Enemy and Adversary

[אָיַב283] vb. be hostile to (Ass. aibu (v. DlW), enemy = אֹיֵב)— Qal Pf. †וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י Ex 23:22; Pt. אוֹיֵב (אֹיֵב) Ex 15:6 +; sf. (אוֹיְבִי) אֹיְבִי 2 S 22:18 = ψ 18:18 +; f. sf. אֹיַבְת��ּי Mi 7:8, 10; אֹיִבְךָ Ex 23:4 +, etc.; pl. אוֹיְבִים ψ 68:24; 127:5; אֹיְבִים ψ 139:22, etc.;—be hostile to, treat as enemy Ex 23:22 (E, Cov’t code) וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְצַרְתִּ֫י אֶת־צֹרְרֶיךָ (subj. י׳); elsewhere Pt. 1 S 18:29 וַיְהִי שָׁאוּל אֹיֵב אֶת־דָּוִד; usually as subst. & mostly sf.; enemy, of personal foe Ex 23:4 (E ‖ שֹׂנֵא v 5) Nu 35:23 (P) 1 S 19:17 (cf. 18:29) 24:5, 20 2 S 4:8 1 K 21:20 Jb 27:7 ψ 54:9; 55:13 (‖ מְשַׂנֵּא; opp. אַלּוּף, מְיֻדָּע v 14) Mi 2:8 Pr 16:7; 24:17 +; in sim. Je 30:14 (מַכַּת אוֹיֵב); of public national enemy, sg. Ju 16:23, 24; coll. Ex 15:6, 9 Dt 33:27 Na 3:11 2 Ch 6:24 +; personif. Mi 7:8, 10; more oft. pl. Ex 23:22 (E) Lv 26:7f (H) Nu 10:9 (P) Dt 1:42; 6:19 Je 15:9; 34:20, 21 +; of enemies of God, as protector of his people Nu 10:35 (J) Ju 5:31 1 S 30:26 2 S 18:19 ψ 66:3; 68:1, 22 Na 1:2, 8 Is 66:6 +; as morally supreme Jb 13:24; 33:10 ψ 37:20; 92:10(×2) +; of God as enemy of rebellious people Is 63:10, in sim. La 2:4, 5.

III. צַר68 n.m. Nu 10:9 adversary, foe;—abs. צַר Am 3:11 +, even c. art. הַצַּר Nu 10:9, but also הַצָּר Est 7:4; צָ֑ר Zc 8:10 +; pl. צָרִים La 1:7; cstr. צָרֵי Ezr 4:1 + Is 9:10 (but read prob. צָרוֹ or צָרָיו, cf. Di-Kit CheHpt.; al. שָׂרֵי), Je 48:5 (del. 𝔊 Hi Gie), Ez 30:16 (but 𝔊 Sm וְנָפֹצוּ, so Berthol; Co וְנִפְרְצוּ, so Toy; Krae יָעוּף); sf. צָרַי ψ 3:2, צָרֵיהֶם Ez 39:23, צָרֵימוֹ Dt 32:27, etc.;—adversary, foe, Am 3:11; Gn 14:20; Nu 10:9; (P), 24:8 (JE); Dt 32:27; 33:7; Jos 5:13 (JE); 2 S 24:13; Is 9:10 (v. supr.), Zc 8:10; Ezr 4:1; Ne 4:5; Est 7:6 (אִישׁ צַר וְאוֹיֵב), + 21 times, + ψ 3:2; 13:5; 27:2; 78:42, + 13 times ψψ, + (of י׳’s foes) 78:66; 97:3; + (of י׳’s foes) also Is 1:24; 26:11; 59:18; 64:1; Je 46:10; Na 1:2; Dt 32:41, 43; Jb 19:11.—Je 48:5; Ez 30:16 v. supr.

ἐχθρός, ά, όν, (ἔχθος) hated, hateful, of persons and things, frequently from Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐ. γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς Ἀΐδαο πύλῃσι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐχθρὸν δέ μοί ἐστιν c.infinitive, 'tis hateful to me to.., Refs 8th c.BC+; compare θεοισεχθρός. __II active, hating, hostile, first in Refs 8th c.BC+ averse from insolence, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III as substantive, ἐχθρός, ὁ, enemy, where the active and passive senses frequently coincide, Refs 8th c.BC+ is one who has been φίλος, but is alienated; πολέμιος one who is at war; δυσμενής one who has long been alienated and refuses to be reconciled. __IV regular comparative ἐχθρότερος Refs 4th c.BC+; superlative -ότατος Refs 5th c.BC+ __V adverb ἐχθρῶς, μισοῦντες Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -οτέρως Refs 4th c.BC+: superlative -ότατα Refs

† שָׂטָן n.m. ψ 109:6 1. adversary. 2. Satan (NH שָׂטָן, סָטָן; Aramaic שָׂטָנָא, סָטָנָא, Syriac ܣܳܛܳܢܳܐ (Hebr.); NH vb. סָטַן, Aramaic סְטַן; Arabic شَطَنَ is be remote, especially from the truth, and from the mercy of God; شَيْطَانٌ Satan, Ethiopic ሰይጣን );— 1. adversary, in gen., personal or national; (ל) הָיָה לְשׂ׳ Nu 22:22 (JE), 1 S 29:4 (cf. NesMarg. 15), 2 S 19:23, יָצָא לְשׂ׳ Nu 22:32 (JE); שׂ׳ 1 K 5:18; 11:25; הֵקִים שׂ׳ ל, subj. God 1 K 11:14, 23, cf. ψ 109:6 (‖ רָשָׁע). 2. superhuman adversary, הַשּׂ׳: a. of Job, one of בְּנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים Jb 1:6, 7(×2), 8, 9, 12(×2); 2:1, 2(×2), 3, 4, 6, 7. b. of h. p. of Isr. bef. י׳, Zc 3:1, 2(×2); 𝔊 ὁ διάβολος. c. as n.pr. שׂ׳ Satan 1 Ch 21:1 (interpr. 2 S 24:1), 𝔊 διάβολος (𝔊 σατάν †1 K 11:14, 23; Σατανᾶς Mt 4:10; Mk 1:13; Lk 10:18 + 33 times NT).

† III. צָרַר vb. shew hostility toward, vex (NH צַר foe; Arabic ضَرَّ harm, damage, Sab. צֿר war, foe MordtmHim. Inschr. 60. 71 SabDenkm 24 CIS iv. 174, 1. 6 HomChrest. 125; Ethiopic ፀረረ be hostile, in der. spec. and deriv.; Assyrian ṣarâru, be hostile, ṣarru, foe; Arabic ضَرَّةٌ, Assyrian ṣirritu, Syriac ܥܰܪܬܳܐ, all = rival-wife, so (? Heb. infl.) 𝔗 צָרָא 1 S 1:6; v. especially Lag Deceased Wife’s Sister, GGN, 1882, No. 13; = Mi. 125 ff. Dr 1 S 1:6);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. וְצָֽרֲרוּ Nu 33:55 consec., sf. צְרָרוּנִי ψ 129:1, 2; Impf. 3 ms. יָצֹר Is 11:13; Inf. abs. צָרוֹר Nu 25:17; Pt. act. צֹרֵר 10:9, pl. sf. צֹרֲרַי ψ 31:12 +, etc.;—shew hostility toward, treat with enmity, vex, harass, c. acc. pers. Is 11:13; Nu 10:9; 25:17; once c. ל pers. v 18; also pt. as subst. (cstr. or c. sf.) vexer, harasser, Am 5:12; Is 11:13; Ex 23:22 (E), ψ 6:8; 7:5, 7; 8:3; 10:5; 23:5; 31:12; 42:11; 69:20; 74:4, 23; 143:12; Est 3:10; 8:1; 9:10, 24.—Lv 18:18 v. [צָרַר" dir="rtl" >צָרַר] sub צָרָה³" dir="rtl" >ii. צָרָה, infr.

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ἀντίδῐκ-ος, ον, opponent or adversary in a suit, Refs 5th c.BC+: properly, the defendant, Refs 5th c.BC+; but also, the plaintiff, Lys7.13; ἀ. πρός τιναRefs 5th c.BC+:—generally, opponent, adversary, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἀληθινῶν ἀ. [NT+1st c.BC+

† [שׁוֹרֵר] n.m. (insidious) watcher, (proposes Pōʿl. Pt., מְ׳ om., Ges§ 52 s);—pl. sf. שׁוֹרְרַי ψ 56:3, שׁוֹרְרָ֑י 5:9; 27:11, שֹׁרְרָ֑י 54:7; 59:11; 92:12 v. foregoing.

† III. [צוּר] vb. shew hostility to, treat as foe (c. acc. pers.) (akin to II. צרר, to which SS assign the forms, but cf. Arabic ضَارَ (ى) act unjustly, also defraud; Syriac ܥܝܳܪܬܳܐ, rival wife);— Qal Pf. 1 s. וְצַרְתִּ֫י אֶת־צֹרֲרֶיךָ Ex 23:22 (subj. י׳; ‖ וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ); Impf. 2 ms. אַל־תָּ֫צַר אֶת־מוֹאָב Dt 2:9; 2 mpl. sf. אַל־תְּצֻרֵם v 19; Pt. הַצָּרִים אוֹתָם Est 8:11.

† I. [יָרִיב] n. [m.] opponent, adversary (Ges§85 d);—sf. (of Zion), יְרִיבֵךְ Is 49:25 (𝔊 רִיבֵךְ, so Du); cf. pl. sf. יְרִיבַ֑י ψ 35:1 (‖ לֹחֲמָ֑י); of personal opponent, יְרִיבָ֑י Je 18:19 (𝔊 רִיבִי, so Gie).

† II. עָר n.m. only 2 times: עָרֶ֑ךָ 1 S 28:16 (v. Dr); read צָרֶ֑ךָ thine adversary Klo HPS (al. as altern. with foll.) >עִם רֵעֶ֑ךָ 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Th Bu Kit (?) al.; עָרֶיךָ ψ 139:20 is very dub.; Hup עָלֶיךָ, Ol Che al. שְׁמֶ֑ךָ; Bae leaves untranslated.

‡ † [עָר M77*] n. m. foe (cf. JAram. עֲרָר objection; on dub. BH עָר v. p. 786);—pl. sf. עריך Kt (K§ 53 Anm. b)), עָרָךְ Qr Dn 4:16.

[אָיַב283] vb. be hostile to (Ass. aibu (v. DlW), enemy = אֹיֵב)— Qal Pf. †וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י Ex 23:22; Pt. אוֹיֵב (אֹיֵב) Ex 15:6 +; sf. (אוֹיְבִי) אֹיְבִי 2 S 22:18 = ψ 18:18 +; f. sf. אֹיַבְת��ּי Mi 7:8, 10; אֹיִבְךָ Ex 23:4 +, etc.; pl. אוֹיְבִים ψ 68:24; 127:5; אֹיְבִים ψ 139:22, etc.;—be hostile to, treat as enemy Ex 23:22 (E, Cov’t code) וְאָיַבְתִּ֫י אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְצַרְתִּ֫י אֶת־צֹרְרֶיךָ (subj. י׳); elsewhere Pt. 1 S 18:29 וַיְהִי שָׁאוּל אֹיֵב אֶת־דָּוִד; usually as subst. & mostly sf.; enemy, of personal foe Ex 23:4 (E ‖ שֹׂנֵא v 5) Nu 35:23 (P) 1 S 19:17 (cf. 18:29) 24:5, 20 2 S 4:8 1 K 21:20 Jb 27:7 ψ 54:9; 55:13 (‖ מְשַׂנֵּא; opp. אַלּוּף, מְיֻדָּע v 14) Mi 2:8 Pr 16:7; 24:17 +; in sim. Je 30:14 (מַכַּת אוֹיֵב); of public national enemy, sg. Ju 16:23, 24; coll. Ex 15:6, 9 Dt 33:27 Na 3:11 2 Ch 6:24 +; personif. Mi 7:8, 10; more oft. pl. Ex 23:22 (E) Lv 26:7f (H) Nu 10:9 (P) Dt 1:42; 6:19 Je 15:9; 34:20, 21 +; of enemies of God, as protector of his people Nu 10:35 (J) Ju 5:31 1 S 30:26 2 S 18:19 ψ 66:3; 68:1, 22 Na 1:2, 8 Is 66:6 +; as morally supreme Jb 13:24; 33:10 ψ 37:20; 92:10(×2) +; of God as enemy of rebellious people Is 63:10, in sim. La 2:4, 5.

† II. [צָרָה] n.f. vexer, rival-wife (v. reff. sub √; also Ecclus 37:11);—sf. צָרָתָהּ 1 S 1:6.

† [קִים] n.m. adversary (proposes uprising, insurgent [Köii. 1, 60], cf. √ Qal 2);—sf. קִימָ֑נוּ (Köii. 1, 442) Jb 22:20, but prob. corrupt; Ges§ 91 f, Du קָםֵ(י)נוּ (Pt. sf.) Me Bu יְקֻמָם, PerlesAnal. 59 קִנְיָנָם.

† I. [שׁוּר] dub. word, only pl. sf. וַתַּבֵּט עֵינִי בְּשׁוּרָ֑י ψ 92:12, read בְּשׁוֹרְרָ֑י (Bae al.) v. foll.