H5619 H5619
To stone (as judicial execution); to clear stones from a field (Piel); to hurl stones at someone in hostility (Piel intensive).
The Hebrew verb saqal carries the grim weight of Israel's most public form of capital punishment — execution by stoning. In its Qal stem, it overwhelmingly describes the communal act of pelting an offender to death, a penalty prescribed for blasphemy, idolatry, Sabbath-breaking, and adultery (Deut 13:10; 22:24). The infinitive absolute saqol underscores the finality: 'he shall surely be stoned' (Exod 19:13; 21:28). Yet the same root takes a surprisingly constructive turn in the Piel, where it means to clear stones from agricultural land — Isaiah's beloved vineyard was 'cleared of stones' before planting (Isa 5:2), and the highway of return is prepared by stone-clearing (Isa 62:10). Spanish apedrear and French lapider capture the violent sense, while German steinigen holds both the punitive and hostile senses together. A third, rarer Piel intensive use appears when Shimei hurls stones at the fleeing David (2 Sam 16:6, 13) — not judicial execution but personal hostility expressed through the same deadly medium.
Senses
1. stone as punishment — The judicial act of stoning to death — pelting a person or animal with stones as a communal execution prescribed by Mosaic law. With 18 occurrences, this is the dominant sense, covering both active Qal forms ('and they stoned him,' Josh 7:25; 1 Kgs 21:13) and passive Nifal/Pual constructions ('he shall be stoned,' Exod 19:13). Spanish apedrear, French lapider, and German steinigen all converge on dedicated execution-by-stoning vocabulary. The penalty appears for offenses including idolatry (Deut 13:10), Sabbath violation (Num 15:35-36), and a goring ox that kills (Exod 21:28). 18×
AR["رَجماً", "رَجْمًا", "رُجِمَ", "لِ-رَجمِهِ", "وَ-ارْجُموهُ", "وَ-تَرْجُمُهُ", "وَ-تَرْجُمُهُمْ", "وَ-رَجَموا", "وَ-رَجَموهُ", "وَ-يَرْجُمُونَنِي", "وَتَرْجُمُونَهُمَا", "وَيَرْجُمُهَا", "يَرْجُمُونَنَا", "يُرجَمُ", "يُرْجَمُ"]·ben["এবং-তুমি-পাথর-মারবে-তাদের", "এবং-পাথর-মার-তাকে", "এবং-পাথর-মারবে", "এবং-পাথর-মারবে-আমাকে।", "এবং-পাথর-মারবে-তাকে", "এবং-পাথর-মারল", "এবং-পাথর-মারল-তাকে", "পাথর-মারতে-তাকে", "পাথর-মারবে-আমাদের", "পাথর-মারা-যাবে", "পাথর-মারা-যাবে।", "পাথর-মারা-হয়ে", "পাথর-মারা-হয়েছে"]·DE["er-soll-sein-stoned", "sie-wird-Stein-uns", "soll-sein-stoned", "stoned", "stoning", "und-Stein-ihn", "und-du-soll-Stein", "und-du-soll-Stein-ihn", "und-du-soll-Stein-ihnen", "und-sie-wird-Stein-mich", "und-soll-Stein-ihr", "und-stoned", "und-stoned-ihn", "zu-Stein-ihn"]·EN["and-shall-stone-her", "and-stone-him", "and-stoned", "and-stoned-him", "and-they-will-stone-me", "and-you-shall-stone", "and-you-shall-stone-him", "and-you-shall-stone-them", "he-shall-be-stoned", "shall-be-stoned", "stoned", "stoning", "they-will-stone-us", "to-stone-him"]·FR["--être-stoned", "et-devra-pierre-sa", "et-ils---pierre-moi", "et-pierre-lui", "et-stoned", "et-stoned-lui", "et-tu-devra-pierre", "et-tu-devra-pierre-eux", "et-tu-devra-pierre-lui", "il---être-stoned", "ils---pierre-nous", "stoned", "stoning", "à-pierre-lui"]·heb["ו-סקלו", "ו-סקלוה", "ו-סקלוהו", "ו-סקלוני", "ו-סקלתו", "ו-סקלתם", "ייסקל", "יסקלונו", "ל-סקל-ו", "נסקל", "סקול"]·HI["और-पत्थर-मारे", "और-पत्थर-मारेंगे-उसे", "और-पत्थर-मारेंगे-मुझे", "और-पत्थर-मारोगे", "और-पत्थराओ-उसे-तुम", "और-पथराओ", "और-पथराया", "और-पथराव-करेगा-उन्हें", "पतथर-मअरने-उसे", "पत्थर-मारते-हुए", "पत्थर-मारा-जाएगा", "पथराया-गया", "वे-पत्थराव-करेंगे-हमें"]·ID["Dan-lemparilah-dia-dengan-batu", "akan-dilempari-batu", "dan-lemparilah-mereka-dengan-batu", "dan-melontari-batu", "dan-merajam", "dan-merajamnya", "dan-mereka-akan-melempar-batu-kepadaku", "dan-mereka-merajamnya", "dan-rajamilah-dia", "dilempari-batu", "dirajam", "mereka-akan-melempari-kami", "rajam", "untuk-merajamnya"]·IT["a-pietra-lui", "e-dovra-pietra-lei", "e-essi-will-pietra-me", "e-lapidò-lui", "e-pietra-lui", "e-stoned", "e-tu-dovra-pietra", "e-tu-dovra-pietra-loro", "e-tu-dovra-pietra-lui", "egli-shall-essere-stoned", "essi-will-pietra-noi", "lapidò", "shall-essere-stoned", "stoning"]·jav["Lan-panjenengan-kedah-mbenturi-piyambakipun", "benturan", "dipun-benteni", "dipunbentur-watu,", "dipunbentur-watu.", "kangge-mbenturi-sela-piyambakipun", "lan-bengkala-piyambakipun", "lan-mbenteli", "lan-mbenturi", "lan-mbenturi-piyambakipun", "lan-panjenengan-mbenturi-piyambakipun", "lan-piyambakipun-sedaya-mbengkal", "lan-tiyang-mbenteni-kawula", "piyambakipun-badhe-dipun-benteni", "sami-mbenturi-kita", "sampun-dipunbengkal", "sapi-punika-dibentur-watu"]·KO["그들이-돌로-치리이까-우리를", "그리고-나를-돌로-치리라", "그리고-돌로-쳐라-그를", "그리고-돌로-쳤다", "그리고-돌로-쳤다-그를", "그리고-돌로-치라", "그리고-돌로-치리라", "그리고-돌로-치리라-그녀를", "그리고-돌로-치리라-네가-그를", "돌로-쳤졌다", "돌로-치거나", "돌로-치리라", "반드시", "을-돌로치도록-그를"]·PT["apedrejado", "apedrejar-nos-ão", "apedrjar", "e-a-apedrejarão", "e-apedrejaram", "e-apedrejaram-o", "e-apedrejá-lo-eis", "e-me-apedrejarão!", "e-o-apedrejarás", "e-os-apedrejareis", "e-os-apedrejarás", "para-apedrejá-lo", "será-apedrejado"]·RU["И-побивай-его-камнями", "будет-побит", "да-побьётся", "и-забросали-камнями", "и-побей-их", "и-побейте-камнями", "и-побили-камнями", "и-побьют-её", "и-побьют-меня-камнями", "и-побьёте", "побиением-камнями", "побит-камнями", "побить-камнями-его", "побьют-они-нас-камнями"]·ES["Fue-apedreado", "Y-lo-apedrearás", "apedrear", "fue-apedreado", "nos-apedrearán", "para-apedrearlo", "será-apedreado", "y-apedreadlo", "y-apedrearon", "y-la-apedrearán", "y-lo-apedrearon", "y-los-apedrearás", "y-los-apedrearéis", "y-me-apedrearán"]·SW["Na-umpige-mawe", "amepigwa-mawe", "atapigwa-kwa-mawe", "atapigwa-mawe", "kumpiga-mawe", "kupigwa-kwa-mawe", "kupigwa-mawe", "na-mtawapiga-mawe", "na-mtupenye-mawe", "na-uwapige-mawe", "na-wakampiga-mawe", "na-wakawapiga-mawe", "na-watampiga-mawe", "na-watanipiga-mawe", "tuue-kwa-mawe"]·TR["-taşlamak-için-onu", "taşlamakla", "taşlanacak", "taşlandı", "taşlarlar-mı-bizi", "ve-taşladılar", "ve-taşladılar-onu", "ve-taşlayacaklar-beni", "ve-taşlayacaklar-onu", "ve-taşlayacaksın-onları", "ve-taşlayacaksın-onu", "ve-taşlayacaksınız", "ve-taşlayın-onu"]·urd["اور-تُو-سنگسار-کرے", "اور-سنگسار-کرو", "اور-سنگسار-کرو-اُسے", "اور-سنگسار-کریں", "اور-سنگسار-کرے-گا-اسے", "اور-سنگسار-کیا", "اور-سنگسار-کیا-اُسے", "اور-مجھے-سنگسار-کریں-گے", "سنگسار-کرتے-ہوئے", "سنگسار-کرنے-کو-اُسے", "سنگسار-کریں-گے-وہ-ہمیں", "سنگسار-کیا-جائے", "سنگسار-کیا-گیا"]
Exod 8:26, Exod 17:4, Exod 19:13, Exod 19:13, Exod 21:28, Exod 21:28, Exod 21:29, Exod 21:32, Deut 13:10, Deut 17:5, Deut 22:21, Deut 22:24 (+6 more)
2. clear away stones — To clear away stones from a field or path, preparing the ground for cultivation or passage — a Piel denominative that reverses the violent associations of the root. Only 2 occurrences, both in Isaiah: the vineyard owner 'cleared it of stones' before planting (Isa 5:2), and the prophetic command to 'clear out the stones' from the highway of return (Isa 62:10). Spanish quitad piedras and the agricultural context make this sense unmistakable. The semantic shift from 'hurl stones at' to 'remove stones from' is a striking example of how Hebrew verbal stems can invert a root's direction. 2×
AR["نَقُّوا", "وَ-نَقَّاهُ"]·ben["ও-পাথর-সরিয়েছিল-তাকে", "সরিয়ে-দাও"]·DE["[ויסקלהו]", "[סקלו]"]·EN["and-he-cleared-stones-from-it", "clear-away"]·FR["[ויסקלהו]", "[סקלו]"]·heb["ו-יסקלהו", "סקלו"]·HI["और-उसने-पथराएं-बीनीं", "हटाओ"]·ID["bersihkanlah", "dan-membersihkan-batunya"]·IT["[ויסקלהו]", "[סקלו]"]·jav["Singkirna", "lan-piyambakipun-mbet-i-watu"]·KO["돌을-골랐도다", "치우라"]·PT["e-limpou-de-pedras-ele", "limpai"]·RU["и-очистил-от-камней-его", "очистите"]·ES["quitad", "y-quitó-piedras"]·SW["na-akaondoa-mawe", "ondoeni"]·TR["temizleyin", "ve-taslarini-temizledi"]·urd["اور-اس-نے-پتھر-نکالے", "ہٹاؤ"]
3. hurl stones at — To hurl or cast stones at someone in hostility, distinct from formal judicial stoning — a Piel intensive describing personal aggression. Found in 2 occurrences, both describing Shimei's attack on David during Absalom's rebellion: 'he threw stones at David' and 'throwing stones alongside him' (2 Sam 16:6, 13). Spanish apedreaba and French jeta des pierres both render this with vocabulary of casting or throwing rather than execution, confirming that translators perceive a different register: this is an act of political rage, not a legal sentence. 2×
AR["فَرَجَمَ", "وَيَرجُمُ"]·ben["এবং-ছুঁড়ছে-পাথর", "এবং-ছুঁড়ত-পাথর"]·DE["und-er-warf", "und-werfend"]·EN["and-he-threw", "and-throwing"]·FR["et-il-jeta", "et-jetant"]·heb["ו-יסקל"]·HI["और-फेंकता-था", "और-फेंका"]·ID["dan-melempar-batu"]·IT["e-egli-gettò", "e-gettando"]·jav["Lan-mbuncang", "lan-mbuncang"]·KO["그리고-던졌다"]·PT["E-apedrejou", "e-apedrejando"]·RU["и-бросал", "и-бросая"]·ES["y-apedreaba"]·SW["na-akamtupia-mawe", "na-akatupia-mawe"]·TR["ve-taşladı", "ve-taşlıyor"]·urd["اور-پتھر-پھینکتا", "اور-پھینکتا-تھا"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H???? 1. (4670×)H0935 1. come, arrive (Qal) (2413×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)G1473 1. first person singular pronoun (2084×)H3318 1. Qal: go out, depart, come forth (891×)H7725 1. to return, come/go back (Qal) (874×)H5927 1. go up, ascend (Qal) (779×)H7971 1. to send, dispatch (Qal) (701×)G2064 1. come / arrive (physical movement toward) (588×)G4160 1. do, act, perform (473×)H5221 1. Hifil: to strike in battle, smite enemies (362×)H5307 1. Qal: fall down physically (339×)H5375 1. Qal: to lift up, raise (330×)H5975 1. to stand, stand up (310×)H5674a 1. Qal: pass by, pass through (256×)H3381 1. Qal: to go down, descend (physical movement) (242×)H0899b 1. garment, article of clothing (216×)G1831 1. go/come out physically (193×)H5337 1. deliver, rescue, save (Hifil) (188×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [סָקַל] vb. stone, put to death by stoning, also (Pi.) free from stones (appears like denom., but noun unknown; NH סְקִילָא execution by stoning);— Qal Pf. 2 ms. sf. וּסְקַלְתּוֹ consec. Dt 13:11; 3 mpl. sf. וּסְקָלֻנִי consec. Ex 17:4; 2 mpl. וּסְקַלְתֶּם consec. Dt 22:24, etc.; Impf. 3 mpl. יִסְקְלוּ Jos 7:25, sf. יִסְקְלֻהוּ 1 K 21:13, etc.; Imv. mpl. sf. סִקְלֻהוּ 1 K 21:10; Inf. abs.…