H3013 H3013
To cause grief, afflict, torment (causative); to be grieved, to suffer sorrow (passive-reflexive)
The verb יָגָה speaks to grief in both its infliction and its experience. In its causative stems (Hifil and Piel), it describes the active causing of sorrow — God 'does not willingly afflict' the children of men (Lam 3:33), yet Jerusalem's enemies have 'afflicted her' (Lam 1:5, 12), and Job's friends 'torment' him with words (Job 19:2). The Nifal passive turns the lens inward: the virgins of Zion 'are grieved' (Lam 1:4) and the sorrowful exiles of Zeph 3:18 carry the weight of lost festivals. The Arabic cognate وَجِىَ (to have pain, be abraded) hints at the word's physical roots beneath its emotional surface.
Senses
1. cause grief / afflict (Hifil/Piel causative) — To cause grief, afflict, or torment someone — the Hifil and Piel causative stems. The agent actively inflicts sorrow on another. God 'does not willingly afflict or grieve the children of men' (Lam 3:33, Piel), yet he 'has afflicted' Jerusalem (Lam 1:5, 12; 3:32, Hifil). Job cries out to his friends 'how long will you torment me?' (Job 19:2), and Isaiah names the oppressors as 'those who afflict you' (Isa 51:23). Spanish 'afligió/atormentaréis' (afflicted/you will torment) and Arabic 'عَذَّبُون' (they torment) confirm the causative force across languages. 6×
AR["أَحْزَنَ","أَذَلَّنِي","أَذَلَّهَا","تُعَذِّبُونَ","مُعَذِّبِيكِ","وَيُحْزِنُ"]·ben["এবং-দুঃখ-দেন","তোমরা-দুঃখ-দেবে","তোমার-যন্ত্রণাদাতাদের","দুঃখ-দিয়েছেন","দুঃখ-দিয়েছেন-তাকে","দুঃখ-দেন"]·DE["Kummer","[מוגיך]","und-Kummer"]·EN["He-afflicts","afflicted","has-afflicted-her","nor-grieves","will-you-torment","your-tormentors"]·FR["[הוגה]","[ויגה]","[מוגיך]","תוגיון"]·heb["הוגה","ו-יגה","מוגיך","תוגיון"]·HI["उसने-दुख-दिया","उसे-दुखी-किया-है","और-शोकित-करता-है","तुम-दुख-दोगे","तेरे-दुख-देने-वालों-के","दुखी-किया-है"]·ID["Ia-menyusahkan","dan-Ia-menyusahkan","kamu-menyusahkan","menyusahkan","menyusahkannya","penyiksa-penyiksamu"]·IT["affliggere","e-affliggere","will-voi-torment"]·jav["Panjenengan-ndadosaken-susah","lan-Panjenengan-ndadosaken-susah","panjenengan-nyusahaken","para-ingkang-nganiaya-panjenengan","sampun-ndadosaken-nandhang-susah","sampun-ndadosaken-piyambakipun-nandhang-susah"]·KO["괴롭히겠느냐","그-가-슬프게-하셨다면","그녀-를-슬프게-했네","그리고-그-가-슬프게-하셨네","너를-괴롭히는-자들의","슬프게-했네"]·PT["afligireis","afligiu","afligiu-ela","e-entristece","teus-atormentadores"]·RU["будете-мучить","и-не-печалит","мучителей-твоих","опечалил","поразил","поразил-её"]·ES["aflige","afligió","atormentaréis","la-ha-afligido","los-que-te-afligen","ni-entristece"]·SW["amehuzunisha","amemhuzunisha","mtaisumbua","na-hahuzunishi","wanaokutesa"]·TR["aci-verenlerin","acı-vereceksiniz","kederli-kıldı","kederli-kıldı-onu","ve-kederli-kılar"]·urd["اور-غمگین-کرتا-ہے","تجھے-تکلیف-دینے-والوں-کے","تم ستاؤ گے","غمگین-کرتا-ہے","غمگین-کیا","نے-غمگین-کیا-اُس-کو"]
2. be grieved (Nifal passive) — To be grieved, to experience sorrow — the Nifal passive-reflexive stem. The subject suffers grief rather than causing it. Lam 1:4 describes the virgins of Zion as נוּגוֹת ('grieved'), paired with sighing priests and bitterness on every side. Zeph 3:18 speaks of those נוּגֵי מִמּוֹעֵד ('grieved because of the appointed feasts') — exiles who mourn the festivals they can no longer celebrate. Arabic 'مَكْرُوبَات' (distressed ones) and Spanish 'Entristecidos/están afligidas' (saddened/they are afflicted) consistently mark the passive experience of sorrow. 2×
AR["الْمَحْزُونِينَ","مَكْرُوبَاتٌ"]·ben["দুঃখিত","দুঃখিতদের"]·DE["Kummer"]·EN["are-grieved","the-grieved"]·FR["[נוגות]","affliger"]·heb["נוגות","נוגי"]·HI["दुखी","दुखी-हैं"]·ID["Yang-berdukacita","bersedih"]·IT["[נוגי]","affliggere"]·jav["Tiyang-kang-susah","nandhang-susah"]·KO["슬퍼하고","슬퍼하는-자들을"]·PT["Os-que-entristecem","estão-aflitas"]·RU["Скорбящих","горестны"]·ES["Entristecidos-de","están-afligidas"]·SW["waliohuzunika","wamehuzunika"]·TR["Kederlileri","kederli"]·urd["غمزدوں-کو","غمگین"]
Related Senses
G2309 1. want, desire (166×)G0025 1. to love actively (133×)H0157 1. love (verb, active Qal) (129×)H8055 1. Qal: rejoice, be glad (123×)H7453 1. neighbor, fellow man (120×)G0026 1. of love (115×)H1058 1. Qal: to weep, cry (112×)H0954 1. to be ashamed, feel shame (Qal) (95×)H8057 1. joy, gladness, delight (90×)H2781 1. disgrace, shame, dishonor (68×)G2307 1. will, desire, purpose (63×)G5463 1. rejoice, be glad (63×)G0027 1. beloved (61×)H8130 1. Qal: to hate, detest (60×)G5479 1. (59×)G1680 1. (53×)H8130 2. Qal ptcp: hater, enemy (53×)H0014 1. be willing, want (51×)H0157 2. lover, friend (Qal participle substantive) (51×)H1945 1. woe (50×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. [יָגָה] vb. suffer, not in Qal (cf. Arabic وَجَى castravit, وَجِىَ be abraded (of the foot); of horse, have pain in the hoof)— Niph. Pt. fpl. נוּגוֹת (on form v. Köi. 582) La 1:4 (‖ נֶאֱנָחִים, מַר) grieved, mpl. cstr. נוּגֵי (v. Köl.c.) Zp 3:18 (sq. prep., cf. Ges§ 130. 1); of virgins of Zion La 1:4; of exiles Zp 3:18. Pi. Impf. וַיַּגֶּה (for וַיְיַגֶּה, v. Köi. 582. 412) grieve, sq. acc.…