אָחוֹר41 H0268
The back, rear, or hinder part; used adverbially for backward or behind, temporally for afterward, anatomically for the back of a body, and geographically for west.
The Hebrew noun achor anchors a remarkably coherent semantic field around the concept of 'what is behind.' Because ancient Israelites oriented themselves facing east, what lay behind was the west, what came after was the future, and what was unseen was the back. When Jacob blesses Dan and prophesies that riders will 'fall backward' (Gen 49:17), when the psalmist declares that God is both 'before and behind' him (Ps 139:5), and when Ezekiel sees men turning their backs to the temple (Ezek 8:16), the same root illuminates spatial, temporal, and theological realities. The Spanish atrás and French en arrière capture the directional core, while the Arabic ukhur preserves the cognate relationship. Perhaps most striking is God showing Moses only his 'back' at Sinai (Exod 33:23), a passage where the physical and theological senses of achor merge unforgettably.
Senses
1. backward, behind (direction) — The dominant adverbial sense: backward, back, or behind as a direction of motion or position. This accounts for the great majority of occurrences and appears overwhelmingly in poetry. Enemies are driven 'backward' (Ps 35:4; 40:14), warriors fall 'backward' (Gen 49:17; Isa 28:13), and God is both 'behind and before' (Ps 139:5). The Spanish atrás/hacia-atrás and French en arrière consistently render this directional sense. The Niphal and Hiphil verbs it modifies — nasog, hashiv, nakah — create vivid images of retreat, repulsion, and defeat. 31×
AR["إلى-الوَراء", "إلى-الوَراءِ", "إِلى-الوَراءِ", "إِلَى-الوَرَاءِ", "إِلَى-الْخَلْفِ", "إِلَى-الْوَرَاءِ", "لِـ-الـ-خَلْفِ", "مِنْ-خَلْفٍ"]·ben["পশ্চাতে", "পিছন-থেকে", "পিছনে", "পেছনে", "পেছনে,"]·DE["backward", "backwards", "rueckwaerts", "rückwärts", "zurück"]·EN["back", "backward", "backwards"]·FR["backward", "backwards", "en-arrière", "à-en-arrière"]·heb["אחור", "ל-אחור"]·HI["को-पीछे", "पीछे", "पीछे-से"]·ID["dari-belakang", "ke-belakang", "mundur"]·IT["a-indietro", "backward", "backwards", "indietro"]·jav["Mangiwa", "ing-wingking", "mangiwa", "mundur", "sampun-ngitung", "wangsul", "wingking"]·KO["뒤-로", "뒤로", "뒤로-", "에게-뒤로"]·PT["atrás", "para-trás", "por-detrás"]·RU["в-тыл", "вспять", "назад"]·ES["atrás", "hacia-atrás"]·SW["nyuma"]·TR["arkaya", "geri", "geriye", "geriye-"]·urd["پیچھے"]
Gen 49:17, 2 Sam 1:22, 2 Sam 10:9, 1 Chr 19:10, 2 Chr 13:14, Ps 9:3, Ps 35:4, Ps 40:14, Ps 44:10, Ps 44:18, Ps 56:9, Ps 70:2 (+19 more)
2. afterward, hereafter (temporal) — A temporal extension of the spatial concept: afterward, hereafter, or in the end. In Proverbs 29:11 the wise person keeps things 'back' (restrains until afterward), and in Isaiah 41:23 God challenges idols to 'declare things to come hereafter.' The shift from spatial 'behind' to temporal 'later' follows the same cognitive metaphor found across Semitic languages, where the Arabic akhiran ('finally') and the German zuletzt mirror the movement from what is behind to what comes after. Only a few occurrences attest this temporal sense, but they reveal the word's conceptual architecture. 3×
AR["بِ-الْآخِرِ", "لِلْمُسْتَقْبَلِ"]·ben["পরে", "পরের-জন্য"]·DE["rueckwaerts", "zurueck"]·EN["for-afterward", "hereafter", "in-the-end"]·FR["dans-באחור", "en-arrière"]·heb["ב-אחור", "ל-אחור"]·HI["को-पीछे", "को-भविष्यत", "पीछे-से"]·ID["kemudian", "pada-akhirnya", "untuk-yang-akan-datang"]·IT["in-in-il-end", "indietro"]·jav["ing-wingking", "kanggé-wingking"]·KO["뒤에", "이후를-위하여", "이후에"]·PT["para-depois", "para-trás"]·RU["для-будущего", "потом"]·ES["al-final", "para-después", "para-el-futuro"]·SW["kwa-wakati-ujao", "mwishoni", "za-baadaye"]·TR["gelecek-icin", "ileriye", "sonra"]·urd["آئندہ-کی", "آئندہ-کے-لیے", "بعد-میں"]
3. back (body part / rear portion) — The concrete noun sense: the back or rear part of a person or object, used with possessive suffixes. In Exodus 33:23 God tells Moses 'you shall see my back,' one of the most theologically charged uses of any body-part word in Scripture. Exodus 26:12 describes the surplus curtain hanging over the 'back' of the tabernacle. Ezekiel 8:16 denounces the twenty-five men with their 'backs' to the temple — the French dos and German Rücken capture this anatomical specificity. The possessive suffix pattern (achoray, 'my back'; achoreihem, 'their backs') distinguishes this noun use from the adverbial. 3×
AR["ظَهري", "ظُهورُهُمْ", "مُؤَخِّرِ"]·ben["তাদের-পিঠ", "পেছন", "পেছনে"]·DE["[אחריהם]", "back-von", "mein-back"]·EN["back-of", "backs-of-them", "my-back"]·FR["derrière", "dos-de", "mon-dos"]·heb["אחורי", "אחוריהם"]·HI["उनकी-पीठ", "पीछे", "मेरी-पीठ"]·ID["belakang", "punggung-Ku", "punggung-mereka"]·IT["[אחריהם]", "back-di", "mio-back"]·jav["gigir-tiyang-tiyang-punika", "wingking", "wingking-Kawula;"]·KO["그들의-등을", "나의-뒷을", "뒤에"]·PT["costas-deles", "costas-minhas", "traseira-de"]·RU["заднюю-часть", "спинами-их", "спину-Мою"]·ES["espaldas-de-ellos", "mis-espaldas", "parte-trasera-de"]·SW["mgongo-wangu", "migongo-yao", "nyuma"]·TR["adam", "arkamı", "arkasının"]·urd["اُن-کی-پیٹھیں", "میری-پشت", "پچھلے"]
4. hindquarters (of animals) — The anatomical sense applied to animals: the hindquarters or rear parts of beasts. In 1 Kings 7:25 and 2 Chronicles 4:4 the twelve bronze oxen supporting the sea in Solomon's temple stand with their 'hindquarters' facing inward. The Spanish partes traseras and the consistent use of pronominal suffixes confirm this as a concrete anatomical reference. While closely related to sense 3, the zoological context and the architectural significance of the temple furnishings give these occurrences a distinctive register. 2×
AR["أَدْبَارِهَا", "أَعْجَازِهِمْ"]·ben["তাদের-পিছন", "তাদের-পেছন"]·DE["[אחריהם]", "ihr-hindquarters"]·EN["their-hindquarters"]·FR["[אחריהם]", "leur-hindquarters"]·heb["אחורי-הם", "אחריהם-ם"]·HI["उनके-पिछले-भाग", "पीछे-उनके"]·ID["belakang-belakang-mereka", "belakang-mereka"]·IT["[אחריהם]", "loro-hindquarters"]·jav["mburiè", "wingking"]·KO["그것들의-뒤쪽은", "그들-의-뒤쪽"]·PT["seus-traseiros", "traseiras-deles"]·RU["зады-их"]·ES["partes-traseras-de-ellos", "sus-traseros"]·SW["nyuma-zao", "za-nyuma"]·TR["arkaları"]·urd["اُن-کے-پچھلے-حصے", "پٹھے اُن کے"]
5. west (geographic direction) — The geographic-directional sense: west, arising from the ancient Near Eastern orientation where one faced east and the back pointed west. Job 23:8 pairs achor ('west') with qedem ('east') in a merism describing God's elusiveness in every direction. Isaiah 9:12 uses the same directional pairing for the enemies attacking Israel from front and rear, i.e. east and west. The Spanish occidente and the symmetry with qedem make the geographic logic transparent. This sense beautifully illustrates how embodied spatial experience shapes Hebrew directional vocabulary. 2×
AR["مِنَ-الْغَرْبِ", "وَ-أَخْلَفًا"]·ben["এবং-পশ্চিমে", "পশ্চিম-থেকে"]·DE["rueckwaerts", "und-zurueck"]·EN["and-west", "from-west"]·FR["en-arrière", "et-ואחור"]·heb["ו-אחור", "מ-אחור"]·HI["और-पश्चिम-को", "पश्चिम-से"]·ID["dan-ke-barat", "dari-belakang"]·IT["e-e-ovest", "indietro"]·jav["lan-kilèn", "saking-wingking"]·KO["그리고-서쪽으로", "뒤-에서"]·PT["do-ocidente", "e-para-trás"]·RU["и-на-запад", "с-запада"]·ES["del-occidente", "y-al-occidente"]·SW["kutoka-magharibi", "na-magharibi"]·TR["arkadan", "ve-batıya"]·urd["اور-پیچھے", "مغرب-سے"]
Related Senses
H3605 1. all, every, whole (5352×)H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H0259 1. one (cardinal numeral) (940×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)H8033 1. There (locative adverb) (835×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)H8147 1. cardinal number two (666×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
אָחוֹר41 subst. (Arabic أُخُرٌ) the hinder side, back part, in the sg., mostly in adverbial phrases:— a. as accus., in poetry backwards 23 times (= prose אֲחֹרַנִּית) with vbs. such as נָפַל fall Gn 49:17, נָשׂוֹג be turned 2 S 1:22 (‖ תָּשׁוּב רֵיקָם), שׁוּן ψ 9:4; 56:10 +, נָסוֹג 35:4; 40:15 + (of enemies repulsed), 44:19 Is 50:5 (from obedience to God), נָזוֹר Is 1:4, הֵשִׁיב 44:25 ψ 44:11,…