Desolation and Ruin

† [שָׁמֵם] vb. be desolated, appalled (connex. of meanings not clear) (NH id.; J.Aram שְׁמַם Ithp. be dazed);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. שָׁמֵ֑מָה Ez 35:15, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשֹּׁם 1 K 9:8 +, 3 mpl. יָשֹׁ֫מּוּ Jb 17:8 ψ 40:16, etc.; Imv. mpl. שֹׁ֫מּוּ Je 2:12; Inf. cstr. (?) metapl. שַׁמּוֹת Ez 36:3 (Ges§ 67r, but v. infra);—תֵּשַׁם, etc. (v. [יָשַׁם]) are placed here by most; Ez 6:6 reads תִּישָׁ֑מְנָה, v. Ges§ 67 p dd;—Pt. שׁוֹמֵם La 3:11 (v. also Pōʿ.); f. שֹׁמֵמָ֔ה (Ges§ 84 a s) 2 S 13:20 +; pl. שׁוֹמֵמִין La 1:4, etc.;— 1. be desolated, of Tamar 2 S 13:20 (i.e. deflowered, or deserted; others appalled), of pers. elsewhere late La 1:16; נְתָנַנִי שֹׁמֵמָה v 13, שָׂמַנִ֫י שׁ׳ 3:11; pt. as n.f. בְּנֵי שׁוֹמֵמָה Is 54:1 (opp. בְּעוּלָה) [Dn 8:13 + v. Pōʿ.]; usually of land, etc. (sometimes = deserted), Is 49:8; Ez 33:28 (מֵאֵין עוֹבֵר), 35:12 (read שָֽׁמְמוּ Qr Co Toy Krae; > Kt שׁממה), v 15; הֶחֳרָבוֹת הַשֹּׁמְמוֹת 36:4 (‖ הֶעָרִים הַנֶּעֱזָבוֹת); שַׁמּוֹת v 3 is prob. corrupt, Co שְׁאָט as v 5, Hi-Sm from שׁמה = נשׁם, Toy נָשֹׁם, Krae נְשֹׁם, La 1:4; 5:18; pt. fpl. as n. = desolate places Is 49:19; 61:4 (both ‖ חֳרָבוֹת), v 4 (cf. שְׁמָמָה 62:4); = desolations Dn 9:18, 26. 2. be appalled, awestruck, usually at (עַל) judgments on others, Lv 26:32 (H), Je 2:12 (v. II. [חָרֵב]), Ez 26:16; 27:35; 28:19; Is 52:14; Jb 17:8, cf. 1 K 9:8 = 2 Ch 7:21, Je 18:16; 19:8; 49:17; 50:13; on oneself ψ 40:16 (עַל־עֵקֶב).—Is 42:14 v. [נשׁם" dir="rtl" >נשׁם]. Niph. Pf. 3 fs. נָשַׁ֫מָּה Je 12:11 +, 3 pl. נָשַׁ֫מּוּ Zp 3:6 +; Pt. f. נְשַׁמָּה Ez 36:34 +, etc.;—= Qal: 1. be desolated, of roads Lv 26:22 (H), Is 33:8, bamoth Am 7:9 (‖ יֶחֱרָ֑בוּ), altars Ez 6:4; cf. 25:3; 32:15 Zp 3:6; Zc 7:14; Jo 1:17 ψ 69:26; lands Je 12:11; Ez 29:12; 30:7; 36:34, 35, cities Is 54:3 (opp. יוֹשִׁיבוּ), cf. Ez 36:35; Am 9:14; Je 33:10; הַנְּשַׁמָּה Ez 36:36 the desolated (sc. land, in fig.). 2. be appalled Je 4:9; La 4:5; Ez 4:17; 30:7, c. עַל rei Jb 18:20. Pōʿ Pt. 1. וָאֵֽשְׁבָה מְשׁוֹמֵם Ezr 9:3 I sat appalled, cf. v 4. 2. transit. appalling, causing horror (Dr Dn 150 f.): (הַ)שִּׁקּוּץ מְשֹׁמֵם Dn 11:31, + perhaps 9:27a (v. שִׁקּוּץ); so also שִׁקּ׳ שֹׁמֵם 12:11 (on שׁ׳ v. Ges§ 52s), הַפֶּשַׁע שֹׁמֵם 8:13 the crime causing horror, and שׁ׳ as n. Horror-causer, appaller, 9:27b. Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. הֲשִׁמּ֫וֹתָ Jb 16:7, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַשִּׁים (Ges§ 67y) Je 49:20; 50:45, 3 mpl. sf. וַיְשִׁמֵּם 1 S 5:6, 1 pl. נַשִּׁים Nu 21:30, etc.; Imv. mpl. הָשַׁמּוּ (Ges§ 67v) Jb 21:5; Inf. abs. הַשְׁמֵם Mi 6:13; Pt. מַשְׁמִים Ez 3:15;— 1. devastate, ravage, acc. pers. 1 S 5:6; Ez 20:26; Ho 2:14 (fig. of vine), Jb 16:7; acc. loc. Lv 26:31, 32 (H), Je 10:25; Ez 30:12, 14 ψ 79:7, so (acc. om.) Nu 21:30 (poem in JE), Mi 6:13;—Ez 14:8 v. שִׂים" dir="rtl" >שִׂים Hiph. 2. a. appall, acc. pers., c. עַל at, Je 49:20; 50:45; Ez 32:10. b. inwardly trans., וָאֵשֵׁב מַשׁ׳ 3:15 shewing horror, Jb 21:5 (Bu Niph. הִשַּׁמּוּ). Hoph. Inf. abs. כָּל־יְמֵי הָשַּׁמָּה (sc. הָאָרֶץ) Lv 26:34 (H) all the days of (its) being desolate, so v 35 2 Ch 36:21; Aramaizing, בָּהְשַׁמָּה (Ges§ 67y) Lv 26:43. Hithpōʿ. Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁתּוֹמֵם ψ 143:4, etc.;— 1. be appalled, astounded, כִּי that, because, Is 59:16; 63:5; עַל rei Dn 8:27; בְּתוֹכִי יִשְׁתּ׳ לְבִּי ψ 143:4 (cf. 1 pl. נשתומם Ecclus 43:24). 2. cause oneself desolation, ruin, Ec 7:16 (תִּשּׁוֹמֵם, var. תִּשְׁתּוֹמֵם).

[שָׁדַד56] vb. deal violently with, despoil, devastate, ruin (NH id., Niph.; Arabic سَدَّ stop up, obstruct, arrest, make firm; Ethiopic ሰደደ: expel; Assyrian šadâdu is draw, drag);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. consec. וְשָֽׁדְדוּ Ez 32:12; sf. שַׁדּוּנִי ψ 17:9; Impf. 3 ms. יָשׁוּד (metapl., cf. Ges§ 67 q Bae) ψ 91:6, sf. יְשָׁדֵּם (Ges§ 67 n) Pr 11:3 Qr (Kt Pf. ושׁדם), יְשָׁדְדֵם Je 5:6; Imv. mpl. שָׁדְדוּ (Ges§ 67 cc) 49:28; Inf. abs. שָׁדוֹד Mi 2:4; cstr. לִשְׁדוֹד Je 47:4 (Ges§ 45 g), cf. also שֹׁד" dir="rtl" >שֹׁד Ho 10:14; Pt. act. שֹׁדֵד Je 6:26 +, etc.; pass. שָׁדוּד Ju 5:27 +, f. שְׁדוּדָה ψ 137:8;—violently destroy, pers., = slay Ju 5:27 (pass.), Je 5:6 (wolf subj.; ‖ הִכָּה); acc. Philistines 47:4 (‖ הִכְרִית), v 4 (subj. י׳); = devastate, acc. בָּבֶל (subj. י׳) Je 51:55, cf. ψ 137:8 (read prob. הַשֹּׁדֵדָה We Du cf. Ew Hi הַשָּׁדוֹדָה v. Köii. 194); אֶת־גְּאוֹן מִצְרַיִם Ez 32:12 (‖ נִשְׁמַד), cf. Ho 10:14, אֶת־מַרְעִיתָם Je 25:36 (subj. י׳), abs. Is 21:2 (‖ בָּגַד), 33:1 (on use of pt. v. Ges§ 120 b), pass. v 1 (‖ בָּנַד), אַתְּי שָׁדוּד Je 4:30 (Gf BaNB 179, but dub.; שְׁדוּדָה); = despoil, acc. pers. Je 49:28; = bring pers. to ruin Mi 2:4 (Inf. abs. + Niph. q.v.), Pr 11:3; weaker, assail ψ 17:9; elsewhere Pt. act. as subst. devastator (despoiler?): of national foes Is 16:1; 21:2; 33:1; Je 6:26 + 8 times Je; שׁוֹדְדֵי לַיְלָה Ob 5 (‖ גַּנָּבִים) del. Now GASm; personal foe Jb 15:21; representing wicked in gen. 12:6 (‖ מַרְגִּיזֵי אֵל). †Niph. Pf. 1 pl. שָׁדוֹד נִשַׁדֻּנוּ Ges§ 67 u) we are utterly ruined Mi 2:4. †Pi. Impf. 2 ms. אַל־תְּשַׁדֵּד רִבְצוֹ Pr 24:15 assault not his dwelling-place (‖ אַל־תֶּאֱרֹב); Pt. as subst. מְשַׁדֶּד־אָב Pr 19:26 he who assaults, maltreats (his) father (‖ יַבְרִיחַ אֵם). †Pu. Pf. 3 ms. שֻׁדַּד Is 15:1 +, 3 fs. שֻׁדְּדָה Je 4:20 +, שָׁדְּדָה Na 3:7 (Ges§ 52 q), etc.;—be devastated, of city Is 15:1(×2); 23:1; Je 48:1; 49:3; Na 3:7, country or nation Je 4:20, cf. v 13 9:18; 48:15, 20; 49:10, dwellings (אֹהֶל) Je 4:20; 10:20, trees Zc 11:2 (del. StaZAW i (1881), 25), cf. v 33, strength of ships Is 23:14, field (by drought) Jo 1:10, crop v 10. †Pōʿel violently destroy: Impf. 3 ms. יְשֹׁדֵד מַצֵּבוֹתָם Ho 10:2 (‖ יַעֲרֹף מִוְבְּחֹתָם). †Hoph. Impf. (or Qal pass. Impf.? cf. Ges§ 53 u) be devastated: 3 ms. בָּל־מִבְצָרֶיךָ יוּשָּׁ֑ד Ho 10:14 (of Ephr., יושׁדו); 2 ms. תּוּשַּׁד Is 33:1 (subj. שׁוֹדֵד, v. Qal).

† II. [חָרֵב] be waste, desolate (NH חָרֵב id.; Aramaic חֲרוֹב, ܚܪܰܒ be laid waste; Zinj. חרב adj.; Arabic خَرِبَ be in ruins, waste, depopulated; Assyrian ḫarâbu, be waste, DlPr 175, ḫuribtu, desert, LotzTP);—Qal Impf. 3 fs. תֶּחֱרַ֔ב Je 26:9, תֶּחֱרָ֔ב Is 34:10; 3 mpl. יֶחֶרְבוּ Ez 6:6, יֶחֱרָ֑בוּ Am 7:9 Is 60:12; 3 fpl. תֶּחֱרַבְנָה Ez 6:2; 12:20; Imv. חֳרָבִי Is 44:27, חָרְבוּ (so, not חָֽרְבוּ—Theile—v. Köi. 244) Je 2:12; Inf. abs. חָרֹב Is 60:12;—be waste, desolate; of sanctuaries of Isr. Am 7:9 (‖ נָשַׁמּוּ), of altars Ez 6:6; of cities Je 26:9; Ez 6:6; 12:20 (‖ שׁמם); of nations Is 34:10, חָרֹב יֶחֱרָ֑בוּ 60:12 (‖ יֹאבֵדוּ); fig., in address to the heavens חָרְבוּ מְאֹד Je 2:12—(‖ שֹׁמּוּ, וְשַׂעֲרוּ), be very desolate (at sins of Isr.); others, be amazed, astounded (on relation of meanings v. שׁמם). Niph. Pt. f. נֶחֱרֶבֶת Ez 26:19 as adj., desolate city, i.e. uninhabited, v. context; נַחֲרָבוֹת 30:7 of desolate countries (‖ נָשַׁמּוּ). Hiph. Pf. הֶחֱרִיב Ez 19:7; 1 s. הֶחֱרַבְתִּי Zp 3:6; 3 pl. הֶחֱרִיבוּ Is 37:18 2 K 19:17; Impf. 1 s. אַחֲרִיב Is 42:15; Pt. מַחֲרִיב Ju 16:24; pl. c. sf. מַחֲרִיבַיִךְ Is 49:17;—lay waste, make desolate, human subj.; nations and lands Is 37:18 = 2 K 19:17, Is 42:15, cf. pt. Is 49:17 (‖ מְהָֽרְסַיִךְ); add prob. with We Am 4:9 (הֶחֱרַבְתִּי for the untranslateable הַרְבּוֹת) I have devastated your gardens and vineyards; pt. Ju 16:24 desolater of our country (‖ הִרְבָּה אֶת־חֲלָלֵ֑נוּ); obj. cities Ez 19:7; streets Zp 3:6 (‖ נָשַׁמּוּ). Hoph. Pf. 3 fs. הָחֳרָ֑בָה Ez 26:2 she is laid waste, of a city; Pt. מָחֳרָבוֹת Ez 29:12 laid waste, of cities (‖ שׁמם).

† II. [בָּקַק] vb. empty (cf. probably Arabic بَقَّ make a gurgling noise, of a mug dipped in water, or emptied of water)— Qal Pf. וּבַקֹּתִי Je 19:7, בְּקָקוּם Na 2:3; Pt. בּוֹקֵק Is 24:1, בֹּקֲקִים Na 2:3 empty, lay waste land, acc., Is 24:1 Na 2:3, also abs. v 3; fig. make void (obj. עֵצָה) Je 19:7. Niph. Pf. וְנָֽבְקָה (cf. Ges§ 67 dd) Is 19:3; Impf. 3 fs. תִּבּוֹק Is 24:3; Inf. abs. הִבּוֹק Is 24:3;—be emptied (laid waste) Is 24:3 הִבּוֹק תִּבּוֹק, of land (‖ הִבּוֹז תִּבּוֹז); fig. of spirit, courage Is 19:3. Po. Impf. יְבקֲקוּ Je 51:2 empty out (devastate) land.

† I. [שָׁאָה] vb. make a din or crash, crash into ruins (perhaps akin to שׁוֹאָה (√ שׁוא) storm, devastation; > Aramaic ܫܗܳܐ be deserted, שַׁהֲוָוא, שַׁהֲוָתָא desert);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. שָׁאוּ Is 6:11 until cities have crashed into ruins; + perhaps Na 1:5 (p. 671a). Niph. Impf. 3 fs. תִּשָּׁאֶה שְׁמָמָה Is 6:11, usually, and the ground be ruined into a desolation, but 𝔊 Lo Du Marti תִּשָּׁאֵר be left a desol.; 3 mpl. יִשָּׁא֑וּן Is 17:12 they are in uproar (of nations, ‖ יֶהֱמָיוּן), v 13 (but del. as doublet Du CheHpt. Marti). Hiph. Inf. cstr. לְהַשְׁאוֹת Is 37:26, = לַהְשׁוֹת 2 K 19:25 (Ges§ 23 f Köi. 570, who follow van d. H. in giving לְהַשְׁאוֹת as Qr, but v. Baer Gi), to cause … cities to crash into ruined heaps.

ἐρημ-όω, strip bare, desolate, lay waste, ἱερὰ θεῶν LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, ἐρημωθείσης Κρήτης NT+5th c.BC+ __II bereave one of a thing, with double accusative, ἐ. τινὰ εὐφροσύνας μέρος Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. ναυβατῶν ἐρετμά to leave the oars without men, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἑαυτὸν ἐρημοῖς (i.e. φίλων) Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be bereft of, ἀνδρῶν Refs 5th c.BC+left without, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 set free, deliver from, Διὸς ἄλσος ἠρήμωσε λέοντος Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, πνεῦμα ὀσμῶν ἐρημωθέν being free from.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __III abandon, desert, ἑὸν χῶρον Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. Συρακούσας to evacuate it, Refs 5th c.BC+; τόνδ᾽ ἐρημώσασ᾽ ὄχον having left it empty, by stepping out of it, Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, [πόλιν] ἐρημοῦσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν πατρικίων Refs 1st c.BC+ __IV leave alone, keep isolated, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ὄνοι ἐρημωθέντες τοῦ ὁμίλου being isolated from.., Refs 5th c.BC+

† [יָשַׁם] vb. be desolate (cf. שָׁמַם)— Qal Impf. 3 fs. תֵּשַׁם Ez 12:19; תֵּשָׁ֑ם Gn 47:19; וַתֵּ֫שַׁם Ez 19:7; 3 fpl. תִּישָׁ֑מְנָה 6:6 (Co תֵּשׁמנה);—be desolate, subj. ארץ Ez 12:19; 19:7; subj. אֲדָמָה Gn 47:19 (J); subj. במות Ez 6:6.

πορθ-έω, collateral form of πέρθω (more used in Prose), destroy, ravage, plunder, πόλεας καὶ τείχεα Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, πᾶν τὸ ἄστυ ἐπορθέετο Refs 5th c.BC+is carried off, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in present and imperfect, sometimes endeavour to destroy, besiege a town, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 of persons, destroy, ruin, θεοὺς τοὺς ἐγγενεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, do havoc, Refs: especially in passive, αὐτοὶ ὑφ᾽ αὑτῶν.. πορθούμεθα. Refs 4th c.BC+; of women, κόραι βία πρὸς ἀνδρῶν πορθούμεναι Refs 5th c.BC+; σκόροδα πορθούμενος robbed of them, Comedy texts phrase in Refs 5th c.BC+

† [בָּלַק] vb. waste, lay waste (Assyrian balâḳu, Pi. destroy, LyonSargon 61; cf. Arabic بَلُّوقَةٌ a desert)— Po. Pt. without מ, sf. בּוֹלְקָהּ Is 24:1 (‖ בּוֹקֵק, subj. י׳, obj. הארץ);—on form (which might also be Qal Pt.) cf. Ol§ 254 LagGN 1882, 403; also בקק Po. Je 51:2, and intensive use of Inf. abs. Niph. Is 24:3; further Pu. (i.e. intens.) Pt. Na 2:11 (this however perhaps largely influenced by assonance). Pu. Pt. מְבֻלָּקָ֑ה Na 2:11 (בּוּקָה וּמְבוּקָה ומב׳), devastated, or as subst. a devastated city.

† I. [שָׁפָה] vb. sweep bare (Arabic سَفَا (ى), raise and carry off dust [v. סָפָה], أَسْفَى of horse, scanty in hair of forelock; NH Pi. plane off; Aramaic ܫܦܳܐ Pt. pass. level (Is 40:4 = מִישׁוֹר), smooth, limpid, ܫܰܦܺܝ make level, smooth (and deriv.));— Niph. be wind-swept, bare; Pt. הַר־נִשְׁפֶּה Is 13:2 a bare mt.; Pu. Pf. consec. וְשֻׁפּוּ עַצְמֹתָיו Jb 33:21 Qr his bones are laid bare (so lean is he; Kt וּשְׁפִי bareness are his bones).

λῡμαίνομαι, (λῦμα A) __A cleanse from dirt, of fullers, Refs 5th c.BC+; see at {ἀπολυμαίνομαι}.

† [חֲרַב] vb. be waste (v. BH II. חרב);— Hoph. Pf. הָחָרְבַ֑ת Ezr 4:15 city was laid waste.

† [כִּרְסֵם] vb. quadril. = Pi. , tear off (cf. קִרְסֵם NH cut or eat away, Dt 28:38 𝔗J for חָסַל; on form v. Ges§ 56);—only Impf. 3 ms. sf.:—יְכַרְסְמֶנָּה חֲזִיר מִיָּ֑עַר ψ 80:14 teareth it off (sc. the vine, fig. of Israel).

† II. [צָדָה] vb. lay waste (NH id. (rare), Aramaic צְדִי, ܨܕܳܐ, ܨܕܺܝ id.);— Niph. Pf. 3 pl. נִצְדּוּ עָרֵיהֶם Zp 3:6 their cities are laid waste.

[שָׁדַד56] vb. deal violently with, despoil, devastate, ruin (NH id., Niph.; Arabic سَدَّ stop up, obstruct, arrest, make firm; Ethiopic ሰደደ: expel; Assyrian šadâdu is draw, drag);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. consec. וְשָֽׁדְדוּ Ez 32:12; sf. שַׁדּוּנִי ψ 17:9; Impf. 3 ms. יָשׁוּד (metapl., cf. Ges§ 67 q Bae) ψ 91:6, sf. יְשָׁדֵּם (Ges§ 67 n) Pr 11:3 Qr (Kt Pf. ושׁדם), יְשָׁדְדֵם Je 5:6; Imv. mpl. שָׁדְדוּ (Ges§ 67 cc) 49:28; Inf. abs. שָׁדוֹד Mi 2:4; cstr. לִשְׁדוֹד Je 47:4 (Ges§ 45 g), cf. also שֹׁד" dir="rtl" >שֹׁד Ho 10:14; Pt. act. שֹׁדֵד Je 6:26 +, etc.; pass. שָׁדוּד Ju 5:27 +, f. שְׁדוּדָה ψ 137:8;—violently destroy, pers., = slay Ju 5:27 (pass.), Je 5:6 (wolf subj.; ‖ הִכָּה); acc. Philistines 47:4 (‖ הִכְרִית), v 4 (subj. י׳); = devastate, acc. בָּבֶל (subj. י׳) Je 51:55, cf. ψ 137:8 (read prob. הַשֹּׁדֵדָה We Du cf. Ew Hi הַשָּׁדוֹדָה v. Köii. 194); אֶת־גְּאוֹן מִצְרַיִם Ez 32:12 (‖ נִשְׁמַד), cf. Ho 10:14, אֶת־מַרְעִיתָם Je 25:36 (subj. י׳), abs. Is 21:2 (‖ בָּגַד), 33:1 (on use of pt. v. Ges§ 120 b), pass. v 1 (‖ בָּנַד), אַתְּי שָׁדוּד Je 4:30 (Gf BaNB 179, but dub.; שְׁדוּדָה); = despoil, acc. pers. Je 49:28; = bring pers. to ruin Mi 2:4 (Inf. abs. + Niph. q.v.), Pr 11:3; weaker, assail ψ 17:9; elsewhere Pt. act. as subst. devastator (despoiler?): of national foes Is 16:1; 21:2; 33:1; Je 6:26 + 8 times Je; שׁוֹדְדֵי לַיְלָה Ob 5 (‖ גַּנָּבִים) del. Now GASm; personal foe Jb 15:21; representing wicked in gen. 12:6 (‖ מַרְגִּיזֵי אֵל). †Niph. Pf. 1 pl. שָׁדוֹד נִשַׁדֻּנוּ Ges§ 67 u) we are utterly ruined Mi 2:4. †Pi. Impf. 2 ms. אַל־תְּשַׁדֵּד רִבְצוֹ Pr 24:15 assault not his dwelling-place (‖ אַל־תֶּאֱרֹב); Pt. as subst. מְשַׁדֶּד־אָב Pr 19:26 he who assaults, maltreats (his) father (‖ יַבְרִיחַ אֵם). †Pu. Pf. 3 ms. שֻׁדַּד Is 15:1 +, 3 fs. שֻׁדְּדָה Je 4:20 +, שָׁדְּדָה Na 3:7 (Ges§ 52 q), etc.;—be devastated, of city Is 15:1(×2); 23:1; Je 48:1; 49:3; Na 3:7, country or nation Je 4:20, cf. v 13 9:18; 48:15, 20; 49:10, dwellings (אֹהֶל) Je 4:20; 10:20, trees Zc 11:2 (del. StaZAW i (1881), 25), cf. v 33, strength of ships Is 23:14, field (by drought) Jo 1:10, crop v 10. †Pōʿel violently destroy: Impf. 3 ms. יְשֹׁדֵד מַצֵּבוֹתָם Ho 10:2 (‖ יַעֲרֹף מִוְבְּחֹתָם). †Hoph. Impf. (or Qal pass. Impf.? cf. Ges§ 53 u) be devastated: 3 ms. בָּל־מִבְצָרֶיךָ יוּשָּׁ֑ד Ho 10:14 (of Ephr., יושׁדו); 2 ms. תּוּשַּׁד Is 33:1 (subj. שׁוֹדֵד, v. Qal).