H6087a H6087a
To hurt, pain, or grieve; emotionally to be sorrowful, causatively to vex another, and physically to injure or twist.
A verb of deep feeling that covers the full arc from inner sorrow to outward harm. In its most common use it describes the grief God felt over humanity's wickedness (Gen 6:6) or the distress of those who witness injustice (Gen 34:7). The Piel and Hifil stems turn the pain outward — to grieve or provoke someone, as when Israel vexed the Holy Spirit (Isa 63:10). Spanish consistently renders the emotional senses with 'entristecer' (to sadden), while reserving 'lastimar' (to injure) for the physical sense in Eccl 10:9, confirming that Hebrew speakers distinguished emotional grief from bodily harm under one root.
Senses
1. be grieved, feel sorrow — Intransitive emotional grief: the subject experiences sorrow, distress, or deep displeasure. This is the dominant sense, seen in Nifal, Hitpael, and Qal passive participle forms. God 'was grieved in his heart' (Gen 6:6), Jonathan 'was grieved' for David (1 Sam 20:34), and Zion is called 'hurt in spirit' (Isa 54:6). Spanish 'entristecer' and French 'affliger' consistently mark this as emotional, not physical. 9×
AR["تَحْزَنوا", "تَحْزَنُوا", "حَزِنَ", "وَ-تَأَلَّمَ", "وَ-حَزِينَةِ", "يَحْزَنَ", "يَحْزَنُ"]·ben["-এবং-দুঃখিতা", "আর-দুঃখিত-হল", "এবং-দুঃখিত-হলেন", "তিনি-দুঃখিত-ছিলেন", "দুঃখ-করো", "দুঃখিত", "দুঃখিত-হও", "দুঃখিত-হবে"]·DE["[ועצובת]", "[תעצבו]", "er-sein-grieved", "er-war-grieved", "grieved", "seid-betrübt", "und-betrübt-waren", "und-es-bekümmerte-ihn"]·EN["and-grieved-of", "and-he-was-grieved", "and-were-grieved", "be-grieved", "grieved", "he-be-grieved", "he-was-grieved"]·FR["[ועצובת]", "[תעצבו]", "affligea", "et-il-était-affligea", "et-étaient-affligea", "il-fut-affligea", "il-être-affligea", "être-affligea"]·heb["ו-יתעצב", "ו-יתעצבו", "ו-עצובת", "ייעצב", "נעצב", "תעצבו"]·HI["उदास-हो", "और-दुख-हुआ", "और-दुखी", "और-दुखी-हुए", "दुखि-थ", "दुखि-हो", "दुखी-है", "दुखी-हो"]·ID["berdukacita", "bersedih", "dan-Ia-berduka-cita", "dan-bersedih-hatilah", "dan-yang-berduka", "dia-bersedih"]·IT["[תעצבו]", "e-addolorare", "e-egli-fu-grieved", "e-furono-grieved", "egli-era-si-addolorò", "egli-essere-si-addolorò", "essere-grieved", "si-addolorò"]·jav["lan-sedhih", "lan-susahing", "lan-tiyang-sami-sedhih", "sedhih", "susah"]·KO["그리고-슬퍼하는", "그리고-슬퍼했다", "그리고-슬프셨다", "근심하나이다", "슬퍼하지", "슬퍼할까", "슬퍼했다"]·PT["aflige-se", "e-aflita-de", "e-entristeceram-se", "e-entristeceu-se", "entristecerá", "entristeceu-se", "entristeçais", "entristeçais-vos"]·RU["и-огорчились", "и-огорчённую", "и-опечалился", "опечален", "опечалился", "печальтесь"]·ES["os-entristezcáis", "os-entristeécáis", "se-entristece", "se-entristeció", "se-entristezca", "y-le-dolió", "y-se-afligieron", "y-triste-de"]·SW["alihuzunika", "amehuzunika", "anahuzunika", "huzunike", "kusikitika", "na-akahuzunika", "na-mwenye-huzuni-ya-", "wakapata"]·TR["kederlendi", "kederlenmeyin", "ve-kederlendiler", "ve-uzgun-", "ve-üzüldü", "üzgündü", "üzulsun", "üzülün"]·urd["اور-غمگین", "اور-غمگین-ہوئے", "اور-غمگین-ہوا", "غمگین-تھا", "غمگین-ہو", "غمگین-ہے", "وہ-غمگین-ہو"]
2. grieve, vex, cause pain — Causative grief or vexation: the subject causes pain or sorrow to another. David's father 'had not pained him' (1 Kgs 1:6), Jabez prays that evil not 'grieve me' (1 Chr 4:10), and Israel 'grieved his Holy Spirit' (Isa 63:10). Spanish 'contristar' and 'entristecer' confirm the emotional-causative reading, while English renders it variously as 'grieved' or 'rebuked.' 4×
AR["أَحْزَنُوهُ", "وَ-أَحْزَنُوا", "يؤلِمُني", "يُغْضِبْهُ"]·ben["-এবং-দুঃখ-দিল", "আমার-ব্যথা", "তারা-তাঁকে-দুঃখিত-করেছিল", "দুঃখ-দিলেন"]·DE["[ועצבו]", "[עצבי]", "rebuked-ihn", "sie-grieved-ihn"]·EN["and-grieved", "grieve-me", "rebuked-him", "they-grieved-him"]·FR["[ועצבו]", "[עצבי]", "attrister", "rebuked-lui"]·heb["ו-עיצבו", "יעציבוהו", "עיצבו", "עצבי"]·HI["और-दुखी-किया", "डांटा-था", "दुःखी-किया-उसे", "दुख-मेरे"]·ID["dan-menyedihkan", "menegurnya", "menyusahkan-Nya", "menyusahkan-aku"]·IT["[עצבי]", "addoloro'", "e-addolorare", "rimproverò-lui"]·jav["lan-nyedhihaken", "naté-marang-piyambakipun", "nyusahaken-kula", "tiyang-tiyang-nyusahaken-Panjenengan"]·KO["고통-나를", "귬롭게-하였는가-그-를", "그리고-슬프게-했다", "꾸짖었다-그를"]·PT["e-entristeceram", "me-entristecer", "o-entristeceram", "repreendia-o"]·RU["и-огорчили", "огорчал-его", "огорчали-Его", "огорчить-меня"]·ES["afligirme", "lo-contristó", "lo-entristecieron", "y-contristaron"]·SW["baba-yake", "na-wakamhuzunisha", "nikaumia", "walimhuzunisha"]·TR["acımı", "azarladı-onu", "ve-kederlendirdiler", "üzdoler"]·urd["اور-غمگین-کیا", "رنجیدہ-کیا-اُسے", "غمگین-کیا", "میں-درد-میرے"]
3. twist, distort, wrest — To twist, distort, or wrest — a semantically distinct Piel usage applied to words rather than emotions. In Ps 56:5 the enemies 'twist' David's words. Spanish 'tuercen' (they twist) aligns with this concrete, non-emotional sense of distortion, separating it clearly from the grief senses. 1×
AR["يُحَرِّفونَ"]·ben["তারা-বিকৃত-করে"]·DE["sie-twist"]·EN["they-twist"]·FR["attrister"]·heb["יעצבו"]·HI["तोड़ते-हैं"]·IT["addoloro'"]·jav["Panjenenganipun"]·KO["압그래도다"]·PT["torcem"]·RU["искажают"]·ES["tuercen"]·SW["wanayapotosha"]·TR["çarpıtıyorlar"]·urd["بِگاڑتے"]
4. be hurt, be injured — To be physically hurt or injured, distinct from emotional sorrow. In Eccl 10:9 the one who splits stones 'will be hurt' by them. Spanish 'se lastimará' (will be injured) confirms bodily harm rather than grief, marking this as the sole physical-pain sense of the root. 1×
AR["يِيعَصِيب"]·ben["আঘাত-পাবে"]·DE["[יעצב]"]·EN["will-be-hurt"]·FR["יעצב"]·heb["ייעצב"]·HI["घायल-होगा"]·ID["disakiti"]·IT["will-essere-hurt"]·jav["dipunsakiti"]·KO["다칠-것이다"]·PT["será-ferido"]·RU["будет-ранен"]·ES["se-lastimará"]·SW["atajeruhiwa"]·TR["incinir"]·urd["زخمی-ہو-گا"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H???? 1. (4670×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)H7200 1. Qal: to see, perceive (1257×)G4771 2. you (singular address) (1077×)H8085 1. Qal: hear, perceive aurally (921×)H0859a 1. you (2nd person masculine singular pronoun) (743×)H0398 1. eat (consume food) (697×)H4191 1. die (Qal: natural/general death) (645×)G4160 1. do, act, perform (473×)G3708 1. see, perceive visually (419×)H5221 1. Hifil: to strike in battle, smite enemies (362×)G0191 1. hear, perceive sound (360×)H???? 3. (352×)G3708 2. behold, look (exclamatory) (256×)H7272 1. foot (body part) (236×)H0899b 1. garment, article of clothing (216×)H8354 1. drink, consume liquid (209×)H3205 1. Qal active: bear/give birth (female subject) (204×)H3205 2. Qal active: beget/father (male subject) (198×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. [עָצַב] vb. hurt, pain, grieve (NH Nithp. and in deriv.; 𝔗 עֲצַב be in pain (rare); Ethiopic ዐጸበ: be hard, difficult; LagBN 50, cf. 201 cp. Arabic غَضِبَ be angry, but dub.);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. עֲצָבוֹ 1 K 1:6 his father had not pained him (𝔊 Klo Gr עֲצָרוֹ, but v. Benz); ins. עָצַב (with other words) 2 S 13:21 𝔊 Ew Th We Kit Bu HPS; Inf. cstr. sf. לְבִלְתִּי עָצְבִּי 1 Ch 4:10 that it…