H2498 H2498
To pass on or away, pass through; also to change, exchange, renew, pierce, or transgress. A versatile root spanning movement, transformation, and violation.
A root whose concrete image is forward motion, passing onward, which then branches into several distinct semantic paths. Things that pass through may change their state (hence 'exchange garments,' Gen 35:2; 41:14), pass away entirely (Ps 102:26; Song 2:11), or pass through flesh as a weapon (Judg 5:26). In the Hifil, the causative yields both 'to exchange or replace' and the surprising 'to renew,' as in Isaiah 40:31 where those who wait on the LORD 'renew their strength,' literally 'exchange' old weariness for fresh vigor. The Arabic cognate khalafa (to succeed, replace, whence 'Caliph') illuminates the semantic link between passing on and replacing.
Senses
1. change, exchange, replace — Piel/Hifil: to change, exchange, or replace one thing for another. Covers changing garments (Gen 35:2; 41:14), altering wages (Gen 31:7, 41), and substituting one sacrificial animal for another (Lev 27:10). The Arabic cognate khalafa (to replace, succeed) confirms this as a core sense. Spanish reemplazar and cambiar, French changer, and German tauschen all converge on active substitution. 8×
AR["تُغَيِّرُها","نُبَدِّلُ","وَ-غَيَّرَ","وَ-غَيَّرْتَ","وَ-غَيِّرُوا","وَبَدَّلَ","يُبَدِّلُهُ"]·ben["আমরা-পরিবর্তন-করব","আর-পরিবর্তন-করলেন-তিনি","আর-বদলাও","আর-বদলেছ","আর-বদলেছে","এবং-পরিবর্তন-করলেন","তুমি-তাদের-পরিবর্তন-করবে","বদলাবে-তাকে"]·DE["[נחליף]","du-wird-change-ihnen","er-soll-tauschen-es","und-du-hast-geändert","und-er-changed","und-geändert-hat","und-wechselt","und-wechselte"]·EN["and-change","and-has-changed","and-he-changed","and-you-changed","he-shall-exchange-it","we-will-replace","you-will-change-them"]·FR["changer","et-a-changea","et-changer","et-il-changea","et-il-changed","et-tu-changea","il-devra-exchange-cela","passer"]·heb["ו-החליפו","ו-החלף","ו-יחלף","ו-תחלף","יחליפנו","נחליף","תחליפם"]·HI["और-बदली-तूने","और-बदली-है","और-बदले","और-बदलो","तू-बदलेगा-उन्हें","बदलेगा उसे","हम-बदलेंगे"]·ID["Engkau-ganti","boleh-ia-menukar","dan-engkau-mengubah","dan-gantilah","dan-ia-mengganti","dan-mengganti","dan-telah-mengubah","kami-akan-mengganti"]·IT["e-change","e-egli-cambiò","e-egli-changed","e-ha-changed","e-tu-changed","egli-dovra-exchange-esso","passare","trascorse"]·jav["Panjenengan-badhé-nggantosi-punika","kita-badhé-ngganti","lan-ganti","lan-gantos","lan-panjenengan-ngewahi","lan-piyambakipun-ngewahi","nggantos-piyambakipun"]·KO["그리고-갈아입었다","그리고-바꾸라","그리고-바꾸었다","그리고-바꾸었다-당신이","당신-이-그것들-을-바꾸시리라","바꾸리라","바꿀것이다-그것을"]·PT["e-mudaste","e-mudou","e-trocai","e-trocou","os-mudarás","substituiremos","trocará"]·RU["заменим","заменять-его","и-изменял","и-изменял-ты","и-сменил","и-смените","сменишь-их"]·ES["lo-cambiará","los-cambiarás","reemplazaremos","y-cambiaste","y-cambien","y-cambió"]·SW["[וְהַחֲלִ֖יפוּ]","akabadilisha","atabadilisha","na-akabadilisha","na-ulibadilisha","tutabadilisha","utazibadilisha"]·TR["degistirecegiz","değiştirecek-onu","değiştireceksin-onları","ve-değiştirdi","ve-değiştirdin","ve-değiştirin"]·urd["اور-بدلا-تُو-نے","اور-بدلو","اور-بدلی","اور-بدلے","بدلیں-گے","بدلے-گا-اُسے","تو-انہیں-بدل-دے-گا"]
2. pass through, sweep by — Qal intransitive: to pass on, pass through, or sweep by in physical movement. A spirit passes before Job's face (Job 4:15), God passes by unseen (Job 9:11), and swift ships pass like reed-boats (Job 9:26). Spanish pasar and French passer mark simple translational motion. The sense is neutral movement through space, without the destructive or transformative overtones of other senses. 8×
AR["تَعبُرُ","لِلْمُرُورِ","مَرَّ","مَرَّتْ","مَضَتْ","وَ-تَعْبُرُ","وَ-يَجتَازُ","وَيَجُوزُ"]·ben["-পার-হতে","আর-তুমি-অতিক্রম-করবে","এবং-সে-প্রবেশ-করবে","ও-তিনি-চলে-যান","চলে-যায়","তিনি-অতিক্রম-করেন","পার-হয়েছে","বয়ে-গেল"]·DE["[וחלף]","[ויחלף]","[חלף]","[חלפו]","[יחלף]","[לחלף]","und-du-wird-gehe-vorbei-auf"]·EN["and-He-moves-on","and-it-will-pass-through","and-you-will-pass-on","he-passes-through","passed","sweeping-through","sweeps-by","they-pass-by"]·FR["changer","et-changer","et-passer","et-tu-fera-passe-sur","passer"]·heb["ו-חלף","ו-יחלוף","וְ-חָלַפְתָּ","חלף","חלפו","יחלוף","ל-חלוף"]·HI["और-आगे-जाओगे","और-गुजरेगा","और-वह-निकल-जाता-है","गुजरती-हुई","गुज़री","बदली","वह-गुजरे","वे-गुजर-गए"]·ID["Dan-ia-menyapu","Ia-melintas","Mereka-berlalu","dan-Ia-berlalu","dan-engkau-akan-lewat","ia-berubah","melintas"]·IT["[חלף]","e-passare","e-tu-vorrà-passa-su","passare"]·jav["Lan-panjenengan-liwat","Lan-piyambakipun-liwat","lan-nglanglang","ngliwati","sami-ngliwati"]·KO["그가-지나가면","그리고-지나간다","그리고-지나갈-것이다-너가","지나가고","지나가리라","지나감-이라","지나갔다"]·PT["E-passando","E-passará","Passaram","a-passar","e-prossegue","mudará","passar","passou"]·RU["и-пройдёт","и-пройдёшь","и-проносится","пройдёт","промчались","проносящиеся","пронёсся","прошёл"]·ES["Pasan","Y-pasará","Y-pasarás","para-pasar","pasa","pasó","y-pasa-de-largo","él-pasa"]·SW["Na-atapita","akipita","ilipita","inapita","kupita","na-anasonga-mbele","na-utapita","zimepita"]·TR["Ve-geçeceksin","gecmek-icin","geçerse","geçti","geçtiler","ve-gececek","ve-geçip-gider"]·urd["اور-تُو-آگے-بڑھے-گا","اور-گزرتا-ہے","اور-گزرے-گا","بدل-جاتی-ہے","گزر-گئے","گزرنے-کے-لیے","گزری","گزرے"]
3. pass away, perish — Qal intransitive with existential weight: to pass away, vanish, or cease to exist, emphasizing transience and impermanence. The rain is over and gone (Song 2:11), the heavens will perish (Ps 102:26), and human life sprouts and withers like grass (Ps 90:5-6). Spanish desaparecer and cesar, alongside the convergence on impermanence across translations, distinguish this from simple passing-through by its finality. 5×
AR["تَزُولُ","حَلَف","وَ-تَتَغَيَّر","وَيَتَغَيَّرُ","يَتَغَيَّرُ"]·ben["এবং-তারা-বদলে-যাবে","এবং-পরিবর্তন-হয়","তা-পরিবর্তন-হয়","বিলুপ্ত-হবে","শেষ-হয়েছে"]·DE["[חלף]","[יחלף]","der-sprouts","und-sie-wird-pass-weg","und-sprouts"]·EN["and-sprouts","and-they-will-pass-away","passed-over","shall-pass-away","that-sprouts"]·FR["a-cessé,","changer","et-changer","passer"]·heb["ו-חלף","ו-יחלופו","חלף","יחלוף"]·HI["और-बदल-जाता-है","और-वे-बदल-जाएंगे","चली-गई","जाती-रहेंगी","बदल-जाता-है"]·ID["akan-lenyap","dan-berlalu","dan-tumbuh","telah-berhenti","yang-tumbuh"]·IT["e-trascorse","passare","trascorse"]·jav["badhé-ical","ingkang-thukul","lan-sami-badhé-gantos","lan-thukul","sampun-rampung"]·KO["그리고-그것들-이-변하리라","끝났네","사라지리라","자라나나이다","자라나지만"]·PT["cessou","e-muda","e-serão-mudados","passarão","que-muda"]·RU["и-пройдут","и-сменяется","исчезнут","прошёл","сменяющаяся"]·ES["cesó","desaparecerán","pasa","y-pasa","y-pasarán"]·SW["imekwisha","na-kupita","na-zitabadilika","yanayopita","zitaondoka"]·TR["değişir","durdu","gecip-gidecek","ve-değişecekler","ve-değişir"]·urd["اور-بدلتا-ہے","اور-وہ-بدل-جائیں-گے","بدلتا-ہے","جاتے-رہیں-گے","چلی-گئی"]
4. renew, sprout anew — Hifil causative: to renew or sprout anew, the positive transformation that comes after something has passed away. A tree cut down may sprout again (Job 14:7), a bow is renewed in one's hand (Job 29:20), and those who wait on the LORD shall renew their strength (Isa 40:31; 41:1). Spanish renovar and retonar capture this regenerative sense, which paradoxically grows from the same root as 'pass away': what passes is replaced by something fresh. 4×
AR["تَتَجَدَّدُ","تَنْبُتُ","لِيُجَدِّدُوا","يُجَدِّدُونَ"]·ben["নতুন-করবে","নতুন-করুক","নতুন-হত","সে-পরিবর্তন-করবে"]·DE["[יחליף]","[יחליפו]","[תחליף]"]·EN["it-sprouts","let-them-renew","renews","shall-renew"]·FR["changer","passer"]·heb["יחליף","יחליפו","תחליף"]·HI["नई-होगी","नए-करें","नए-करेंगे","वह-बदलेगा"]·ID["akan-memperbarui","bertunas","biarlah-memperbarui","diperbaharui"]·IT["passare"]·jav["badhé-ganti","kagantos","mugi-ganti","semilir"]·KO["새로워지는데","새롭게-하라","새롭게-하리라","싹이-나고"]·PT["brotará","renovarão","renovava"]·RU["обновляется","обновят","пустит-побеги"]·ES["renovarán","renueven","retonará","se-renueva"]·SW["unafanywa-upya","utachipuka","wahuishe","watahuisha"]·TR["filizlenir","yenilenir","yenilesinler","yenileyecek"]·urd["بدلیں","بدلیں-گے","بدلے-گا","نئی ہوتی تھی"]
5. pierce, penetrate — Qal transitive: to pierce through or penetrate, as a weapon passing through flesh. Jael drives the tent peg through Sisera's temple (Judg 5:26), and a bronze arrow pierces through the wicked (Job 20:24). Spanish traspasar and atravesar mark violent penetration. The semantic link to 'pass through' is transparent: the weapon passes through the body. 2×
AR["تَخْتَرِقُهُ","وَ-ثَقَبَتْ"]·ben["এবং-ভেদ-করল","বিদ্ধ-করবে-তাকে"]·DE["[תחלפהו]","und-sie-pierced"]·EN["and-she-pierced","pierces-him"]·FR["changer-lui","et-elle-pierced"]·heb["ו-חלפה","תחלפהו"]·HI["उसे-भेदेगा","और-छेदा-उसने"]·ID["dan-melubangi","menembusnya"]·IT["e-ella-pierced","passare-suo"]·jav["lan-nembus","nembus-piyambakipun"]·KO["그리고-관통했다","꿤릴리라"]·PT["e-traspassou","o-traspassará"]·RU["и-пронзила","пронзит-его"]·ES["lo-traspasará","y-atravesó"]·SW["itamchoma","na-akapitia"]·TR["deler-onu","ve-geçti"]·urd["اور-گزرا","چھیدے-اُسے"]
6. violate, transgress — Qal figurative: to violate or transgress a covenant or law, treating binding obligations as something to be passed over or disregarded. Attested in Isaiah 24:5 where the earth's inhabitants 'have transgressed the laws, violated the statute, broken the everlasting covenant.' Spanish violar and French passer (in its transgressive sense) mark the legal-moral extension: to pass beyond a boundary set by divine law. 1×
AR["غَيَّرُوا"]·ben["পরিবর্তন-করেছে"]·DE["[חלפו]"]·EN["violated"]·FR["passer"]·heb["חלפו"]·HI["बदला"]·ID["mengubah"]·IT["passare"]·jav["sampun-nerak"]·KO["바꾸었으니"]·PT["violaram"]·RU["изменили"]·ES["violaron"]·SW["wamebadilisha"]·TR["degistirdiler"]·urd["بدلیں"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H5921a 1. upon, on, over (spatial) (5443×)H0413 1. directional: to, toward (5366×)H1121a 1. son, male offspring, descendant (4914×)H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)H???? 1. (4670×)H4428 1. king, human ruler (2518×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H0935 1. come, arrive (Qal) (2413×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)G1473 1. first person singular pronoun (2084×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)H6440 1. before, in front of (spatial) (1870×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H3027 1. physical hand (body part) (1596×)H1697 1. word, speech, utterance (1235×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† חָלַף vb. pass on or away, pass through (mostly poet.) (NH id., pass by or away, change; Ph. חלפת equivalent, ReinachRÉJ 188, 276; Hoffm G. G. Abh. xxxvi. 1890, 20; Aramaic חֲלַף pass away, change; ܚܠܰܦ change, substitute; Nab. חלף change (?) Eut p. 53; Arabic خَلَفَ come after, succeed, replace [cf. ‘Caliph’ i.e. successor (of Mohammed)] and many deriv. Lane792–799; so also ויחלפה MI 6 and his…