H6087a H6087a
To hurt, pain, or grieve; emotionally to be sorrowful, causatively to vex another, and physically to injure or twist.
A verb of deep feeling that covers the full arc from inner sorrow to outward harm. In its most common use it describes the grief God felt over humanity's wickedness (Gen 6:6) or the distress of those who witness injustice (Gen 34:7). The Piel and Hifil stems turn the pain outward — to grieve or provoke someone, as when Israel vexed the Holy Spirit (Isa 63:10). Spanish consistently renders the emotional senses with 'entristecer' (to sadden), while reserving 'lastimar' (to injure) for the physical sense in Eccl 10:9, confirming that Hebrew speakers distinguished emotional grief from bodily harm under one root.
Senses
1. be grieved, feel sorrow — Intransitive emotional grief: the subject experiences sorrow, distress, or deep displeasure. This is the dominant sense, seen in Nifal, Hitpael, and Qal passive participle forms. God 'was grieved in his heart' (Gen 6:6), Jonathan 'was grieved' for David (1 Sam 20:34), and Zion is called 'hurt in spirit' (Isa 54:6). Spanish 'entristecer' and French 'affliger' consistently mark this as emotional, not physical. 9×
AR["تَحْزَنوا","تَحْزَنُوا","حَزِنَ","وَ-تَأَلَّمَ","وَ-حَزِينَةِ","يَحْزَنَ","يَحْزَنُ"]·ben["-এবং-দুঃখিতা","আর-দুঃখিত-হল","এবং-দুঃখিত-হলেন","তিনি-দুঃখিত-ছিলেন","দুঃখ-করো","দুঃখিত","দুঃখিত-হও","দুঃখিত-হবে"]·DE["[ועצובת]","[תעצבו]","er-sein-grieved","er-war-grieved","grieved","seid-betrübt","und-betrübt-waren","und-es-bekümmerte-ihn"]·EN["and-grieved-of","and-he-was-grieved","and-were-grieved","be-grieved","grieved","he-be-grieved","he-was-grieved"]·FR["[ועצובת]","[תעצבו]","affligea","et-il-était-affligea","et-étaient-affligea","il-fut-affligea","il-être-affligea","être-affligea"]·heb["ו-יתעצב","ו-יתעצבו","ו-עצובת","ייעצב","נעצב","תעצבו"]·HI["उदास-हो","और-दुख-हुआ","और-दुखी","और-दुखी-हुए","दुखि-थ","दुखि-हो","दुखी-है","दुखी-हो"]·ID["berdukacita","bersedih","dan-Ia-berduka-cita","dan-bersedih-hatilah","dan-yang-berduka","dia-bersedih"]·IT["[תעצבו]","e-addolorare","e-egli-fu-grieved","e-furono-grieved","egli-era-si-addolorò","egli-essere-si-addolorò","essere-grieved","si-addolorò"]·jav["lan-sedhih","lan-susahing","lan-tiyang-sami-sedhih","sedhih","susah"]·KO["그리고-슬퍼하는","그리고-슬퍼했다","그리고-슬프셨다","근심하나이다","슬퍼하지","슬퍼할까","슬퍼했다"]·PT["aflige-se","e-aflita-de","e-entristeceram-se","e-entristeceu-se","entristecerá","entristeceu-se","entristeçais","entristeçais-vos"]·RU["и-огорчились","и-огорчённую","и-опечалился","опечален","опечалился","печальтесь"]·ES["os-entristezcáis","os-entristeécáis","se-entristece","se-entristeció","se-entristezca","y-le-dolió","y-se-afligieron","y-triste-de"]·SW["alihuzunika","amehuzunika","anahuzunika","huzunike","kusikitika","na-akahuzunika","na-mwenye-huzuni-ya-","wakapata"]·TR["kederlendi","kederlenmeyin","ve-kederlendiler","ve-uzgun-","ve-üzüldü","üzgündü","üzulsun","üzülün"]·urd["اور-غمگین","اور-غمگین-ہوئے","اور-غمگین-ہوا","غمگین-تھا","غمگین-ہو","غمگین-ہے","وہ-غمگین-ہو"]
2. grieve, vex, cause pain — Causative grief or vexation: the subject causes pain or sorrow to another. David's father 'had not pained him' (1 Kgs 1:6), Jabez prays that evil not 'grieve me' (1 Chr 4:10), and Israel 'grieved his Holy Spirit' (Isa 63:10). Spanish 'contristar' and 'entristecer' confirm the emotional-causative reading, while English renders it variously as 'grieved' or 'rebuked.' 4×
AR["أَحْزَنُوهُ","وَ-أَحْزَنُوا","يؤلِمُني","يُغْضِبْهُ"]·ben["-এবং-দুঃখ-দিল","আমার-ব্যথা","তারা-তাঁকে-দুঃখিত-করেছিল","দুঃখ-দিলেন"]·DE["[ועצבו]","[עצבי]","rebuked-ihn","sie-grieved-ihn"]·EN["and-grieved","grieve-me","rebuked-him","they-grieved-him"]·FR["[ועצבו]","[עצבי]","attrister","rebuked-lui"]·heb["ו-עיצבו","יעציבוהו","עיצבו","עצבי"]·HI["और-दुखी-किया","डांटा-था","दुःखी-किया-उसे","दुख-मेरे"]·ID["dan-menyedihkan","menegurnya","menyusahkan-Nya","menyusahkan-aku"]·IT["[עצבי]","addoloro'","e-addolorare","rimproverò-lui"]·jav["lan-nyedhihaken","naté-marang-piyambakipun","nyusahaken-kula","tiyang-tiyang-nyusahaken-Panjenengan"]·KO["고통-나를","귬롭게-하였는가-그-를","그리고-슬프게-했다","꾸짖었다-그를"]·PT["e-entristeceram","me-entristecer","o-entristeceram","repreendia-o"]·RU["и-огорчили","огорчал-его","огорчали-Его","огорчить-меня"]·ES["afligirme","lo-contristó","lo-entristecieron","y-contristaron"]·SW["baba-yake","na-wakamhuzunisha","nikaumia","walimhuzunisha"]·TR["acımı","azarladı-onu","ve-kederlendirdiler","üzdoler"]·urd["اور-غمگین-کیا","رنجیدہ-کیا-اُسے","غمگین-کیا","میں-درد-میرے"]
3. twist, distort, wrest — To twist, distort, or wrest — a semantically distinct Piel usage applied to words rather than emotions. In Ps 56:5 the enemies 'twist' David's words. Spanish 'tuercen' (they twist) aligns with this concrete, non-emotional sense of distortion, separating it clearly from the grief senses. 1×
AR["يُحَرِّفونَ"]·ben["তারা-বিকৃত-করে"]·DE["sie-twist"]·EN["they-twist"]·FR["attrister"]·heb["יעצבו"]·HI["तोड़ते-हैं"]·IT["addoloro'"]·jav["Panjenenganipun"]·KO["압그래도다"]·PT["torcem"]·RU["искажают"]·ES["tuercen"]·SW["wanayapotosha"]·TR["çarpıtıyorlar"]·urd["بِگاڑتے"]
4. be hurt, be injured — To be physically hurt or injured, distinct from emotional sorrow. In Eccl 10:9 the one who splits stones 'will be hurt' by them. Spanish 'se lastimará' (will be injured) confirms bodily harm rather than grief, marking this as the sole physical-pain sense of the root. 1×
AR["يِيعَصِيب"]·ben["আঘাত-পাবে"]·DE["[יעצב]"]·EN["will-be-hurt"]·FR["יעצב"]·heb["ייעצב"]·HI["घायल-होगा"]·ID["disakiti"]·IT["will-essere-hurt"]·jav["dipunsakiti"]·KO["다칠-것이다"]·PT["será-ferido"]·RU["будет-ранен"]·ES["se-lastimará"]·SW["atajeruhiwa"]·TR["incinir"]·urd["زخمی-ہو-گا"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H???? 1. (4670×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)H7200 1. Qal: to see, perceive (1257×)G4771 2. you (singular address) (1077×)H8085 1. Qal: hear, perceive aurally (921×)H0859a 1. you (2nd person masculine singular pronoun) (743×)H0398 1. eat (consume food) (697×)H4191 1. die (Qal: natural/general death) (645×)G4160 1. do, act, perform (473×)G3708 1. see, perceive visually (419×)H5221 1. Hifil: to strike in battle, smite enemies (362×)G0191 1. hear, perceive sound (360×)H???? 3. (352×)H1818 1. blood (physical substance) (327×)G3708 2. behold, look (exclamatory) (256×)H7272 1. foot (body part) (236×)H0899b 1. garment, article of clothing (216×)H8354 1. drink, consume liquid (209×)H1320 1. body, physical being (207×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. [עָצַב] vb. hurt, pain, grieve (NH Nithp. and in deriv.; 𝔗 עֲצַב be in pain (rare); Ethiopic ዐጸበ: be hard, difficult; LagBN 50, cf. 201 cp. Arabic غَضِبَ be angry, but dub.);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. עֲצָבוֹ 1 K 1:6 his father had not pained him (𝔊 Klo Gr עֲצָרוֹ, but v. Benz); ins. עָצַב (with other words) 2 S 13:21 𝔊 Ew Th We Kit Bu HPS; Inf. cstr. sf. לְבִלְתִּי עָצְבִּי 1 Ch 4:10 that it…