (of man or woman; cf. PeritzJBL xvii (1898), 128), תּוֹרַת נ׳ v 13, 21, also v 18, 19, 20 (all P; cf. also נֵזֶר).—On Naz. v. GFM Ju 13:5 Dr Am 2, 11, especially GrillJPTh 1880, 645–680 NowArch. ii, § 97 BenzArch. 429 f. GrayJThS Jan. 1900, 201 ff. 3. = untrimmed vine (like Nazirite with unshorn hair) Lv 25:5, 11 (HP).

χόρτος, ὁ, properly enclosed place (see. entry near the end), but always with collateral notion of a feeding-place: in Refs 8th c.BC+, farmyard, in which the cattle were kept, αὐλῆς ἐν χόρτῳ Refs __2 generally, any feeding-ground, pasturage, frequently in plural, χόρτοι λέοντος, of Nemea, Refs 5th c.BC+; χόρτος οὐρανοῦ the expanse of heaven, poetical cited in Refs 5th c.AD+ __II fodder, provender, especially for horses and cattle, Refs 5th c.BC+; grass, NT+8th c.BC+hay, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. ἐβλάστησεν, ἐξηράνθη, NT+5th c.BC+; χόρτον ἔχει ἔπὶ τοῦ κέρατος as translation of the Latin proverb, foenum habet in cornu, of a dangerous ox, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.b green crop, [γῆ] ἐσπαρμένη χόρτῳ Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 poetical, food generally, δούλιος χ. Refs 6th c.BC+; compare χορτάζω. (Cf. Latin hortus, Welsh garth 'fold, enclosure', Irish gort 'crop', 'field'.)

† דֶּ֫שֶׁא n.m. Is 15:6 grass (NH id., Assyrian dišu, herb, Lyon Sargontexte 69; Sab. דתֿא fresh shoots DHMZMG 1875, 597 = springtime CISiv. p. 11; Aramaic דִּתְאָה, ܬܰܕܐܴܐ (cf. LagBN 130))—ד׳ abs. Gn 1:11 + 13 times—acc. cogn. תַּדְשֵׁא Gn 1:11; cf. v 12 (in both, produced by earth); springing out of earth 2 S 23:4; of a second crop of grass Pr 27:25 (opp. חָצִיר); caused to spring forth by God לְהַצְמִיחַ מֹצָא דֶ֑שֶׁא Jb 38:27; refreshed by rain Dt 32:2; נְאוֹת ד׳ ψ 23:2; as food of wild ass Jb 6:5; as failing (withered) Is 15:6; lacking for animals Je 14:5; וִירַק דֶּשֶׁא sim. of weakness 2 K 19:26 (‖ עֵשֶׂב שָׂדֶה) = Is 37:27; of transitoriness (withering) ψ 37:2 (יֶרֶק ד׳), of growth and prosperity, Is 66:14.

† דּוּשׁ, דִּישׁ vb. tread, thresh (Arabic دَاسَ, Assyrian dâšu, Impf. 1 s. adîš DlPr 191 COT Gloss. HomNS 391; cf. NH דּוּשׁ, Aramaic id., ܕܳܫ; v. further NöZMG 1883, 538)— Qal Pf. דָּשׁ 1 Ch 21:20, וְדַשְׁתִּ֫י Ju 8:7; Impf. וַיָּדָשׁ so read for וַיֹּדַע Ju 8:16 cf. Be Door Bu Vrss 2 ms. תָּדוּשׁ Is 41:15 Hb 3:12; 3 ms. sf. יְדוּשֶׁ֑נּוּ Is 28:28; 3 fs. sf. תְּדוּשֶׁ֑הָ Jb 39:15; Imv. fs. דּוֹשִׁי Mi 4:13; Inf. cstr. לָדֻשׁ 2 K 13:7, לָדוּשׁ Ho 10:11, sf. דּוּשָׁם Am. 1:3; דִּישׁוֹ Dt 25:4; abs. אָדוֹשׁ Is 28:28 as if from אדשׁ cf. Köi 444; yet אדשׁ nowhere else & form very possibly textual error, cf. Ol§ 245 k; Pt. f. דָּשָׁא Je 50:11;—tread on, trample on, c. acc. Jb 39:15 (beast on eggs, ‖ זוּר); thresh, lit. c. acc. חִטִּים 1 Ch 21:20 Je 50:11, לֶחֶם (i.e. its material) Is 28:28 (in sim.); abs. 2 K 13:7 (in sim.); Ho 10:11 (metaph. of Ephraim as heifer); tread or thresh Ju 8:7 with (אֶת = together with, cf. Stu; Ew§ 234 e takes as acc., & vb. as abbrev. Hiph.) thorns, קוֹצִים and בַּרְקָנִים q.v.; and also in Ju 8:16 (read וידשׁ cf. supr.) sq. בָּהֶם, with them, ref. to קוצים and ברקנים; fig. of devastation of land Am 1:3 (Gilead), destruction of peoples Hb 3:12 (גוים); espec. Mi 4:13 (abs.), where full metaph.; hyperbol. of Israel Is 41:15 c. acc. הרים.— Niph. be trampled down, Pf. וְנָדוֹשׁ consec. Is 25:10 fig., subj. Moab; Inf. הִדּוּשׁ ib. (simile, subj. מתבן straw-heap; on form cf. Ol§ 193 a BaNB 156)— Hoph. be threshed, Impf. יוּדַשׁ Is 28:27 (subj. קֶצַח).

ζιζάνιον, τό, a weed that grows in wheat, ={αἶρα} 11, probably darnel, Lolium temulentum, NT. (Cf. Sumer. zizân 'wheat'.)

† עֲשַׂב n.[m.] herbage, grass (v. BH עשׂב);—emph. עִשְׂבָּא, as fodder: Dn 4:12, 22, 29, 30; 5:21.

ἀλοάω, Epic dialect ἀλοιάω Refs 3rd c.BC+: Epic dialect imperfect ἀλοίαRefs 8th c.BC+: future -ήσωLXX, Doric dialect ἀλοιησέωRefs 7th c.BC+: aorist ἠλόησαRefs 5th c.BC+participle ἀλοάσας [ᾱς] Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect ἠλοίησα (ἀπ-) Refs 8th c.BC+, (συν-) Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, future -ηθήσομαιLXX: aorist ἠλοήθηνRefs 4th c.BC+: perfect ἠλόημαιRefs 4th c.BC+ — poetry aorist participle ἀλοίσας (as if from ἀλοίω,Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀλοϝάω uncertain in Refs:—tread, thresh, LXX+5th c.BC+ __2 thresh, smite, γῆν χερσὶν ἀλοίαRefs 8th c.BC+; cudgel, thrash, Glotta [same place], Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 crush, smash, σκεύηRefs; destroy, πόλειςLXX __II drive round and round, like cattle treading out corn, Refs 5th c.BC+

† [דֶּ֫תֶא] n.[m.] grass (so 𝔗 Syriac; BH דֶּשֶׁא);—emph. דִּתְאָא Dn 4:12, 20.

† II. חָצִיר n.m. Is 15:6 green grass, herbage, abs. חָצִיר Nu 11:5 + 16 times; cstr. חֲצִיר Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26, ψ 129:6;— 1. grass, as food for animals 1 K 18:5; Jb 40:15 ψ 104:14; 147:8; Pr 27:25 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and עֵשֶׂב), Is 15:6 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא and יֶרֶק); spec. of leeks (as still sometimes in Aramaic, v. Löwpp. 226, 228) Nu 11:5 (v. Di); in sim. of abundant growth Is 44:4 (v. 𝔊 Ew Che); on Is 35:7; v. חָצִיר" dir="rtl" >I. חָצִיר supr. 2. as type of what is quickly perishing Jb 8:12, hence fig. of perishing enemies חֲצִיר גַּגּוֹת Is 37:27 = 2 K 19:26 (‖ דֶּשֶׁא, עֵשֶׂב), ψ 129:6, i.e. having no depth of root; of wicked, soon to be cut down ψ 37:2; with special reference to Israel’s oppressors Is 40:6 (‖ ציץ [השׂרה]), v 7 (‖ id.), v 7, 8 (‖ id.), 51:12; in sim. of frail man ψ 90:5; man’s days ψ 103:15 (‖ ציץ השׂדה).

† צֶאֱלִים n.m.pl. a kind of lotus (Rhamnus (more exactly Zizyphus), Lotus [Linn.], thorny lotus (not sacred Nymphaea Lotus); Saad. ضَالٌ, cf. AW De Job 2, Syriac ܥܳܐܠܴܐ, v. Löwp. 275);—Jb 40:21, 22.

βοτάνη [ᾰ], ἡ, (βόσκω) pasture, Refs 8th c.BC+; β. ἁ λέοντος the lion's pasture, i.e. Nemea, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fodder, Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 herb, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 in plural, plants, as material for making clothes, opposed to δοραί, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 weeds, Refs 4th c.BC+ __6 ἱερὰ β., ={περιστερεών}, Refs 1st c.AD+

πήγᾰνον, τό, rue, Ruta graveolens, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. ὀρεινόν, ἄγριον, mountain rue, Ruta halepensis, Refs 1st c.AD+, i.e. scarcely at the edge or beginning of a thing, because these herbs were planted for borders in gardens, Refs 5th c.BC+; compare περίκηπος.

חַלָּמוּת n.f. name of a plant, with thick, slimy juice, purslain, Jb 6:6 RVm, so Thes Rob Ges al.; 𝔖 ܚܠܰܡܬܳܐ, anchusa PS i, 1284; on this, and later interpr. v. Bö Di Löw pp. 165, 361; only אִם־יֶשׁ־טַעַם בְּרִיר חַלָּמוּת Jb 6:6 is there any taste in the juice of ח׳ (fig. of insipid and dull discourse); > AV RV Ew Hi SS after 𝔗 Saad Rabb. in the white of an egg. The ref. is to Job’s suffering (from which as little joy comes as from eating unsavoury food, so now Comm. generally), rather than to the unpalatable words of his friends. It is doubtful whether Di’s reason for perferring purslain to 𝔗 חֶלְמוֹנָא yolk of egg (רִיר ח׳ slime of yolk, i.e. the white of the egg) is convincing, viz. that ancient Hebrews did not keep hens, or that of De, viz. that white of egg is not slime and is not unpalatable; meaning yolk preferred also by Da Bu Du.

† I. חָצִיר n.[m.] settled abode or haunt (‖ form of חָצֵר supr., or textual error for it);—נְוֵה תַנִּים חָצִיר לִבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה Is 34:13 a dwelling of jackals (and) a haunt for ostriches; also בִּנְוֵה תַנִּים רִבְצָהּ חָצִיר לְקָנֶה וָגֹ֑מֶא 35:7 an abode, home, of reeds and rushes (so Che Di Du al.; others put this under ii. חָצִיר); Che Du think the v. mutilated, and would emend this line according to 34:13.

† מַלּוּחַ n.[m.] mallow; plant growing in salt-marsh; Jb 30:4 (cf. NowArch. i. 67, 112).

† I. מִקְשָׁה n.f. place, field, of cucumbers, Is 1:8; so Je 10:5 Gf Gie al. (cf. Baruch 6:70).

† [מְשֻׂכָּה] n.f. hedge;—sf. מְשׂוּכָּתוֹ Is 5:5 (if כּ right); perhaps read מְשֻׂכָה v. sub I. שׂוך.

† II. [נַ֫חַל] n.[m.] perhaps palm-tree (Arabic نَخْلٌ, n. unit. نَخْلَةٌ; v. PerlesJQ, July, 1899, 688);— only pl. abs., כִּנְחָלִים נִטָּ֑יוּ Nu 24:6 like palm-trees, which are stretched out, spread out (as to foliage). So Perlesl.c., who compares כערבי נחל Ecclus 50:12, 𝔊 ὡς στελέχη φοινίκων.

† סִרְפַּד n.[m.] a desert-plant, contrasted with הֲדַס, myrtle: תַּחַת הַסּ׳ יַעֲלֶה הֲדַס Is 55:13; not clearly identif.; 𝔊 κόνυζα, 𝔖 ܨܳܬܪܳܐ 𝔙 urtica.

† [עָרָה] n.f. bare place;—pl. עָרוֹת Is 19:7 (si vera interpr.; > 𝔊 ἄχ(ε)ι, Ki Saad reeds).

† צַפְצָפָה n.f. a kind of willow (? onomatop., from rustling; NH id.; Arabic صَفْصَافٌ );—Ez 17:5.