Understand

† בִּין vb. discern (Nö ZMG 1883, 532 f.; Arabic بَانَ become separated, be distinct, iv. speak perspicuously; Ethiopic በየነ: i. 2 consider, perceive, Aramaic ܒܰܝܶܢ make to understand, cf. Sab. בין (the) wise, as epith., Mordt ZMG 1876, 37)— Qal Pf. בִּין Dn 10:1; בַּנְתָּה ψ 139:2; בִּינֹתִי Dn 9:2; Impf. יָבִין ψ 19:13 + 25 times; וְיָבֵן Je 9:11 + 2 times; וַיָּבֶן 1 S 3:8 + 2 times; אָבִינָה ψ 73:17 + 4 times; יָבִינוּ Pr 28:5 + 12 times; Imv. בִּין Dn 9:23; בִּינָה ψ 5:2; בִּינוּ Dt 32:7 + 2 times; Inf. abs. בִּין Pr 23:1; Pt. בָּנִים Je 49:7;— 1. perceive (with the senses):— a. eyes, acc. Pr 7:7, with לְ Jb 9:11; 14:21; 23:8 Pr 14:15. b. ears, acc. Pr 29:19, with reflex. לְ Jb 13:1. c. touch, acc. ψ 58:10. d. taste, acc. Jb 6:30. 2. understand, know (with mind):— a. abs. Jb 18:2; 38:20; 42:3 ψ 49:21; 82:5 Pr 24:12 Is 6:9, 10; 44:18 Dn 12:10 Ho 4:14; 14:10; שׁמעתי ולא אבין I heard but I could not understand Dn 12:8. b. acc. Jb 15:9; 23:5; 36:29 Pr 2:5, 9; 20:24; 28:5 ψ 19:13; 92:7 Je 9:11; יבין משׁפט Jb 32:9 Pr 28:5; יבין דעת Pr 29:7. c. with כִּי 1 S 3:8 2 S 12:19 Is 43:10. d. with inf. & לְ, יבין לָדָ֑עַת Is 32:4. 3. observe, mark, give heed to, distinguish, consider (with attention):— a. acc. Dt 32:7 ψ 5:2; 50:22; 94:7, 8 Pr 23:1; 21:29 (Qr) Dn 9:2; 10:1. b. with לְ, ψ 73:17; 139:2 Dt 32:29. c. with בְּ, Ezr 8:15 Ne 13:7 Dn 9:23. d. with אל, ψ 28:5. e. with עַל, Dn 11:30, 37. 4. have discernment, insight, understanding Je 49:7. Niph. נְבֻנוֹתִי Is 10:13; Pt. נָבוֹן Gn 41:33 + 15 times; pl. נְבוֹנִים Je 4:22, elsewhere נְבֹנִים Dt 1:13 Is 5:22 (Baer) Ec 9:11; נְבֹנָיו Is 29:14; be intelligent, discreet, discerning, have understanding 1 S 16:18 Pr 1:5; 10:13; 14:6; 16:21; 17:28; 19:25 Ec 9:11 Is 3:3; 5:21; 10:13; 29:14 Je 4:22 Ho 14:10; לֵב נָבוֹן intelligent mind Pr 14:33; 15:14; 18:15; נָבוֹן וְחָכָם Gn 41:33, 39; חכם ונבון Dt 4:6 1 K 3:12; חכמים ונבנים Dt 1:13. Poʿl. יְבוֹנֲנֵהוּ he attentively considereth him Dt 32:10. Hiph. Pf. הֵבִין Jb 28:23 + 5 times; Impf. יָבִין Is 28:9 + 4 times; וַיָּבֶן 2 Ch 11:23 Dn 9:22; Inf. הָבִין ψ 32:9 + 9 times; Imv. הָבֵן Dn 8:16 + 12 times; Pt. מֵבִין Pr 28:7 + 26 times;— 1. understand:— a. abs. Is 29:16; 40:21; 56:11 1 K 3:11 ψ 32:9 Dn 8:17; 10:12. b. acc. 1 Ch 28:9 Jb 28:23 Pr 1:2, 6; 8:5; 14:8 Is 28:19 Dn 8:23 Mi 4:12; מֵבִין one with understanding Pr 8:9; 17:10, 24; 28:2, 7, 11; מְבִינֵי מַדָּע Dn 1:4; able to understand (i.e. old enough) Ne 8:3; 10:29, cf. 8:2 (sq. לִשׁמֹעַ). 2. give heed to, attend to, observe, discern, abs. Is 57:1 2 Ch 11:23 Dn 8:5; c. בְּ Ne 8:12 Dn 9:23; 10:11; מֵבִין בְּ skilled in 2 Ch 26:5; 34:12; c. אֶל ψ 33:15; בין טוב לרע 1 K 3:9. 3. give understanding, make understand, teach:— a. abs. Dn 8:27; 9:22. b. with acc. pers. ψ 119:34, 73, 125, 130, 144, 169 Jb 32:8 Ne 8:7, 9 Is 40:14. c. with לְ pers. 2 Ch 35:3 Dn 11:33; with לְ pers. & acc. rei Jb 6:24 Dn 8:16. d. בְּ rei Ne 8:8, + acc. pers. Dn 1:17. e. double acc. Is 28:9 ψ 119:27 Dn 10:14; מֵבִין teacher 1 Ch 15:22; 25:7, 8; 27:32 Ezr 8:16. Hithpoʿl. Pf. הִתְבּוֹנָ֑ן Is 1:3 + 6 times; Impf. אֶתְבּוֹנֵן Jb 23:15 + 3 times; אֶתְבּוֹנָ֑ן Jb 32:12 + 5 times; יִתְבּוֹנְנוּ ψ 107:43 + 2 times; יִתְבּוֹנָ֑נוּ Is 14:16; 43:18. 1. shew oneself attentive, consider diligently:— a. abs. Jb 11:11; 23:15 Is 1:3 Je 2:10; 9:16. b. acc. Jb 37:14 ψ 107:43; 119:95 Is 43:18; 52:15. c. with אֶל 1 K 3:21 Is 14:16. d. with עַל Jb 31:1 ψ 37:10. e. with עד Jb 32:12; 38:18. f. with בְּ Jb 30:20 Je 30:24. 2. get understanding, understand Je 23:20 Jb 26:14 (sq. acc.) ψ 119:104. 3. shew oneself to have understanding ψ 119:100.

† חָכָם adj. wise, ח׳ Dt 4:6 + 67 times; cstr. חֲכַם Is 3:3 + 9 times; pl. חֲכָמִים Dt 1:13 + 39 times; cstr. חַכְמֵי Ex 28:3 + 4 times; sf. חֲכָמֶיךָ Is 19:12 etc. + 8 times; f. חֲכָמָה 2 S 14:2; 20:16; cstr. חַכְמַת Ex 35:25; pl. חֲכָמוֹת Je 9:16; cstr. חַכְמוֹת Ju 5:29 Pr 14:1 (but read חָכְמוֹת De);— 1. skilful in technical work; artificers Is 3:3; sailors Ez 27:8, so (prob.) v 9; mourning women Je 9:16; artisans of tabern. and temple and their furniture Ex 28:3; 31:6; 35:10; 36:1, 2, 4, 8 (P), 1 Ch 22:15 2 Ch 2:6, 12, 13(×2); women in spinning Ex 35:25 (P); goldsmiths and other artisans Je 10:9; makers of idol-images Is 40:20. 2. wise in the administration of affairs: Joseph in Egypt Gn 41:33, 39 (E); heads of tribes Dt 1:13, 15, judges 16:19; of David 2 S 14:20, of Solomon 1 K 2:9; 3:12; 5:21 = 2 Ch 2:11; the prince of Tyre, in satire Ez 28:3; of kings in general Pr 20:26; class of political advisers of Judah Is 29:14 Je 18:18, appar. also Is 5:21; of Egypt Is 19:11(×2), 12, Edom Ob 8, the nations Je 10:7; so of God Is 31:2. 3. shrewd, crafty, cunning: Jonadab 2 S 13:3; the princesses Ju 5:29; אשׁה חכמה wise woman 2 S 14:2; 20:16; gen., Je 9:22; intelligent animals Pr 30:24; לכד ח׳ בערמם taking the cunning in their craft Jb 5:13; חכם בעיני wise in one’s own eyes Pr 3:7; 26:5, 12, 16; 28:11; חכמי לב wise of mind (in their own mind) Jb 37:24. 4. pl. class of learned and shrewd men, incl. astrologers, magicians and the like, of Egypt Gn 41:8 (E), Ex 7:11 (P; cf. Is 19:11(×2), 12); Babylon Is 44:25 Je 50:35; 51:57; Persia Est 1:13; 6:13. 5. prudent, towards king Pr 16:14; in controversies Pr 11:29; 29:8, 9, 11; religious affairs Ho 13:13; 14:10 Je 4:22; 8:8, 9 Dt 4:6; 32:6 ψ 107:43; אישׁ ח׳ Je 9:11. 6. wise, ethically and religiously, in WisdLt: a. as adj., חֲכַם לֵב wise of mind Pr 10:8; 16:21; לֵב חָכָם Ec 8:5; of the son Pr 10:1 = 15:20, 13:1; 23:24; Ec 2:19; ילד ח׳ Ec 4:13 wise boy; גבר ח׳ Jb 34:34 wise man; מוכיח ח׳ wise reprover Pr 25:12. b. = subst.: (1) as a wise learner in school of wisdom, he fears God and departs from evil Pr 14:16; is silent Pr 17:28; hearkens to counsel Pr 12:15; hears and increases in learning Pr 1:5; his ear seeketh knowledge Pr 18:15; he receives it Pr 21:11; and stores it up Pr 10:14; his ears hearken to the reproof which giveth life Pr 15:31; and he becomes wiser through it Pr 9:8, 9. (2) as a wise teacher, a sage, he does not answer with windy knowledge Jb 15:2; he tells the experience of the past Jb 15:18; has knowledge Jb 34:2; teaches it Ec 12:9; disperses it Pr 15:7; his tongue is health Pr 12:18; it utters knowledge aright Pr 15:2; his mind instructs his mouth and adds learning to his lips Pr 16:23; his words are gracious Ec 10:12; it is good to hear his rebuke Ec 7:5; his instruction is a fountain of life Pr 13:14; one walking with him becomes wiser Pr 13:20. The חכמים recall the Gk. σόφοι, having their schools, pupils (בֵן), discipline (מוּסָר), principles and collections of wisdom, דברי חכמים Pr 1:6; 22:17 (cf. 24:23), Ec 9:17; 12:11; God himself is חכם לבב Jb 9:4. (3) the wise are prosperous: true, in sceptical view of Ec., they have no advantage over the fool Ec 6:8; but die as the fool Ec 2:16(×2) ψ 49:11; they will not be able to find the works of God Ec 8:17; like others are in the hands of God Ec 9:1; they do not secure bread Ec 9:11; but elsewhere reverse is true: precious treasure is in his dwelling Pr 21:20; his lips preserve him Pr 14:3; they inherit glory Pr 3:35; wealth is their crown Pr 14:24; the wise man is strong Pr 24:5 Ec 7:19; his eyes are in his head Ec 2:14; his mind is at his right hand Ec 10:2; he interprets things Ec 8:1. (4) the wise man is a blessing to others: he wins men Pr 11:30; scales the city of the mighty Pr 21:22; though poor he delivers the city Ec 9:15; is a reproof to scorners Pr 15:12; his mind is in the house of mourning Ec 7:4; injustice makes him foolish Ec 7:7; Job finds no wise men among his cruel friends Jb 17:10.

I. כְּסִיל70 n.m. stupid fellow, dullard, fool;—כ׳ ψ 49:11 + 44 times; pl. כְּסִילִים ψ 94:8 + 25 times;—‖ בער ψ 49:11; 92:7; 94:8, elsewhere only in WisdLt; he hates knowledge Pr 1:22; delights not in understanding 18:2; it is his sport to do mischief 10:23; his heart proclaimeth אִוֶּלֶת 12:23; his mouth poureth it forth 15:2, and feedeth on it 15:14.

† I. שָׂכַל vb. be prudent (Gerber47 denom. from שֶׂכֶל, but vb. early; NH סָכַל, Hithp. shew oneself attentive (to), look; Aramaic סְכַל (rare) understand, Ithpa. look (at), consider, Aph. instruct; שְׂכַל only Aph. (for Heb. הִשְׂכִּיל), understand, make wise; ܣܟܰܠ Pa. teach, Ethpa. understand, etc.; Sam. ࠎࠊࠋ Ithpa. look (for Heb. הִבִּיט); Assyrian šiklu, clever, šiklûtu, cleverness, MeissnSuppl. 93);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ 1 S 18:30 be prudent, circumspect (SS HPS); Kit Buhl Gerber al. prosper. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׂכִּיל Je 23:5; 1 Ch 28:19; 1 s. הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי ψ 119:99; 3 mpl. הִשְׂכִּילוּ Jb 34:27 +; Impf. יַשְׂכִּיל 1 S 18:5 +; 2 ms. juss. תַּשְׂכֵּל Dn 9:25, etc.; Imv. mpl. הַשְׂכִּילוּ ψ 2:10; Inf. abs. הַשְׂכֵּל Je 9:23 +; הַשְׂכֵּיל (Ges§ 53 k) Je 3:15; Jb 34:35; cstr. הַשְׂכִּיל Gn 3:6 +, etc.; Pt. מַשְׂכִּיל 1 S 18:14 +, f. מַשְׂכָּ֑לֶת Pr 19:14; pl. מַשְׂכִּילִים Dn 11:35 +, etc.; meanings hard to classify: scholars differ greatly;— 1. look at: נֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל Gn 3:6 (J) was desirable to look upon (so 𝔊 Ges De; AV, RV to make one wise; Ew Di Buhl SS Dr al. sub 3). 2. give attention to, consider, ponder: Is 41:20; 44:18; Dt 32:29 ψ 64:10; 106:7; Jb 34:27; c. לְ Pr 21:12; c. אֶל ψ 41:2; Ne 8:13; c. עַל Pr 16:20; c. ב ψ 101:2; Dn 9:13. 3. have insight, comprehension: Je 9:23 (‖ יָדַע י׳), ψ 94:8 (‖ בִּין), 119:99; Dn 1:4; 9:25 (‖ יָדַע); הַשְׂכֵּ(י)ל as subst. = insight, understanding: as י׳’s gift to ruler and teacher, ‖ דֵּעָה Je 3:15; ‖ דַּ֫עַת Jb 34:35; ‖ מַדָּע Dn 1:17; מוּסַר הַשׂ׳ Pr 1:3; דֶּרֶךְ הַשׂ׳ 21:16. 4. cause to consider, give insight, teach: י׳ subj., acc. rei, 1 Ch 28:19, acc. pers. ψ 32:8; Ne 9:20; Gabriel subj., 2 acc. Dn 9:22; לֵב חָכָם subj., acc. rei Pr 16:23; c. לְ, Pr 21:11; הַמַּשְׂכִּילִים שֵׂכֶל טוֹב לי׳ 2 Ch 30:22 (but Be Ke Benz etc. who shewed good skill, sc. in music, v 21b); (הַ)מַשְׂכִּילִים Dn 11:33, 35; 12:3, 10 the teachers (so Ew Hi Bev; Thes Ke Behrm al. the wise). 5. act circumspectly, prudently: abs. Am 5:13 ψ 2:10; 36:4; מַשְׂכִּיל as subst. ψ 14:2 = 53:3, Pr 10:5, 19; 14:35; 15:24; 17:2; Jb 22:2; אִשָּׁה מַשְׂכָּ֑לֶת Pr 19:14.—Je 50:9 has גִּבּוֹר מַשְׁכִּיל according to Mas. (van d. H. Baer Gi), cf. 𝔙, i.e. a child-slaying warrior; but שׁ׳ Hiph. elsewhere only Ho 9:14, of miscarriage; 𝔊 𝔖 Ew and most mod. (Gf Gie Rothst) read מַשְׂכִּיל, either skilful or fortunate. 6. prosper, have success (cf. Dr 1 S 18:5): abs. 1 S 18:15; Is 52:13; Je 10:21; 20:11; 23:5; Jos 1:8 (D); c. ב, v 7 (D) 1 S 18:5, 14 (read בְּכָל־ for לְכָל־ Vrss Th HPS al.), cf. 2 K 18:7; c. אֶל, Pr 17:8. 7. cause to prosper: Dt 29:8; 1 K 2:3 (D).

† תְּבוּנָה n.f. understanding Dt 32:28 + 27 times; sf. תְּבוּנָתִי Pr 5:1 + 7 times; תובנתו Jb 26:12 Kt (Qr תְּבוּנָתוֹ); תְּבוּנָם Ho 13:2 for תְּבוּנָתָם v. De ψ 27:5; תְּבוּנוֹת ψ 49:4 + 4 times; תְּבוּנוֹתֵיכֶם Jb 32:11;— 1. the act Jb 26:12 ψ 78:72; 136:5 Pr 3:19; 21:30; 24:3 Je 10:12 (= 51:15) Ez 28:4 Ho 13:2 Ob 7. 2. the faculty Ex 31:3; 35:31; 36:1 (P) Dt 32:28 (poet.) Jb 12:12, 13 Pr 2:6, 11; 28:16 Is 44:19; אִישׁ תְּבוּנָה Pr 10:23; 15:21; 17:27; 20:5; אִישׁ תְּבוּנוֹת Pr 11:12 (= Ob 8 where אישׁ omitted by scribal error); דֶּרֶךְ תְּבוּנָה Is 40:14. 3. the object of knowledge Pr 2:3; 3:13; 5:1; 14:29; 18:2; 19:8 ψ 49:4; 147:5 Is 40:28 1 K 5:9; 7:14; תטה לבך לתבונה incline thy mind to understanding Pr 2:2; reasons Jb 32:11. 4. personified Pr 8:1 as teacher.

† בִּינָה n.f. understanding 1 Ch 12:32 + 28 times; cstr. בִּינַת Pr 30:2 Is 29:14; sf. בִּינָתִי Jb 20:3 + 4 times; pl. בִּינוֹת Is 27:11;— 1. the act Is 33:19 Je 23:20 Dn 1:20; 8:15; 9:22; 10:1. 2. the faculty Jb 20:3; 39:26 Pr 3:5; 23:4; 30:2 Is 27:11; קנה בינה get understanding Pr 4:5, 7; 16:16. 3. the object of knowledge Dt 4:6 1 Ch 22:12 Jb 28:12, 20, 28; 34:16; 38:36; 39:17 Pr 9:6, 10; 23:23 Is 11:2; 29:14; יָדַע בִינָה 1 Ch 12:32 2 Ch 2:11, 12 Jb 38:4 Pr 1:2; 4:1 Is 29:24. 4. personified Pr 2:8; 7:4; 8:14.

† חָכַם vb. be wise (NH id.; Aramaic ܚܟܰܡ, חֲכַם id.; Zinj. חכמה wisdom, DHMSendsch. 57; Assyrian ḫakâmu, know (with exceptional חֿ v. DlPr 178 f.); Arabic حَكَمَ restrain from acting in an evil manner, judge, govern; iv. make firm, sound, free from defect by the exercise of skill)— Qal Pf. ח׳ Pr 23:15; 3 fs. חָֽכְמָה Zc 9:2; הָכַמְתָּ Pr 9:12(×2), etc. + 3 times Pf.; Impf. יֶחְכַּם Pr 9:9; 21:11; וַיֶּחְכַּם 1 K 5:11; יֶחְכָּ֑ם Pr 20:1 +; וֶ֯חְכָּ֑ם Pr 13:20; תֶּחְכַּם Pr 19:20; אֶחְכָּ֑מָה Ec 7:23; pl. יֶחְכָּ֑מוּ Jb 32:9; Imv. חֲכַם Pr 27:11; חֲכָ֑ם Pr 6:6; 23:19 + 13:20 Kt; חֲכָ֑מוּ Pr 8:33;—be or become wise, act wisely Dt 32:29 (poet.) 1 K 5:11 Jb 32:9 Pr 6:6; 8:33; 9:9, 12(×2); 13:20; 19:20; 20:1; 21:11; 23:19; 27:11 Ec 2:15; 7:23 Zc 9:2; אם חכם לבך if thy mind be wise Pr 23:15; c. acc. שׁחכמתי Ec 2:19 wherein I have acted wisely. Pi. Impf. יְחַכֵּם ψ 105:22; sf. יְחַכְּמֵנוּ Jb 35:11; תְּחַכְּמֵנִי ψ 119:98; all make wise, teach wisdom, c. acc. Pu. Pt. made wise, intensive, as it were the embodiment of wisdom חוֹבֵר חֲבָרִים מְחֻכָּם ψ 58:6, pl. הֵמָּה חֲכָמִים מְחֻכָּמִים Pr 30:24 (of intelligent animals). Hiph. Pt. cstr. מַחְכִּימַת פֶּ֑תִי ψ 19:8 making wise the simple. Hithp. Impf. נִתְחַכְּמָה לוֹ Ex 1:10 (E) let us deal wisely (shrewdly) toward it (the people); 2 ms. תִּתְחַכַּם Ec 7:16 make or shew thyself wise.

συνίημι, also ξυν-, 2nd pers. singular ξυνίης [ῑ] Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular and plural συνίει, συνίουσι, LXX; imperative ξυνίει Refs 8th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular subjunctive συνιῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive συνιέναι, Epic dialect -ῑέμενLXX+8th c.BC+; participle ξυνῑείς LXX+5th c.BC+: imperfect συνίην Refs 3rd c.AD+; συνίειν (assuming variant) Refs 2nd c.AD+; 3rd.pers. singular ξυνίει Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. plural ξυνίεσαν Refs 5th c.BC+, Epic dialect ξύνιεν Refs 8th c.BC+: future συνήσω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 συνῆκα Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect ξυνέηκα Refs 8th c.BC+; but aorist 2 imperative ξύνες, Refs 5th c.BC+; plural σύνετε variant in NT; participle συνείς Refs 5th c.BC+ and ; Aeolic dialect σύνεις Refs 7th c.BC+; Doric dialect infinitive συνέμεν Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect συνεῖκα Refs 2nd c.BC+; Doric dialectRefs 1st c.AD+; perfect participle συνεικώς probable reading in Refs 8th c.BC+ we find of present, only imperative ξυνίει Refs 8th c.BC+; ofimperfect, 3rd.pers. plural ξύνιεν for ξυνίεσαν, Refs 8th c.BC+; of aorist 1, Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular ξυνέηκ; of aorist 2, imperative ξύνες Refs; of aorist 2 middle, 3rd.pers. singular ξύνετο Refs 8th c.BC+; subjunctive 1st pers. plural συνώμεθα Refs 8th c.BC+; all except the last form with ξυν-, though seldom required by the verse. [As in ἵημι, the 1st pers. syllable is short in Epic dialect, long in Trag. and Comedy texts: Refs 8th c.BC+ ξυνιημι in a dactylic verse, Refs 5th c.BC+ ξυνιημι in an iambic trimeter, Refs 4th c.BC+ __I bring or set together, in hostile sense, τίς τ᾽ ἄρ σφωε.. ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθα; Refs 8th c.BC+; but ἀμφοτέρῃς.. ἕνα ξυνέηκεν ὀϊστόν shot one arrow at both together, Refs 5th c.AD+ __I.2 middle, come together, come to an agreement, ὄφρα.. συνώμεθα.. ἀμφὶ γάμῳ Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.3 send herewith, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II metaphorically, perceive, hear, frequently in Refs 8th c.BC+ (who also has middle in this sense, ἀγορεύοντος ξύνετο Refs 8th c.BC+; καὶ κωφοῦ συνίημι Orac cited in Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 to be aware of, take notice of, observe, τοῖιν Refs 8th c.BC+: with accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+: followed by a relative, ξύνες δὲ τήνδ᾽, ὡς.. χωρεῖ Refs 6th c.BC+ __II.3 understand, ξ. ἀλλήλων understand one another's language, Refs 5th c.BC+; εὖ λέγοντος.. τοῦ Δελφικοῦ γράμματος οὐ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ to the intelligent, Refs 6th c.BC+; in Comedy texts dialogue, parenthetically, συνίη; like{μανθάνεις}; Latin tenes? Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐχὶ ξυνίη; Refs 5th c.BC+: also followed by a clause, οὐ ξυνιᾶσιν ὅκως.. Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. τὸ γράμμα ὃ βούλεται Refs 5th c.BC+: also, like other Verbs of perception, with participle, ξυνιᾶσι τιμώμενοι Refs 3rd c.AD+; οὐ συνίης καταναλίσκω; Refs 1st c.AD+

אֱוִיל26 adj. foolish—א׳ Jb 5:2 +; pl. אֱוִילִים ψ 107:17 +, etc.;—foolish, Pr 29:9 (אִישׁ א׳) Ho 9:7 (pred. of prophet); cf. Is 35:8, elsewhere n.m. fool (always morally bad), who despises wisdom & discipline Pr 1:7; 15:5; mocks at guilt 14:9; is quarrelsome 20:3; licentious 7:22; it is folly & useless to instruct him 16:22; 27:22 (19 times Pr); cf. also Je 4:22; Jb 5:2, 3; Is 19:11 ψ 107:17.

אִוֶּ֫לֶת25 n.f. folly.—abs. Pr 12:23 +; cstr. 14:8 +; sf. אִוַּלְתִּי ψ 38:6, etc.;—folly, special product of כְּסִילִים (v. כֶּסֶל) Pr 12:23 + (12 times); c. פְּתָאִים Pr 14:18; c.אֱוִלִים only 16:22; 27:22 (cf. 14:24) for alliteration. It is bound up in mind of boy, to be removed only by rod of discipline Pr 22:15; א׳ personif. tears down house built by חַכְמוֹת נָשִׁים Pr 14:1; it is contrasted with תְּבוּנָה Pr 14:29; 15:21.

† [פָּתָה] vb. denom. be simple (NH Pi. entice);— Qal Impf. 3 ms. יִפְתֶּה Dt 11:16; וַיִּפְתְּ Jb 31:27; Pt. פֹּתֶה Jb 5:2 Pr 20:19; f. פּוֹתֶה Ho 7:11;— 1. be open-minded(?), simple Jb 5:2; יוֹנָה פוֹתָה Ho 7:11 silly dove; פֹּתֶה שְׂפָתָיו Pr 20:19 one foolish as to his lips (most, openeth wide his lips). 2. be enticed deceived Dt 11:16 Jb 31:27. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִפְתָּה Jb 31:9; Impf. 1 s. וָאֶפָּת Je 20:7;—be deceived Je 20:7; c. עַל enticed unto Jb 31:9. Piel Pf. 2 ms. פִּתִּיתָ Pr 24:28; sf. פִּתִּיתַנִי Je 20:7; 1 s. פִּתֵּיתִי Ez 14:9; Impf. 3 ms. יְפַתֶּה Ex 22:15 +, etc.; Imv. פַּתִּי Ju 14:15; 16:5; Inf. cstr. sf. פַּתֹּתְךָ 2 S 3:25; Pt. sf. מְפַתֶּיהָ (Ges§ 93 ss) Ho 2:15;— 1. persuade, woman Ho 2:16 (fig., י׳ subj.), seduce, virgin Ex 22:15; entice, husband Ju 14:15; 16:5; a man to sin Pr 1:10; 16:29. 2. deceive, 2 S 3:25 Pr 24:28 (yet cf. √ Hiph. supr.); subj. י׳, obj. proph., Je 20:7; Ez 14:9, cf. 1 K 22:20, 21, 22 = 2 Ch 18:19, 20, 21; obj. י׳, ψ 78:36. Pual Impf. 3 ms. יְפֻתֶּה: 1. be persuaded, Pr 25:15. 2. be deceived, 20:7, 10 be beguiled by י׳, Ez 14:9.

II. נָבָל n.pr.m. (on popular etymol. see 1 S 25:25 infr.);—a churlish man of Carmel, whose widow David married 1 S 25:3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 19, 25(×2) (כִּשְׁמוֹ כֶּן־ה֔וּא נָבָל שְׁמוֹ וּנְבָלָה עִמּוֹ), v 26 + 10 times 1 S + 2 S 2:2; 3:3. 𝔊 Ναβαλ.

σοφός, ή, όν, skilled in any handicraft or art, clever, ἁρματηλάτας σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of a sculptor, Refs 5th c.BC+; even of hedgers and ditchers, Refs; but in this sense mostly of poets and musicians, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κιθάρᾳ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν τέχνην -ώτεροςRefs 5th c.BC+; γλώσσῃ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 clever in practical matters, wise, prudent, ὁ χρήσιμ᾽ εἰδώς, οὐχ ὁ πόλλ᾽ εἰδώς, σ. Refs 4th c.BC+; especially statesmanlike, in which sense the seven Sages were so called, Refs 4th c.BC+: hence, shrewd, worldly-wise, Refs 6th c.BC+; πολλὰ σ. Refs 4th c.BC+; ἃ δεῖ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+: even of animals, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. πειθώ Refs 5th c.BC+; εὐβουλία Refs 4th c.BC+. my little trick, Refs 5th c.BC+; your clever notion, Refs; τἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ σοφά, δάκρυα my tears, all the resources that I have, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ δίκαια, τῶν σοφῶν κρείσσω τάδε better than all craft, Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφόν [ἐστι] with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b more generally, learned, wise, τὸ μὲν σ. [αὐτὸν] καλεῖν ἔμοιγε μέγα εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ θεῷ μόνῳ πρέπειν Refs 5th c.BC+; of sophists,Refs 5th c.BC+; universally and ideally wise, ὁ σ., τουτέστιν ὁ τὴν τοῦ ἀληθοῦς ἐπιστήμην ἔχων Refs 3rd c.BC+ as a title, especially of lawyers or professors, Refs 5th c.AD+ __3 subtle, ingenious, opposed to ἀμαθής Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφόν τοι τὸ σαφές, οὐ τὸ μὴ σαφές Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ σοφὸν οὐ σοφία wisdom overmuch is no wisdom, Refs; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτ; οὐδὲν ποικίλον οὐδὲ σοφόν nothing curious or recondite, Refs 4th c.BC+—For the senses of ς., see Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἐν οἰωνοῖς, κιθάρᾳ, Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τι or τινος, Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive, πῶς δῆτ᾽ ἔγωγ᾽ ἂν.. Διὸς γενοίμην εὖ φρονεῖν σοφώτερο; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of things, cleverly devised, wise, νόμος Refs 5th c.BC+; νοήματα, ἔπεα, Refs 5th c.BC+; πάντα προσφέρων σοφά all wise sayings, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν σοφὸν εἶναι shows no great wisdom, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III adverb σοφῶς cleverly, wisely, etc., first (?) in Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -ώτερονRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ώταταRefs 5th c.BC+ —σοφῶς, as an exclamation of applause, Refs 1st c.AD+ (Not in Epic dialect, except in Margites [prev. cited] and as ancient Refs 8th c.BC+; but see at {σοφία},{σοφίζομαι}.)

διακρίνω [ρῑ], future -κρῐνῶ, Epic dialect and Delph. -κρῐνέωRefs 8th c.BC+:—separate one from another, ὥς τ᾽ αἰπόλια.. αἰπόλοι ἄνδρες ῥεῖα διακρίνωσιν Refs 8th c.BC+; part combatants, εἰς ὅ κε δαίμων ἄμμε διακρίνη Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, to be parted, of hair, Refs 8th c.BC+, etc.: also in future middle, διακρινέεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; διακρίνεσθαι πρός.. part and join different parties, Refs __b passive, to be divorced, Refs __2 in Philosophy, separate, decompose into elemental parts, opposed to συγκρίνω, chiefly in passive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 ἄστρων διακρίνει φάη σελάνα probably sets apart, removes, i.e. outshines, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II distinguish, καί κ᾽ ἀλαὸς διακρίνειε τὸ σῆμα Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐδένα δ. without distinction of persons, Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect passive in middle sense, διακεκρίμεθα τάς τε καθαρὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ.. Refs 5th c.BC+pluperfect in passive sense, διεκέκριτο οὐδέν no distinction was made, Refs 5th c.BC+distinct, varied, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III decide, of judges, ὀρθᾷ δ. φρενί Refs 5th c.BC+; also, determine a fever, mark its crisis, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ νοῦσος μάλιστα διακρίνει ἐν οὐδενί has usually no crisis in any patient, Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, νεῖκος δ. get it decided, Refs 8th c.BC+; decide among yourselves, ταῦτα.. ὅπως ποτ᾽ ἔχει δ. Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, bring an issue to decision, ἐπέεσσί γε νηπυτίοισι ὧδε διακρινθέντε Refs 8th c.BC+; αἴ τινι τᾶν πολίων ᾖ ἀμφίλλογα, διακριθῆμεν Foed.Doric dialect cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; of combatants, μάχῃ διακριθῆναι πρός τινα LXX+5th c.BC+; ὅπλοις ἢ λόγοις διακρίνεσθαι Philipp. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; τινί with one, Refs 3rd c.BC+; also πόλεμος διακριθήσεται Refs 5th c.BC+; of a person, to be judged, Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV set [a place] apart for holy purposes, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V interpret a dream, etc., Refs 1st c.AD+ __VI question, τοὺς ἰατρούς Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VII doubt, hesitate, waver, NTmiddle and passive, μηδὲν διακρινόμενοςRefs; μὴ διακριθῆτε NT

† I. נָבָל adj. foolish, senseless, especially of the man who has no perception of ethical and religious claims, and with collat. idea of ignoble, disgraceful;—abs. נ׳ 2 S 3:33 + 14 times; mpl. נְבָלִים 13:13 Ez 13:3 (𝔊 Co מִלִּבָּם); fpl. נְבָלוֹת Jb 2:10;—senseless, especially of religious and moral insensibility: עַם נ׳ Dt 32:6 (of Isr., unappreciative of J.’s benefits; opp. חָכָם), so of heathen nation ψ 74:18 (blaspheming name of י׳), גּוֹי נ׳ Dt 32:21 (‖ לֹא עָם); הַנְּבִאִים הַנּ׳ Ez 13:3 (si vera l., v. supr.); elsewhere as subst. (impious and presumptuous) fool, Is 32:5 (opp. נָדִיב noble-minded), characterized as at once irreligious and churlish, v 6; denying God ψ 14:1 = 53:2; insulting God 74:22, and God’s servant 39:9; Pr 17:7 arrogant speech becometh not the (impious and presumptuous) fool (whose faults it only makes the more conspicuous), much less do lying lips him that is noble (נדיב), v 21 (‖ כְּסִיל), 30:22 ונבל כי ישׂבע לחם (one of the things under which the earth trembles), בְּנֵי נָבָל Jb 30:8 i.e. ignoble men (‖ בְּנֵי בְלִי־שֵׁם); as one who might be expected to have a contumelious end, הַכְּמוֹת נ׳ ימות אבנר 2 S 3:33 was Abner (destined) to die, as a נ׳ dieth? of the man who amasses riches unjustly ובאחריתו יהיה נבל Je 17:11 i.e. will prove himself to be a נ׳; as acting immorally (with collat. idea of disgracefully) 2 S 13:13 ואתה תהיה כְּאַחַד הַנְּבָלִים בישׂראל (cf. נְבָלָה); f. only in כְּדַבֵּר אַחַת הַנְּבָלוֹת Jb 2:10 (of Job’s wife). Cf. Dr Dt 22:21, 32:6, 15, 21; Psalt. 457.

† פֶּ֫תִי [for פָּתַי LagBN 52 BaZMG xiii (1888), 353; NB 320] adj. simple, poss. as open-minded;—פֶּ֫תִי Pr 9:4 +, פֶּ֑תִי ψ 19:8 +; pl. פְּתָאיִם (Ges§ 93 x) 116:6 + 6 times Pr; פְּתָיִים 119:130 Pr 22:3; פְּתָיִם 1:22, 32;—simple, as subst. concr.: open to the instruction of wisdom or folly, Pr 9:4, 16; believing every word 14:15; lacking עָרְמָה 1:4; 8:5; 19:25; needing בין ψ 119:130, חכמה 19:8 Pr 21:11; in good sense, שׁנר פתאים י׳ ψ 116:6 י׳ preserveth the simple-minded; but usually tendency to bad sense; פתאים love פתי Pr 1:22; inherit אִוֶּלֶת 14:18, are easily enticed, misled and go back 1:32; 7:7; 9:6; 22:3 = 27:12; causing temple to need atonement Ez 45:20 (‖ שׁגה).

שֵׂ֫כֶל, שֶׂ֫כֶל n.m. prudence, insight;—שֵׂ֫׳ abs. ψ 111:10 +, cstr. Pr 19:11 +; שֶׂ׳ abs. 1 S 25:3 +; שָׂ֑כֶל Jb 17:4; sf. שִׂכְלוֹ Pr 12:8; Dn 8:25;— 1. prudence, good sense: טוֹבַת שׂ׳ woman of good sense 1 S 25:3. 2. insight, understanding: ‖ בִינָה 1 Ch 22:12; 2 Ch 2:11, cf. Jb 17:4; שׂ׳ טוֹב Pr 3:4; 13:15 ψ 111:10; 2 Ch 30:22; אִישׁ שׂ׳ Ezr 8:18; יוֹעֵץ בְּשׂ׳ 1 Ch 26:14; מְקוֹר חַיִּים שׂ׳ בְּעָלָיו Pr 16:22; restrains from anger 19:11, wins praise 12:8, fool despises שׂ׳ מִלִּים 23:9; שׂוֹם שׂ׳ Ne 8:8 (‖ הֵבִין) set forth (the) understanding (i.e. the meaning). 3. bad sense, cunning, craft, Dn 8:25.

ἐπίστᾰμαι, 2 person -ασαιRefs 6th c.BC+, contraction ἐπίστω Refs 5th c.BC+; subjunctive Ionic dialect ἐπιστέωμαι Refs 5th c.BC+, Attic dialect ἐπίστωμαι Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect ἠπιστάμην Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialect 3rd.pers. plural ἠπιστέατο or ἐπιστέατο Refs: future ἐπιστήσομαι Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἠπιστήθην Refs 5th c.BC+ __I. know how to do, be able to do, capable of doing, c.infinitive, οὐδέ οἱ ὀστέ᾽ ἐπιστήσονται Ἀχαιοὶ ἀλλέξαι Refs 8th c.BC+; and of artistic skill, ὃς χερσὶν ἐπίστατο δαίδαλα πάντα τεύχειν Refs 8th c.BC+: frequently in Trag. and Attic dialect, οὔπω σωφρονεῖν ἐπίστασαι Refs 5th c.BC+; κιθαρίζειν οὐκ ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive, σῷζ ὅπως ἐπίστασαι as best you can, Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.2. to be assured, feel sure that.., τοῦτον ἐπίστανται πλεῖστα εἰδέναι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II. with accusative, understand a matter, know, be versed in or acquainted with, πολλὰ δ᾽ ἐπίστατο ἔργα Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔγωγε γράμματ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ μὴ ἐ. γράμματα illiteracy, Refs 1st c.BC+; ἐ. ἱερατικὰ καὶ Αἰγύπτια γράμματα Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἐ. μύθους τοὺς Αἰσώπου know them by heart, Refs 5th c.BC+ adverb, Συριστὶ ἐ. know Syrian, Refs 5th c.BC+; with accusative and infinitive conjoined, Refs 4th c.BC+; with infinitive to explanation the accusative, ἔργον δὲ μοῦνον ἐσθίειν ἐ. Refs 7th c.BC+ __II.2. after Refs 8th c.BC+, know as a fact, know for certain, ἐπισταμένοισι εὖ οὐκ ἄν τις λέγοι Refs 5th c.BC+; used convertibly with εἰδέναι, Refs 5th c.BC+; even χάριν ἐ., ={χάριν εἰδέναι}, Refs 4th c.AD+ being confined to scientific knowledge (ἐπιστήμη), διὰ τὸ εἰδέναι τὸ ἐπίστασθαι ἐδίωκον Refs 4th c.BC+. Hdt.[same place]; σαφῶς ἐ. Refs 6th c.BC+; ἐ. ὅτι.., or ἐ. τοῦτο, ὅτι.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3. rarely, know a person, Ἀρίγνωτον γὰρ οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν Ἰησοῦν γινώσκω καὶ τὸν Παῦλον ἐ. NT; but ὁ παῖς τοὺς τεκόντας οὐκ ἐ. does not know who they are, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III. with participle, in Prose and Trag., know that one is, has, etc., εὖ ἐ. αὐτὸς σχήσων Refs 5th c.BC+; also ὡς ὧδ᾽ ἐχόντων τῶνδ᾽ ἐ. σε χρή Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς φανέν γε τοὔπος ὧδ᾽ ἐ. Refs 1st c.AD+: c.accusative et infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV. present participle ἐπιστάμενος, η, ον, frequently as adjective, knowing, understanding, skilful, ἀνδρὸς ἐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; καὶ μάλ᾽ ἐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; even of a dancer's feet, θρέξασκον ἐπισταμένοισι πόδεσσι Refs 8th c.BC+ skilled, versed in them, Refs 8th c.BC+ __IV.2. adverb ἐπιστᾰμένως skilfully, expertly,Refs 8th c.BC+; εὖ καὶ ἐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; also in Prose, Refs 5th c.BC+: c.infinitive, with knowledge how to.., Refs 4th c.BC+, attend, observe, it is probably that ἐπίσταμαι is merely an old middle form of ἐφίστημι,Refs 4th c.BC+

νο-έω, Aeolic dialect νόημι (which see): Epic dialect aorist 1 νόησα Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialect ἔνωσα (ἐν-) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect νενόηκα, Ionic dialect νένωκα (ἐν-) Refs; imperative νενόηθι Hilgard Excerpta e libris Herodiani Refs:—middle, Epic dialect aorist νοήσατο Refs 8th c.BC+; participle νοησάμενος Refs 7th c.BC+ —passive (mostly in middle sense), future νοηθήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist ἐνοήθην Refs 5th c.BC+; also Ionic dialect (ἐπ-) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect νενόημαι, Ionic dialect νένωμαι Refs 6th c.BC+singular pluperfect ἐνένωτο (in middle sense) Refs 5th c.BC+ and perfect passive νένοται. —The compounds with ἀπό, διά, ἐν, ἐπί, μετά, πρό are used chiefly in middle:—perceive by the eyes, observe (οἱ ἀρχαῖοι τὸ ν. σωματικὸν.. ὑπολαμβάνουσιν Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀξὺ ν.Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀφθαλμοῖσιν, ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσι ν., Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 perceive by the mind, apprehend, τὸν δὲ ἰδὼν ἐνόησε Refs 8th c.BC+; ἢ λάθετ᾽ ἢ οὐκ ἐνόησεν or did not take notice, Refs 8th c.BC+; νοέεις δὲ καὶ αὐτός thou thyself art aware of it, LXX+8th c.BC+; πρὸ ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν one perceives before the other, Refs 8th c.BC+: frequently in Philos., of thought, μάλιστα ἔοικεν ἴδιον [ψυχῆς] τὸ ν. Refs 5th c.BC+: also with participle added, ὡς ἐνόησεν ἔμ᾽ ἥμενον Refs 8th c.BC+; of a future event, νοέω κακὸν ὔμμιν ἐρχόμενον Refs: with infinitive, οὐκ ἐνόησα ἄψορρον καταβῆναι NT+8th c.BC+:—middle, νωσάμενος Refs 6th c.BC+:—passive, to be apprehended by thought, τὰς ἰδέας νοεῖσθαι μὲν ὁρᾶσθαι δ᾽ οὔ Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ νοούμενα, opposed to τὰ αἰσθητά,NT __3 think, consider, reflect, φρεσὶ ν. ἔνθ᾽ εἴην ἢ ἔνθα” Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐπ᾽ ἀμφότερα ν. look to both sides, Refs 5th c.BC+ to be other wise minded, Refs 5th c.BC+: participle νοέων, έουσα, wary, discreet, Refs 8th c.BC+; τὰ νοέων λέγει what he says advisedly, Refs 5th c.BC+; νοῶν καὶ φρονῶν sane and in his right mind, in wills, Refs 3rd c.BC+, etc.:— in middle, φρενὶ θεῖα νοῦνται Refs 6th c.BC+ __4 consider, deem, presume to be so and so, ὡς μηκέτ᾽ ὄντα κεῖνον.. νόει Refs 5th c.BC+; τόδε γὰρ νοῶ κράτιστονRefs 4th c.BC+infinitive, δεῖ νοῆσαι τὸ μὲν ὑγρὸν εἶναιRefs; compare νοητέον. __II think out, devise, conceive τοῦτό γ᾽ ἐναίσιμον οὐκ ἐνόησε Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄλλα μὲν αὐτὸς ἐνὶ φρεσὶ σῇσι νοήσεις, ἄλλα δὲ καὶ δαίμων ὑποθήσεταιRefs 8th c.BC+: frequently with neuter plural adjective, πεπνυμένα πάντα νοῆσαι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄνδρων πλεῖστα νοησάμενος most cunning of men, of Sisyphus, Refs 7th c.BC+:—passive, ἐνθύμημα νενοημένον οὐκ ἀτόπως Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.2 purpose, intend, ἐσθλά τινι Refs 8th c.BC+ __III with infinitive, to be minded, intend, οὐδ᾽ ἐνόησε ἐξερύσαι δόρυ bethought himself, Refs 8th c.BC+; νοέω φρεσὶ τιμήςuσθαιRefs; ἦ γὰρ νοεῖς θάπτειν σφ; Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, once in Refs 8th c.BC+ he thought with himself to take the scourge, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐνέ- νωτο στρατεύειν he was minded to march, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV of words, bear a certain sense, mean, πυθοίμεθ᾽ ἂν τὸν χρησμὸν ὅ τι νοεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+; [εἰ] τοῦτο.. νοεῖ αὐτῷ if this means for him that.., Refs; τὸ νοούμενον the sense, meaning, Refs 5th c.BC+

φρόνιμ-ος, ον, also η, ον Refs 1st c.AD+:— in one's right mind, in one's senses, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II showing presence of mind, ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς Refs 5th c.BC+presence of mind, Refs __III sensible, prudent, opposed to ἄφρων, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀνόητος, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν φρόνιμον ζητοῦντας.. ὥσπερ ἀποδεδρακότα Refs 4th c.BC+; φ. περί τινος possessing sagacity or discernment in a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τι Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴς τι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 of thoughts, acts, and the like, φ. τι ἐργάσασθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 of birds as giving omens, τοὺς ἄνωθεν φρονιμωτάτους οἰωνούς Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3.b sagacious, of animals, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.4 τὸ φ. practical wisdom, prudence, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to τὸ ἄφρον, Refs 5th c.BC+ helpless in point of wisdom, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.5 adverb -μωςRefs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀλόγως, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative φρονιμώτερον, διακεῖσθαι τῶν ἄλλων Refs; -ωτέρως Refs: superlative -ώτατα, λέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+

† כֶּ֫סֶל n.m. 1.loins, 2. stupidity, 3. confidence (NH id. loin; Aramaic כִּסְלָא id.);— 1. loins כָּ֑סֶל Jb 15:27; pl. כְּסָלִים Lv 3:4, 10, 15; 4:9; 7:4; sf. כְּסָלַי ψ 38:8. 2. stupidity, folly כ׳ Ec 7:25 (‖ סִכְלוּת), כֵּסֶל ψ 49:14. 3. confidence, sf. כִּסְלִי Jb 31:24; כִּסְלֶ֑ךָ Pr 3:26; כִּסְלוֹ Jb 8:14; כִּסְלָם ψ 78:7.

† נְבָלָה n.f. senselessness (as shewn in disregard of moral and religious claims), especially of disgraceful sins; also disgrace;—always abs. נ׳;— 1. disgraceful folly, especially of sins of unchastity Ju 19:23 (wanton deed GFM), so דְּבַר הַנּ׳ הַזֹּאת v 24, 2 S 13:12; often עָשָׂה נ׳ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל i.e. do a thing disgraceful according to Isr.’s standard: Gn 34:7 (J), Dt 22:21 (cf. Dr on meaning of wd.; only here of woman), Ju 20:6 (+ זִמָּה), v 10 Je 29:23 (cf. לֹא יֵעָשֶׂה כֵּן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל 2 S 13:12); also of inhospitable churlishness 1 S 25:25 (v. i, ii. נָבָל, and especially Is 32:6); of profane action Jos 7:15 (Achan; עָשָׂה נ׳ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל); of senseless and irreligious language Is 9:16 דֹּבֵר, 32:6 (יְדַבֵּר). 2. contumely, disgrace עֲשׂוֹת עִמָּכֶם נ׳ Jb 42:8 (of י׳), i.e. deal out to you disgrace, expose you and punish you as נְכָלִים (cf. 2 S 3:33, sub נָבָל), because of your utterances about me.

μωρός, ά, όν, Attic dialect μῶρος Hdn.Gr. 1.192: μῶρος as feminine, Refs 5th c.BC+, but accusative μῶραν Refs 3rd c.BC+:—dull, sluggish, of the nerves, Refs 5th c.BC+; χειμῶνος ἀρχομένου μ. γίνονται οἱ ἐργάται [τῶν σφηκῶν] Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 of persons, dull, stupid, μωροῦ φωτὸς ἅδε βουλά NT+5th c.BC+: comparative in proverbial, μωρότερος Μορύχου Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b in a religious sense, λαὸς μ. καὶ ἀκάρδιος LXX __3 of things, δέδοικα μῶρον πυραύστου μόρον Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ μ. folly, NT+5th c.BC+; μῶρα φρονεῖν, φωνεῖν, δρᾶν, LXX+5th c.BC+ __3.b μ. ἀνάγκη blind necessity, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 of taste, insipid, flat, Comedy texts Adesp.Refs 1st c.AD+ __II adverb -ρως Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cf. Sanskrit mūrás 'idiot'.)

ἄφρων, ον, genitive ονος, (φρήν) senseless, of statues, Refs 5th c.BC+:— and so, crazed, frantic, ἄφρονα κούρηνRefs 8th c.BC+; silly, foolish, Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ ἄ., ={ἀφροσύνη}, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶ φρονίμῳ τῆς γνώμης παύοντες τὸ ἄ. [τῆς ῥώμης] Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -έστεροςRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -έστατοςRefs 5th c.BC+. adverb -νως senselessly, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to νοῦν ἐχόντως, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -εστέρωςRefs 5th c.BC+ -έστερον Refs 4th c.AD+ __2 ἄφρων, ={κώνειον}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+

† עָרוּם adj. crafty, shrewd, sensible;— 1. crafty, ע׳ as pred., of serpent Gn 3:1; pl. as subst. מַחְשְׁבוֹת עֲרוּמִים Jb 5:12, לְשׁוֹן ע׳ 15:5. 2. in Pr, in good sense (opp. אֱוִיל, כְּסִיל, פֶּתִי); as attrib. אָדָם עָרוּם Pr 12:23 a shrewd or sensible man; ע׳ as subst. = id., v 16; 13:16, so חָכְמַת ע׳ 14:8; = prudent man 14:15; 22:3; 27:12; pl. עֲרוּמִים 14:18.

† II. [בָּעַר] vb.denom. be brutish— Qal Impf. יִבְעֲרוּ Je 10:8 (‖ יכסלו) be stupid, dull-hearted, unreceptive; cf. Pt. pl. בֹּעֲרִים ψ 94:8 (‖ כסילים); of inhuman, cruel, barbarous men Ez 21:36. Niph. Pf. נִבְעַר Je 10:14 = 51:17, נִבְעֲרוּ Je 10:21; Pt. נִבְעָרָ֑ה Is 19:11;—brutish, stupid Is 19:11 (עצה, ‖ אויל); dull-hearted, ignorant of God Je 10:14, 21; 51:17. Niph. Je 10:14 = 51:17 rather stupefied (by spectacle 10:13 = 51:16). Pi. Pf. וּבִעֵר consec. Ex 22:4 feed, graze (בשׂדה אחר). Hiph. Impf. יַבְעֶר־ Ex 22:4 cause to be grazed over, sq. שׂדה.

† [סָכַל] vb. be foolish, or a fool, usually in moral or spiritual sense (Syriac ܣܟܰܠ,, Aph. act foolishly; ܣܰܟܠܴܐ foolish, etc., 𝔗 סְכַל der. species, act foolishly; סַכְלָא fool; Chr Pal Aramaic ܣܟܠ, Aph. = ἁμαρτάνω, also deriv. SchwallyIdiot. 62; Assyrian saklu, perhaps foolish, DlHWB 498; Aramaic ܣܟܰܠ, סְכַל know, be intelligent, cause to understand, etc. (der. species), cf. שׂכל; MeChrest. Targ. derives both these opp. meanings from Arabic شَكْلٌ form, likeness Gerber178 thinks Heb. vb. denom.);— Piel Impf. יְסַכֵּל Is 44:25, Imv. סַכֶּל־נָא 2 S 15:31, make foolish, turn into foolishness. Niph. Pf. 2 ms. נִסְכַּלְתָּ 2 Ch 16:9; נִסְכָּ֑לְתָּ 1 S 13:13; 1 s. נִסְכַּלְתִּי 2 S 24:10 = 1 Ch 21:8, act or do foolishly. Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. הִסְכַּלְתָּ Gn 31:28 (E), 1 s. הִסְכַּלְתִּי 1 S 26:21, do foolishly, play the fool.

† סָכָל n.m. fool (on format. cf. LagBN 48);—Je 5:21; Ec 2:19; 7:17; 10:3(×2), 14; pl. adj. סְכָלִים Je 4:22.

σύνεσις, Attic dialect ξύνεσις, εως, ἡ, (συνίημι) uniting, union, πέτρη τε ξύνεσίς τε δύω ποταμῶν Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, with allusion to {συνεσθίω} signification and significationRefs 3rd c.AD+ __II faculty of quick comprehension, mother-wit, sagacity, NT+5th c.BC+; hence of animals, ὃ [ζῷον] συνέσει.. ὑπερέχει τῶν ἄλλων Refs 5th c.BC+; φρόνησίς τε καὶ ξ. Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. λαβεῖν, of children, Refs 4th c.BC+; μοῖραν ἔχειν συνέσεως (αἰσθήσεως) Refs 4th c.BC+; also with qualifying words added, σ. φρενῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; γνώμης ξ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ περὶ τὴν διάνοιαν σ. Refs; ἡ ὑμετέρα σ. as form of address, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II.2 with genitive objecti, intelligence in a thing, sagacity in respect to it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III conscience ={συνείδησις}, ἡ σ. (i.e. μ᾽ ἀπόλλυσι) · ὅτι σύνοιδα δείν᾽ εἰργασμένος Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV a branch of art or science, οἱ περὶ τὴν σ. ταύτην, i.e. music, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV.b knowledge, opposed to ἄγνοια, Refs __V decision, decree, Refs 1st c.BC+ (σύνειμι) come together, neglecting the unwritten aspiration (συνἱέναι); but the form and significations point to συνίημι 11, perceive, apprehend,Refs 4th c.BC+

† [פָּלָה] vb. Niph. be separated, distinct (‖ form of פלא q.v.; cf. Arabic فلو, فَلَا separate from sucking, wean; Ethiopic ፈለየ; separate, distinguish);— 1. Pf. 1 pl. consec. וְנִפְלִינוּ Ex 33:16 and we shall be distinct, c. מִן pers. 2. 1 s. נִפְלֵיתִי ψ 139:14 I am wonderful (viz. in bodily stature etc.); תָ thou [י׳] art wonderful (פלא 3). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִפְלָה ψ 4:4, וְה׳ consec. Ex 9:4; 1 s. וְהִפְלֵיתִי consec. 8:18; Impf. 3 ms. יַפְלֶה 11:7; Imv. ms. הַפְלֵה ψ 17:7;—of י׳, make separate, c. acc. Ex 8:18 (by treating differently); set apart ψ 4:4, but perhaps read חֶסֶד לִי (for MT חָסִיד לוֹ), hath made wonderful (his) kindness to me (Dy Gr Che We Du [Bae ‘perhaps’]), so 17:7 (cf. 31:22); distinguish between, בֵּין rei, Ex 9:4, בֵּין pers. 11:7.

ἀνό-ητος, ον, not thought on, unheard of, ἄφραστ᾽ ἠδ᾽ ἀνόηταRefs __2 not within the province of thought, νοήματα ὄντα ἀνόητα εἶναιRefs 5th c.BC+; not the object of thought, unthinkable, Refs 3rd c.AD+adverb -τως without discursive thought, of vision, βλέψαι ἀ.Refs __II active, not understanding, unintelligent, senseless, silly, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὦ ἀνόητοι oh fools! Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to προνοητικός, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -ότεροςRefs 2nd c.AD+; τὸ ἀ., opposed to τὸ νοῦν ἔχον, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.b with genitive, not understanding, θεοῦRefs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 of acts, thoughts, etc., ἀ. γνῶμαιRefs 5th c.BC+; οἴνου.. καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνοήτων and all other follies, Refs __II.2.b without mind, ἀνόητα καὶ ἄνευ ζωῆςRefs 3rd c.AD+ __III adverb -τωςRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -όταταRefs 2nd c.AD+:—also ἀνο-ητεί, Refs

† סִכְלוּת, שִׂכְלוּת n.f. folly;—ס׳ Ec 2:3, 12, 13; 7:25; 10:1, 13; שׂ׳ Ec 1:17 (שׂ erroneously for ס).

ἀσύνετος, Attic dialect ἀξ-, ον, void of understanding, witless, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative, Refs 5th c.BC+; τί τάδ᾽ ἀσύνετ; what folly is this? Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb -τωςRefs 1st c.AD+ __2 with genitive, not able to understand, λόγουRefs 1st c.AD+ __II not to be understood, unintelligible, Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb -τωςRefs 2nd c.BC+

μωρ-ία, Ionic dialect -ιη, ἡ, (μῶρος) folly, Refs 5th c.BC+; μωρίην ἐπιφέρειν τισί to impute folly to them, Refs 5th c.BC+; μωρίαν ὀφλισκάνειν to be charged with it, Refs 5th c.BC+; μωρίᾳ φιλονικεῖν foolishly, Refs; τῆς μ. what folly! Refs 5th c.BC+; of illicit love, Refs 5th c.BC+

† בַּ֫עַר n.m. brutishness (only poet.)—abs. ב׳ ψ 49:11 + 3 times, בָּ֑עַר Pr 12:1;—in combination, אִישׁ־ב׳ brutish man ψ 92:7 (‖ כסיל); elsewhere ב׳ alone in same sense (concrete) ψ 49:11 (‖ id.), & as pred. = adj., ψ 73:22 Pr 12:1; 30:2.

† [עָרֹם LagBN 31] vb. be shrewd, crafty (NH id., Hiph.; Arabic عَرَمَ, عَرِمَ, عَرُمَ, be ill-natured, cross; 𝔗 adj. עָרִים shrewd, Syriac ܥܪܝܡ id., and vb. in der. spec. (Pe. in Lexx.));— Qal Inf. abs. in עָרֹם יַעְרִם 1 S 23:22 he is exceedingly crafty. Hiph. Impf. be crafty, 3 ms. יַעְרִם 1 S 23:22; be or become shrewd יַעְרִם Pr 15:5; 19:25; all these Qal Impf.in—ִ according to BaZMG xlili (1889), 180 so Ges§ 63 n BuhlLex, but perhaps read יֶעְרַם as Qal; true Hiph. in 3 mpl. יַעֲרִימוּ סוֹד ψ 834 they make crafty (their) counsel against thy people.

ἀφροσύνη, ἡ, (ἄφρων) folly, thoughtlessness, frequently in plural, παῖδας καταπαυέμεν ἀφροσυνάωνRefs 8th c.BC+; opposed to σωφροσύνη and σοφία, Refs 5th c.BC+

μωρ-αίνω, future - ᾰνῶ Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐμώρᾱνα Refs 4th c.BC+ —passive, see below Refs: (μῶρος):—to be silly, foolish, drivel, Refs 5th c.BC+; play the fool, Refs 4th c.BC+ make a mad attempt, Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐδεὶς.. ταῦτα μωραίνει indulges in these follies, Refs 5th c.BC+: euphemistic of illicit love, γυναῖκα μωραίνουσαν Refs __II causal, make foolish, convict of folly, ἡ βουλὴ αὐτῶν μωρανθήσεται LXX; ἐμωράνθην σφόδραLXX+NT:—passive, to become foolish, be stupefied, [αἶγες] ἑστᾶσιν ὥσπερ μεμωραμμέναι Refs 4th c.BC+; to become insipid, ἐὰν τὸ ἅλας μωρανθῇ NT

συνετός, ή, όν, (συνίημι) intelligent, sagacious, wise, Refs 5th c.BC+; φωνάεντα συνετοῖσιν Refs 5th c.BC+; of Zeus and Apollo, ξυνετοὶ καὶ τὰ βροτῶν εἰδότες Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. ἡλικίη the age of wisdom, Refs 1st c.BC+; ἡ συνετή alone,Refs 1st c.AD+; also τὸ σ., ={σύνεσις}, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ πρὸς ἅπαν ξ. Refs: with genitive of things, intelligent in a thing, ξ. πολέμου Refs 5th c.BC+ __II passive, intelligible, εὔμαρες σύνετον πόησαι πάντι τοῦτ᾽ Refs 7th c.BC+; συνετὰ αὐδᾶν, λέγειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; φωνὴ σ. significant, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III adverb -τῶς intelligently, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 intelligibly, διαλέγεσθαι Refs 4th c.BC+; φθεγξαμένου.. οὐδὲν σ. Refs 1st c.AD+; συνετὰ ὁμιλεῖν to discourse intelligibly, Refs 2nd c.AD+

σώφρων, Epic dialect and poetry σᾰόφρων (as in Refs 8th c.BC+, ονος, ὁ, ἡ: neuter σῶφρον:—properly of sound mind (from σῶς, φρήν, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, discreet, prudent, οὐκ ἄν με σαόφρονα μυθήσαιο ἔμμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to ἄφρων, Refs 6th c.BC+; opposed to νήπιος, Refs; opposed to ἀνόητος, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of things, τοῖσι λόγοις σῶφρον ἔπεστιν ἄνθος Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. οἶκτος reasonable compassion, Refs 5th c.BC+; σῶφρόν ἐστι with infinitive, Refs __II in Attic dialect, especially having control over the sensual desires, temperate, self-controlled, chaste (σώφρων ὁ μετρίας ἐπιθυμίας ἔχων Refs 5th c.BC+; γυνὴ σ. NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 of things, σ. γνώμη Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. ὑμέναιοι, λέχη, Refs 5th c.BC+; τράπεζα, δίαιτα, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀριστοκρατία moderate, Refs 5th c.BC+; χάριςRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 τὸ σῶφρον, ={σωφροσύνη}, Refs 5th c.BC+; σοῦ τὸ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III adverb -όνωςRefs 5th c.BC+; δικαίως πράττοντες καὶ σ. Refs; σ. ἐφέπεσθαι cautiously, Refs 5th c.BC+ adopt a more moderate constitution, Refs 5th c.BC+ but -εστέρως Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -έσταταRefs 5th c.BC+

† I. [יָאַל] vb. be foolish (cf. 1. אול)— Niph. Pf. 3 mpl. נוֹאֲלוּ Is 19:13 Je 5:4; וְנֹאָ֑לוּ Je 50:36; 1 pl. נוֹאַלְנוּ Nu 12:11;—do or act foolishly:— 1. shew wicked folly = sin חַטָּאת אֲשֶׁר נוֹאַלְנוּ וַאֲשֶׁר חָטָאנוּ Nu 12:11 (J); in Je 5:4 an exhibition of this folly is ascribed to ignorance. 2. become fools, lacking insight and judgment: נוֹאֲלוּ שָׂרֵי צֹעַן Is 19:13 the princes of Zoan have become fools (‖ נִשְּׁאוּ שָׂרֵי נֹף, and, in v 11 אֱוִילִים שָׂרֵי צֹעַן, etc.); חֶרֶב אֶל־הַבַּדִּים וְנֹאָ֑לוּ Je 50:36 a sword is against the praters, and they shall become fools—be shewn up as such (‖ חָֽתּוּ׃).

† II. כְּסִיל n.m. Orion (relation to above √ obscure);—Am 5:8 Jb 9:9; also משְׁכוֹת כ׳ תְּפַתֵּחַ 38:31 the cords of Orion wilt (canst) thou let out? (appar. some mythological allusion, v. Di Che, to giant bound in skies; cf. Hom Ὠρίωνα δοκεύει, and σθένος Ὠρίωνος); both times associated with the Pleiades; sf. כְּסִילֵיהֶם their Orions Is 13:10, Orion and other constellations of the same brilliancy.

ἄλογος, ον, without λόγος, hence, __I speechless, Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb -ως without speech, Refs 5th c.BC+ —ἄ. ἡμέρα, = Latin dies nefastus, on which no business may be done, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __I.b lacking in eloquence, LXX __I.2 inexpressive, Refs 5th c.BC+; unutterable, ={ἄρρητος}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II unreasoning, ἡδονή, ὄχλος, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+brutes, animals, Refs 5th c.BC+; especiallyin late Greek, ἄλογον, τό, = horse, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 not according to reason, irrational, ἄ. δόξα, opposed to ἡ μετὰ λόγου δ., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλόγῳ πάθει τὴν ἄ. συνασκεῖν αἴσθησιν, instinctive feeling, in appreciating works of art, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.3 contrary to reason, absurd, Refs 5th c.BC+; unaccountable, unintelligible, Refs 5th c.BC+; unfit, unsuited to its end, Refs 5th c.BC+; groundless, Refs 2nd c.BC+. adverb most frequently in this sense, Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ώταταRefs 1st c.BC+ __III without reckoning: __III.1 not reckoned upon, unexpected, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 not counted, null and void, ἡμέραιLXX __III.3 active, not having paid one's reckoning, of an ἐρανιστής, Refs __IV of magnitudes, incommensurable, περὶ ἀλόγων γραμμῶν, title of work by Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV.2 in Rhythm, irrational, of feet or syllables whose time-relations cannot be expressed by a simple ratio, χορεῖοςRefs 4th c.BC+; ἄλογοι, i.e. συλλαβαί, Refs 1st c.BC+:—of the pulse, unrhythmical, Refs 3rd c.BC+

διά-κρῐσις, εως, ἡ, separation, dissolution, opposed to σύγκρισις, Refs 5th c.BC+; segregation, τῶν ἡμαρτηκότων Refs 1st c.AD+; discrimination, καλοῦ τε καὶ κακοῦ NT; differentiation, Refs 5th c.AD+ __2 in concrete sense, resolved form, ἡ ἀτμὶς ὕδατος δ. ἐστιν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II decision, determination, Refs 5th c.BC+; judicial decision, Refs 1st c.AD+: metaphorically, NT; interpretation of dreams or omens, Refs 1st c.AD+; δ. σημειώσεως medical diagnosis, Refs 2nd c.AD+: but in plural, αἱ ἐκ νούσων δ. determinations, crises, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 examination or revision of accounts, δ. πρακτόρων Wilcken Refs 3rd c.AD+ __III decision by battle, τάξεων πρὸς ἀλλήλους Refs 2nd c.BC+; quarrel, dispute, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV in Refs 5th c.BC+, space between the eyes in dogs. __V separation of tumour from bloodvessels, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __V.2 secretion, οὔρων Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VI a bandage, Refs

† שָׂכְלְתָנוּ (K§ 61, 4)) n.f. insight;—Dn 5:11, 12, 14.

† תִּפְלָה n.f. (moral) unsavouriness, unseemliness;—abs. ת׳; unseemliness, of men Je 23:13; Jb 24:12; לֹא נָתַן ת׳ לֵא׳ 1:22 he did not ascribe unseemliness to God; so read also 4:18 (for MT תָּהֳלָה) Hup Me Bu.

ἄνοια, Epic dialect ἀνοίη Refs 6th c.BC+, ἡ:— the character of an ἄνοος, want of understanding, folly, ἀνοίη in folly, Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλῆ ἀνοια χρῆσθαι to be a great fool, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄνοιαν ὀφλισκάνειν to be thought a fool, Refs 5th c.BC+; but opposed to μανία, Refs: plural, follies, Refs 5th c.BC+

διστ-άζω, future -άσωRefs 1st c.BC+: (δίς):—doubt, hesitate, absolutely, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. εἰ.. Refs 2nd c.AD+; μή.. Refs 5th c.BC+; μή ποτε, with indicative, Refs 1st c.BC+; πῶς.. Refs 4th c.BC+; πότερον.. Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, to be in doubt, Refs 1st c.BC+

δίψῡχ-ος, ον, double-minded, NT+1st c.AD+

προπετ-ής, ές, (προπίπτω) falling or slipping down in bed, εἰ π. γένοιτο Refs 5th c.BC+out of control, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 inclined forward, κεφαλὴ τοῦ βραχίονος π. ἐς τοὔμπροσθεν Refs 5th c.BC+; -έστεραι γένυες more prominent,Refs 5th c.BC+; sloping, of shoulders, Refs 2nd c.AD+; stooping, μὴ ὀρθὸς ἀλλὰ μικρῷ -έστερος Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 thrown away, κεῖται προπετές [τὸ κάταγμα] Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 drooping, at the point of death, ζῇ γὰρ π. Refs; ἡ π. Μοῖρα untimely, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __5 prominent, of the eyes, Refs 2nd c.AD+; γνάθοι, ὀφρῦς, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II metaphorically, __II.1 being upon the point of, πολιὰς ἐπὶ χαίτας π. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ready for, prone to a thing, ἐπί or εἴς τι, Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, -έστατος μεταστῆσαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 headlong, π. ἄγειν τὸν ἀκροατήν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 precipitate, rash, reckless, π. σώματος ἡδοναί Refs 4th c.BC+; π. γέλως uncontrolled laughter, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a lot, drawn at random, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4.b of persons, οἱ θρασεῖς προπετεῖς Refs 4th c.BC+; μανικὸς καὶ π. ἐπὶ τῶν κινδύνων Theopomp.Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὸ π., ={προπέτεια}, opposed to τὸ σεμνόν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5 ἁρμονίαι π. flowing rhythms, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.6 in Medicine texts, subject to diarrhoea, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III adverb -τῶς headlong, out of control, π. εἰς τὸ κάταντες φέρεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 metaphorically, headlong, hastily, π. φέρεσθαι εἰς τὴν τυραννίδα Id Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀποκρίνεσθαι, ἀποφαίνεσθαι, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; π. ἔχειν to be rash, Refs 5th c.BC+; prematurely, Refs 3rd c.BC+

σοφ-ίζω, make wise, instruct, LXX+NT __2 passive, become or be clever or skilled in a thing, with genitive of things, ναυτιλίης σεσοφισμένος skilled in seamanship, Refs 8th c.BC+; so ἐν τοῖς ὀνόμασι σ. Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, to become or be wise, frequently in LXX+1st c.AD+ __3 middle, teach oneself, learn, ἐσοφίσατο ὅτι.. he became aware that.., LXX __II middle σοφίζομαι, with aorist middle and perfect passive (see. below), practise an art, Refs 6th c.BC+; play subtle tricks, deal subtly, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν σοφιζόμεσθα τοῖσι δαίμοσι we use no subtleties in dealing with the gods, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be scientific, speculate, περὶ τὸ ὄνομα Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφιζόμενος φάναι to say rationalistically, Refs 5th c.BC+; καίπερ οὕτω τούτου σεσοφισμένου though he has dealt thus craftily, Refs 4th c.BC+; σοφίσασθαι πρός τι to use fraud for an end, Refs 2nd c.BC+; οἱ ἰητροὶ σοφιζόμενοι ἔστιν οἳ ἁμαρτάνουσι when they deal in subtleties, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ μυθικῶς σοφ. Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. πρὸς τὸν νόμον evade it, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 with accusative of things, devise cleverly or skilfully, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλότρια σ. meddle with other men's craft, Refs; with internal accusative, ἀνόητα σ. exercise one's skill without νοῦς, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο δεῖ σοφισθῆναι this is the very thing one must gain by craft, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶνον ἀπὸ τῶν φοινίκων σ. make spurious wine, Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, σεσοφισμένοι μῦθοι craftily devised, NT __II.2.b σ. νόμον evade it, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.3 with accusative person, deceive, τὸν Τίτον Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.4 'counter' by a device, σοφίζεται τὴν βίαν τοῦ μηχανήματος Refs 1st c.AD+

φρόν-ησις, εως, ἡ, purpose, intention, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 thought, ἰδία φ., opposed to λόγος ξυνός, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 sense, εἴ τις ἄρα τοῖς ἐκεῖ φ. περὶ τῶν ἐνθάδε γιγνομένων Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 judgment, κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν φ. οὐδεὶς εὐτυχεῖ Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 arrogance, pride, Refs 5th c.BC+; also in good sense, τὸ φῦναι πατρὸς εὐγενοῦς ἄπο ὅσην ἔχει φρόνησιν just pride, Refs __II practical wisdom, prudence in government and affairs, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to σῶμα, Refs; opposed to ῥώμη, Refs 5th c.BC+; also attributed to sagacious animals, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III Refs 4th c.BC+ name for three, Refs

[בַּ֫יִן] subst. proposes interval, space between (بَيْنٌ id.)—cstr. בֵּין, once Is 44:4 (Baer) בֵּן, בֵּינִי, בֵּֽינְךָ, בֵינֵךְ, בֵּינוֹ (בֵּינָיו †Jos 3:4; 8:11 Qr); with pl. sf. in pl. form בֵּינֵינוּ (בֵּנֵינוּ), etc.; also בֵּינוֹת †Ez 10:2(×2), 6(×2), 7(×2) (+ 1:13 𝔊 Hi Ew etc. for דְּמוּת), בֵּינוֹתֵינוּ †Gn 26:28 Jos 22:34 Ju 11:10, בֵּינוֹתָם †Gn 42:23 2 S 21:7 Je 25:16; dual בֵּנַיִם (v. infr.);— 1. always (except dual) as prep. in the interval of, between (so Aramaic בֵּין, & pl. בֵּינֵי, ܒܰܝܢܰܝ, ܒܰܝܢܳܬ; በበይናት: ), as Gn 15:17 בֵּין הַגְּזָרִים between the pieces, Ex 13:9 al. בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ between thy eyes (v. עַיִן), Is 22:11 al. between the two walls (v. חוֹמָה), Jb 24:11; 30:7; 40:30 part him between merchants; more gen. among Ho 13:15 Ct 2:2, 3 Ez 19:2; 31:3 Jb 34:37; less exactly within Ju 5:11 Pr 26:13 a lion is בֵּין הָֽרְחֹבוֹת within the broad places (cf. 23:13 בְּתוֹךְ): once with a sing. (unusual) Dn 8:16 אוּלַי בֵּין between the Ulai, i.e. between its banks. When the space separating two distinct objects is to be indicated, this is done a. most commonly by repeating בין, as Gn 13:3 בֵּין בֵּיתְאֵל וּבֵין הָעָ֑י lit. in the interval of Bethel, and in the interval of ʿAi, i.e. between Bethel and ʿAi, 16:14; 17:7; 31:50, 51 + often b. more rarely by בֵּין … לְ, Gn 1:6 dividing בֵּין מַיִם לָמָ֑יִם lit. in the interval of waters with reference to waters, i.e. between the waters and the waters, Lv 20:25; 27:33 Dt 17:8(×3) 2 S 19:36 1 K 3:9 Ez 41:18; 42:20; 44:23(×2) Jon 4:11 Mal 3:18(×2) 2 Ch 14:10. c. by בֵּין … וּלְ †Jo 2:17. d. by בֵּין … לְבֵין †Is 59:2. בֵּין is used not only of actual locality, but also with verbs of dividing (fig.) Gn 1:14 Lv 10:10, and of judging, knowing, teaching, etc., if the idea of distinguishing be involved, as Gn 16:5 2 S 19:36 הַאֵדַע בֵּין מוֹב לְרָע can I discern between good and evil? 1 K 3:9 Jon 4:11; Gn 31:49 (watch between), Ju 11:10 (hear), Jos 22:27 (witness), Is 2:4 and he shall judge (arbitrate) between the nations, 5:3; Lv 27:33; Ez 44:23; Mal 3:18; 2 Ch 14:10 (see RV); and in other metaph. applications, as of a covenant or sign between two contracting parties, Gn 9:12, 15 Ex 31:13 +; or an oath Gn 26:28 2 S 21:7; enmity or strife Gn 3:15; 13:7 Dt 25:1 Pr 6:19; peace 1 K 5:26; good-will Pr 14:9.—It is used of time in the phrase of P בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם (v. sub עֶרֶב), & Ne 5:18 בֵּין עֲשֶׂרֶת יָמִים during the interval of ten days, i.e. every ten days (unusual). With other prepositions:— a. †אֶל־בֵּין, after a verb implying motion, in between, in among Ez 31:10, 14. So אֶל־בֵּינוֹת לְ †ib. 10:2. b. †בְּבֵן Is 44:4 in the midst of, amongst (𝔊 Ew Di Che כְּבֵין מַיִם חָצִיר). c. †עַל־בֵּין nearly as אֶל־בֵּין Ez 19:11. d. †מִבֵּין from between: Gn 49:10 nor the ruler’s staff מִבֵּין רַגְלָיו from between his feet (where, as the king sits in state, he holds it), Ex 25:22 from between the cherubim (so Nu 7:89), Ho 2:4 Zc 6:1; 9:7; Dt 28:57 the after-birth הַיּוֹצֵת מִבֵּין רַגְלֶיהָ that cometh forth from between her feet, i.e. from her womb (cf. Il. 19. 10 πεσεῖν μετὰ ποσσὶ γυναικός). Repeated 2 K 16:14 to specify the two objects from between which a thing is moved. Ez 47:18 is difficult and uncertain: v. Comm. Less precisely from the midst of: Nu 17:2 מִבֵּין הַשְּׂרֵפָה out of the midst of the burning, ψ 104:12 מִבֵּין עֳפָאִים from amongst the branches they utter their song, Je 48:45 and a flame מִבֵּין סִיחוֹן from the midst of Sihon (Sihon representing his people: but expression is singular; read perhaps מִבֵּית ס׳, cf. Nu 21:28 מִקִּרְיַת ס׳: ‖ in both passages מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן), Ez 37:21. e. †מִבֵּינוֹת לְ from between Ez 10:2, 6(×2), 7. 2. †Dual בֵּנַ֫יִם space between two armies (= Gk. μεταίχμιον), 1 S 17:4, 23 אִישׁ הַבֵּנַיִם man of the μεταίχμιον, i.e. champion (of Goliath).

† כִּסְלָה n.f. (GieZAW i, 1881, 304) ψ 85:9 confidence, sf. כִּסְלָתֶ֑ךָ Jb 4:6; source of confidence ψ 85:9 (read וְאֶל־שָׁבִי לוֹ כ׳ for וְאַל־יָשׁוּבוּ לְכִסְלָה).

† [פָּחַ��] vb. be wanton, reckless (NH id. (rare); Arabic فَخَزَ be haughty, boastful, reckless; 𝔗 פְּחַז, Syriac ܦܚܶܙ be lascivious, in der. spec. and deriv.);— Qal Pt. אֲנָשִׁים רֵיקִים וּפֹהֲזִים Ju 9:4; of prophets Zp 3:4 extravagant (‖ אַנְשֵׁי בֹּגְדוֹת).

ἄσοφος, ον, unwise, foolish, NT+6th c.BC+: comparative, Refs 4th c.AD+. adverb -φωςRefs 1st c.BC+

δυσ-νόητος, ον, hard to be understood, Dariusap. NT+2nd c.AD+ __II active, slow of understanding, Refs 2nd c.AD+

ἐλαφρ-ία, ἡ, lightness: levity, NT __II alleviation, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III ={ὀλιγότης}, Refs

ἐπιστήμ-ων, ον, genitive ονος, (ἐπίσταμαι) knowing, wise, prudent, ἐ. βουλῇ τε νόῳ τε Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐπιστήμων γὰρ εἶ, ={ἐπίστασαι γάρ}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2. acquainted with a thing, skilled or versed in, with genitive, κακῶν Refs 5th c.BC+; τῆς θαλάσσης, τοῦ ναυτικοῦ, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῆς τέχνης Refs 5th c.BC+; also περί τινος or τι, Refs 5th c.BC+: with neuter adjective, τὰ προσήκοντα ἐπιστήμων Refs 5th c.BC+ __3. with infinitive, knowing how, λέγειν τε καὶ σιγᾶν Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -ονέστεροςRefs 5th c.BC+. adverb comparative -ονέστερονRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ονέσταταRefs 5th c.BC+ __II. possessed of perfect knowledge, Refs 4th c.BC+, scientifically versed in a thing, Refs. adverb -ονως, ἔχειν πρός τι Refs 5th c.BC+ with science, with art, Refs; εἰπεῖν use technical or scientific terminology, Refs 2nd c.AD+

λόγ-ιος, α, ον, (λόγος) of or belonging to λόγοι: __I versed in tales or stories (compare λόγος see), λόγιοι καὶ ἀοιδοί Refs 5th c.BC+; Αἰγυπτίων -ώτατοι Refs; so later, οἱ - ώτατοι τῶν ἀρχαίων συγγραφέων Refs 2nd c.BC+ __I.2 generally, learned, erudite, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὁ λ. Ἀκεστῖνος, of a learned physician, Refs 3rd c.AD+; οἱ -ώτατοι Τυρρηνῶν, of the Tuscan haruspices, Refs 1st c.AD+; λογιώτατος as title, Refs 5th c.AD+; ὁ τῆς λ. μνήμης σχολαστικός Refs 6th c.AD+ __II skilled in words, eloquent, τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς ὅπερ νῦν καὶ λόγιον ὀνομάζουσιν Refs 4th c.BC+ is said to have made Refs 4th c.BC+; epithet of Hermes, as the god of eloquence, Refs 2nd c.AD+; this sense is condemned by Refs 2nd c.AD+. adverb -ίως eloquently, Refs 1st c.AD+; ὡς ἐνῆν -ώτατα as nearly in words as possible, of the elephant, Refs __III oracular, Ἀπόλλωνος δῶμα λόγιον Refs

πᾰνουργ-ος (properispomenon), ον, ready to do anything, wicked, knavish, Refs 5th c.BC+: as substantive, knave, rogue, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ π. the knavish sort, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ π., ={πανουργία}, Refs: comparative -ότεροςLXX; -έστερος Refs 1st c.AD+: superlative -ότατοςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 adverb -γωςRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -όταταRefs 5th c.BC+ __2.b πανούργως κατασκευάζεσθαι to be adulterated, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 of animals, as the fox, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II in a less positively bad sense, cunning, clever, smart, π. καὶ δεινός Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative, Refs 2nd c.BC+. adverb -γως, π. καὶ ὑποκριτικῶς λέγειν τὰ ἔπη Refs 2nd c.AD+

† אֱוִלִי adj. id. Zc 11:15.

‡ † בִּינָה n.f. understanding (BH; √ בין; 𝔗 בִּיּוּנָא, Syriac ܒܽܘܝܳܢܳܐ );—abs. ב׳ Dn 2:21.

† טָפַשׁ vb. be gross (NH Hithp. grow stupid, and deriv., Aramaic טְפֵשׁ, for Heb. שׁמן Is 6:11, Ithp. be stupid; cf. Assyrian ṭapâšu, be abundant, large, GuyJAS 1883, Août-Sept. 189)—metaph. טָפַשׁ כַּחֵלָב לִבָּ֑ם ψ 119:70 their heart is gross, like fat.

† כְּסִילוּת n.f. stupidity;—Pr 9:13 אֵשֶׁת כ׳, the woman Stupidity, in antithesis with חָכְמוֹת the Supreme Wisdom personified as a woman.

† [כָּסַל] vb. be or become stupid (NH Aramaic in deriv.; Arabic كَسِلَ be sluggish, so N Syriac in deriv.; orig. meaning possibly thick, plump, fat; hence in good sense: כְּסָלִים, loins, כֶּסֶל, כִּסְלָה confidence; in bad sense: כֶּסֶל, כִּסְלָה, כְּסִילוּת stupidity, folly, כְּסִיל stupid fellow)— Qal Impf. יִכְסָ֑לוּ they become stupid Je 10:8 (‖ יִבְעֲרוּ they become brutish).

† סֶ֫כֶל n.m. folly;—Ec 10:6.

† סִכְלוּת, שִׂכְלוּת n.f. folly;—ס׳ Ec 2:3, 12, 13; 7:25; 10:1, 13; שׂ׳ Ec 1:17 (שׂ erroneously for ס).

† II. [עָפַל] vb. perhaps be heedless (Arabic غَفَلَ be heedless, neglectful, inadvertent);— Hiph. shew heedlessness, Impf. 3 mpl. לַעֲלוֹת וַיַּעְפִּלוּ Nu 14:44 (JE) they shewed heedlessness in going up (went up heedlessly), so de Dieu, cited (and allowed) by Di BuhlLex; > Thes al. shewed presumption (I. עפל, this sense dub.).

† [פַּחֲזוּת] n.f. recklessness, extravagance;—sf. תָם- Je 23:32 of prophets.

† [פְּתִי] n.f. simplicity (i.e. lack of wisdom), עַד־מָתַי פְּתָיִם תְּאֵהֲבוּ־פֶ֑תִי Pr 1:22.

† פְּתַיּוּת n.f. id. Pr 9:13 (Toy conj. מְפַּתָּה).

תָּהֳלָה n.f. error (? si. vera l.; √ תהל according to DiLex. Æth. 522, who cp. Ethiopic ተሐለ: iii. rove, wander; Arabic وَهَلَ is commit error, cf. BaNB § 179, Anm. 3);—וּבְמַלְאָכָיו יָשִׂים ת׳ Jb 4:18, תִּפְלָה q.v.