Purity and Cleanness

† טָהֵר vb. be clean, pure (Arabic طَهَرَ, طَهُرَ id.; NH id., Pi. make or declare ceremonially clean; Aramaic טְהַר emptiness, טִיהֲרָא brightness; Sab. טהר Hal 682; Ethiopic አጥሀረ, ተጣሀረ purify, wash oneself with water)— Qal Pf. ט׳ Lv 11:32 + 12 times; 3 fs. טָֽהֲרָה Lv 12:7; 15:28; טָהֵ֑רָה Lv 12:8 etc., + 5 times Pf.; Impf. יִטְהַר Lv 15:13 Jb 4:17 etc., + 9 times Impf.; Imv. טְהָ֑ר 2 K 5:10, 13;— 1. be clean, i.e. (miraculously) freed from leprosy by washing in the Jordan 2 K 5:10, 12, 13, 14. 2. be clean ceremonially (only H P), Lv 15:13, 28(×2) (P), 22:4 (H); by washing with water, the flesh Lv 22:7 (H); garments Lv 13:6, 34, 58 Nu 31:24 (all P); both flesh and garments Lv 17:5 (H), 14:8, 9; 15:13 Nu 19:19 (all P); other articles Lv 11:32 (P); passing things through the fire Nu 31:23 (P); offering sin-offerings Lv 12:7, 8; 14:20 (P); by the ceremony of the two birds Lv 14:53 (P); by ashes of red heifer Nu 19:12(×2) (P). 3. be clean morally, of people, made clean by י׳’s scattering clean water upon them Ez 36:25; of Jerus., specif. made clean from idolatry, under fig. of adultery Je 13:27; also sq. מִן Ez 24:13(×2) (purification by י׳); made clean מִכָּל־חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם Lv 16:30 (P; by the sin-offering of the atonement day); also of the individual, be clean מֵחַטָּאוֹת Pr 20:9 (‖ זכה); become clean by use of hyssop ψ 51:9 (‖ אַלְבִּין); more generally אִם־מֵעֹשֵׂהוּ יִטְהַר־גָּ֑בֶר Jb 4:17 shall a man be more pure than his maker? (‖ יִצְדָּ֑ק). Pi. Pf. טִהַר Lv 13:3 + 4 times; sf. טִהֲרוֹ Lv 13:6 + 5 times; 2 ms. טִהַרְתָּ Nu 8:6, 15 etc. + 7 times Pf.; Impf. יְטַהֵר 2 Ch 34:5 etc. + 4 times Impf.; Imv. sf. טַהֲרֵנִי ψ 51:4; Inf. cstr. טַהֵר Ez 39:12 + 5 times; sf. טַהֲרִי Ez 36:33 etc. + 4 times Inf.; Pt. מְטַחֵר Lv 14:11 Mal 3:3;—chiefly P; 1. cleanse, purify: a. physically, metals from dross Mal 3:3; land from corpses Ez 39:12, 14, 16; heavens from clouds Jb 37:21; temple from unclean things 2 Ch 29:15, 16, 18; land and city from Asherim and images 2 Ch 34:3, 5, 8; store-chambers of temple from household stuff Ne 13:9; priesthood by exclusion of alien blood Ne 13:30. b. ceremonially, the altar of incense by the blood of the annual sin-offering Lv 16:19 (P); the people, gates, and wall (by some undefined ceremony) Ne 12:30; the altar of the court by the blood of sin-offerings Ez 43:26; of consecration of Levites by מֵי חטאת Nu 8:6, 7 (P), and חטאת Nu 8:15, 21 (P). c. morally Lv 16:30 (P), Ez 37:23 Mal 3:3; מֵחַטָּאֹת ψ 51:4; מֵעונ(ות) Je 33:8 Ez 36:33; מִטּמא(ו)ת Ez 24:13; 36:25. 2. pronounce clean, ceremonially Lv 13:6, 13, 17, 23, 28, 34, 37, 59; 14:7, 48 (all P). 3. perform the ceremony of cleansing Lv 14:11 (P). Pu. Pf. 3 ms. טֹהַר 1 S 20:26 (so read for MT טהור 𝔊 We Dr, he is not clean, because he hath not been cleansed); Pt. אֶרֶץ לֹא מְטֹהָרָה a land not cleansed Ez 22:24 (but 𝔊 Hi Ew Co SS read a land not rained upon, v. מטר). Hithp. Pf. 3 pl. הִטָּֽהֲרוּ Ezr 6:20; הִטֶּהָ֑רוּ (Köi 271) 2 Ch 30:18; Nu 8:7; 1 pl. הִטַּהַרְנוּ Jos 22:17; Impf. יִטָּֽהֲרוּ Ne 12:30; Imv. הִטָּֽהֲרוּ Gn 35:2; Pt. מִטַּהֵר Lv 14:7 + 11 times; pl. מִטַּהֲרִים Ne 13:22 Is 66:17;—reflexive: 1. purify oneself: a. ceremonially, especially in preparation for sacred duties Gn 35:2 (R), Nu 8:7 2 Ch 30:18 Ezr 6:20 Ne 13:22; also for heathen mysteries Is 66:17; of purifying priests, people, and wall Ne 12:30 (cf. Pi. 1 b). b. morally Jos 22:17 (P). 2. present oneself for purification, only pt. הַמִּטַּהֵר the candidate for purificaion Lv 14:4, 7, 8, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 25, 28, 29, 31 (P).

† טָהור adj. clean, pure;—m. abs. ט׳ Ex 25:11 + 68 times; טָהֹר Lv 11:47 + 4 times; cstr. טְהוֹר Hab 1:13; טְהָו֯ר Pr 22:11; טֳהָר־ Jb 17:9; f. טְהוֹרָה Mal 1:11 + 3 times; טְהֹרָה Gn 7:2 + 8 times; mpl. טְהוֹרִים Ez 36:25 Ezr 6:20; טְהֹרִים Pr 15:26; fpl. טְהֹרוֹת Lv 14:4 ψ 12:7;— 1. ceremonially clean, of animals Gn 7:2(×2), 8(×2); 8:20(×2) (all J), Lv 14:4 (P), 20:25(×2) (H), Dt 14:11, 20; places Lv 4:12; 6:4; 10:14; 11:36 Nu 19:9 (all P); things Lv 10:10; 11:37, 47; 14:57 (P), Ez 22:26; 44:23 Is 66:20 Mal 1:11; persons Lv 7:19; 13:13, 17, 37, 39, 40, 41; 15:8 Nu 5:28; 9:13; 18:11, 13; 19:9, 18, 19 (all P), Dt 12:15, 22; 15:22; 23:11 1 S 20:26a + v 26b MT but read טֹהַר Pu., see טָהֵר" dir="rtl" >טָהֵר, 2 Ch 30:17 Ezr 6:20. 2. physically pure: of gold זָהָב Ex 25:11, 17, 24, 29, 31, 36, 38, 39; 28:14, 22, 36; 30:3; 37:2, 6, 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26; 39:15, 25, 30 (all P), 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 3:4; 9:17; כֶּתֶם Jb 28:19; of water מַיִם Ez 36:25; of incense קְטֹרֶת Ex 30:35; 37:29 (P); of lamp stand מְנֹרָה Ex 31:8; 39:37 (P), Lv 24:4 (H); of the table שֻׁלְחָן Lv 24:6 (H), 2 Ch 13:11; clean, of turban Zc 3:5(×2). 3. ethically pure, clean Pr 30:12 Ec 9:2 Jb 14:4; of heart ψ 51:12 Pr 22:11; hands Jb 17:9; eyes Hab 1:13 (of God); words of men Pr 15:26; words of God ψ 12:7; law of י׳ as object of reverential fear ψ 19:10.

I. סָגַר vb. shut, close (NH id., Aramaic סְגַר, ܣܓܰܪ id.; Zinj. מסגרת prison Lzb328; Ph. סגר Pi. or Hiph. deliver over; poss. Ethiopic ሠገራት (prison) guard PräBAS i. 371);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ס׳ Gn 19:6 +, 3 pl. סָֽגְרוּ 2 Ch 29:7, סָֽגְר֑וּ ψ 17:10 (cf. Baer’s n., Ges§ 29 o Köii. 1, 535 Anm.), סָנָר֑וּ Gn 19:10 Jos 2:7; Impf. יִסְגֹּר Jb 12:14 Mal 1:10, 1 pl. cohort. נִסְגְּרָה Ne 6:10, etc.; Imv. ms. סְגֹר ψ 35:3 Is 26:20 (וּסֲגֹר Baer Ginsb), mpl. סִגְרוּ 2 K 6:32; Inf. cstr. לִסְגּוֹר Jos 2:5; Pt. act. סֹגֵר Is 22:22; f. סֹגֶּרֶת Jos 6:1 (but v. infr.); pass. סָגוּר 1 K 6:20 + 12 times;— 1. shut door (דֶּלֶת) Gn 19:10 (J) 2 K 6:32 Mal 1:10 Ne 6:10 2 Ch 28:24; 29:7; gate (שַׁעַר) Jos 2:7 (JE) Ez 46:12, cf. 44:1, 2(×2); 46:1, וַיְהִי הַשּׁ׳ לִסְגֹּר Jos 2:5 (JE), also (שַׁעַר om.) Jos 6:1 (si vera l.; סֹגֶרֶת dittogr. according to Buhl Lex 13); door after one (אַחֲרֵי), on leaving room Gn 19:6 (J); upon, behind, oneself, from within (בְּעַד q.v.) 2 K 4:4, 5, 33 Is 26:20 (fig.), also (דֶּלֶת om.) Ju 9:51 2 K 4:21; c. דֶּלֶת + בְּעַד upon one left inside Ju 3:23, and (דֶּלֶת om.) Gn 7:16 (J); fig. ס׳ דַּלְתֵי בִטְנִי Jb 3:10, cf. ס׳ רַחְמָהּ 1 S 1:5, ס׳ בְּעַד רַחְמָהּ v 6 abs. shut (opp. פָּתַח) Is 22:22(×2); metaph. חֶלְבָּמוֹ ס׳ ψ 17:10 their fat (i.e. gross, unreceptive heart) they have closed. 2. a. close in upon (בְּעַד) Ju 3:22 (fat upon blade of sword), so poss. also וַיִּסְגֹּר בָּשָׂר תַּחְתֶּנָּה Gn 2:21 (J) and flesh closed in, in place of it (usually and he closed flesh, i.e. closed the gap with flesh); ס׳ עֲלֵיהֶם הַמִּדְבָּר Ex 14:3 the wilderness hath closed in upon them; obj. om., יִסְגֹּר עַל־אִישׁ Jb 12:14 he closeth in upon a man, fig. of imprisonment. b. close up breach (פֶּרֶץ) [in wall] of city 1 K 11:27; poss. close up [path] (si vera l.) ψ 35:3 Vrss Ol De Bae; JDMich DeW Ew Hup-Now Che take סְגֹר here as weapon, usually 4 [Gk. σάγαρις] of Massagetae Herod. i. 215 cf. LagGes Abh. 203, also Egyptian sagartá (loan-word) Bondi 55; both improb., text prob. corrupt; SchwallyZAW xi (1891), 258 reads חֲגֹר > HalRev. Sém. iii (1894), 47 עוּרָה (cf. ψ 59:5). 3. Pt. pass., closed up = closely joined with tight seal, Jb 41:7 (of scales of crocodile). 4. elsewhere only Pt. pass. in זָהָב סָגוּר, only of temple adornment and utensils 1 K 6:20, 21; 7:49, 50; 10:21 = 2 Ch 9:20; 4:20, 22; perhaps read סָגוּר (abbrev. for ז׳ ס׳) Jb 28:15 (for MT סְגוֹר, so Hoffm Bu Du); cf. Assyrian ḫurâṣu sakru, sagiru, DlHWB 499. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִסְגַּר 1 S 23:7; Impf; 3 ms. יִסָּגֵר Ez 46:2; 3 fs. juss. תִּסָּגֵר Nu 12:14, וַתִּסָּגֵר v 15; 3 mpl. יִסָּנֵר֑וּ Is 45:1; 60:11, וַיִּסָּֽגְרוּ Ne 13:19; Imv. ms. הִסָּגֵר Ez 3:24;— 1. subj. pers. be shut up [in city] 1 S 23:7, מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה Nu 12:14, 15 (E); בְּתוֹךְ בַּיִת Ez 3:24. 2. be shut, closed, of city gates Ez 46:2 Is 45:1; 60:11 and (דלתות) Ne 13:19. Pi. Pf. 3 ms. סִגַּר 1 S 26:8 2 S 18:28; sf. סִגְּרַנִי 1 S 24:19; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יְסַגֶּרְךָ 1 S 17:46;—deliver up to (leave no other opening for one, shut one up to), cf. [מָגַן" dir="rtl" >מָגַן], מָגֵן²" dir="rtl" >מִגֵּן, p. 171 b supr.), only S: c. acc. pers. + בְּיַד 1 S 17:46; 24:19; 26:8; בְּיַד om. 2 S 18:28 (v. also Hiph.). Pu. Pf. 3 ms. סֻגַּר Is 24:10; 3 pl. סֻגְּרוּ Je 13:19, וְסֻגְּרוּ consec. Is 24:22; Pt. f. מְסֻגֶּ֫רֶת Jos 6:1;—be shut up: 1. of cities Je 13:19 (opp. פָּתַח), of beleaguered city Jos 6:1 (JE), of houses Is 24:10 (+ מִבּוֹא). 2. of prisoners עַל־מַסְגֵּר Is 24:22 = down into a dungeon. 3. of doors Ec. 12:4. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִסְגִּיר Lv 14:46 +; 2 ms. sf. הִסְגַּרְתַּ֫נִי ψ 31:9; 1 s. וְהִסְגַּרְתִּ֫י Am 6:8, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַסְגִּיר Jb 11:10, וַיַּסְגֵּר ψ 78:48, 62; 2 ms. תַּסְגִּר Dt 23:16, juss. תַּסְגֵּר Ob 14, etc.; Inf. cstr. הַסְגִּיר Am 1:6, sf. הַסְגִּירוֹ 1 S 23:20, הַסְגִּירָם Am 1:9;— 1. deliver up to (cf. Pi., c. acc. obj. + בְּיַד 1 S 23:11, 12, 20; 30:15 Jos 20:5 (D) ψ 31:9 La 2:7; + לְ Am 1:9 ψ 78:50, 62, and (acc. pers. om.) Am 1:6; + אֶל־ Dt 23:16 Jb 16:11; c. acc. of animal + לְ ψ 78:48; c. acc. pers. alone Dt 32:30 Ob 14, acc. om. 1 S 23:12; c. acc. urb. alone Am 6:8. 2. shut up (late; chiefly Lv 13, 14, P): a. c. acc. pers. Lv 13:5, 11, 21, 26 cf. v 4, 31, 33, so (abs.) = imprison Jb 11:10; c. acc. rei Lv 13:54 cf. v 50. b. c. acc. הַבַּיִת Lv 14:38 and (indef. subj. v 46.

† צָרַף vb. smelt, refine, test (NH id.; Ph. מצרף smelter: Assyrian ṣurrupu, refined, ṣarpu, silver, naṣraptu, crucible; Arabic صِرْفٌ is pure, unmixed (especially of wine);* very doubtful is Sab. צדף silver, money, cf. MordtmHim. Inschr. pp. 14, 29 CIS iv, No. 291, l. 1);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. צ׳ Je 6:29, sf. צְרָפָ֑תְהוּ ψ 105:19; 2 ms. sf. צְרַפְתָּנִי ψ 17:3, etc.; Impf. 1 s. אֶצְרֹף Is 1:25, sf. אֶצְרְפֶנּוּ Ju 7:4; Imv. ms. צרופה ψ 26:2 Kt, צָרְפָה Qr; Inf. abs. צָרוֹף Je 6:29; cstr. לִצְרוֹף Dn 11:35, etc.; Pt. act. sf. צוֹרְפָם Je 9:6, etc.; pass. צָרוּף ψ 12:7, etc.;— 1. smelt, refine: Je 6:29(×2) in vain hath he smelted continually (inf. abs.; fig. of purifying people); so smelt away Is 1:25 (acc. of dross; fig.); of silver Zc 13:9 ψ 66:10, כֶּסֶף צָרוּף בַּעֲלִיל 12:7 (all sim.); of אִמְרַת י׳ ψ 18:31 = 2 S 22:31, ψ 119:140 Pr 30:5 (אִמְרַת אֱלוֹהַּ); refine (men, by trials) Dn 11:35 (+ לְבָרֵר, לַלְבֵּן). 2. test Ju 7:4 I will test them (the warriors) for thee (י׳ subj.);—perhaps also v 3 (v. I. צפר); more gen., of י׳’s testing, trying (the hearts of) men (often ‖ בָּחַן) Je 9:6; Is 48:10; Zc 13:9 ψ 17:3; 26:2; 66:10. 3. test (& prove true) a man (subj. י׳’s saying) ψ 105:19. 4. Pt. act. as n. smelter, refiner, hence = goldsmith Ju 17:4; Je 10:9, 14; 51:17; Is 40:19(×2) (but perhaps del. vb, cf. Du Che Marti), 41:7; 46:6 Pr 25:4; as a guild Ne 3:8, 32. Niph. Impf. 3 mpl. יִצָּֽרְפוּ Dn 12:10 many shall be refined (by suffering; + יִתְבָּֽרְרוּ, יִתְלַבְּנוּ). Pi. Pt. מְצָרֵף as n. a refiner, כְּאֵשׁ מ׳ Mal 3:2 (sim. of י׳), cf. מְ׳ alone v 3 (+ מְטַהֵר כֶּסֶף).

κᾰθᾰρ-ός, ά, όν, Doric dialect καθαρός Refs 5th c.AD+, Aeolic dialect κόθ- Refs 7th c.BC+; compare ἀνακαθαίρω, κάθαρσις: __1 physically clean, spotless (not in Refs 8th c.BC+; of persons, cleanly, κ. περὶ ἐσθῆτα Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 clear of admixture, clear, pure, especially of water, Βορυσθένης ῥέει καθαρὸς παρὰ θολεροῖσι LXX+5th c.BC+; κ. φάος, φέγγος, Refs 5th c.BC+; of white bread, Wilcken LXX+3rd c.BC+; ἄλευρον κ. Refs; χρυσίον, ἀργύριον -ώτατον, Refs 5th c.BC+winnowed, πυρὸς κ. ἄδολος Refs 2nd c.BC+, etc.; of metals, etc., σίδηρος Refs 5th c.AD+, etc.; ἀρωμάτων, καθαρῶν, λαχάνων, uncertain meaning in Refs 4th c.AD+; ἄκρατος καὶ κ. νοῦς Refs 5th c.BC+; of feelings, unmixed, μῖσος τῆς ἀλλοτρίας φύσεως Refs 6th c.BC+; serene, φρήν Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 clear of objects, free, ἐν καθαρῷ (i.e. τόπῳ) in an open space, ἐν κ., ὅθι δὴ νεκύων διεφαίνετο χῶρος Refs 8th c.BC+; πάξαις Ἄλτιν ἐν κ. in a clearing, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν κ. βῆναι to leave the way clear, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν τῷ κ. οἰκεῖν live in the clear sunshine, Refs 5th c.BC+; διὰ καθαροῦ ῥέειν, of a river whose course is clear and open, Refs 5th c.BC+ substantive, κελεύθῳ ἐν κRefs 5th c.BC+; χῶρος κ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἡλίῳ κ. in the open sun, opposed to σκιά, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὥς σφι τὸ ἐμποδὼν ἐγεγόνεε κ. was cleared away, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ποιεῖσθαι τὰς ἀρκυστασίας set up the nets in open ground, Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently of land, free from weeds, etc., παραδώσω τὸν κλῆρον κ. ἀπὸ θρύου καλάμου ἀγρώστεως κτλ. Refs 2nd c.BC+; παραδώσω τὰς ἀρούρας κ. ὡς ἔλαβον Refs 3rd c.AD+ clear of the marks, Refs 5th c.BC+; καθαρὸν τῶν προβόλων, of a fort, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of documents, free from mistakes, Refs 3rd c.AD+; χειρόγραφον κ. ἀπὸ ἐπιγραφῆς καὶ ἀλείφαδος free from interlineation and erasure, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3.b metaphorically, free, clear of debt, liability, etc., κ. ἀπὸ δημοσίων καὶ παντὸς εἴδους Refs 1st c.AD+; γῆ κ. ἀπὸ γεωργίας βασιλικῆς Refs 2nd c.AD+; καθαρὰ ποιῆσαι to give a discharge, Refs; in moral sense, free from pollution, καθαρῷ θανάτῳ an honourable death, Refs 8th c.BC+; frequently free from guilt or defilement, pure, χεῖρες Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔρχομαι ἐκ κοθαρῶν κοθαρά OrphRefs; of ceremonial purity, καθαρὰ καὶ ἁγνή εἰμι ἀπό τε τῶν ἄλλων τῶν οὐ καθαρευόντων καὶ ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς συνουσίας Jusj. cited in LXX+4th c.BC+; especially of persons purified after pollution, ἱκέτης προσῆλθες κ. Refs 5th c.BC+; also of things, βωμοί, θύματα, δόμος, μέλαθρα, Refs 5th c.BC+: with genitive, clear of or from.. , κ. ἐγκλημάτων Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀδικίας, κακῶν, NT+5th c.BC+; ceremonially pure, of food, ὄσπριον Refs 5th c.BC+; of victims, LXX+2nd c.AD+, etc.; κ. ἡμέραι, opposed to ἀποφράδες, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.c in active sense, purifying, cleansing, λέβης Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 of birth, pure, genuine, σπέρμα θεοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; πόλις Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν Ἀθηναίων ὅπερ ἐστράτευε καθαρὸν ἐξῆλθε, i.e. were citizens of pure blood, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ τῷ γένει μὴ κ. Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. ἀστοί Refs 5th c.BC+; καθαρόν a real, genuine saying, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. Τίμων a Timon pure and simple, Refs 4th c.BC+; ζημία κ., of a person, Alciphro 3.21. __5 of language, pure, ὀνόματα, λέξις, Refs 1st c.BC+; so of writers, [Λυσίας] κ. τὴν ἑρμηνείαν Refs; also, clear, simple, σεμνὸς καὶ κ. Refs 4th c.AD+ __5.b Grammars, preceded by a vowel, pure, Refs 2nd c.BC+; containing a 'pure' syllable, Refs __6 without blemish, sound, ὁ κ. στρατός, τὸ κ. τοῦ στρατοῦ, the sound portion of the army, Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 clear, exact, ἂν κ. ὦσιν αἱ ψῆφοι if the accounts are exactly balanced, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II adverb purely, ἁγνῶς καὶ καθαρῶς Refs 8th c.BC+: comparative -ωτέρωςRefs 3rd c.AD+ __II.2 of birth, κ. γεγονέναι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 with clean hands, honestly, σὺν δίκῃ.. καὶ κ. Refs 6th c.BC+; δικαίως καὶ κ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 clearly, plainly, λέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5 of language, purely, correctly, -ώτερον διαλέγεσθαι Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.6 entirely, Refs 5th c.BC+ in its purest form, Refs 1st c.BC+

† [בָּרַר] vb. purify, select (cf. Assyrian barâru, be shining, in deriv. ZimBP 46, 73 Belser BAS ii. 154; Arabic بِرٌّ pious, kind, true; بَرَّ he was pious, good, virtuous, honest)— Qal Pf. בָּרוֹתִי Ez 20:38; Inf. sf. לְבָרָם Ec 3:18, Ges§ 67 p; cf. לָבוּר 9:1 (si vera l.) as metaplastic form, but on text vid. בּוּר" dir="rtl" >בּוּר supra p. 101; Pt. pass. m. בָּרוּר Jb 33:3 + 4 times; f. בְּרוּרָה Ne 5:18 Zp 3:9;— 1. purge out, purify: וּבָרוֹתִי מִכֶּם הַמֹּרְדִים and I will purge out from among you the rebels Ez 20:38; שָׂפָה בְרוּרָה a purified lip Zp 3:9; בָּרוּר מִלֵּל֑וּ utter in a pure, sincere manner Jb 33:3. 2. choose, select, only Pt. and in Chronicler: chosen, valiant men 1 Ch 7:40; porters 1 Ch 9:22; musicians 1 Ch 16:41; sheep Ne 5:18. 3. cleanse, make shining, polish, pt. pass. חֵץ בָּרוּר polished arrow Is 49:2 (cf. De & Je 51:11 infr.) 4. test, prove Ec 3:18 לְבָרָם הָאֱלֹהִים that God may prove them (RV);—on 9:1 v. בּוּר" dir="rtl" >בּוּר. Niph. הִבָּרוּ Is 52:11; Pt. נָבָר 2 S 22:27 (= ψ 18:27);—purify oneself: a. ceremonially, the bearers of the sacred vessels Is 52:11. b. morally 2 S 22:27 = ψ 18:27. Pi. Inf. לְבָרֵר Dn 11:35 purify (‖ לִצְרוֹף, לַלְבֵּן). Hiph. 1. Inf. לְהָבַר Je 4:11 purify, cleanse. 2. Imv. הָבֵרוּ הַחִצִּים Je 51:11 polish arrows (vid. 3 above). Hithp. 1. Impf. יִתְבָּרֲרוּ Dn 12:10 purify oneself. 2. תִּתְכָּרַר ψ 18:27 = תִּתָּבָר 2 S 22:27 shew oneself pure, just, kind.

† זַךְ adj. pure, clean; abs. זַךְ Jb 8:6 + 5 times; זָ֛ךְ Ex 27:20 Lv 24:2; f. זַכָּה Ex 30:34 + 2 times;— 1. lit., pure, i.e. unmixed, free from foreign substances, of olive oil Ex 27:20 Lv 24:2, of frankincense Ex 30:34 Lv 24:7 (all P and H). 2. fig., pure, clean, righteous (only Jb Pr):—of man Jb 8:6 (‖ יָשָׁר); 33:9 (+ בְּלִי פָ֑שַׁע; ‖ חַף) as subst. = the pure, righteous וְזַךְ יָשָׁר פָּעֳלוֹ Pr 21:8 (opp. וָזָר֑ q.v.); of mode of life כָּל־דַּרְכֵי־אִישׁ זַךְ בְּעֵינָיו Pr 16:2; of mode of action (פָּעֳלוֹ) 20:11 (‖ יָשָׁר); of doctrine (לִקְחִי) Jb 11:4 (‖ בַּר הייתי); of prayer 16:17 (‖ לֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּ֑י).

† פַּז n.m. ψ 19:11 refined, pure gold (Talm. פִּיזָּא; 𝔗 פִּיזּוּזָא);—עֲטֶרֶת פָּ֑ז ψ 21:4; in compar. of value or beauty: La 4:2, אַדְנֵי־פ׳ Ct 5:15; ‖ (or +) זהב Jb 28:17 (כְּלִי־פ׳), ψ 19:11 (+ רָ֑ב); 119:127; ‖ כֶּתֶם Is 13:12, cf. כֶּתֶם פ׳ Ct 5:11; + חָרוּץ Pr 8:19.

ἁγνός, ή, όν, (compare ἅγιος) pure, chaste, holy, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I of places and things dedicated to gods, hallowed, ἑορτήRefs 8th c.BC+; of frankincense, ἁγνὴ ὀδμήRefs 6th c.BC+; φάος, λουτρόν, Refs 5th c.BC+; of food, Refs 4th c.AD+; χρηστήριαRefs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἁγνῷ on holyground, Refs 4th c.BC+ a spot not lawful to tread on, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 of divine persons, chaste, pure, Refs 8th c.BC+, mostly of Artemis, χρυσόθρονος Ἄ. ἁ.Refs 8th c.BC+; of Demeter, Refs 7th c.BC+; ἁ. θεαί, Demeter and Persephone, Refs 5th c.BC+: of the attributes of gods, θεῶν σέβαςRefs 5th c.BC+ __II after Refs 8th c.BC+, of persons, undefiled, chaste, of maidens, Refs 7th c.BC+; ἁ. αὐδά, of a maiden's voice, Refs; of Hippolytus, Refs 5th c.BC+; with genitive, λέχους ἁ. δέμαςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἁ. ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς συνουσίας Jusj. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 pure from blood, guiltless, ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρηνRefs 5th c.BC+; ὅθ᾽ ἁ. ἦν when he had been purified, Refs 5th c.BC+; Δάματρος ἀκτᾶς δέμας ἁ. ἴσχειν pure from food, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 generally, pure, upright, ἀέθλων ἁ. κρίσιςRefs 5th c.BC+ __III adverb ἁγνῶς καὶ καθαρῶςRefs 8th c.BC+

ἀφθαρ-σία, ἡ, incorruption, immortality, NT+4th c.BC+ __II integrity, sincerity, NT

† I. דְּרוֹר n.[m.] a flowing; free run, liberty;— 1. מָר־דְּרוֹר Ex 30:23 (P) i.e. myrrh of flowing, fine-flowing m. cf. מֹר" dir="rtl" >מֹר & Di. 2. c. קרא proclaim liberty, וּקְרָאתֶם דְּרוֹר בָּאָרֶץ לְכָל־יֹשְׁכֶ֑יהָ Lv 25:10 (H) in Jubilee year, cf. Is 61:1 (‖ פְּקַח־קוֹחַ); Je 34:8, 15, 17 all ref. to liberty of Sabbatical year; v 17 (iron.) lo! I proclaim to you liberty unto the sword, unto pestilence & unto famine, i.e. liberty to be destroyed by sword, pestilence and famine, (a judgment of Yahweh); שְׁנַת־הַדּ׳ Ez 46:17 i.e. year of Jubilee (cf. Lv 25:10).

† [זָכָה] vb. be clear, clean, pure, always in moral sense (Assyrian zakû ZimBP; Aramaic דְּכָא, ܕܟܳܐ, ܕܟܺܝ; cf. Arabic ذَكَا be bright (of a fire), pungent (of an odour); be acute, quick of mind)— Qal Impf. 3 ms. יִזְכֶּה Jb 15:14; 25:4; 2 ms. תִּזְכֶּה ψ 51:6; 1 s. interrog. הַאֶזְכֶּה Mi 6:11;— 1. be clean, pure, of man, in the sight of God, Jb 15:14; 25:4 (in both ‖ יצדק; cf. also זַכּוּ 15:15; 25:5). 2. be clear, be justified = be regarded as just, righteous, of God, ψ 51:6 (‖ תצדק), Mi 6:11. Pi. Pf. 1 s. זִכִּיתִי ψ 73:13 Pr 20:9; Impf. יְזַכֶּה־ ψ 119:9:—make or keep clean, pure, obj. לְבָבִי ψ 73:13 (‖ אֶרְחַץ כַּפָּ֑י), obj. לִבִּי Pr 20:9 (‖ טָהַרְתִּי); obj. אֶת־אָרְחוֹ ψ 119:9. Hithp. Imv. m.pl. הִזַּכּוּ Is 1:16 make yourselves clean (‖ רַחֲצוּ);—on form cf. Ges§ 54, 2, b, Rem. KöLgb. i, 345, 534 Sta§ 129 d.

† II. בַּר adj. pure, clean, Jb 11:4 ψ 24:4; בָּר Pr 14:4; pl. cstr. בָּרֵי ψ 73:1; f. בָּרָה ψ 19:9 Ct 6:9, 10;— 1. pure, clear: בר לבב pure in heart ψ 24:4; ברי לבב ψ 73:1; a pure damsel Ct 6:9, 10, man Jb 11:4, commands of God ψ 19:9. 2. clean: אֵבוּס בָּר crib is clean Pr 14:4. 3. perhaps adv. נַשְּׁקוּ־בַר kiss purely, of sincere homage ψ 2:12 but cf. i. בַּר" dir="rtl" >בַּר, p. 135.

† I. [זָקַק] vb. refine, purify (Aramaic זְקַק; perhaps kindr. with Assyrian zaḳiḳu, wind, Asrb.Annals vi.64 and Aramaic ܙܺܝܩܳܐ, זִיקָּא violent wind, violent rain with whirlwind)— Qal Impf. 3 mpl. יָזֹ֫קּוּ Jb 28:1 obj. זָהָב, 36:27 obj. מָטָר (v. Di). perhaps proposes 4, of gold 1 Ch 28:18, of silver 1 Ch 29:4: ψ 12:7 (מ׳ שׁבעתים); of settled wines שְׁמָרִים מְזֻקָּקִים Is 25:6.

ἀμίαντος, ον, undefiled, pure, ὕδωρRefs 6th c.BC+ calls the sea ἡ ἀμίαντο; ἀ. τοῦ ἀνοσίου πέρι free from stain of ungodliness, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 not to be defiled, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II ὁ ἀ. λίθος asbestos, Refs 4th c.BC+

ἄσπῐλ-ος, ον, literal stainless: hence, faultless, without blemish, λίθοιNT+1st c.AD+: comparative and superlative variants for {ἀσπίλωτος} in Refs 1st c.AD+ __II ἄσπιλος· χειμάρρους Refs 1st c.AD+

† [זָכַךְ] vb. be bright, clean, pure (kindred with foregoing. Only La Jb)— Qal Pf. only 3 mpl. זַכּ֫וּ;— 1. be bright, shining, fig. of splendour of nobles ז׳ נְזִירִים מִשֶּׁלֶג La 4:7 (‖ צַחוּ מֵחָלָב). 2. be clean, pure in God’s sight, of heavens Jb 15:15, of stars 25:5 (‖ יַאֲהִיל of moon; cf. also יִזְכֶּה 15:14; 25:4). Hiph. cleanse, only Pf. 1 s. וַהֲזִכּוֹתִי בְּבֹר כַּפָּֽי ׃ Jb 9:30, fig. of making morally spotless (‖ הִתְרָחַצְתִּי).

ἀκέραι-ος, ον (feminine -αία Refs 5th c.BC+, pure, unmixed, ὕδωρRefs 4th c.BC+; untouched, γῆ, νομή, Refs 5th c.BC+; unalloyed, ἡδοναίRefs 4th c.BC+ __2 of persons, pure in blood, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II unharmed, unravaged, ἀ. ἀπολαμβάνειν τὴν πόλινRefs 5th c.BC+; δύναμις, of an army, in full force, Refs 5th c.BC+; of troops, fresh, Refs 5th c.BC+; of property, untouched, οὐσίαRefs 4th c.BC+; ἐᾶν τι ἀσινὲς καὶ ἀ. Refs; of a person, Persae.Refs __II.2 metaphorically, pure, inviolate, ἀκέραιον ὡς σῴσαιμι Μενέλεῳ λέχοςRefs 5th c.BC+; [τέχνη] ἀβλαβὴς καὶ ἀ. Refs 5th c.BC+; complete, perfect, φαντασίαιRefs 2nd c.BC+ __II.3 of persons, uncontaminated, guileless, Refs 5th c.BC+; incorruptible, κριτήςRefs 5th c.BC+; unprejudiced, with an open mind, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.4 ἐξ ἀκεραίου anew, Refs; while matters are undecided, Refs; ἀκέραιον ἐᾶν leave alone, Refs; εἰς -ον ἀποκαθιστάναι, = Latin in integrum restituere, Refsadverb -ως, of payment, in full, Refs 1st c.BC+; unreservedly, Refs 1st c.BC+

εἰλικριν-ής, ές, unmixed, without alloy, pure, ἐκ πυρὸς τοῦ -εστάτου καὶ ὕδατος Refs 5th c.BC+; θέρμη, ψῦξις, Refs; διὰ τὸ εἰλικρινῆ ἕκαστα εἶναι (i.e. τὰ φῦλα) distinct and separate, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἧττον εἰ., opposed to τὸ καθαρώτερον, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 pure, simple, absolute, αὐτῇ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν εἰλικρινεῖ τῇ διανοίᾳ χρώμενος the pure and absolute intellect, Refs 5th c.BC+; γνωσόμεθα.. πᾶν τὸ εἰ. the pure and absolute, Refs; τὸ καθαρόν τε καὶ εἰ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡδονὴ εἰ. Refs 4th c.BC+; also of evil things, sheer, absolute, ἀδικία Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 sincere, ἀπόδεξις Refs 3rd c.BC+; of persons, NT. adverb - νῶς Refs 1st c.BC+ __4 total, ἐκλείψεις Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II adverb -νῶς without mixture, of itself, simply, absolutely, διὰ τὸ εἰ. εἶναι Ἕλληνας καὶ ἀμιγεῖς βαρβάρων Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ εἰ. ὄν absolute being, Refs 4th c.BC+; without qualification, - νῶς Ταραντῖνοι Refs 2nd c.AD+: Ionic dialect εἰλικριν-έως, κρίνεσθαι to have a clear crisis, Refs 5th c.BC+ —The word is confined to Prose.

πιστικός, ή, όν, (πίνω) __A liquid, νάρδος NT

Included with: ἁγνός, ή, όν, (compare ἅγιος) pure, chaste, holy, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I of places and things dedicated to gods, hallowed, ἑορτήRefs 8th c.BC+; of frankincense, ἁγνὴ ὀδμήRefs 6th c.BC+; φάος, λουτρόν, Refs 5th c.BC+; of food, Refs 4th c.AD+; χρηστήριαRefs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ἁγνῷ on holyground, Refs 4th c.BC+ a spot not lawful to tread on, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 of divine persons, chaste, pure, Refs 8th c.BC+, mostly of Artemis, χρυσόθρονος Ἄ. ἁ.Refs 8th c.BC+; of Demeter, Refs 7th c.BC+; ἁ. θεαί, Demeter and Persephone, Refs 5th c.BC+: of the attributes of gods, θεῶν σέβαςRefs 5th c.BC+ __II after Refs 8th c.BC+, of persons, undefiled, chaste, of maidens, Refs 7th c.BC+; ἁ. αὐδά, of a maiden's voice, Refs; of Hippolytus, Refs 5th c.BC+; with genitive, λέχους ἁ. δέμαςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἁ. ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς συνουσίας Jusj. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 pure from blood, guiltless, ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρηνRefs 5th c.BC+; ὅθ᾽ ἁ. ἦν when he had been purified, Refs 5th c.BC+; Δάματρος ἀκτᾶς δέμας ἁ. ἴσχειν pure from food, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 generally, pure, upright, ἀέθλων ἁ. κρίσιςRefs 5th c.BC+ __III adverb ἁγνῶς καὶ καθαρῶςRefs 8th c.BC+

ἄδολος, ον, guileless, honest, σοφίαRefs 5th c.BC+; in Attic dialectespecially of treaties, ἄ. εἰράναRefs 5th c.BC+adverb, frequently in the phrase ἀδόλως καὶ δικαίως without fraud or covin, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀδολώτερον λέγεσθαι, opposed to πιστότερον, Refs 5th c.BC+:— also, genuinely, truly, τεθνάκην ἀ. θέλωRefs 7th c.BC+ __II unadulterated, genuine, χρίματος ἀδόλοισι παρηγορίαιςRefs 4th c.BC+; χρυσός Eupolem. cited in Refs 1st c.BC+; σῖτος, πυρός, Refs pure, NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 unpretentious, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἄκρᾱτος, Ionic dialect ἄκρητος, ον: (κεράννυμι): __1 of liquids, unmixed, neat, especially of wine, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄκρητοι σπονδαί drink-offerings of pure wine, Refs 8th c.BC+; οἶνος πάνυ ἄ. very strong, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶνος ἄκρητος wine without water, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄκρατος (without οἶνος) Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ πολὺς ἄ. ὁλίγ᾽ ἀναγκάζει φρονεῖν Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄκρατον, τό, Refs 8th c.BC+; χυμόςRefs 5th c.BC+. adverb -τωςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 of any objects, ἄ. σώματα pure, simple bodies, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄ. μέλαν pure black, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 of qualities, pure, absolute, ἄ. νοῦςRefs 5th c.BC+. adverb -τωςRefs __4 of conditions or states, pure, untempered, absolute, ἐλευθερία, ἡδονή, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄ. νόμος absolute law, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄ. ψεῦδος sheer lie, Refsadverb ἀκράτως absolutely, entirely, ἀ. μέλας, λευκός, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __5 of persons, intemperate, violent, ἄ. ὀργήνRefs 4th c.BC+; of sleep, ἄ. ἐλθέ come with all thy power, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 of feelings, ἄ. ὀργήRefs 5th c.BC+ __II comparative ἀκρατέστερος, Ionic dialect ἀκρητ- (asiffr.ἀκρατής) Refs 5th c.BC+Dem.fragment (b), Refs 4th c.BC+: superlative ἀκρατέστατοςRefs 5th c.BC+

† טָהור adj. clean, pure;—m. abs. ט׳ Ex 25:11 + 68 times; טָהֹר Lv 11:47 + 4 times; cstr. טְהוֹר Hab 1:13; טְהָו֯ר Pr 22:11; טֳהָר־ Jb 17:9; f. טְהוֹרָה Mal 1:11 + 3 times; טְהֹרָה Gn 7:2 + 8 times; mpl. טְהוֹרִים Ez 36:25 Ezr 6:20; טְהֹרִים Pr 15:26; fpl. טְהֹרוֹת Lv 14:4 ψ 12:7;— 1. ceremonially clean, of animals Gn 7:2(×2), 8(×2); 8:20(×2) (all J), Lv 14:4 (P), 20:25(×2) (H), Dt 14:11, 20; places Lv 4:12; 6:4; 10:14; 11:36 Nu 19:9 (all P); things Lv 10:10; 11:37, 47; 14:57 (P), Ez 22:26; 44:23 Is 66:20 Mal 1:11; persons Lv 7:19; 13:13, 17, 37, 39, 40, 41; 15:8 Nu 5:28; 9:13; 18:11, 13; 19:9, 18, 19 (all P), Dt 12:15, 22; 15:22; 23:11 1 S 20:26a + v 26b MT but read טֹהַר Pu., see טָהֵר" dir="rtl" >טָהֵר, 2 Ch 30:17 Ezr 6:20. 2. physically pure: of gold זָהָב Ex 25:11, 17, 24, 29, 31, 36, 38, 39; 28:14, 22, 36; 30:3; 37:2, 6, 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26; 39:15, 25, 30 (all P), 1 Ch 28:17 2 Ch 3:4; 9:17; כֶּתֶם Jb 28:19; of water מַיִם Ez 36:25; of incense קְטֹרֶת Ex 30:35; 37:29 (P); of lamp stand מְנֹרָה Ex 31:8; 39:37 (P), Lv 24:4 (H); of the table שֻׁלְחָן Lv 24:6 (H), 2 Ch 13:11; clean, of turban Zc 3:5(×2). 3. ethically pure, clean Pr 30:12 Ec 9:2 Jb 14:4; of heart ψ 51:12 Pr 22:11; hands Jb 17:9; eyes Hab 1:13 (of God); words of men Pr 15:26; words of God ψ 12:7; law of י׳ as object of reverential fear ψ 19:10.

† טֹ֫הַר n.[m.] purity, purifying— 1. purity, כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹ֫הַר Ex 24:10 (JE), as the body of the heavens for purity. 2. sf. יְמֵי טָהֳרָהּ Lv 12:4, 6 the days of her purifying (menstruation).

† נְקֵא adj. clean, pure (v. BH נקה);—כַּעֲמַר נ׳ Dn 7:9 like pure wool.

† I. [פָּזַז] vb. Hoph. be refined (?) (dub. √);—Pt. זָהָב מוּפָ֑ז 1 K 10:18 refined gold (si vera l.; 𝔊 δόκιμος, ‖ 2 Ch 9:17 טָהוֹר).