H3013 H3013
To cause grief, afflict, torment (causative); to be grieved, to suffer sorrow (passive-reflexive)
The verb יָגָה speaks to grief in both its infliction and its experience. In its causative stems (Hifil and Piel), it describes the active causing of sorrow — God 'does not willingly afflict' the children of men (Lam 3:33), yet Jerusalem's enemies have 'afflicted her' (Lam 1:5, 12), and Job's friends 'torment' him with words (Job 19:2). The Nifal passive turns the lens inward: the virgins of Zion 'are grieved' (Lam 1:4) and the sorrowful exiles of Zeph 3:18 carry the weight of lost festivals. The Arabic cognate وَجِىَ (to have pain, be abraded) hints at the word's physical roots beneath its emotional surface.
Senses
1. cause grief / afflict (Hifil/Piel causative) — To cause grief, afflict, or torment someone — the Hifil and Piel causative stems. The agent actively inflicts sorrow on another. God 'does not willingly afflict or grieve the children of men' (Lam 3:33, Piel), yet he 'has afflicted' Jerusalem (Lam 1:5, 12; 3:32, Hifil). Job cries out to his friends 'how long will you torment me?' (Job 19:2), and Isaiah names the oppressors as 'those who afflict you' (Isa 51:23). Spanish 'afligió/atormentaréis' (afflicted/you will torment) and Arabic 'عَذَّبُون' (they torment) confirm the causative force across languages. 6×
AR["أَحْزَنَ", "أَذَلَّنِي", "أَذَلَّهَا", "تُعَذِّبُونَ", "مُعَذِّبِيكِ", "وَيُحْزِنُ"]·ben["এবং-দুঃখ-দেন", "তোমরা-দুঃখ-দেবে", "তোমার-যন্ত্রণাদাতাদের", "দুঃখ-দিয়েছেন", "দুঃখ-দিয়েছেন-তাকে", "দুঃখ-দেন"]·DE["Kummer", "[מוגיך]", "und-Kummer"]·EN["He-afflicts", "afflicted", "has-afflicted-her", "nor-grieves", "will-you-torment", "your-tormentors"]·FR["[הוגה]", "[ויגה]", "[מוגיך]", "תוגיון"]·heb["הוגה", "ו-יגה", "מוגיך", "תוגיון"]·HI["उसने-दुख-दिया", "उसे-दुखी-किया-है", "और-शोकित-करता-है", "तुम-दुख-दोगे", "तेरे-दुख-देने-वालों-के", "दुखी-किया-है"]·ID["Ia-menyusahkan", "dan-Ia-menyusahkan", "kamu-menyusahkan", "menyusahkan", "menyusahkannya", "penyiksa-penyiksamu"]·IT["affliggere", "e-affliggere", "will-voi-torment"]·jav["Panjenengan-ndadosaken-susah", "lan-Panjenengan-ndadosaken-susah", "panjenengan-nyusahaken", "para-ingkang-nganiaya-panjenengan", "sampun-ndadosaken-nandhang-susah", "sampun-ndadosaken-piyambakipun-nandhang-susah"]·KO["괴롭히겠느냐", "그-가-슬프게-하셨다면", "그녀-를-슬프게-했네", "그리고-그-가-슬프게-하셨네", "너를-괴롭히는-자들의", "슬프게-했네"]·PT["afligireis", "afligiu", "afligiu-ela", "e-entristece", "teus-atormentadores"]·RU["будете-мучить", "и-не-печалит", "мучителей-твоих", "опечалил", "поразил", "поразил-её"]·ES["aflige", "afligió", "atormentaréis", "la-ha-afligido", "los-que-te-afligen", "ni-entristece"]·SW["amehuzunisha", "amemhuzunisha", "mtaisumbua", "na-hahuzunishi", "wanaokutesa"]·TR["aci-verenlerin", "acı-vereceksiniz", "kederli-kıldı", "kederli-kıldı-onu", "ve-kederli-kılar"]·urd["اور-غمگین-کرتا-ہے", "تجھے-تکلیف-دینے-والوں-کے", "تم ستاؤ گے", "غمگین-کرتا-ہے", "غمگین-کیا", "نے-غمگین-کیا-اُس-کو"]
2. be grieved (Nifal passive) — To be grieved, to experience sorrow — the Nifal passive-reflexive stem. The subject suffers grief rather than causing it. Lam 1:4 describes the virgins of Zion as נוּגוֹת ('grieved'), paired with sighing priests and bitterness on every side. Zeph 3:18 speaks of those נוּגֵי מִמּוֹעֵד ('grieved because of the appointed feasts') — exiles who mourn the festivals they can no longer celebrate. Arabic 'مَكْرُوبَات' (distressed ones) and Spanish 'Entristecidos/están afligidas' (saddened/they are afflicted) consistently mark the passive experience of sorrow. 2×
AR["الْمَحْزُونِينَ", "مَكْرُوبَاتٌ"]·ben["দুঃখিত", "দুঃখিতদের"]·DE["Kummer"]·EN["are-grieved", "the-grieved"]·FR["[נוגות]", "affliger"]·heb["נוגות", "נוגי"]·HI["दुखी", "दुखी-हैं"]·ID["Yang-berdukacita", "bersedih"]·IT["[נוגי]", "affliggere"]·jav["Tiyang-kang-susah", "nandhang-susah"]·KO["슬퍼하고", "슬퍼하는-자들을"]·PT["Os-que-entristecem", "estão-aflitas"]·RU["Скорбящих", "горестны"]·ES["Entristecidos-de", "están-afligidas"]·SW["waliohuzunika", "wamehuzunika"]·TR["Kederlileri", "kederli"]·urd["غمزدوں-کو", "غمگین"]
Related Senses
G2309 1. want, desire (166×)G0025 1. to love actively (133×)H0157 1. love (verb, active Qal) (129×)H8055 1. Qal: rejoice, be glad (123×)H7453 1. neighbor, fellow man (120×)G0026 1. of love (115×)H1058 1. Qal: to weep, cry (112×)H0954 1. to be ashamed, feel shame (Qal) (95×)H8057 1. joy, gladness, delight (90×)H2781 1. disgrace, shame, dishonor (68×)G2307 1. will, desire, purpose (63×)G5463 1. rejoice, be glad (63×)G0027 1. beloved (61×)H8130 1. Qal: to hate, detest (60×)G5479 1. (59×)G1680 1. (53×)H8130 2. Qal ptcp: hater, enemy (53×)H0014 1. be willing, want (51×)H0157 2. lover, friend (Qal participle substantive) (51×)H1945 1. woe (50×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. [יָגָה] vb. suffer, not in Qal (cf. Arabic وَجَى castravit, وَجِىَ be abraded (of the foot); of horse, have pain in the hoof)— Niph. Pt. fpl. נוּגוֹת (on form v. Köi. 582) La 1:4 (‖ נֶאֱנָחִים, מַר) grieved, mpl. cstr. נוּגֵי (v. Köl.c.) Zp 3:18 (sq. prep., cf. Ges§ 130. 1); of virgins of Zion La 1:4; of exiles Zp 3:18. Pi. Impf. וַיַּגֶּה (for וַיְיַגֶּה, v. Köi. 582. 412) grieve, sq. acc.…