H2891 H2891
Be clean or pure; in Piel, cleanse or pronounce clean; in Hitpael, purify oneself — of ritual, moral, and physical purity.
A foundational purity verb spanning ritual law, moral theology, and even physical healing. In the Qal it describes the state of being clean — whether a leper healed by washing in the Jordan (2 Kgs 5:10-14) or a vessel rendered fit after contamination (Lev 11:32). The Piel carries a double force: factitive (actively purifying, as when God promises 'I will cleanse you,' Ezek 36:25) and declarative (the priest's formal pronouncement of cleanness in Lev 13-14). The Hitpael captures the reflexive act of self-purification, as when Jacob's household purified themselves before Bethel (Gen 35:2). Multilingual glosses reveal the breadth: German distinguishes 'rein sein' (be clean) from 'reinigen' (cleanse), while Spanish moves from 'estar puro' to 'purificar' to 'declarar puro.'
Senses
1. Qal: be clean, be pure — Qal stative: to be or become ritually, morally, or physically clean. The subject undergoes or achieves a state of purity — a leper after immersion (Lev 14:8-9), an object after sunset washing (Lev 11:32), or a woman after her purification period (Lev 12:7-8). German 'rein sein' and Spanish 'estar puro' both capture this stative quality. Most occurrences cluster in Levitical purity legislation. 35×
AR["طَهُرَتْ", "وَ-تَطْهُرُ", "وَ-يَتَطَهَّرُ", "وَ-يَطْهُرُ", "وَأَطْهُرُ", "وَاطْهُرْ", "وَتَطْهُرُ", "وَيَطْهُرُ", "يَتَطَهَّرُ", "يَطْهُرُ"]·ben["এবং-শুচি-হবে", "এবং-শুচি-হবে।", "এবং-শুদ্ধ-হও", "এবং-শুদ্ধ-হতাম", "এবং-শুদ্ধ-হবে", "এবং-সে-শুদ্ধ-হবে", "শুচি-হবে", "শুচি-হয়", "সে-শুদ্ধ-হবে"]·DE["er-soll-sein-rein", "ist-rein", "sie-ist-rein", "und-er-ist-rein", "und-sein-rein", "und-sie-soll-sein-rein"]·EN["and-be-clean", "and-he-is-clean", "and-she-shall-be-clean", "he-shall-be-clean", "is-clean", "she-is-clean"]·FR["elle-est-pur", "est-pur", "et-elle-devra-être-pur", "et-il-est-pur", "et-être-pur", "il-devra-être-pur"]·heb["ו-טהר", "ו-טהרה", "ו-טהרתי", "טהרה", "יטהר"]·HI["अपने वस्त्र", "उस पर", "और-शुद्ध होगा", "और-शुद्ध-हो", "और-शुद्ध-होऊँ", "और-शुद्ध-होगा", "फिर-शुद्ध-होगा", "वह-शुद्ध-होगा", "शुद्ध होगा", "शुद्ध होगी", "शुद्ध होने वाले"]·ID["akan-menjadi-tahir", "dan-menjadi-tahir", "dan-tahir", "dan-tahirlah.", "dan-tahirlah;", "lalu-dia-tahir", "maka-dia-tahir", "tahir"]·IT["e-egli-e-puro", "e-ella-dovra-essere-puro", "e-essere-puro", "e-puro", "egli-dovra-essere-puro", "ella-e-puro"]·jav["lan-dados-suci", "lan-resik", "lan-suci", "lan-suci,", "sampun-suci", "suci"]·KO["그가-깨끗해질-것이다", "그리고-깨끗하게-되겠다-내-가", "그리고-깨끗하게-되라", "그리고-깨끗하다", "그리고-깨끗해질-것이다", "그리고-정결하리라", "그리고-정결할-것이다", "정결하면"]·PT["e-estará-puro", "e-puro", "e-serei-limpo", "e-será-pura", "e-será-puro", "e-sê-limpo", "estará-puro", "purificar-se"]·RU["и-будет-чиста", "и-очистись", "и-очистится", "и-очистишься", "и-очищусь", "и-чист", "и-чист-будет", "и-чисто", "очистилась", "очистится"]·ES["estará-puro", "se-purificare", "y-estará-puro", "y-será-pura", "y-será-purificada", "y-será-puro", "y-serás-limpio", "y-seré-limpio", "y-sé-limpio"]·SW["ametakaswa", "atakapotakaswa", "atakuwa-safi", "na-atakuwa-safi", "na-atatakaswa", "na-itakuwa-safi", "na-kitakuwa-safi", "na-niwe-safi", "na-uwe-safi"]·TR["arınırsa", "temiz-olacak", "ve-arınacak", "ve-temiz-ol", "ve-temiz-olacagim", "ve-temiz-olacak", "ve-temiz-olsun"]·urd["اور-پاک-ہو", "اور-پاک-ہوگا", "اور-پاک-ہوگی", "اور-پاک-ہوںگا", "پاک-ہو", "پاک-ہوگا"]
2. Piel factitive: cleanse, purify — Piel factitive: to actively cleanse, purify, or make clean. The agent performs a purifying action on a person, place, or object. God is often the subject in prophetic texts — 'I will cleanse you from all your impurities' (Ezek 36:25, 37:23). The priests cleanse the altar (Lev 16:19) and the Levites are purified for service (Num 8:6-7). Spanish 'purificar' and German 'reinigen' reflect this causative force. 29×
AR["أُطَهِّرُكُمْ", "تَطْهِيرِي", "طَهِّرْنِي", "فَ-طَهَّرَتْهَا", "فَطَهَّرُوا", "لِ-تَطْهِيرِهِمْ", "لِ-يُطَهِّرَ", "لِـ-يُطَهِّرُوا", "لِيُطَهِّرَ", "وَ-تُطَهِّرُهُمْ", "وَ-طَهَّروا", "وَ-طَهَّرَ", "وَ-طَهِّرْهُمْ", "وَ-يُطَهِّرُهُ", "وَ-يُطَهِّرُونَ", "وَأُطَهِّرُهُمْ", "وَيُطَهِّرُونَ", "يُطَهِّرُ"]·ben["আর-তাদের-শুদ্ধ-করল", "আর-পবিত্র-করল", "আর-শুদ্ধ-করব", "আর-শুদ্ধ-করবে", "এবং-তারা-শুদ্ধ-করবে", "এবং-শুচি-করবে-তাকে", "এবং-শুদ্ধ-করবে", "ও-তিনি-শুদ্ধ-করলেন", "তাদের-শুদ্ধ-করতে", "তাদের-শুদ্ধ-করতে।", "শুচি-করতে", "শুদ্ধ-কর-আমাকে", "শুদ্ধ-করতে", "শুদ্ধ-করব", "শুদ্ধ-করায়"]·DE["[ויטהרו]", "[ותטהרם]", "cleanse-mich", "reinigen", "und-du-soll-reinigen", "und-lass-reinigen-es", "und-reinigen", "zu-reinigen", "zu-reinigen-ihnen"]·EN["I-will-cleanse", "and-I-will-cleanse", "and-cleanse", "and-clears-them", "and-he-purified", "and-let-cleanse-it", "and-purify", "and-they-purified", "and-they-will-cleanse", "and-you-shall-purify", "cleanse-me", "my-cleansing", "to-cleanse", "to-purify", "to-purify-them"]·FR["[אטהר]", "[וטהרו]", "[וטהרתי]", "[טהרי]", "et-laisse-purifier-cela", "et-purifier", "et-purifier-eux", "et-tu-devra-purifier", "purifier", "à-purifier", "à-purifier-eux", "être-pur"]·heb["אטהר", "ו-טהרו", "ו-טהרת", "ו-טיהרו", "ו-טיהרתי", "ו-יטהר", "ו-יטהרו", "ו-תטהרם", "טהרי", "טהרני", "ל-טהר", "ל-טהרם"]·HI["उनके", "और-उन्होंने-शुद्ध-किया", "और-उसने-शुद्ध-किया", "और-पवित्र-किया", "और-वे-शुद्ध-करेंगे", "और-शुद्ध करेगा", "और-शुद्ध-कर", "और-शुद्ध-करेंगे", "और-शुद्ध-किया-उन्हें", "मूर्तियों", "मेरे-शुद्ध-करने", "शुदध-करने-के-लिये", "शुद्ध करने के लिए", "शुद्ध-कर-मुझे", "शुद्ध-करने", "शुद्ध-करने-के-लिए", "शुद्ध-करने-के-लिए-उनको", "शुद्ध-करने-के-लिए-उन्हें"]·ID["Aku-mentahirkan", "dan-Aku-akan-mentahirkan", "dan-membersihkannya", "dan-mentahirkan", "dan-mentahirkannya", "dan-mereka-akan-mentahirkan", "dan-mereka-menyucikan", "dan-tahirkanlah", "untuk-mentahirkan", "untuk-mentahirkan-mereka"]·IT["a-purificare", "a-purificare-loro", "e-e-clears-loro-loro", "e-lascia-purificare-esso", "e-purificare", "e-tu-dovra-purificare", "purificare", "purifico'"]·jav["Ingsun-nucikaken", "ingkang-piyambakipun-mlebet", "kangge-nucekaken", "kanggé-nucèni", "kanggé-nyucekaken", "kanggé-nyucèkaken", "lajeng-sami-nyucekaken", "lan-Ingsun-nucikaken", "lan-ngresiki", "lan-nucèkaken", "lan-nyucekaken", "lan-nyucèkaken", "lan-panjenengan-nucekaken", "lan-piyambakipun-nucikaken", "lan-sami-nyucekakén", "nyucèkaken"]·KO["그리고-그가-정결하게-했다", "그리고-그것들이-정결하게-할-것이다", "그리고-맑게-하였다-그것들을", "그리고-정결하게-했다", "그리고-정결하게하겠다", "그리고-정결하게하라", "그리고-정결하게할-것이다", "그리고-정결하게할것이다", "그리고-정결할-것이다-그것을", "내가-깨끗하게-하리라", "을-정결하게-하려고", "정결하게-하기-위해", "정결하게-하다", "정결하게-하소서", "정결하게하기-위하여-그들을"]·PT["e-os-purificou.", "e-purificaram", "e-purificarei", "e-purificará-o", "e-purificarás", "e-purificarão", "e-purificou", "para-purificar", "para-purificá-los", "purifica-me", "purificar-eu", "purificarei"]·RU["для-очищения", "и-очисти", "и-очистил", "и-очистил-их", "и-очистили", "и-очистит-его", "и-очистишь", "и-очистят", "и-очищу", "очисти-меня", "очистить", "очищать", "очищения-Моего", "очищу", "чтобы-очистить-их"]·ES["a-purificar", "límpiame", "os-purificaré", "para-purificar", "para-purificarlos", "purificar-yo", "y-lo-purificará", "y-los-limpió", "y-los-purificaré", "y-purificaron", "y-purificarán", "y-purificarás", "y-purificó"]·SW["kutakasa", "kuwatakasa", "ltaher", "na-akasafisha", "na-ataitakasa", "na-umeyasafisha", "na-uwatakase", "na-wakatoharisha", "nao-wataitakasa", "nitawasafisha", "nitawatakasa", "unitakase", "wataitakasa", "ya-kuwasafisha"]·TR["-için-arındırmak", "arındır-beni", "arındıracağım", "arındırmak-için", "arındırmamın", "temizlemek-için", "temizlemeye", "ve-arındıracak-onu", "ve-arındıracaklar", "ve-arındıracaksın", "ve-arındıracağım", "ve-arındırdılar", "ve-temizledi", "ve-temizledi-onları"]·urd["اور-صاف کیا انہیں", "اور-پاک-کر", "اور-پاک-کروں-گا-میں", "اور-پاک-کریں-گے", "اور-پاک-کرے-اسے", "اور-پاک-کیا", "پاک-کر-مجھے", "پاک-کرنا", "پاک-کرنے-کو", "پاک-کرنے-کو-اُنہیں", "پاک-کرنے-کے-لیے", "پاک-کروں-گا", "پاک-کروں-گا-میں"]
Lev 14:11, Lev 16:19, Lev 16:30, Num 8:6, Num 8:7, Num 8:15, Num 8:21, 2 Chr 29:15, 2 Chr 29:16, 2 Chr 29:18, 2 Chr 34:3, 2 Chr 34:5 (+17 more)
3. Hitpael: purify oneself — Hitpael reflexive: to purify oneself, undergo self-purification. The subject takes deliberate action to achieve ritual cleanness, often in preparation for worship or sacred encounter. Jacob commands his household to purify themselves (Gen 35:2); the returned exiles and Levites purify themselves for the Passover (Ezra 6:20; Neh 12:30). Korean glosses use reflexive constructions paralleling this middle voice. 20×
AR["الْمُتَطَهِّرَ", "الْمُتَطَهِّرُ", "الْمُتَطَهِّرِ", "تَطَهَّرَ", "لِلْمُتَطَهِّرِ", "مُتَطَهِّرِينَ", "نَتَطَهَّرْ", "وَ-تَطَهَّروا", "وَ-تَطَهَّرُوا", "وَ-يَتَطَهَّرُونَ", "وَالْمُتَطَهِّرُونَ", "يَتَطَهَّرُوا"]·ben["-এবং-যারা-নিজেদের-শুদ্ধ-করে", "আর-পবিত্র-করল", "আর-শুদ্ধ-হও", "এবং-শুদ্ধ-হবে।", "পবিত্রকারী", "শুচি-করেছিলেন", "শুচি-হয়েছিল", "শুচিতাকারীর-জন্য", "শুদ্ধ-হইনি", "সেই-শুচিতাকারী", "সেই-শুচিতাকারীর"]·DE["[הטהרו]", "[והמטהרים]", "[ויטהרו]", "[מטהרים]", "der-eins-seiend-reinigte", "fuer-der-eins-seiend-reinigte", "reinigen", "und-reinigen-sich-selbst", "und-reinigt-euch", "wir-reinigte-uns-selbst"]·EN["and-purified-themselves", "and-purify-themselves", "and-purify-yourselves", "and-the-ones-purifying-themselves", "for-the-one-being-cleansed", "had-purified-themselves", "purifying-themselves", "the-one-being-cleansed", "they-had-cleansed-themselves", "we-cleansed-ourselves"]·FR["[והמטהרים]", "et-purifier", "et-purifier-eux-mêmes", "et-purifier-vous-mêmes", "le-un-étant-purifia", "nous-purifia-nous-mêmes", "pour-le-un-étant-purifia", "purifier"]·heb["ה-מטהר", "הטהרו", "היטהרנו", "ו-ה-מיטהרים", "ו-הטהרו", "ו-יטהרו", "ל-ה-למטהר", "מטהרים"]·HI["अपने-आप-को-शुद्ध-करें", "और-अपने-आपको-पवित्र-किया", "और-पर", "और-शुद्ध-करने-वाले", "और-शुद्ध-हो-जाओ", "और-शुद्ध-हों", "दाहिनी", "प्रायश्चित करने के लिए", "शुद्ध होने वाला", "शुद्ध होने वाले", "शुद्ध होने वाले के लिए", "शुद्ध-किए-थे", "शुद्ध-हुए", "शुद्ध-हुए-थे"]·ID["bagi-yang-ditahirkan", "dan-menjadi-tahir", "dan-menyucikan-diri", "dan-tahirkanlah-diri-mu", "dan-yang-mentahirkan-diri", "kita-menyucikan-diri", "mentahirkan-diri", "menyucikan-diri", "yang-ditahirkan", "yang-menyucikan-diri"]·IT["e-purificare", "e-purificare-se-stessi", "e-purificare-voi-stessi", "il-uno-essendo-purifico", "noi-purificò-noi-stessi", "per-il-uno-essendo-purifico", "purificare"]·jav["Lajeng-sami-nyucekaken", "ingkang-dipunsucekaken", "kangge-tiyang-ingkang-dipunsucekaken", "lan-ngresiki", "lan-piyambakipun-dados-resik", "lan-suceni-awakipun", "ngresikih", "nucèkaken-dhiri", "nyucèni-awakipun", "sampun-nucekaken", "tiyang-ingkang-dipunsucekaken"]·KO["그리고-깨끗이-하라", "그리고-정결하게-하는-자들이", "그리고-정결하게-했다", "그리고-정결해지라", "쌕결하는-자를", "쌕결하는-자의", "정결하게-하는-자들이", "정결하게-하였다", "정결하게하였다", "정결하는", "정결하는-자가", "정결하는-자를", "정결하는-자를-위하여", "정결하는-자에게", "정결하는-자의"]·PT["E-purificaram-se", "e-os-que-se-purificam", "e-purificai-vos", "e-purificar-se-ão", "nos-purificamos", "o-que-se-purifica", "para-o-que-se-purifica", "purificando-se", "purificaram-se"]·RU["для-очищающегося", "и-hа-очищающиеся", "и-очистились", "и-очиститесь", "и-очистятся", "очистились", "очищающегося", "очищающийся", "очищающимися"]·ES["Y-se-purificaron", "el-que-se-purifica", "nos-purificamos", "para-el-que-se-purifica", "purificándose", "se-habían-purificado", "se-purificaron", "y-los-que-se-purifican", "y-purifíquense", "y-se-purificarán"]·SW["Na-walijitoharisha", "[וְהִֽטַּהֲר֔וּ]", "anayetakaswa", "hiteּharwּ", "jitakasa", "kwa-mtu-anayetakaswa", "na-wajitakase", "na-wanaojitahirisha", "wakijitoharisha", "walijitakasa"]·TR["arinanlarti", "arınan", "arınan-için", "arınanlar", "arınanın", "arınanın-üzerine", "arındık", "arınmışlardı", "ve-arınanlar", "ve-arındılar", "ve-arınsınlar", "ve-temizlenin"]·urd["اور-طہارت-حاصل-کرنے-والے", "اور-پاک-ہو", "اور-پاک-ہوئے", "اور-پاک-ہوں", "لئے-پاک-ہونے-والے-کے", "پاک-کرنے-والے", "پاک-ہوئے", "پاک-ہوئے-تھے", "پاک-ہونے-والا-نے", "پاک-ہونے-والے", "پاک-ہونے-والے-کے"]
4. Piel declarative: pronounce clean — Piel declarative: to pronounce or declare ritually clean. A technical priestly term where the priest formally declares a person or object free from impurity, concentrated almost entirely in Leviticus 13-14's skin-disease legislation. The priest examines and then 'pronounces clean' (Lev 13:6, 13, 17). German 'rein erklären' (declare clean) and Spanish 'declarar puro' precisely capture this performative speech-act, distinct from the factitive sense of actually making something clean. 10×
AR["لِتَطْهِيرِهِ", "وَ-يُطَهِّرُ", "وَ-يُطَهِّرُهُ"]·ben["এবং-শুচি-ঘোষণা-করবে", "এবং-শুচি-ঘোষণা-করবে-তাকে", "এবং-শুচি-বলবে", "এবং-শুচি-বলবে-তাকে", "শুচি-ঘোষণা-করতে-তা"]·DE["und-er-soll-erklaeren-rein", "und-soll-erklaeren-rein", "und-soll-erklaeren-rein-ihn", "zu-erklaeren-rein-es"]·EN["and-he-shall-pronounce-clean", "and-shall-pronounce-clean", "and-shall-pronounce-clean-him", "to-pronounce-clean-it"]·FR["et-devra-pronounce-pur", "et-devra-pronounce-pur-lui", "et-il-devra-pronounce-pur", "à-pronounce-pur-cela"]·heb["ו-טהר", "ו-טהרו", "ל-טהרו"]·HI["उसके शरीर", "उसे", "और-शुद्ध ठहराएगा", "और-शुद्ध है", "याजक", "वह", "सफेद में"]·ID["dan-mentahirkannya", "dan-menyatakan-tahir", "untuk-menyatakan-tahir"]·IT["a-dichiarare-puro-esso", "e-dovra-dichiarare-puro", "e-dovra-dichiarare-puro-lui", "e-egli-dovra-dichiarare-puro"]·jav["kangge-ndadosaken-resik", "lan-ndadosaken-resik"]·KO["그리고-정결케-하리라", "그리고-정결케-하리라-그를", "그리고-정결하다-선언할-것이다", "그리고-정결하다-선언할-것이다-그를", "정결하다-하기-위해"]·PT["e-declarará-puro", "e-declarará-puro-o", "para-declarar-puro-o"]·RU["и-очистит", "и-очистит-его", "и-пусть-объявит-чистым", "и-пусть-объявит-чистым-его", "чтобы-объявить-чистым-его"]·ES["para-declararlo-puro", "y-declarará-pura", "y-declarará-puro", "y-lo-declarará-puro"]·SW["kuitakasa", "na-atamtakasa", "na-atatakasa"]·TR["temiz-ilan-etmek-için", "ve-temiz-ilan-edecek", "ve-temiz-ilan-edecek-onu"]·urd["اور-پاک-ٹھہرائےگا", "اور-پاک-ٹھہرائےگا-اُسے", "لئے-پاک-ٹھہرانے-کے"]
5. sense 5 — A single Pual (or anomalous Piel passive) occurrence in Ezekiel 22:24, describing a land 'not cleansed' — that is, not purified or rained upon in the day of indignation. English 'cleansed' and Spanish 'purificada' treat it as a passive of the factitive Piel, and it fits best as a passive counterpart to sense 2. 1×
AR["مُطَهَّرَةٌ"]·ben["শুদ্ধ-করা"]·DE["reinigen"]·EN["cleansed"]·FR["[מטהרה]"]·heb["מטוהרה"]·HI["शुद्ध-की-गई"]·ID["ditahirkan"]·IT["purificare"]·jav["dipun-resihi"]·KO["정결하게-된"]·PT["purificada"]·RU["очищенная"]·ES["purificada"]·SW["safishwa"]·TR["temizlenmiş"]·urd["پاک-کی-گئی"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H???? 1. (4670×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)H3548 1. priest, cultic officiant (750×)G5547 1. Christ, Messiah, Anointed One (540×)G4160 1. do, act, perform (473×)H5221 1. Hifil: to strike in battle, smite enemies (362×)H5030 1. Prophet, divine spokesperson (317×)H5930a 1. burnt offering (sacrifice) (286×)H3881 1. Levites (priestly class) (283×)H0899b 1. garment, article of clothing (216×)H6213a 2. make, construct, fabricate (148×)G4396 1. prophet, spokesperson of God (146×)H6944 1. sanctuary, holy place (129×)G0749 1. high priest, chief priest (123×)H6944 2. holiness, sacredness (abstract quality) (123×)G5330 1. Pharisee (99×)H3772 1. cut a covenant / make a pact (97×)H5060 1. touch physically (Qal) (96×)G4336 1. pray to God (86×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† טָהֵר vb. be clean, pure (Arabic طَهَرَ, طَهُرَ id.; NH id., Pi. make or declare ceremonially clean; Aramaic טְהַר emptiness, טִיהֲרָא brightness; Sab. טהר Hal 682; Ethiopic አጥሀረ, ተጣሀረ purify, wash oneself with water)— Qal Pf. ט׳ Lv 11:32 + 12 times; 3 fs. טָֽהֲרָה Lv 12:7; 15:28; טָהֵ֑רָה Lv 12:8 etc., + 5 times Pf.; Impf. יִטְהַר Lv 15:13 Jb 4:17 etc., + 9 times Impf.; Imv. טְהָ֑ר 2 K 5:10,…