Wisdom and Prudence

† חָכָם adj. wise, ח׳ Dt 4:6 + 67 times; cstr. חֲכַם Is 3:3 + 9 times; pl. חֲכָמִים Dt 1:13 + 39 times; cstr. חַכְמֵי Ex 28:3 + 4 times; sf. חֲכָמֶיךָ Is 19:12 etc. + 8 times; f. חֲכָמָה 2 S 14:2; 20:16; cstr. חַכְמַת Ex 35:25; pl. חֲכָמוֹת Je 9:16; cstr. חַכְמוֹת Ju 5:29 Pr 14:1 (but read חָכְמוֹת De);— 1. skilful in technical work; artificers Is 3:3; sailors Ez 27:8, so (prob.) v 9; mourning women Je 9:16; artisans of tabern. and temple and their furniture Ex 28:3; 31:6; 35:10; 36:1, 2, 4, 8 (P), 1 Ch 22:15 2 Ch 2:6, 12, 13(×2); women in spinning Ex 35:25 (P); goldsmiths and other artisans Je 10:9; makers of idol-images Is 40:20. 2. wise in the administration of affairs: Joseph in Egypt Gn 41:33, 39 (E); heads of tribes Dt 1:13, 15, judges 16:19; of David 2 S 14:20, of Solomon 1 K 2:9; 3:12; 5:21 = 2 Ch 2:11; the prince of Tyre, in satire Ez 28:3; of kings in general Pr 20:26; class of political advisers of Judah Is 29:14 Je 18:18, appar. also Is 5:21; of Egypt Is 19:11(×2), 12, Edom Ob 8, the nations Je 10:7; so of God Is 31:2. 3. shrewd, crafty, cunning: Jonadab 2 S 13:3; the princesses Ju 5:29; אשׁה חכמה wise woman 2 S 14:2; 20:16; gen., Je 9:22; intelligent animals Pr 30:24; לכד ח׳ בערמם taking the cunning in their craft Jb 5:13; חכם בעיני wise in one’s own eyes Pr 3:7; 26:5, 12, 16; 28:11; חכמי לב wise of mind (in their own mind) Jb 37:24. 4. pl. class of learned and shrewd men, incl. astrologers, magicians and the like, of Egypt Gn 41:8 (E), Ex 7:11 (P; cf. Is 19:11(×2), 12); Babylon Is 44:25 Je 50:35; 51:57; Persia Est 1:13; 6:13. 5. prudent, towards king Pr 16:14; in controversies Pr 11:29; 29:8, 9, 11; religious affairs Ho 13:13; 14:10 Je 4:22; 8:8, 9 Dt 4:6; 32:6 ψ 107:43; אישׁ ח׳ Je 9:11. 6. wise, ethically and religiously, in WisdLt: a. as adj., חֲכַם לֵב wise of mind Pr 10:8; 16:21; לֵב חָכָם Ec 8:5; of the son Pr 10:1 = 15:20, 13:1; 23:24; Ec 2:19; ילד ח׳ Ec 4:13 wise boy; גבר ח׳ Jb 34:34 wise man; מוכיח ח׳ wise reprover Pr 25:12. b. = subst.: (1) as a wise learner in school of wisdom, he fears God and departs from evil Pr 14:16; is silent Pr 17:28; hearkens to counsel Pr 12:15; hears and increases in learning Pr 1:5; his ear seeketh knowledge Pr 18:15; he receives it Pr 21:11; and stores it up Pr 10:14; his ears hearken to the reproof which giveth life Pr 15:31; and he becomes wiser through it Pr 9:8, 9. (2) as a wise teacher, a sage, he does not answer with windy knowledge Jb 15:2; he tells the experience of the past Jb 15:18; has knowledge Jb 34:2; teaches it Ec 12:9; disperses it Pr 15:7; his tongue is health Pr 12:18; it utters knowledge aright Pr 15:2; his mind instructs his mouth and adds learning to his lips Pr 16:23; his words are gracious Ec 10:12; it is good to hear his rebuke Ec 7:5; his instruction is a fountain of life Pr 13:14; one walking with him becomes wiser Pr 13:20. The חכמים recall the Gk. σόφοι, having their schools, pupils (בֵן), discipline (מוּסָר), principles and collections of wisdom, דברי חכמים Pr 1:6; 22:17 (cf. 24:23), Ec 9:17; 12:11; God himself is חכם לבב Jb 9:4. (3) the wise are prosperous: true, in sceptical view of Ec., they have no advantage over the fool Ec 6:8; but die as the fool Ec 2:16(×2) ψ 49:11; they will not be able to find the works of God Ec 8:17; like others are in the hands of God Ec 9:1; they do not secure bread Ec 9:11; but elsewhere reverse is true: precious treasure is in his dwelling Pr 21:20; his lips preserve him Pr 14:3; they inherit glory Pr 3:35; wealth is their crown Pr 14:24; the wise man is strong Pr 24:5 Ec 7:19; his eyes are in his head Ec 2:14; his mind is at his right hand Ec 10:2; he interprets things Ec 8:1. (4) the wise man is a blessing to others: he wins men Pr 11:30; scales the city of the mighty Pr 21:22; though poor he delivers the city Ec 9:15; is a reproof to scorners Pr 15:12; his mind is in the house of mourning Ec 7:4; injustice makes him foolish Ec 7:7; Job finds no wise men among his cruel friends Jb 17:10.

† I. שָׂכַל vb. be prudent (Gerber47 denom. from שֶׂכֶל, but vb. early; NH סָכַל, Hithp. shew oneself attentive (to), look; Aramaic סְכַל (rare) understand, Ithpa. look (at), consider, Aph. instruct; שְׂכַל only Aph. (for Heb. הִשְׂכִּיל), understand, make wise; ܣܟܰܠ Pa. teach, Ethpa. understand, etc.; Sam. ࠎࠊࠋ Ithpa. look (for Heb. הִבִּיט); Assyrian šiklu, clever, šiklûtu, cleverness, MeissnSuppl. 93);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׂ׳ 1 S 18:30 be prudent, circumspect (SS HPS); Kit Buhl Gerber al. prosper. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׂכִּיל Je 23:5; 1 Ch 28:19; 1 s. הִשְׂכַּלְתִּי ψ 119:99; 3 mpl. הִשְׂכִּילוּ Jb 34:27 +; Impf. יַשְׂכִּיל 1 S 18:5 +; 2 ms. juss. תַּשְׂכֵּל Dn 9:25, etc.; Imv. mpl. הַשְׂכִּילוּ ψ 2:10; Inf. abs. הַשְׂכֵּל Je 9:23 +; הַשְׂכֵּיל (Ges§ 53 k) Je 3:15; Jb 34:35; cstr. הַשְׂכִּיל Gn 3:6 +, etc.; Pt. מַשְׂכִּיל 1 S 18:14 +, f. מַשְׂכָּ֑לֶת Pr 19:14; pl. מַשְׂכִּילִים Dn 11:35 +, etc.; meanings hard to classify: scholars differ greatly;— 1. look at: נֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל Gn 3:6 (J) was desirable to look upon (so 𝔊 Ges De; AV, RV to make one wise; Ew Di Buhl SS Dr al. sub 3). 2. give attention to, consider, ponder: Is 41:20; 44:18; Dt 32:29 ψ 64:10; 106:7; Jb 34:27; c. לְ Pr 21:12; c. אֶל ψ 41:2; Ne 8:13; c. עַל Pr 16:20; c. ב ψ 101:2; Dn 9:13. 3. have insight, comprehension: Je 9:23 (‖ יָדַע י׳), ψ 94:8 (‖ בִּין), 119:99; Dn 1:4; 9:25 (‖ יָדַע); הַשְׂכֵּ(י)ל as subst. = insight, understanding: as י׳’s gift to ruler and teacher, ‖ דֵּעָה Je 3:15; ‖ דַּ֫עַת Jb 34:35; ‖ מַדָּע Dn 1:17; מוּסַר הַשׂ׳ Pr 1:3; דֶּרֶךְ הַשׂ׳ 21:16. 4. cause to consider, give insight, teach: י׳ subj., acc. rei, 1 Ch 28:19, acc. pers. ψ 32:8; Ne 9:20; Gabriel subj., 2 acc. Dn 9:22; לֵב חָכָם subj., acc. rei Pr 16:23; c. לְ, Pr 21:11; הַמַּשְׂכִּילִים שֵׂכֶל טוֹב לי׳ 2 Ch 30:22 (but Be Ke Benz etc. who shewed good skill, sc. in music, v 21b); (הַ)מַשְׂכִּילִים Dn 11:33, 35; 12:3, 10 the teachers (so Ew Hi Bev; Thes Ke Behrm al. the wise). 5. act circumspectly, prudently: abs. Am 5:13 ψ 2:10; 36:4; מַשְׂכִּיל as subst. ψ 14:2 = 53:3, Pr 10:5, 19; 14:35; 15:24; 17:2; Jb 22:2; אִשָּׁה מַשְׂכָּ֑לֶת Pr 19:14.—Je 50:9 has גִּבּוֹר מַשְׁכִּיל according to Mas. (van d. H. Baer Gi), cf. 𝔙, i.e. a child-slaying warrior; but שׁ׳ Hiph. elsewhere only Ho 9:14, of miscarriage; 𝔊 𝔖 Ew and most mod. (Gf Gie Rothst) read מַשְׂכִּיל, either skilful or fortunate. 6. prosper, have success (cf. Dr 1 S 18:5): abs. 1 S 18:15; Is 52:13; Je 10:21; 20:11; 23:5; Jos 1:8 (D); c. ב, v 7 (D) 1 S 18:5, 14 (read בְּכָל־ for לְכָל־ Vrss Th HPS al.), cf. 2 K 18:7; c. אֶל, Pr 17:8. 7. cause to prosper: Dt 29:8; 1 K 2:3 (D).

† חָכַם vb. be wise (NH id.; Aramaic ܚܟܰܡ, חֲכַם id.; Zinj. חכמה wisdom, DHMSendsch. 57; Assyrian ḫakâmu, know (with exceptional חֿ v. DlPr 178 f.); Arabic حَكَمَ restrain from acting in an evil manner, judge, govern; iv. make firm, sound, free from defect by the exercise of skill)— Qal Pf. ח׳ Pr 23:15; 3 fs. חָֽכְמָה Zc 9:2; הָכַמְתָּ Pr 9:12(×2), etc. + 3 times Pf.; Impf. יֶחְכַּם Pr 9:9; 21:11; וַיֶּחְכַּם 1 K 5:11; יֶחְכָּ֑ם Pr 20:1 +; וֶ֯חְכָּ֑ם Pr 13:20; תֶּחְכַּם Pr 19:20; אֶחְכָּ֑מָה Ec 7:23; pl. יֶחְכָּ֑מוּ Jb 32:9; Imv. חֲכַם Pr 27:11; חֲכָ֑ם Pr 6:6; 23:19 + 13:20 Kt; חֲכָ֑מוּ Pr 8:33;—be or become wise, act wisely Dt 32:29 (poet.) 1 K 5:11 Jb 32:9 Pr 6:6; 8:33; 9:9, 12(×2); 13:20; 19:20; 20:1; 21:11; 23:19; 27:11 Ec 2:15; 7:23 Zc 9:2; אם חכם לבך if thy mind be wise Pr 23:15; c. acc. שׁחכמתי Ec 2:19 wherein I have acted wisely. Pi. Impf. יְחַכֵּם ψ 105:22; sf. יְחַכְּמֵנוּ Jb 35:11; תְּחַכְּמֵנִי ψ 119:98; all make wise, teach wisdom, c. acc. Pu. Pt. made wise, intensive, as it were the embodiment of wisdom חוֹבֵר חֲבָרִים מְחֻכָּם ψ 58:6, pl. הֵמָּה חֲכָמִים מְחֻכָּמִים Pr 30:24 (of intelligent animals). Hiph. Pt. cstr. מַחְכִּימַת פֶּ֑תִי ψ 19:8 making wise the simple. Hithp. Impf. נִתְחַכְּמָה לוֹ Ex 1:10 (E) let us deal wisely (shrewdly) toward it (the people); 2 ms. תִּתְחַכַּם Ec 7:16 make or shew thyself wise.

σοφός, ή, όν, skilled in any handicraft or art, clever, ἁρματηλάτας σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of a sculptor, Refs 5th c.BC+; even of hedgers and ditchers, Refs; but in this sense mostly of poets and musicians, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κιθάρᾳ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν τέχνην -ώτεροςRefs 5th c.BC+; γλώσσῃ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 clever in practical matters, wise, prudent, ὁ χρήσιμ᾽ εἰδώς, οὐχ ὁ πόλλ᾽ εἰδώς, σ. Refs 4th c.BC+; especially statesmanlike, in which sense the seven Sages were so called, Refs 4th c.BC+: hence, shrewd, worldly-wise, Refs 6th c.BC+; πολλὰ σ. Refs 4th c.BC+; ἃ δεῖ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+: even of animals, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. πειθώ Refs 5th c.BC+; εὐβουλία Refs 4th c.BC+. my little trick, Refs 5th c.BC+; your clever notion, Refs; τἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ σοφά, δάκρυα my tears, all the resources that I have, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ δίκαια, τῶν σοφῶν κρείσσω τάδε better than all craft, Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφόν [ἐστι] with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b more generally, learned, wise, τὸ μὲν σ. [αὐτὸν] καλεῖν ἔμοιγε μέγα εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ θεῷ μόνῳ πρέπειν Refs 5th c.BC+; of sophists,Refs 5th c.BC+; universally and ideally wise, ὁ σ., τουτέστιν ὁ τὴν τοῦ ἀληθοῦς ἐπιστήμην ἔχων Refs 3rd c.BC+ as a title, especially of lawyers or professors, Refs 5th c.AD+ __3 subtle, ingenious, opposed to ἀμαθής Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφόν τοι τὸ σαφές, οὐ τὸ μὴ σαφές Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ σοφὸν οὐ σοφία wisdom overmuch is no wisdom, Refs; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτ; οὐδὲν ποικίλον οὐδὲ σοφόν nothing curious or recondite, Refs 4th c.BC+—For the senses of ς., see Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἐν οἰωνοῖς, κιθάρᾳ, Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τι or τινος, Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive, πῶς δῆτ᾽ ἔγωγ᾽ ἂν.. Διὸς γενοίμην εὖ φρονεῖν σοφώτερο; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of things, cleverly devised, wise, νόμος Refs 5th c.BC+; νοήματα, ἔπεα, Refs 5th c.BC+; πάντα προσφέρων σοφά all wise sayings, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν σοφὸν εἶναι shows no great wisdom, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III adverb σοφῶς cleverly, wisely, etc., first (?) in Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -ώτερονRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -ώταταRefs 5th c.BC+ —σοφῶς, as an exclamation of applause, Refs 1st c.AD+ (Not in Epic dialect, except in Margites [prev. cited] and as ancient Refs 8th c.BC+; but see at {σοφία},{σοφίζομαι}.)

φρόνιμ-ος, ον, also η, ον Refs 1st c.AD+:— in one's right mind, in one's senses, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II showing presence of mind, ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς Refs 5th c.BC+presence of mind, Refs __III sensible, prudent, opposed to ἄφρων, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀνόητος, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν φρόνιμον ζητοῦντας.. ὥσπερ ἀποδεδρακότα Refs 4th c.BC+; φ. περί τινος possessing sagacity or discernment in a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τι Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴς τι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 of thoughts, acts, and the like, φ. τι ἐργάσασθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 of birds as giving omens, τοὺς ἄνωθεν φρονιμωτάτους οἰωνούς Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3.b sagacious, of animals, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.4 τὸ φ. practical wisdom, prudence, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to τὸ ἄφρον, Refs 5th c.BC+ helpless in point of wisdom, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.5 adverb -μωςRefs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀλόγως, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative φρονιμώτερον, διακεῖσθαι τῶν ἄλλων Refs; -ωτέρως Refs: superlative -ώτατα, λέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+

† עָרוּם adj. crafty, shrewd, sensible;— 1. crafty, ע׳ as pred., of serpent Gn 3:1; pl. as subst. מַחְשְׁבוֹת עֲרוּמִים Jb 5:12, לְשׁוֹן ע׳ 15:5. 2. in Pr, in good sense (opp. אֱוִיל, כְּסִיל, פֶּתִי); as attrib. אָדָם עָרוּם Pr 12:23 a shrewd or sensible man; ע׳ as subst. = id., v 16; 13:16, so חָכְמַת ע׳ 14:8; = prudent man 14:15; 22:3; 27:12; pl. עֲרוּמִים 14:18.

† [עָרֹם LagBN 31] vb. be shrewd, crafty (NH id., Hiph.; Arabic عَرَمَ, عَرِمَ, عَرُمَ, be ill-natured, cross; 𝔗 adj. עָרִים shrewd, Syriac ܥܪܝܡ id., and vb. in der. spec. (Pe. in Lexx.));— Qal Inf. abs. in עָרֹם יַעְרִם 1 S 23:22 he is exceedingly crafty. Hiph. Impf. be crafty, 3 ms. יַעְרִם 1 S 23:22; be or become shrewd יַעְרִם Pr 15:5; 19:25; all these Qal Impf.in—ִ according to BaZMG xlili (1889), 180 so Ges§ 63 n BuhlLex, but perhaps read יֶעְרַם as Qal; true Hiph. in 3 mpl. יַעֲרִימוּ סוֹד ψ 834 they make crafty (their) counsel against thy people.

συνετός, ή, όν, (συνίημι) intelligent, sagacious, wise, Refs 5th c.BC+; φωνάεντα συνετοῖσιν Refs 5th c.BC+; of Zeus and Apollo, ξυνετοὶ καὶ τὰ βροτῶν εἰδότες Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. ἡλικίη the age of wisdom, Refs 1st c.BC+; ἡ συνετή alone,Refs 1st c.AD+; also τὸ σ., ={σύνεσις}, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ πρὸς ἅπαν ξ. Refs: with genitive of things, intelligent in a thing, ξ. πολέμου Refs 5th c.BC+ __II passive, intelligible, εὔμαρες σύνετον πόησαι πάντι τοῦτ᾽ Refs 7th c.BC+; συνετὰ αὐδᾶν, λέγειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; φωνὴ σ. significant, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III adverb -τῶς intelligently, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 intelligibly, διαλέγεσθαι Refs 4th c.BC+; φθεγξαμένου.. οὐδὲν σ. Refs 1st c.AD+; συνετὰ ὁμιλεῖν to discourse intelligibly, Refs 2nd c.AD+

σώφρων, Epic dialect and poetry σᾰόφρων (as in Refs 8th c.BC+, ονος, ὁ, ἡ: neuter σῶφρον:—properly of sound mind (from σῶς, φρήν, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, discreet, prudent, οὐκ ἄν με σαόφρονα μυθήσαιο ἔμμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to ἄφρων, Refs 6th c.BC+; opposed to νήπιος, Refs; opposed to ἀνόητος, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of things, τοῖσι λόγοις σῶφρον ἔπεστιν ἄνθος Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. οἶκτος reasonable compassion, Refs 5th c.BC+; σῶφρόν ἐστι with infinitive, Refs __II in Attic dialect, especially having control over the sensual desires, temperate, self-controlled, chaste (σώφρων ὁ μετρίας ἐπιθυμίας ἔχων Refs 5th c.BC+; γυνὴ σ. NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 of things, σ. γνώμη Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. ὑμέναιοι, λέχη, Refs 5th c.BC+; τράπεζα, δίαιτα, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀριστοκρατία moderate, Refs 5th c.BC+; χάριςRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 τὸ σῶφρον, ={σωφροσύνη}, Refs 5th c.BC+; σοῦ τὸ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III adverb -όνωςRefs 5th c.BC+; δικαίως πράττοντες καὶ σ. Refs; σ. ἐφέπεσθαι cautiously, Refs 5th c.BC+ adopt a more moderate constitution, Refs 5th c.BC+ but -εστέρως Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative -έσταταRefs 5th c.BC+

σοφ-ίζω, make wise, instruct, LXX+NT __2 passive, become or be clever or skilled in a thing, with genitive of things, ναυτιλίης σεσοφισμένος skilled in seamanship, Refs 8th c.BC+; so ἐν τοῖς ὀνόμασι σ. Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, to become or be wise, frequently in LXX+1st c.AD+ __3 middle, teach oneself, learn, ἐσοφίσατο ὅτι.. he became aware that.., LXX __II middle σοφίζομαι, with aorist middle and perfect passive (see. below), practise an art, Refs 6th c.BC+; play subtle tricks, deal subtly, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν σοφιζόμεσθα τοῖσι δαίμοσι we use no subtleties in dealing with the gods, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be scientific, speculate, περὶ τὸ ὄνομα Refs 5th c.BC+; σοφιζόμενος φάναι to say rationalistically, Refs 5th c.BC+; καίπερ οὕτω τούτου σεσοφισμένου though he has dealt thus craftily, Refs 4th c.BC+; σοφίσασθαι πρός τι to use fraud for an end, Refs 2nd c.BC+; οἱ ἰητροὶ σοφιζόμενοι ἔστιν οἳ ἁμαρτάνουσι when they deal in subtleties, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ μυθικῶς σοφ. Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. πρὸς τὸν νόμον evade it, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 with accusative of things, devise cleverly or skilfully, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλότρια σ. meddle with other men's craft, Refs; with internal accusative, ἀνόητα σ. exercise one's skill without νοῦς, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο δεῖ σοφισθῆναι this is the very thing one must gain by craft, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶνον ἀπὸ τῶν φοινίκων σ. make spurious wine, Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, σεσοφισμένοι μῦθοι craftily devised, NT __II.2.b σ. νόμον evade it, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.3 with accusative person, deceive, τὸν Τίτον Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.4 'counter' by a device, σοφίζεται τὴν βίαν τοῦ μηχανήματος Refs 1st c.AD+

λόγ-ιος, α, ον, (λόγος) of or belonging to λόγοι: __I versed in tales or stories (compare λόγος see), λόγιοι καὶ ἀοιδοί Refs 5th c.BC+; Αἰγυπτίων -ώτατοι Refs; so later, οἱ - ώτατοι τῶν ἀρχαίων συγγραφέων Refs 2nd c.BC+ __I.2 generally, learned, erudite, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὁ λ. Ἀκεστῖνος, of a learned physician, Refs 3rd c.AD+; οἱ -ώτατοι Τυρρηνῶν, of the Tuscan haruspices, Refs 1st c.AD+; λογιώτατος as title, Refs 5th c.AD+; ὁ τῆς λ. μνήμης σχολαστικός Refs 6th c.AD+ __II skilled in words, eloquent, τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς ὅπερ νῦν καὶ λόγιον ὀνομάζουσιν Refs 4th c.BC+ is said to have made Refs 4th c.BC+; epithet of Hermes, as the god of eloquence, Refs 2nd c.AD+; this sense is condemned by Refs 2nd c.AD+. adverb -ίως eloquently, Refs 1st c.AD+; ὡς ἐνῆν -ώτατα as nearly in words as possible, of the elephant, Refs __III oracular, Ἀπόλλωνος δῶμα λόγιον Refs

πᾰνουργ-ος (properispomenon), ον, ready to do anything, wicked, knavish, Refs 5th c.BC+: as substantive, knave, rogue, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ π. the knavish sort, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ π., ={πανουργία}, Refs: comparative -ότεροςLXX; -έστερος Refs 1st c.AD+: superlative -ότατοςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 adverb -γωςRefs 5th c.BC+: superlative -όταταRefs 5th c.BC+ __2.b πανούργως κατασκευάζεσθαι to be adulterated, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 of animals, as the fox, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II in a less positively bad sense, cunning, clever, smart, π. καὶ δεινός Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative, Refs 2nd c.BC+. adverb -γως, π. καὶ ὑποκριτικῶς λέγειν τὰ ἔπη Refs 2nd c.AD+