H4341 H4341
Pain, sorrow, suffering — physical affliction or mental anguish, used of human distress and the Suffering Servant.
Encompasses both bodily pain and deep emotional grief, with a theological arc that runs from Israel's slavery in Egypt to the Suffering Servant of Isaiah. God first uses the word when telling Moses 'I have seen the pain of my people' in Egypt (Exod 3:7), establishing it as a term for communal affliction. The Psalms apply it to personal distress caused by sin (Ps 32:10; 38:18; 69:27). Ecclesiastes makes the provocative claim that increasing knowledge increases makob (Eccl 1:18), linking it to existential sorrow. Most memorably, Isaiah 53:3–4 describes the Servant as 'a man of pains' (ish makoboth) who 'carried our pains' — language the New Testament applies to Jesus. French 'douleur' and Spanish 'dolor' consistently convey the word's weight.
Senses
1. pain, sorrow, suffering — Physical pain or emotional anguish experienced by individuals or communities. Introduced as God's recognition of Israel's suffering in Egyptian bondage (Exod 3:7), then extended to bodily affliction (Job 33:19; 2 Chr 6:29), the torments that multiply for the wicked (Ps 32:10), sorrow tied to the consequences of sin (Ps 38:18; 69:27), the grief that accompanies knowledge (Eccl 1:18; 2:23), and the wounds of personified Jerusalem (Lam 1:12, 18). Climactically, Isaiah calls the Servant 'a man of sorrows, acquainted with pain' who bore 'our pains' (Isa 53:3–4). Spanish 'dolor' and French 'douleur' uniformly render both physical and emotional dimensions. 16×
AR["آلاَمُ", "آلَامَهُمْ", "ألَمِ", "أَحْزَانٌ", "أَلَمُكِ", "أَلَمِي", "أَوْجَاعٍ", "بِ-أَلَمٍ", "حُزْنًا", "كَوَجَعِي", "لِوَجَعِهَا", "وَ-أَوْجَاعَنَا", "وَ-وَجَعَهُ", "وَجَعٌ", "وَجَعِي", "وَوَجَعي"]·ben["-এবং-আমাদের-যন্ত্রণাগুলি", "আমার-ব্যথার", "আমার-যন্ত্রণা", "আমার-যন্ত্রণার-মত", "ও-আমার-ব্যথা", "ও-ব্যথা-তার", "কোন-যন্ত্রণা", "তাদের-যন্ত্রণা", "তার-যন্ত্রণার-জন্য", "তোমার-ক্ষতরদের", "ব্যথা", "ব্যথায়", "যন্ত্রণা", "যন্ত্রণা-তোমার", "যন্ত্রণার", "যন্ত্রণাসমূহ"]·DE["[במכאוב]", "[ומכאבו]", "[ומכאבינו]", "[כמכאבי]", "[למכאובה]", "[מכאבות]", "[מכאבי]", "[מכאבים]", "[מכאבך]", "[מכאוב]", "der-pain-von", "ihr-pains", "sind-sorrows", "und-mein-pain"]·EN["and-his-pain", "and-my-pain", "and-our-pains", "are-sorrows", "for-her-pain", "like-my-pain", "my-pain", "pain", "pains", "the-pain-of", "their-pains", "with-pain", "your-pain"]·FR["[ומכאבו]", "dans-douleur", "de-douleur", "douleur", "et-de-douleur", "et-douleur", "leur-pains"]·heb["ב-מכאוב", "ו-מכאבו-ו", "ו-מכאוב-י", "ו-מכאובינו", "כ-מכאובי", "ל-מכאובה", "מכאוב", "מכאובות", "מכאובי", "מכאוביו", "מכאובים", "מכאובך"]·HI["उसके-दर्द-के-लिए", "और-अपना-दुख", "और-दुख-मेरा", "और-हमारे-दुखोंको", "तेरा-दर्द", "दर्द", "दर्द-से", "दुख", "दुख-उनका", "दुखोंका", "पीड़ा", "मेरा-दर्द", "मेरी-पीड़ा", "मेरे-दर्द-जैसा"]·ID["dan-kesakitan-kesakitan-kita", "dan-kesakitannya", "dengan-kesakitan", "kesakitan", "kesakitan-ku", "penderitaan", "penderitaan-penderitaan-mereka", "penderitaanku", "sakitmu", "seperti-penderitaanku", "untuk-sakitnya"]·IT["[ומכאבו]", "dolore", "e-dolore", "in-con-pain", "loro-pains", "pain", "pains"]·jav["kados-kasakitan-kawula", "kanggé-gerahipun", "kanthi-sakit", "kasakitan", "kasakitan-kawula", "kasangsaran", "kasangsaran-panjenengan", "kasusahaning", "kasusahanipun", "lan-kasakitan-kula", "lan-kasedihanè", "lan-kasusahan-kita", "sangsara-kula"]·KO["고통", "고통-으로", "고통-을", "고통-이", "고통들", "고통이", "그들의-고통을", "그리고-그-의-아픔", "그리고-내-슬픔-이", "그리고-우리의-아픔들을", "나의-고통", "내-고통-같은", "내-고통-을", "네-고통을", "아픔들의", "아픔을-그녀의-위한"]·PT["a-dor-de", "com-dor", "como-minha-dor", "dor", "dores", "dores-suas", "e-minha-dor", "e-nossas-dores", "e-sua-dor", "meu-sofrimento", "minha-dor", "para-sua-dor", "são-dores", "tua-dor"]·RU["болезнью", "боли", "боли,", "боли-моей", "боль", "боль-мою", "боль-твоя", "боль.", "для-боли-его", "и-боль-моя", "и-боль-свою", "и-скорби-наши", "как-боль-моя", "скорбей", "скорби", "страдания-его"]·ES["como-mi-dolor", "con-dolor", "dolor", "dolor-de", "dolores", "mi-dolor", "para-su-dolor", "sus-dolores", "tu-dolor", "y-mi-dolor", "y-nuestros-dolores", "y-su-dolor"]·SW["kama-maumivu-yangu", "kwa-maumivu", "kwa-maumivu-yake", "maumivu", "maumivu-yake", "maumivu-yako", "maumivu-yangu", "na-maumivu-yake", "na-maumivu-yangu", "na-maumivu-yetu"]·TR["aci", "acilar", "acilarinin", "acı", "acılar", "acılarını", "acım-gibi", "acıma", "acımı", "acın-senin", "acısı-için-onun", "acısının-", "acıyla", "ve-acilarimizi", "ve-acım", "ve-acısını-onun"]·urd["اور-اپنا-درد", "اور-میرا-درد", "اور-ہمارے-درد", "اُس-کے-درد-کے-لیے", "درد", "درد سے", "درد-تیرا", "درد-میرے", "دردوں-اِن-کے", "دردوں-کا", "میرا-درد", "میرے-درد-کی-طرح"]
Related Senses
H7200 1. Qal: to see, perceive (1257×)G4771 2. you (singular address) (1077×)H8085 1. Qal: hear, perceive aurally (921×)H0859a 1. you (2nd person masculine singular pronoun) (743×)H0398 1. eat (consume food) (697×)H4191 1. die (Qal: natural/general death) (645×)G3708 1. see, perceive visually (419×)G0191 1. hear, perceive sound (360×)H???? 3. (352×)G3708 2. behold, look (exclamatory) (256×)H7272 1. foot (body part) (236×)H8354 1. drink, consume liquid (209×)H3205 1. Qal active: bear/give birth (female subject) (204×)H3205 2. Qal active: beget/father (male subject) (198×)H2421 1. Qal: live, be alive (177×)H8085 2. Qal: listen, heed, pay attention (172×)H2416a 1. alive, living (state/attribute) (146×)H2416e 1. life, lifespan, lifetime (145×)G2198 1. be alive, have life (133×)H8193 1. lip, lips (body part) (123×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† מַכְאוֹב n.m. ψ 32:10 pain;—מ׳ abs. Ec 1:18 + 2 times; cstr. ψ 69:27; sf. מַכְאוֹבִי (מַכְאֹבִי) ψ 38:18 + 3 times, etc.; pl. מַכְאוֹבִים ψ 32:10 Ec 2:23; מַכְאֹבוֹת Is 53:3; sf. מַכְאֹבָיו Ex 3:7; מַכְאֹבֵינוּ Is 53:4;— 1. pain, physical, Ex 3:7 (‖ עֳנִי; cf. מִפְּנֵי נֹגְשָׂיו in context); 2 Ch 6:29 (‖ נֶגַע); Jb 33:19. 2. of mental pain, ψ 32:10 (of troubles of wicked), of Babylon Je 51:8; ψ…