H8074 H8074
To be desolate, lie in ruins; to be appalled, horrified; causative: to devastate, make desolate; as participle: desolator
Few Hebrew roots carry such a powerful double charge as shamem. On one side stands physical desolation — cities reduced to rubble, farmland returned to wilderness, sanctuaries defiled and abandoned. On the other stands the visceral human response to such ruin: the horror, the stunned silence, the inability to process what the eyes behold. When the exiles in Ezra 9:3-4 hear of intermarriage, they sit 'appalled' — the same root that describes the land lying 'desolate' during the Sabbath years it was denied (Lev 26:34-35). Daniel's 'abomination of desolation' (Dan 9:27; 11:31; 12:11) fuses both poles: a devastator who causes devastation that produces horror. The root thus maps an entire emotional-physical landscape from cause to effect to response.
Senses
1. be desolate, lie waste — The stative-intransitive sense of being desolate or lying waste — 36 occurrences describing land, cities, sanctuaries, and roads in a state of ruin or abandonment. Leviticus 26:22 warns that highways will become desolate; Isaiah 49:8 promises that desolate heritages will be restored. Arabic khariba ('to be ruined') and Korean hwangpyehan ('desolate') converge on this physical-geographical meaning. The Qal stative and Nifal passive forms dominate, depicting desolation as an enduring condition rather than an event. 36×
AR["خَرِبَةً", "خَرِبَةٍ", "خَرِبَتِ", "خَرِبَتْ", "خَرِبِينَ", "فَيَصِيرُونَ", "لِمَاذَا", "مُقْفِرَاتِ", "مُقْفِرَةٌ", "وَ-تُخْرَبُ", "وَ-تُقْفِرُ", "وَتَخْرَبُ", "ٱلْمُقْفِرَةَ", "ٱلْمُقْفِرَةُ"]·ben["-শূন্যের", "আর-তারা-ধ্বংসস্থান-হবে", "আর-ধ্বংসস্থান-হবে", "আর-বিরান-হবে", "এবং-শূন্য-হবে", "ও-হবে-উজাড়", "জনশূন্য", "জনশূন্য-স্থান", "জনশূন্যকে", "ধ্বংস-করবে-নিজেকে", "ধ্বংস-হয়েছে", "ধ্বংসপ্রাপ্ত", "ধ্বংসস্থানের"]·DE["[ונשמו]", "[נשמו]", "[שוממים]", "[שוממין]", "[תשומם]", "und-verwuestet-sein", "und-wird-sein-verwuestet", "verwuestet-sein"]·EN["And-will-be-desolated", "and-shall-be-desolate", "and-they-shall-be-desolate", "and-will-be-desolate", "are-desolate", "desolate", "desolated", "desolations-of", "it-was-desolate", "should-you-destroy-yourself", "the-desolate"]·FR["désolation", "dévaster", "et-dévaster", "et-fera-être-desolate", "être-dévasté"]·heb["ה-נשמה", "ו-נשמו", "ו-נשמוּ", "ו-שממו", "נשמו", "נשמות", "שוממות", "שוממים", "שוממין", "שממה", "תישומם"]·HI["उजड़-गए", "उजड़ी-हुई", "उजड़ीं", "उजड़े", "उजड़े-हुए", "उजड़े-हुए-हैं", "उजाड़", "उजाड़-हुए", "और-उजड़ होंगे", "और-उजड़ेंगे", "और-उजाड़-हो-जाएँगी", "और-में-गुफाओं", "और-वीरान-होंगी", "तू-नाश-हो", "वह-उजड़-गई"]·ID["Dan-akan-menjadi-sunyi", "Dan-menjadi-sunyi", "dan-jalanmu-akan-sepi", "dan-menjadi-sunyi", "hancur", "membinasakan-dirimu", "sunyi", "tempat-tempat-tandus", "yang-sepi,", "yang-sunyi", "yang-sunyi;"]·IT["e-essere-desolato", "e-fara-essere-desolato", "essere-desolato", "essere-devastato", "should-voi-distruggere-yourself"]·jav["Lan-badhe-dados-suwung", "Lan-dados-suwăng", "ingkang-dipun-sunyakaken", "ingkang-sepi", "ingkang-suwung", "lan-dados-sepi", "lan-sami-suwèn", "lan-sepi", "panjenengan-karisak", "sepi", "sunyi", "suwung"]·KO["그-황량한을", "그-황폐한", "그리고-황폐하리라", "그리고-황폐할것이다", "그리고-황폐해지리라", "그리고-황폐해질-것이다-그들이", "황무한", "황폐되었다", "황폐하겠는가", "황폐하고", "황폐하였도다", "황폐한", "황폐한-곳들을", "황폐한-자들-로"]·PT["E-ficarão-desoladas", "E-serão-assolados", "E-serão-devastados", "a-desolada", "desoladas", "desolados", "desolações-de", "e-se-tornarão-desertas", "e-serão-desolados", "estão-desolados", "ficaram-desolados", "foi-desolada", "foram-desolados", "te-destruirás"]·RU["И-опустеют", "запустения", "и-опустеют", "опустевшие", "опустевшими", "опустевших", "опустели", "опустело", "опустошённая", "опустошённое", "опустошённые", "опустошённых", "погубишь-себя?", "пустынные"]·ES["Y-serán-asolados", "Y-serán-desolados", "desolaciones-de", "desoladas", "desolados", "están-desoladas", "fue-desolada,", "fueron-asoladas", "fueron-desolados", "la-asolada", "la-asolada;", "las-desolaciones", "te-destruirías", "y-serán-desolados"]·SW["Na-wataachwa", "Na-zitafanywa-ukiwa", "iliyoachwa", "iliyoharibiwa", "imekuwa-ukiwa", "na-yataachwa", "na-zitakuwa-ukiwa", "ujiangamize", "ukiwa", "uliokuwa-ukiwa", "wakiwa", "wameachwa-ukiwa", "zilizoachwa", "zimeachwa", "zimeharibiwa"]·TR["Ve-viran-olacak", "harap-oldu", "issiz", "issiz-yerleri-", "ve-viran-olacak", "ve-viran-olacaklar", "ve-ıssızlaşacak", "viran-oldu", "viran-olmuş", "viranlığı", "yikilirsin", "ıssız", "ıssızlaştı"]·urd["اجڑی", "اجڑی-کو", "اجڑی-ہوئی", "اور-ویران-ہو-جائیں-گی", "اور-ویران-ہوں-گے", "خود-کو-برباد-کرے-تو", "و-ویران-ہوں-گی", "ویران", "ویران-ہو-گئے", "ویران-ہوئے", "ویران-ہوا", "ویرانیاں"]
2. be appalled, be horrified — The psychological sense of being appalled, horrified, or stunned — 23 occurrences where the focus shifts from ruined landscapes to shattered minds. Jeremiah 2:12 commands the heavens to 'be appalled' at Israel's apostasy; Ezra sat 'appalled' until the evening offering (Ezra 9:3-4). The Qal, Hitpael, and Hithpolel forms carry this emotional force. Arabic yadhhashu ('to be stunned') and Korean nollada ('to be shocked') confirm the affective-cognitive core. The link between physical ruin and psychological shock is the root's distinctive genius — to see desolation is to become desolate within. 23×
AR["اِدْهَشِي", "تَحَيَّرَ", "تَحَيَّرُوا", "تَعَجَّبَ", "دُهِشَ", "مُذْهَلًا", "وَ-انْدَهَشْتُ", "وَ-تَحَيَّرْتُ", "وَ-يَتَحَيَّرُ", "وَيَتَحَيَّرُونَ", "يَتَعَجَّبُ", "يَدْهَشُ", "يَصَعَقُ", "يَصْعَقونَ", "يَنْدَهِشُ"]·ben["-এবং-আমি-আশ্চর্য-হলাম", "আর-শূন্য-হবে", "এবং-হতবাক-হবে", "এবং-হতভম্ব-হলাম", "বিস্মিত-হও", "বিস্মিত-হবে", "বিস্মিত-হয়েছিল", "বিস্মিত-হয়েছে", "বিস্মিত-হল", "বিস্মিত-হোক", "বিহ্বল", "শূন্য-হয়েছে", "স্তম্ভিত"]·DE["[ישמו]", "[משומם]", "[נשמו]", "ist-appalled", "lass-sein-appalled", "sie-setzten", "und-verwuestet-sein", "verwuestet-sein", "wird-sein-appalled"]·EN["Be-appalled", "and-I-was-appalled", "and-shall-be-appalled", "and-they-shall-be-appalled", "appalled", "are-appalled", "is-appalled", "let-be-appalled", "were-appalled", "will-be-appalled"]·FR["dévaster", "et-dévaster", "et-être-dévasté", "fera-être-appalled", "son-nom", "être-désolé", "être-dévasté"]·heb["ו-אשתומם", "ו-השתוממתי", "ו-נשמו", "ו-שממו", "יִשֹּׁם", "ישום", "ישומו", "ישם", "ישתומם", "משומם", "נשמו", "שומו", "שממו"]·HI["और-विस्मित-था-मैं", "और-विस्मित-हुआ-मैं", "और-विस्मित-होंगे", "चकित-थे", "चकित-हुए", "चकित-हों", "चकित-होंगे", "चकित-होओ", "चकित-होगा", "पश्चिमी", "विरान-हुए", "विस्मित", "विस्मित-होता-है"]·ID["Tercenganglah", "akan-ngeri", "akan-terkejut", "akan-tertegun", "dan-Aku-terkejut", "dan-akan-tercengang", "dan-aku-tercengang", "dan-mereka-akan-tercengang", "tercengang", "terkejut", "tertegun"]·IT["devastare", "devasto'", "e-essere-desolato", "e-essere-devastato", "essere-desolato", "essere-devastato", "essi-posero", "sono-appalled", "vorrà-essere-appalled"]·jav["Mugi-gumun", "ajrih", "badhe-gumun", "badhé-eram", "badhé-kaget", "gumun", "gumuna", "kaget", "lan-Kawula-gumun", "lan-gumun", "lan-kula-gumun", "lan-nyuit", "lan-sami-gumun", "nggumunaken", "sami-gumun"]·KO["그리고-내가-놀랐다", "그리고-놀랄-것이다", "그리고-놀랐으니", "놀라고", "놀라나이다", "놀라라", "놀라리라", "놀라리이다", "놀랄-것이다", "놀랐나니", "놀랐는데", "놀랐다", "황폐해서"]·PT["Espantem-se", "Ficarão-chocados", "Pasme", "e-assombrar-se-ão", "e-espantei-me", "e-estava-espantado", "e-ficarão-desolados", "espantado", "está-desolado", "ficaram-desolados", "ficará-assombrado", "ficará-espantado", "ficará-estupefato", "ficarão-horrorizados", "se-pasmaram"]·RU["Ужаснитесь", "да-ужаснутся", "и-изумился-Я", "и-изумлялся-я", "и-изумятся", "и-ужаснутся", "изумится", "изумлялись", "изумятся", "потрясённый", "ужаснулись", "ужаснётся", "цепенеет"]·ES["Asombraos", "Se-asombrarán", "Sean-asolados", "desolado", "quedará-asombrado", "se-asombra", "se-asombran", "se-asombraron", "se-asombrará", "y-estaba-espantado", "y-me-asombré", "y-se-asombrarán"]·SW["Na-waukie", "atashangaa", "na-nikashangaa", "na-watashangaa", "na-watashangazwa", "nimestuka", "shangaeni", "umestukia", "walishangaa", "walishangazwa", "wameshangazwa", "watashangaa"]·TR["Sersemlsinler", "dehsete-düşecek", "dehşete-düşecek", "hayrete-düşer", "sasirdilar", "saskin", "ve-sasirdim", "ve-şaşacaklar", "ve-şaşıracaklar", "ve-şaşırdım", "şaşacak", "şaştılar", "şaşın", "şaşıracak", "şaşırdı"]·urd["اور-حیران-رہا", "اور-حیران-ہوں-گے", "اور-میں-حیران-ہوا", "حیران", "حیران رہیں", "حیران ہوں گے", "حیران-ہو", "حیران-ہو-گا", "حیران-ہوئے", "حیران-ہوگا", "حیران-ہوں", "حیران-ہے"]
3. make desolate, devastate — The causative Hifil sense of making desolate or devastating — 15 occurrences where an active agent brings ruin upon a place or people. God will devastate Israel's high places (Lev 26:31), lay waste their sanctuaries (Lev 26:31), and desolate the land so that enemies marvel at it (Lev 26:32). The Moabite campaign narrative uses it for military devastation (Num 21:30), and Job laments that God has 'devastated' his entire circle (Job 16:7). Arabic akhraba and Swahili kuharibu capture the transitive destructive force. 15×
AR["أَخْرَبُوا", "أَخْرَبْتَ", "إِيَّاهُمْ", "خَرَابًا", "وَ-أَخْرَبْنَا", "وَ-أَهْلَكَهُم", "وَ-أُخْرِبُ", "وَأَجْعَلُهُ", "وَأُخرِبُ", "وَأُخَرِّبُ", "يُخْرِبُ", "يُخْرِبْ"]·ben["আর-আমি-তাকে-করব", "আর-আমি-ধ্বংসস্থান-করব", "উজাড়-করেছে", "এবং-আমরা-ধ্বংস-করলাম", "এবং-ধ্বংস-করব", "এবং-ধ্বংস-করলেন-তাদের", "এবং-শূন্য-করব", "জনশূন্য-করতে", "তাদের-বিস্মিত-করি", "তারা-ধ্বংস-করেছে", "তিনি-ধ্বংস-করবেন", "তুমি-ধ্বংস-করেছ", "সে-জনশূন্য-করবে"]·DE["[השמות]", "[והשמתי]", "der-sie-setzten", "der-verwuestet", "sie-haben-laid-waste", "und-He-devastated-ihnen", "und-ich-wird-machen-verwuestet", "und-verwuestet-sein", "und-wir-laid-Oede", "verwuestet-sein"]·EN["I-might-desolate-them", "You-have-made-desolate", "and-He-devastated-them", "and-I-will-lay-waste", "and-I-will-make-desolate", "and-I-will-make-him", "and-we-laid-waste", "he-will-make-desolate", "making-desolate", "they-have-laid-waste"]·FR["dévaster", "et-Il-devastated-eux", "et-dévaster", "et-je-fera-faire-desolate", "et-le-j'ai-placé", "et-nous-laid-waste", "le-son-nom", "être-dévasté"]·heb["אשימם", "השימות", "השמו", "השמם", "ו-השימותי", "ו-השימותיהו", "ו-השמותי", "ו-השמתי", "ו-ישמם", "ו-נשים", "ישים"]·HI["उजाड़-करूँ-उन्हें", "उजाड़-दिया", "उजाड़ते-हुए", "उन्होंने-उजाड़-दिया", "और-उजाड़ करूंगा", "और-उजाड़-दूंगा-मैं", "और-उजाड़ा", "और-उजाड़ूँगा", "और-बनाऊँगा-उसे", "और-हमने-उजाड़ा", "तूने-उजाड़-दिया", "वह-वीरान-बनाएगा"]·ID["Aku-membuat-mereka-terkejut", "Dan-Aku-akan-membinasakan", "Dan-Aku-akan-membuat-sunyi", "Engkau-memusnahkan", "dan-Aku-akan-membuat-sunyi", "dan-Aku-akan-menjadikannya", "dan-kami-menghancurkan", "dan-menakutkan-mereka", "ia-akan-menjadikan", "membinasakan", "mereka-menghancurkan"]·IT["Voi-have-made-desolate", "e-He-devastated-loro", "e-essere-desolato", "e-io-fara-fare-desolato", "e-noi-laid-desolazione", "essere-desolato", "essere-devastato", "il-essi-posero", "il-il-suo-nome"]·jav["Aku-ndadosaken-piyambakipun-sepi", "Lan-Kawula-badhe-nggamel-suwung", "Lan-Kawula-ngsuwungaken", "Panjenengan-ngrisak", "badhe-njabel", "lan-Aku-badhé-ndadosaken-piyambakipun", "lan-Kawula-badhe-nggamel-suwung", "lan-Kawula-ngrisak", "lan-Kawula-ngsuwungaken", "lan-kawula-ngrisak", "lan-ngrisak-piyambakipun", "nggawé-sepi", "piyambakipun-sami-nyuwungaken", "tiyang-tiyang-sampun-nyirnakaken"]·KO["그들이-황폐케-했다", "그리고-나는-황폐하게-할것이다", "그리고-내가-세우리라-그를", "그리고-우리가-황폐시켰다", "그리고-황폐시킬-것이다-내가", "그리고-황폐케-하겠다", "그리고-황폐하게-했다-그들을", "황폐케-하기-위해-그들을", "황폐케-하였다", "황폐하게-하겠느냐-그가", "황폐하게-하는-것", "황폐하게-하셨나니"]·PT["Devastaste", "E-destruirei", "E-devastarei", "assolaram", "desolando", "e-devastamos", "e-devastarei", "e-devastou-os", "e-o-farei", "eu-os-devastasse", "fará-assolada"]·RU["и-опустошил-их", "и-опустошили-мы", "и-опустошу", "и-сделаю-его", "опустошая", "опустошил-Ты", "опустошили", "опустошит", "ради"]·ES["Y-asolaré", "Y-desolaré", "Y-devastaré", "asolaron", "asolará", "desolando", "has-desolado", "los-asolare", "y-asolamos", "y-asolaré", "y-desolaré", "y-lo-pondré", "y-los-asoló"]·SW["Na-nitafanya-ukiwa", "Na-nitaharibu", "Na-nitaiangamiza", "atafanya-kuwa-ukiwa", "kukuharibu", "na-akawaharibu", "na-nitafanya-ukiwa", "na-nitaiangamiza", "na-nitamfanya", "na-tukaharibu", "niwafanye-wakose", "umeharibu", "wameiharibu", "wameyaharibu"]·TR["deşete-düşürsün-diye-onlar", "harap-etmek", "harap-ettiler", "harap-ettin", "ve-harap-edeceğim", "ve-harap-etti-onları", "ve-harap-ettik", "ve-koyacağım", "ve-viran-edeceğim", "ve-ıssızlaştıracağım", "yapacak"]·urd["اور-اجاڑوں-گا", "اور-اُسے-عبرت-بناؤں-گا", "اور-برباد-کیا", "اور-تباہ-کیا", "اور-ویران-کروں-گا", "اور-ویران-کروں-گا-میں", "اُجاڑ-دیا", "وہ-ویران-کرے-گا", "ویران-کر-دیا-ہے-تُو-نے", "ویران-کرنا", "ویران-کروں", "ویران-کرے-گا", "ویران-کیا"]
4. desolator, devastator — The agentive participial form used substantivally as 'desolator' or 'devastator' — five occurrences concentrated in Daniel's apocalyptic visions. The 'abomination that makes desolate' (Dan 9:27; 11:31; 12:11) and the question about 'the transgression that causes desolation' (Dan 8:13) employ the active Poel or Polel participle as a technical eschatological term. Spanish desolador and German Verwuester treat it as a true agent noun, while the Greek rendering bdelygma tes eremoseos in the Septuagint (and Jesus' citation in Matt 24:15) cemented this sense in Western theological vocabulary. 5×
AR["الْخَرَابِ", "الْمُخَرِّبَ", "الْمُخَرِّبَةُ", "الْمُخَرِّبِ", "مُخَرِّبٌ"]·ben["ধ্বংসকারী", "ধ্বংসকারীর"]·DE["verwuestet-sein"]·EN["desolating", "the-desolator"]·FR["dévaster"]·heb["משומם", "שומם"]·HI["उजाड़नेवाला", "उजाड़नेवाली", "उजाड़नेवाले"]·ID["yang-membinasakan"]·IT["essere-desolato"]·jav["ingkang-ngrisak"]·KO["황폐케-하는", "황폐케-하는-자", "황폐케-하는-자-이니"]·PT["desoladora", "desolação", "devastadora", "o-assolador", "virá-o-assolador"]·RU["опустошающее", "опустошающей", "опустошения", "опустошитель", "опустошителя"]·ES["desolador", "desoladora", "el-desolador"]·SW["la-uharibifu", "mwenye-kuharibu", "uharibifu"]·TR["harap-eden", "harap-edenin"]·urd["اُجاڑنے-والی", "ویران-کرنے-والا", "ویران-کرنے-والی", "ویران-کرنے-والے"]
5. desolation, state of ruin — The abstract nominal use via Hofal infinitive construct denoting the state or process of desolation itself — four occurrences, all clustered in the Sabbath-year theology of Leviticus 26:34-35, 43 and its echo in 2 Chronicles 36:21. The land 'enjoys its Sabbaths' during its desolation (beshammah), repaying the rest Israel denied it. Arabic al-kharabi ('the ruin') and Korean hwangpye-ui ('of desolation') reflect this nominal abstraction. The Chronicler explicitly links the seventy-year exile to this Levitical principle, making the infinitive a theological hinge between sin and restoration. 4×
AR["الْخَرَابِ", "بِ-خَرَابِهَا"]·ben["-পরিত্যক্ততার", "শূন্য-হতে", "শূন্যতার", "শূন্যতার,"]·DE["der-Verwuestung", "der-sein-Name", "in-seiend-verwuestet"]·EN["in-being-desolate", "the-desolation"]·FR["dans-étant-desolate", "dévaster", "le-desolation"]·heb["ב-השמה", "השמה", "השמה-ה"]·HI["उजड़े-होने-में", "उजाड़-के"]·ID["dan-kamu", "dari-mereka", "ditinggalkan", "kerusakannya"]·IT["devastare", "il-desolazione", "in-essendo-desolato"]·jav["kasuwungan-ipun", "suwung", "wonten-kasuwungan-ipun"]·KO["그것이-황폐한-", "황폐됨에서", "황폐의"]·PT["a-desolação", "em-estar-desolada"]·RU["в-опустошении-своём", "запустения", "опустошения", "опустошения-её"]·ES["en-su-desolación", "la-desolación", "su-desolación"]·SW["hashaּmaּh", "katika-ukiwa-wake", "ukiwa"]·TR["-da-ıssızlaştırılmasında", "harabeyde", "ıssızlık", "ıssızlıkın"]·urd["ویرانی-میں-اُس-کی", "ویرانی-کے"]
6. cause horror, appall others — The causative-psychological sense of making others appalled or causing horror — three rare occurrences where the Hifil applies not to physical devastation but to emotional shock. God will cause nations to be appalled at Israel's judgment (Ezek 32:10), Ezekiel himself sits stunned among the exiles (Ezek 3:15), and Job's friends should 'be appalled' and clap their hands over their mouths (Job 21:5). Arabic udhilu ('I cause to be stunned') and Korean nollage hada ('to cause to be startled') precisely mirror this causative-affective derivation, distinguishing it from the physical devastation of Sense 3. 3×
AR["مُتَحَيِّرًا", "وَ-انْدَهِشُوا", "وَأُذْهِلُ"]·ben["আর-আমি-বিস্মিত-করব", "এবং-বিস্মিত-হও", "বিস্মিত"]·DE["[והשמו]", "und-verwuestet-sein", "von-Himmel"]·EN["and-I-will-cause-to-be-appalled", "and-be-appalled", "stunned"]·FR["de-cieux", "et-dévaster"]·heb["ו-השימותי", "ו-השמו", "משתומם"]·HI["और-मैं-भयभीत-करूँगा", "और-विस्मित-हो", "स्तब्ध"]·ID["Dan-Aku-membuat-tercengang", "dan-takjublah", "tercengang"]·IT["da-cielo", "e-e-essere-appalled", "e-essere-desolato"]·jav["Lan-Kawula-badhe-nggumunaken", "eram", "lan-nggumuna"]·KO["그리고-놀라라", "그리하여-내가-놀라게-하리라", "멜해하며"]·PT["E-espantarei", "atordoado", "e-ficai-chocados"]·RU["и-изумитесь", "и-ужасну", "изумлённый"]·ES["Y-asombraré", "atónito", "y-asombraos"]·SW["Na-nitawafanya-kushangaa", "na-mshangae", "nimeshangaa"]·TR["içlerinde", "ve-hayrete-düşün", "ve-şaşırtacağım"]·urd["اور-حیران رہو", "اور-حیران-کروں-گا", "حیران"]
Related Senses
H4421 1. war, battle, armed conflict (319×)H0341 1. enemy, adversary, foe (284×)H3898a 1. Nifal: to fight, wage war (167×)H2026 1. kill, slay (active) (146×)H2451 1. wisdom, discernment (146×)H5483b 1. horse (the animal) (138×)H0006 1. to perish, be destroyed (105×)H7843 1. Hifil: destroy, annihilate (83×)H2491a 1. slain, fatally pierced (74×)H6862c 1. adversary, enemy, foe (69×)H8045 1. destroy, exterminate (69×)G0615 1. kill, put to death (60×)H6571b 1. horseman, cavalryman (52×)H8077a 1. desolation, waste (abstract state) (52×)G4678 1. of wisdom (51×)G4717 1. crucify, fasten to a cross (46×)H2763a 1. utterly destroy (Hifil active) (44×)G0622 1. perish, be destroyed (intransitive) (41×)H0006 2. to destroy, annihilate (Piel) (38×)G2190 1. enemy / hostile one (32×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [שָׁמֵם] vb. be desolated, appalled (connex. of meanings not clear) (NH id.; J.Aram שְׁמַם Ithp. be dazed);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. שָׁמֵ֑מָה Ez 35:15, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשֹּׁם 1 K 9:8 +, 3 mpl. יָשֹׁ֫מּוּ Jb 17:8 ψ 40:16, etc.; Imv. mpl. שֹׁ֫מּוּ Je 2:12; Inf. cstr. (?) metapl. שַׁמּוֹת Ez 36:3 (Ges§ 67r, but v. infra);—תֵּשַׁם, etc. (v. [יָשַׁם]) are placed here by most; Ez 6:6 reads תִּישָׁ֑מְנָה,…