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ὁράω G3708
I  |  683× in 5 senses
To see, perceive visually; as interjection 'behold!'; in passive, to appear or become visible; by extension, to perceive mentally.
Horao is the foundational Greek verb of sight, and in the New Testament it carries far more weight than simple visual perception. Its aorist participle idon ('having seen') drives narrative after narrative — the magi 'saw' the star (Matt 2:10), Jesus 'saw' the crowds (Matt 5:1), and Thomas finally 'saw' the risen Lord (John 20:29). But perhaps its most distinctive New Testament contribution is the exclamatory form idou ('behold!'), which appears over 250 times as a dramatic spotlight, calling the reader's attention to angelic announcements, prophetic visions, and divine interventions. The passive ōphthe ('he appeared') becomes the standard vocabulary for resurrection and theophany — Christ 'appeared' to Peter, to the twelve, to five hundred (1 Cor 15:5-8). The multilingual evidence is revealing: Spanish splits between ver ('see'), he aqui ('behold'), and aparecer ('appear'), while Korean distinguishes 보다 (visual seeing), 보라 (exclamatory), and 나타나다 (appearing), confirming these as genuinely distinct senses rather than contextual shadings.
1. see, perceive visually To see with the eyes, the basic act of visual perception — 419 occurrences spanning every narrative context in the New Testament. The magi 'saw' the star and rejoiced (Matt 2:10), Jesus 'saw' the crowds and went up the mountain (Matt 5:1), the disciples 'saw' Jesus walking on the sea (Matt 14:26). The aorist participle idon ('having seen') is especially common as a narrative transition device, often translated 'when he saw.' Spanish ver, German sehen, French voir, Korean 보다, and Arabic ra'a all converge on straightforward visual perception. This sense includes both physical sight and the emphatic 'seeing' of witnesses — as in 'we have seen his glory' (John 1:14) — where the visual act carries evidentiary weight. 419×
BODY_HEALTH Sensory Events and States Seeing and Perceiving
AR["إِذْ-رَأى","إِذْ-رَأَوا","إِذْ-رَأَيتُم","رَآها","رَأَوا","رَأَوْا","رَأَوْهُ","رَأَى","فَ-لَمَّا-رَأَوْا","فَ-لَمَّا-رَأَى","لَمَّا-رَأَى","وَ-لَمَّا-رَأَى"]·ben["দেখে"]·DE["siehe"]·EN["Having-seen","having-seen"]·FR["voir"]·heb["כְּשֶׁרָאָה","כְּשֶׁרָאוּ","כַּ-רָאָה","כַּ-רָאוּ","רָאָה","רָאוּ","רוֹאִים"]·HI["देखकर"]·ID["Melihat","melihat"]·IT["vedere"]·jav["Sareng-mirsani","Sasampunipun-mirsani","Sumerep","mirsani","ningali","sasampunipun-mirsani","sasampunipun-mirsani,","sumerep"]·KO["보고","보고도","보시고"]·PT["Tendo-visto","Vendo","tendo-o-visto","tendo-visto","vendo","vendo,"]·RU["Увидев","увидев","увидев,"]·ES["Habiendo-visto","habiendo-visto","viendo"]·SW["-","Akiona","akimwona","akiona","baadaye","lakini","mtini","wakimwona","wakiona","wakiona,","walipomwona"]·TR["Görünce","görerek","görünce","görüp"]·urd["دیکھ-کر"]
▼ 4 more senses below

Senses
2. behold, look (exclamatory) The exclamatory interjection idou, meaning 'behold!' or 'look!' — 256 occurrences making this one of the New Testament's most frequent discourse markers. Derived from the aorist imperative of horao, it functions not as a true command to look but as a rhetorical spotlight: 'Behold, a virgin shall conceive' (Matt 1:23), 'behold, the star went before them' (Matt 2:9), 'behold, I am with you always' (Matt 28:20). Spanish he aqui, German siehe, Korean 보라/보아라, and Arabic ha/huwadha all use dedicated exclamatory particles rather than ordinary 'see' verbs, confirming that idou has grammaticalized into a discourse function distinct from visual perception. Matthew and Luke-Acts use it most heavily, often to introduce angelic speech or divine revelation. 256×
BODY_HEALTH Sensory Events and States Seeing and Perceiving
AR["إِذَا","ها-هُوَذا","هَا"]·ben["দেখ","দেখ,"]·DE["siehe"]·EN["Behold","behold"]·FR["voir"]·heb["הִנֵּה"]·HI["देखो"]·ID["Lihatlah,","lihatlah","lihatlah,"]·IT["vedere"]·jav["Mangga,","lah","lah,","mangga,"]·KO["보라"]·PT["Eis","eis"]·RU["Вот","вот"]·ES["He-aquí","he-aquí","he‒aquí"]·SW["Tazama","tazama","tazama,"]·TR["işte","İşte"]·urd["دیکھو"]
3. appear, become visible The passive sense: to appear, become visible, be seen — 4 occurrences of particular theological density. Moses and Elijah 'appeared' at the Transfiguration (Luke 9:31), tongues of fire 'appeared' at Pentecost (Acts 2:3), and the angel who 'appeared' to Moses in the bush reappears in Stephen's speech (Acts 7:35). This is the vocabulary of theophany and divine manifestation, and the passive voice signals that the appearing is initiated by the one who appears, not by the viewer. Spanish aparecido, Korean 나타나다, and Arabic zahara all select dedicated 'manifest/appear' vocabulary, clearly distinct from active seeing.
BODY_HEALTH Sensory Events and States Seeing and Perceiving
AR["الظَّاهِرُ","ظاهِرَيْنِ","ظَاهِرٍ","ظَهَرَتْ"]·ben["দেখা-দিয়ে","দেখা-দিয়েছিলেন","দেখা-দিল","দেখা-দেওয়া"]·DE["siehe"]·EN["appeared","having-appeared"]·FR["voir"]·heb["נִרְאָה","נִרְאוּ","שֶׁנִּרְאָה"]·HI["दिखीं","दिखे","प्रकट-हुआ","प्रकट-हुए"]·ID["menampakkan-diri","tampak","yang-menampakkan-diri"]·IT["vedere"]·jav["ingkang-katingal","katingal","ngatingal"]·KO["나타나서","나타난","나타났다"]·PT["aparecendo","apareceram","aparecido","que-apareceu"]·RU["явившегося","явившийся","явившись","явились"]·ES["aparecido","apareciendo","fueron-vistas","habiendo-aparecido"]·SW["aliyekuonekana","wakionekana","yeye","zilionekana"]·TR["göründü","görünen","görünerek"]·urd["دکھائی-دئے","دکھائی-دیا","دکھائی-دیں"]
4. perceive, understand To perceive mentally, to understand or grasp with the mind rather than the eyes — 3 occurrences, all in the solemn Isaiah 6:9-10 citation chain. 'Seeing you will see and not perceive' (Matt 13:14; Mark 4:12; Acts 28:26) uses horao in deliberate contrast with physical sight to denote spiritual comprehension. Spanish percibir, German wahrnehmen, and Korean 깨닫다 ('realize, comprehend') all shift from visual to cognitive vocabulary. This judicial-hardening context — seeing without understanding — makes the cognitive sense theologically charged: the failure to 'see' is a failure of spiritual perception, not of eyesight.
BODY_HEALTH Sensory Events and States Seeing and Perceiving
AR["تَرَوا","يُبْصِروا"]·ben["দেখতে-পারে;","দেখবে","দেখিবে"]·DE["sehen","siehe"]·EN["perceive","will-you-perceive"]·FR["voir"]·heb["יִרְאוּ","תֵּדְעוּ"]·HI["और","देखोगे","देखोगे।"]·ID["melihat.","melihat;","memahami"]·IT["vedere"]·jav["ningali.","pirsa;","sumerep,"]·KO["보지-못하리라","알아보지","알지-못할-것이다"]·PT["percebam;","percebereis","percebereis."]·RU["увидели","увидите.","уразумеете"]·ES["perciban","percibiréis"]·SW["kutambua","mtaona","waone;"]·TR["göreceksiniz","görsünler;"]·urd["دیکھو-گے","سمجھیں","سوجھے"]
5. sense 5 A single occurrence at John 19:37 citing Zechariah 12:10: 'They will look on him whom they have pierced.' The verb opsontai ('they will look') carries the weight of prophetic gazing — not casual seeing but intense, penitential looking at the crucified Messiah. Spanish mirar ('to gaze, look intently') and German sehen-auf ('look upon') both select more focused, directional vocabulary than simple 'see.' This may represent a distinct 'gaze upon' or 'fix one's eyes on' sense, where the looking carries emotional and spiritual gravity beyond either basic perception or the exclamatory idou.
BODY_HEALTH Sensory Events and States Seeing and Perceiving
AR["يَنْظُرُونَ"]·ben["দেখবে"]·DE["sehen"]·EN["they-will-look"]·FR["voir"]·heb["יַבִּיטוּ"]·HI["वे-देखेंगे"]·ID["Mereka-akan-melihat"]·IT["vedere"]·jav["Badhé-mirsani"]·KO["볼-것이다"]·PT["Verão"]·RU["Увидят"]·ES["Mirarán"]·SW["Watamtazama"]·TR["Bakacaklar"]·urd["دیکھیں گے"]

Related Senses
H7200 1. Qal: to see, perceive (1257×)G4771 2. you (singular address) (1077×)H8085 1. Qal: hear, perceive aurally (921×)H0859a 1. you (2nd person masculine singular pronoun) (743×)H0398 1. eat (consume food) (697×)H4191 1. die (Qal: natural/general death) (645×)G0191 1. hear, perceive sound (360×)H???? 3. (352×)H1818 1. blood (physical substance) (327×)H7272 1. foot (body part) (236×)H8354 1. drink, consume liquid (209×)H1320 1. body, physical being (207×)H3205 1. Qal active: bear/give birth (female subject) (204×)H3205 2. Qal active: beget/father (male subject) (198×)H2421 1. Qal: live, be alive (177×)H8085 2. Qal: listen, heed, pay attention (172×)G4561 1. flesh, physical body (150×)H2416a 1. alive, living (state/attribute) (146×)H2416e 1. life, lifespan, lifetime (145×)G4983 1. body (physical) (142×)

BDB / Lexicon Reference
ὁράω, contraction ὁρῶ even in Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect ὁρόω Refs, etc.; Aeolic dialect ὄρημι (which see); Ionic dialect ὁρέω Refs 5th c.BC+, 2nd pers. singular ὁρῇς Refs 3rd c.BC+, 3rd.pers. singular ὁρῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive ὁρῆν Refs 5th c.BC+ (but 2nd pers. singular ὁρᾷς Refs 7th c.BC+, 3rd.pers. singular ὁρᾷ Refs 7th c.BC+; 1st pers. plural ὁρῶμεν Refs; 3rd.pers. plural ὁρῶσι (ἐπ-)