Pain and Suffering

† מַכְאוֹב n.m. ψ 32:10 pain;—מ׳ abs. Ec 1:18 + 2 times; cstr. ψ 69:27; sf. מַכְאוֹבִי (מַכְאֹבִי) ψ 38:18 + 3 times, etc.; pl. מַכְאוֹבִים ψ 32:10 Ec 2:23; מַכְאֹבוֹת Is 53:3; sf. מַכְאֹבָיו Ex 3:7; מַכְאֹבֵינוּ Is 53:4;— 1. pain, physical, Ex 3:7 (‖ עֳנִי; cf. מִפְּנֵי נֹגְשָׂיו in context); 2 Ch 6:29 (‖ נֶגַע); Jb 33:19. 2. of mental pain, ψ 32:10 (of troubles of wicked), of Babylon Je 51:8; ψ 38:18; 69:27 (as result of sin; of י׳’s servant); in י׳’s word to Baruch Je 45:3 (‖ יָגוֹן, אֲנָחָה), cf. of Israel in distress Je 30:15 (‖ שֵׁבֶר), of Jerus. La 1:12(×2), 18, Ec 1:18 (יוֹסִיף דַּעַת יוֹסִיף מַכ׳); 2:23 (‖ כַּעַם עִנְיָנוֹ); partic. of suffering servant of י׳ Is 53:3, 4 (both ‖ חֳלִי).

† I. [עָצַב] vb. hurt, pain, grieve (NH Nithp. and in deriv.; 𝔗 עֲצַב be in pain (rare); Ethiopic ዐጸበ: be hard, difficult; LagBN 50, cf. 201 cp. Arabic غَضِبَ be angry, but dub.);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. עֲצָבוֹ 1 K 1:6 his father had not pained him (𝔊 Klo Gr עֲצָרוֹ, but v. Benz); ins. עָצַב (with other words) 2 S 13:21 𝔊 Ew Th We Kit Bu HPS; Inf. cstr. sf. לְבִלְתִּי עָצְבִּי 1 Ch 4:10 that it (רָעָה) may not pain me; Pt. pass. cstr. עֲצוּבַת רוּחַ Is 54:6 hurt in spirit (of Zion under fig. of deserted wife). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נֶעְצַב 1 S 20:34 be pained for (אֶל pers.; del. 𝔊 HPS); נֶעֱצַב 2 S 19:3 the king is in pain (is grieving) for (עַל pers.); Impf. 3 ms. יֵעָצֵב 1 S 20:3 lest he be pained; + בָּהֶם instr. Ec 10:9 shall be hurt by them (i.e. אֲבָנִים; only here of physical pain); 2 mpl. תֵּעָֽצְבוּ Gn 45:5 be not grieved (+ יִחַר; sq. כִּי that ye sold me), cf. Ne 8:10, 11 (abs.) do not grieve. Pi. Pf. 3 pl. עִצְּבוּ c. acc. Is 63:10 they vexed his holy spirit (+ מָרוּ); Impf. 3 mpl. דְּבָרַי יְעַצֵּ֑בוּ ψ 56:6 my affairs they vex (Thes al.), but improb., בְּדָבָר יְע׳ with speech they vex (me). Hiph. Impf. 3 mpl. sf. יַעֲצִיבוּהוּ ψ 78:40 they used to cause him [י׳] pain. Hithp. Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּתְעַצֵּב אֶל־לִבּוֹ Gn 6:6 and he was vexed to his heart (of י׳; ‖ וַיִּנָּחֶם); 3 mpl. וַיִּתְעַצְּבוּ Gn 34:7 (+ וַיִּחַר, sq. clause with כִּי).

† I. מָרַר vb. be bitter (NH id.; Assyrian marâru and deriv. DlHWB 427; Arabic مُرَّ become roused (of bile), ii. make bitter, iv. become bitter; مُرٌّ bitter; Ethiopic መረረ; Aramaic ܡܰܪ, מְרַר);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. מַר Is 38:17 + 2 times; 3 fs. מָ֫רָה 1 S 30:6 2 K 4:27; Impf. 3 ms. יֵמַר Is 24:9;—be bitter: 1. lit. יֵמַר שֵׁכָר לְשֹׁתָיו Is 24:9. 2. fig. מָ֫רָה נֶפֶשׁ 1 S 30:6 the soul of all the people was bitter against (עַל־); נַפְשָׁהּ מָ֫רָה־לָהּ 2 K 4:27 her soul, it is bitter to her (i.e. she is in bitter distress); impers. מַר־לִי מְאֹד מִכֶּם Ru 1:13 it is very bitter to me on your account (I am much distressed), cf. La 1:4.—לְשָׁלוֹם מַר־לִי מָ֑ר Is 38:17 is dub.; Che Comm. for (my) welfare was it (so) bitter to me, (so) bitter, cf. Brd; so De Kau (treating מר appar. as adj.); for my welfare did the bitter become bitter to me (מָ֑ר adj.); Lo Gr, cf. Buhl (sub מַר adj.), read מָר for מַר (√ מור), the bitter is changed for me into welfare; CheHpt. del. מָ֑ר; Du (after 𝔊) del. cl. as gloss. Pi. Impf. i s. אֲמָרֵר Is 22:4; 3 mpl. וַיְמָֽרֲרוּ Ex 1:14, sf. וַיְמָֽרֲרֻהוּ Gn 49:23;—make bitter, shew bitterness:— 1. וַיְמ׳ Gn 49:23 (poem) and the arches shewed bitterness (i.e. bitter hostility) toward him (sf. of indir. obj.); אֲמָרֵר בַּבֶּ֑כִי Is 22:4 I will shew bitterness in weeping (=weep bitterly). 2. וַיְמ׳ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶם Ex 1:14 (P) and they made their lives bitter by slavery. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֵמַר Ru 1:20 Jb 27:2; Impf. 2 ms. תַּמֵּר Ex 23:21 (but read תֶּ֫מֶר √ מרה Hiph. q.v.); Inf. abs. הָמֵר Zc 12:10(×2);—make bitter, shew bitterness: 1. שַׁדַּי הֵמַר נַפְשִׁי Jb 27:2 Shadday, who hath embittered my soul; הֵמַר שַׁדַּי לִי מְאֹד Ru 1:20. 2. וְהָמֵר עָלָיו כְּהָמֵר עַל־הַבְּכוֹר Zc 12:10(×2) and a bitter outcry (=lit. shewing bitterness; ‖ מִסְפֵּד, סָפַד) over him, like a bitter outcry over the first-born. Hithpalp. Impf. וְיִתְמַרְמַר Dn 11:11 and the king of the south shall embitter himself (be enraged); וַיִּתְמ׳ אֶל־ 8:7 and he was enraged against.

† חֵ֫בֶל n.m. Is 66:7 (but v. Je 49:24) pain, pang;—ח׳ abs. Is 66:7; elsewhere pl. חֲבָלִים Is 13:8 + 3 times + Jb 21:17 v. infr.; cstr. חֶבְלֵי Ho 13:13; sf. חֲבָלֶיהָ Is 26:17; חֶבְלֵיהֶם Jb 39:3 (on sf. v. Ges§ 135, 5, R 1);—pain, pang: 1. pains of travail: a. obj. of תְּשַׁלַּחְנָה Jb 39:3 meton. for offspring (‖ יַלְדֵיהֶן; v. Di; of goats and hinds). b. sim. of distress of exiles Is 26:17; fig. of anguish of nations צִירִים וַחֲבָלִים יֹאחֵזוּן Is 13:8 (‖ כַּיּוֹלֵדָה יְחִילוּן), also Je 13:21; 22:23; 49:24; of crisis of redemption Ho 13:13 (‖ חֶבְלֵי יוֹלֵדָה), of birth of new Isr. Is 66:7. 2. of other than birth-pangs only חבלים Jb 21:17; pains, pangs, sorrows (so 𝔊 𝔙 Thes,—otherwise Add.—RobGes Hi Da al.; ‖ נֵר יִדְעָ֑ךְ, יָבֹא אֵידָם); > others, portion, fortune, v. חֶ֫בֶל" dir="rtl" >חֶבֶל.

† כָּאַב vb. be in pain (Aramaic כְּאֵב, ܟܶܐܒ id.; Arabic كَىِٔبَ be sorrowful, sad; Assyrian in deriv., ikkibu, pain ZimBP 67, kêbtu, ruin Hpt in KAT2 Gloss. i.)— Qal Impf. יִכְאָב־ Pr 14:13; יִכְאָ֑ב Jb 14:22; Pt. כּוֹאֵב ψ 69:30; כֹּאֲבִים Gn 34:25;— 1. be in pain, physical Gn 34:25 (J, as result of circumcision); Jb 14;22 (subj. בָּשָׂר; poet. of body in grave ‖ נַפְשׁוֹ תֶּאֱבָ֑ל). 2. of mental pain Pr 14:13 (subj. לֵב); prob. also ψ 69:30 (‖ עָנִי). Hiph. Pf. 1 s. sf. הִכְאַבְתִּיו Ez 13:22; 2 fpl. הִכְאַבְתֶּן v 22 𝔊 𝔗 Co (MT הַכְאוֹת v. כָּאָה); Impf. יַכְאִיב Jb 5:18; תַּכְאִ֫בוּ 2 K 3:19; Pt. מַכְאִב Ez 28:24;—pain, mar; 1. of enemies of Isr. under fig. of thorn causing pain (no object expr.) קוֹץ מַכ׳ Ez 28:24 (‖ סִלּוֹן מַמְאִיר); of שַׁדַּי, no obj. expr., Jb 5:18 (opp. חָבַשׁ, ‖ מָחַץ). 2. of mental pain, obj. לֵב, Ez 13:22 (subj. false prophetesses, v. supr.); cf. v 22 (subj. י׳). 3. (si vera l.) of marring good land with stones 2 K 3:19, 𝔊 ἀχρειώσετε (Klo תְּאַבְּדוּ).

† חִיל n.m. Ex 15:14 a writhing, anguish;—ח׳ abs. Ex 15:14 + 5 times— 1. writhing (contortions of fear) Ex 15:14 (‖ vb. רָגַז). 2. anguish, always in sim. כַּיּוֹלֵדָה ψ 48:7 (allied kings against Jerus.); Zion, before Assyrians Mi 4:9; before Scythians or Chaldeans Je 6:24 (‖ צָרָה), = 50:43 (of king of Babylon; ‖ צָרָה); 22:23 (‖ חבלים q.v.)

† כְּאֵב n.m. Jb 2:13 pain;—כ׳ abs. Jb 2:13 Is 17:11; cstr. 65:14; sf. כְּאֵבִי Jb 16:6 + 2 times;—pain, mental and physical Jb 2:13; 16:6 perhaps also ψ 39:3; כּ׳ אָנוּשׁ (in disappointment and disaster) Is 17:11 (‖ נַחֲלָה from חָלָה; mental, כּ׳־לֵב Is 65:14 (‖ שֵׁבֶר רוּחַ) so Je 15:18 (‖ מַכָּה fig.)

† I. עֶ֫צֶב n.[m.] pain, hurt, toil;— 1. ע׳ pain Gn 3:16 (of travail), Pr 10:22. 2. hurt (of mind), דְּבַר־ע׳ Pr 15:1 a word that hurts (opp. מַעֲנֶה־רַךְ). 3. toil Pr 14:23; pl. לֶחֶם הָעֲצָבִים ψ 127:2 bread of (gained by) toils; sf. עֲצָבֶיךָ Pr 5:10.

† IV. [צִיר] n.[m.] pang (proposes writhing);—pl. צִירִים Is 13:8; 21:3; cstr. צִירֵי 21:3; sf. צִירַי Dn 10:16, צִרֶיהָ 1 S 4:19;—pangs of childbirth 1 S 4:19, so (sim.) Is 21:3; and, of terror, 13:8 (+ חֲבָלִים), 21:3; in gen., of physical effects of mental distress Dn 10:16.

πόνος, ὁ, (πένομαι) work, especially hard work, toil, in Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly of the toil of war, μάχης π. the toil of battle, Refs 8th c.BC+; πόνος alone, ={μάχη},Refs 8th c.BC+; πόνον ἔχειν, ={μάχεσθαι}, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν τούτῳ τῷ π. ὁ πολέμαρχος διαφθείρεται in this struggle (at Marathon), Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 generally, toil, labour, ἐπεὶ παύσαντο πόνου Refs 8th c.BC+; π. ὀρνίθεσσι τιθείη cause toil to them, Refs 8th c.BC+; π. λαβόντας incurring toil, Refs 5th c.BC+; μάταιος π. labour in vain, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔχει πόνον πολύν involves much trouble, Refs 5th c.BC+ when the tackle labours in the sea, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 of special kinds of labour, bodily exertion, exercise, στρατιωτικοὶ π. Refs 5th c.BC+; of exertions in the games, Refs 8th c.BC+, etc.; γυμνάσια.., νεανιᾶν (probably) πόνον the scene of youthful labours, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 work, task, business, ἐπεὶ π. ἄλλος ἔπειγεν Refs 8th c.BC+; enterprise, undertaking, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 implements for labour, stock-in-trade, οὗτος τοῖς ἁλιεῦσιν ὁ πᾶς πόνος Refs 3rd c.BC+; καὶ πόνος ἐντὶ θάλασσα the sea is their workshop, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II stress, trouble, distress, suffering, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν τούτῳ τῷ π., of a storm, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ Μηδικὸς [π.] the trouble from the Medes, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: in plural, sufferings, Refs 4th c.BC+; πόνους πονεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; also of disease, κατέβαινεν ἐς τὰ στήθη ὁ π. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 pain, especially physical, δύο π. ἅμα γενομένων, μὴ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, ὁ σφοδρότερος ἀμαυροῖ τὸν ἕτερον LXX+5th c.BC+; distinguished from λύπη (pain in general), Refs 3rd c.AD+; but sometimes ={λύπη}, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III anything produced by work, a work, μελισσᾶν τρητὸς π., of honey, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ ἐμὸς ὠδίνων π., of a child, Refs; so, πόνον ὀρταλίχων ὀλέσαντες, i.e. the nestlings, Refs 4th c.BC+; τοὺς ἡμετέρους π. the fruits of our labour, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV Πόνος personified as son of Eris, Refs 8th c.BC+

Included with: ὠδίς (Refs, ῖνος, ἡ: Epic dialect dative plural ὠδίνεσσι Refs 3rd c.BC+: later nominative ὠδίν LXX+NT:— mostly in plural, pangs or throes of childbirth, πικρὰς ὠδῖνας ἔχουσαι Refs 8th c.BC+; τέκε.. ἐν μόναις ὠδῖσιν.. διδύμων σθένος υἱῶν at a single birth, Refs 5th c.BC+: also in singular, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in singular also, that which is born amid throes, child, παῖδα, φιλτάτην ἐμοὶ ὠδῖνα Refs 5th c.BC+; θαλλὸν ἱερὸν ἐλαίας, Λατοῦς ὠδῖνα (perhaps ὠδῖνι) φίλαν Refs; ἄπτερον ὠδῖνα τέκνων, of young birds, Refs: plural, children, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ὀρταλίχων ἁπαλὴ ὠδίς, of eggs, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὠ. Θαλάσσας, of Aphrodite, Refs; ὠδὶς μελίσσης, of honey, Refs 4th c.AD+ __II metaphorically, travail, anguish, Refs 4th c.BC+: also in plural, of love, ἐμοὶ πικρὰς ὠδῖνας αὑτοῦ προσβαλὼν ἀποίχεται NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 fruit of the mind's travail, τῆς ἐμῆς ὠ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3 ὠδῖνες θανάτου, ᾅδου, the bonds of death, LXX (due to confusion of Heb. [hudot]ēbel 'pang' with [hudot]èbel 'cord'),compare NT

† חַלְחָלָה n.f. anguish, מָֽלְאוּ מָתְנַי ח׳ Is 21:3, ח׳ בכל מתנים Na 2:11; Ez 30:4, 9 (‖ החריד).

κᾰκοπαθ-έω, future -παθήσομαιRefs 1st c.AD+: perfect κεκακοπάθηκα Refs 4th c.BC+:—to be in ill plight, be in distress, Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλὰ κ. Refs 3rd c.BC+; τινι by or from a thing, τοῦ Χωρίου τῇ ἀπορίᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+; of sickness, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. σώματι suffer in body, Refs 5th c.BC+; of plants or trees, Refs 4th c.BC+

† I. עֹ֫צֶב n.[m.] pain;—ע׳ 1 Ch 4:9 (cf. travail); דֶּרֶךְ־ע׳ ψ 139:24 hurtful way (of any wicked habit; > 𝔗 Thes way of idolatry; ii. עֹצֶב); sf. עָצְבְּךָ Is 14:3 of the pain of exile.

† עִצָּבוֹן n.[m.] pain, toil;—ע׳ abs. Gn 3:17 toil; cstr. עִצְּבוֹן יָדֵינוּ 5:29 (both of agriculture); sf. עִצְ��בוֹנֵךְ 3:16 (of travail; all J).

ὀδῠν-η, ἡ, pain of body, ὀδύνῃσι κακῇσι τειρόμενος Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀδύναι δῦνον μένος ἈτρείδαοRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 pain of mind, grief, distress, once in Refs 8th c.BC+ grief for him, Refs 8th c.BC+ always in plural, ὀδύνας τε γόους τε κάλλιπεν Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to φιλότητες, Refs 5th c.BC+: but the singularalso occurs, ἐξ ὀλίγης ὀ. μέγα γίνεται ἄλγος Refs 6th c.BC+; γλώσσας ὀ. pain caused by the tongue, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῖς νενικημένοις ὀδύνη,=Latin vae victis! Refs 8th c.BC+

ἄλῡπ-ος, ον, without pain, frequently in Trag. (not Refs 5th c.BC+ without pains of age, Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ότατοςRefsadverb ἀλύπως, ζῆν, διατελεῖν live free from pain and sorrow, Refs 4th c.BC+: superlative ἀλυπόταταRefs 5th c.BC+ __II active, causing no pain or grief, Refs 5th c.BC+harmless, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄ. ἄνθος ἀνίας setting free from the pain of sorrow of wine, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλυπότατος κλιντήρ, of a hospice, Refs; σωλῆνες -ότατοι μετὰ ἁλῶν cause least pain, i.e. are least indigestible, Refs 1st c.AD+adverb ἀλύπως, τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῆν live without offence to others, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III ἄλυπον, τό, herb terrible, Globularia Alypum, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἀπαλγ-έω, put away sorrow for, τὰ ἴδιαRefs 5th c.BC+ __II generally, to be despondent, ἀ. ταῖς ἐλπίσινNT+2nd c.BC+

κατα-νύσσω, stab, gouge, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—elsewhere in passive, with future -νῠγήσομαι LXX: aorist -ενύγην [ῠ] (see. below); to be sorely pricked, metaphorically, LXX: hence, to be bewildered, stunned, LXX, +others; keep silence, LXX

προπάσχω, suffer first or beforehand, Refs 5th c.BC+; τι Refs 5th c.BC+; to be ill-treated before, ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν Refs 5th c.BC+: generally, to be previously affected or modified, Refs 1st c.AD+

τᾰλαιπωρ-έω, perfect τεταλαιπώρηκα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, with future middle -ήσομαιRefs 1st c.AD+: aorist ἐταλαιπωρήθην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect τεταλαιπώρημαι Refs 2nd c.AD+:—do hard work, endure hardship or distress, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἑωυτοῖσι for their own benefit, Refs 5th c.BC+: with dative, suffer by reason of, ἐλπίσι κεναῖς Polystr.p.31 W. __II rarely transitive, distress, trouble, ὁ πόλεμος πάντας τρόπους τεταλαιπώρηκεν ἡμᾶς Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀνδρὸς.. ὑμᾶς μηδ᾽ ὅσον προπέμψαι ποι αὐτὸν ἀπιόντα.. -ήσαντος who did not trouble you even to.., Refs:—frequently in passive, to be distressed, suffer hardship, Refs 5th c.BC+; τεταλαιπωρημένοι ὑπὸ τῆς νόσου worn out by.., Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ σῶμα ταλαιπωρούμενον being distressed, Refs 1st c.AD+

† חִילָה n.f. anguish, Jb 6:10.

† מַעֲצֵבָה n.f. place of pain (> simply pain);—לְמ׳ תִּשְׁכָּב֑וּן Is 50:11 in (constr. praegn.) a place of pain shall ye lie down.

† I. מַר adj. and subst. bitter, bitterness;—abs. מ׳ Pr 27:7 +, הַמַּר Hb 1:6, מָ֑ר ψ 64:4 +; cstr. מַר 1 S 22:2 +; f. מָרָה Gn 27:34 +, מָרָא Ru 1:20; cstr. מָרַת 1 S 1:10; mpl. מָרִים Ex 15:23 +; cstr. מָרֵי Ju 18:25 Pr 31:6;—bitter: 1. lit., of water Ex 15:23 (J); food Pr 27:7 (opp. מָתוֹק); wormwood (לַעֲנָה) Pr 5:4 (in sim. of end of harlot, cf. Ec 7:26 infr.); as subst. pl., of physical pain, result of curse לְמָרִים Nu 5:24, 27, whence מֵי הַמָּרִים v 18 (cf. Di) v 19, 23, 24; of harmful result of ruthless fighting 2 S 2:26; of wickdness Je 2:19; 4:18;=injurious, hurtful Is 5:20(×2) (opp. מָתוֹק). 2. fig., a. of cry (צְעָקָה, זְעָקָה) Gn 27:34 (J), Est 4:1; מִסְפֵּד מָ֑ר Ez 27:31 (del. Co); דָּבָר מָ֑ר ψ 64:4; as adv. (cry, weep) bitterly Ez 27:30 (מָרָה), Zp 1:14 Is 33:7 (both מַר). b. of feeling, temper, especially c. נֶפֶשׁ: אֲנָשִׁים מָרֵי נֶפֶשׁ Ju 18:25 men fierce (GFM acrid) of temper, so 2 S 17:8 (like a bear robbed of whelps); הַגּוֹי הַמַּר Hb 1:6 the fierce nation; מַר־נֶפֶשׁ=discontented 1 S 22:2; מָרֵי נֶפֶשׁ=the bitterly wretched Jb 3:20 Pr 31:6, so מָרַת נ׳ 1 S 1:10; cf. יוֹם מָ֑ר Am 8:10; as subst. abstr. מַר־נֶפֶשׁ bitterness of soul Is 38:15 Ez 27:31 (del. Co), Jb 7:11; 10:1=נפשׁ מָרָה 21:25; cf. מָרָא Ru 1:20 (name given to Naomi by herself); מַר־הַמָּוֶת 1 S 15:32 the bitterness of death; מַר־מִמָּוֶת Ec 7:26 (metaph. of harlot); in Ez 3:14 I went bitterly, del. מַר Co—Is 38:17 v. מָרַר" dir="rtl" >מרר.

† II. [תָּוָה] vb. Hiph. prob. pain, wound (fig.) (Aramaic ܬܘܳܐ (often), תְּוָ�� (rare) תְּהָא 𝔗J, all repent);—Pf. 3 pl. וּקְדוֹשׁ יִשׂ׳ הִתְווּ ψ 78:41 (‖ וַיְנַסּוּ) the Holy One of Isr. they pained (𝔊 παρώξυναν).