H6887d H6887d
To show hostility toward, harass; as participle: an adversary, foe, one who oppresses or distresses
A verb rooted in the Semitic concept of enmity and harm (cf. Arabic darra, Ethiopic tsarera), used both as a substantivized participle meaning 'adversary, foe' and as a finite verb meaning 'to harass, distress.' In Esther, the participial noun identifies Haman as the Jews' enemy (Esth 3:10; 9:24), while in Numbers the verbal forms command Israel to 'harass' the Midianites in retaliation (Num 25:17-18). The Spanish translations helpfully distinguish the nominal sense (enemigo, adversario) from the verbal action (hostiga, opresor), confirming the two-sense split.
Senses
1. adversary, foe, enemy — The substantivized Qal participle functioning as a noun: 'adversary, foe, enemy.' Appears with pronominal suffixes (my adversary, your adversary) and in construct chains (adversary of). Spanish enemigo-de and German Widersacher consistently render this as a personal opponent. Dominant in Esther (3:10; 8:1; 9:10, 24) identifying Haman, and in Psalms and prophetic texts identifying national or personal foes (Exod 23:22; Ps 129:1). 18×
AR["عَدُوَّ", "عَدُوِّ", "مُضايِقو", "مُضايِقوكَ", "مُضايِقيكَ", "مُضايِقيَّ", "مُضَايِقِي", "مُضَايِقِيكَ", "مُضَايِقِينَ-ي", "مُضَايِقِيهِ", "مُضَايِقِيَّ"]·ben["আমার-শত্রুকে", "আমার-শত্রুদের", "আমার-শত্রুরা", "আমার-শত্রুরা।", "তোমার-কষ্ট-দাতাদের।", "তোমার-বিপক্ষদের", "তোমার-বিপক্ষেরা", "তোমার-শত্রুদের", "যারা-কষ্ট-দেয়", "যারা-ক্লেশ-দেয়-", "শত্রু", "সে-ফুঁ-দেয়"]·DE["adversaries-of", "bedraengte", "dein-Widersacher", "dein-adversaries", "mein-Feinde", "mein-Widersacher", "sein-Widersacher"]·EN["Your-adversaries", "adversaries-of", "adversary-of", "afflicters-of", "enemy-of", "his-adversaries", "my-adversaries", "my-adversary", "my-enemies", "my-foes", "your-adversaries"]·FR["adversaire", "ennemi", "opprimer", "ton-adversaires"]·heb["צוֹררי", "צוררי", "צוררי-י", "צורריו", "צורריך", "צרר"]·HI["उसके-शत्रुओं-पर", "तंग-करनेवालों", "तुम्हारे-वैरियों", "तेरे-शत्रुओं", "मेरे-शत्रु-को", "मेरे-शत्रुओं", "शत्रु", "शत्रु-मेरे", "शत्रुओं-मेरे", "शत्रुओं-मेरे-के", "सताने-वाले"]·ID["lawan-Mu", "lawan-lawan-Mu", "lawanku", "lawannya", "musuh", "yang menyesakkanmu", "yang-menekan", "yang-menyesakkan"]·IT["[צררי]", "nemico", "strinse", "tuo-adversaries"]·jav["kang-nindhes", "mengsah", "mengsah-Panjenengan", "mengsah-ipun", "mengsah-kula", "tiyang-ingkang-musuh-Panjenengan", "tiyang-ingkang-musuh-kawula", "tiyang-ingkang-nyiksa", "tiyang-tiyang-ingkang-nyusahaken-panjenengan."]·KO["괴롭히는-자들-을", "괴롭히는-자들아", "나-의-원수-들-이", "나-의-적들", "내-대적들-이", "너의-대적들의", "당신-의-대적들-의", "당신-의-대적들-이", "대적-을", "대적들-때문에", "대적들-에게", "대적들-을", "대적들-의", "적", "적이"]·PT["adversario-de", "adversário-de", "afligidores-de", "ao-meu-adversario", "de-meus-adversários", "de-teus-adversários", "dos-meus-adversarios", "dos-teus-adversarios", "meus-adversarios", "os-meus-adversarios", "os-que-oprimem", "os-que-te-afligem", "os-seus-adversarios", "teus-adversários"]·RU["враг", "врага", "врага-моего", "враги-его", "враги-мои", "врагов-Твоих", "врагов-моих", "врагу", "притеснителей-Твоих", "притеснителей-моих", "притеснителей-твоих", "притеснители-Твои", "притеснители-мои", "притесняющие", "притесняющих-"]·ES["a-mi-adversario", "enemigo-de", "los-que-angustian", "mis-adversarios", "mis-angustiadores", "opresor-de", "opresores-de", "sus-adversarios", "tus-adversarios", "tus-angustiadores"]·SW["adui", "adui-yangu", "adui-zake", "adui-zako", "adui-zangu", "mkandamizao", "wanaokusumbua", "wanaonidhulumu", "ya-adui-zako"]·TR["düşmanlarım", "düşmanlarımdan", "düşmanlarımdan-dolayı", "düşmanlarımın", "düşmanların", "düşmanlarına", "düşmanlarının", "düşmanı", "düşmanımı", "düşmanının", "sıkıntı-verenlerimin", "sıkıştıranlar", "sıkıştıranlarım", "sıkıştıranlarına", "sıkıştıranlarını"]·urd["-ستانے-والے", "اپنے-دشمنوں-پر", "اپنے-دشمنوں-کی", "تمہارے-دشمنوں", "تنگ-کرنے-والوں-کو", "تیرے-دشمن", "تیرے-دشمنوں-کی", "دشمن", "میرے-دشمن", "میرے-دشمن-کو", "میرے-دشمنوں-کی-وجہ-سے", "میرے-دشمنوں-کے", "میرے-سب-دشمنوں-کے"]
2. to harass, distress, oppress — The verbal action of harassing, distressing, or oppressing, attested in finite forms (perfect, imperfect, infinitive absolute). Spanish hostiga and French harass capture the active, ongoing nature of the hostility. Key passages include the command to harass the Midianites (Num 25:17), the warning that Canaanite remnants will harass Israel (Num 33:55), and the psalmist's lament that enemies have oppressed him from youth (Ps 129:1-2). 7×
AR["الْمُضَايِقِ", "ضَايَقُونِي", "ضَايِقْ", "مُضَايِقُونَ", "وَيُضَايِقُونَكُمْ", "يُضَايِقُ"]·ben["-শত্রুতা-করে", "এবং-যন্ত্রণা-দেবে", "নিপীড়ন-করেছে-আমাকে", "শত্রুতা-কর", "শত্রুতা-করছে", "শত্রুতা-করবে"]·DE["bildete", "der-eins-oppressing", "harass", "harassing", "sie-haben-distressed-mich", "und-sie-soll-harass"]·EN["and-they-shall-harass", "harass", "harassing", "the-one-oppressing", "they-have-distressed-me", "will-harass"]·FR["[יצר]", "et-ils-devra-harass", "harass", "harassing", "le-un-oppressing", "opprimer"]·heb["ה-צרר", "ו-צררו", "יצור", "צרור", "צררוני", "צררים"]·HI["और-तंग-करेंगे", "तंग-करने-वाले", "वैर-करेगा", "सता", "सताने-वाले", "सताया-मुझे"]·ID["dan-mereka-menyesakkan", "memusuhi", "mereka-menyerangku", "musuhi", "yang-menekan"]·IT["e-essi-dovra-harass", "formo", "harass", "harassing", "il-uno-oppressing", "strinse"]·jav["Serangana", "kang-nyiksa", "lan-ngganggu", "nganiaya", "sami-nyerang", "sami-nyiksa-kula"]·KO["괴롭혔도다-나-를", "그-압박하는자", "그리고-괴롭힐-것이다", "대적하리라", "적대하는", "적대하라"]·PT["Afligindo", "afligindo", "e-afligirão", "me-afligiram", "o-que-oprime", "oprimirá"]·RU["будет-теснить", "враждуйте", "враждующие", "и-будут-теснить", "притесняющего", "теснили-меня"]·ES["Hostiga", "el-opresor", "hostigan", "hostigará", "me-han-angustiado", "y-os-afligirán"]·SW["anayewasumbua", "hatamwonea", "na-watawasumbua", "wamenidhulumu", "wanawasumbua", "wasumbue"]·TR["baski-yapacak", "sıkıştır", "sıkıştıran", "sıkıştırdılar-beni", "sıkıştırıyorlar", "ve-sıkıştıracaklar"]·urd["اور-تنگ-کریں-گے", "جو-تنگ-کرتا-ہے", "دشمنی-کرے-گا", "ستاؤ", "ستانے-والے", "ستایا-مجھے"]
Related Senses
H0935 1. come, arrive (Qal) (2413×)G1473 1. first person singular pronoun (2084×)H3318 1. Qal: go out, depart, come forth (891×)H7725 1. to return, come/go back (Qal) (874×)H5927 1. go up, ascend (Qal) (779×)H7971 1. to send, dispatch (Qal) (701×)G2064 1. come / arrive (physical movement toward) (588×)H5307 1. Qal: fall down physically (339×)H5375 1. Qal: to lift up, raise (330×)H4421 1. war, battle, armed conflict (319×)H5975 1. to stand, stand up (310×)H0341 1. enemy, adversary, foe (284×)H5674a 1. Qal: pass by, pass through (256×)H3381 1. Qal: to go down, descend (physical movement) (242×)G1831 1. go/come out physically (193×)H5337 1. deliver, rescue, save (Hifil) (188×)H7901 1. lie down, rest, sleep (183×)G1525 1. enter a place physically (179×)H7812 1. prostrate oneself, bow down, worship (173×)H3318 2. Hifil: bring out, lead out, take out (persons) (172×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† III. צָרַר vb. shew hostility toward, vex (NH צַר foe; Arabic ضَرَّ harm, damage, Sab. צֿר war, foe MordtmHim. Inschr. 60. 71 SabDenkm 24 CIS iv. 174, 1. 6 HomChrest. 125; Ethiopic ፀረረ be hostile, in der. spec. and deriv.; Assyrian ṣarâru, be hostile, ṣarru, foe; Arabic ضَرَّةٌ, Assyrian ṣirritu, Syriac ܥܰܪܬܳܐ, all = rival-wife, so (? Heb. infl.) 𝔗 צָרָא 1 S 1:6; v. especially Lag Deceased…