The root means to slaughter or beat, with the original sense likely 'to strike, flay.' In the five occurrences captured here, only the passive Qal participle appears, describing gold that has been hammered or beaten onto large and small shields. Solomon's lavish armory (1 Kgs 10:16-17) and its parallel in Chronicles (2 Chr 9:15-16) both use this form. The Akkadian cognate shakhatu ('to flay') illuminates the physical violence underlying the term, even in its metallurgical application.