H2102 H2102
To act presumptuously, be arrogant in defiance of God or authority; also as a homonymous root, to boil or seethe (of cooking).
Two distinct semantic roots share this lexical form. The dominant one means to act with brazen presumption or insolent arrogance, especially against divine authority — a word freighted with covenantal gravity. Jethro uses it of Egypt's oppression (Exod 18:11), the Torah reserves it for those who defy judicial verdicts (Deut 17:13) or prophesy without commission (Deut 18:20), and Nehemiah's prayer catalogs Israel's long history of acting presumptuously against God's commands (Neh 9:10, 16, 29). The second root appears only once, in Jacob's simmering lentil stew (Gen 25:29), where it straightforwardly means 'to boil.' Spanish distinguishes these cleanly: 'actuaron con soberbia' (acted with arrogance) versus 'coció' (cooked).
Senses
1. to act presumptuously, be arrogant — To act presumptuously, arrogantly, or with willful defiance — especially against God or legitimate authority. This covers the legal-covenantal sense found throughout the Torah and Prophets: Egypt's presumption against Israel (Exod 18:11), the premeditated murderer who 'acts presumptuously' (Exod 21:14), Israel's brazen disobedience at Hormah (Deut 1:43), the false prophet who speaks without divine commission (Deut 18:20), Babylon's pride against YHWH (Jer 50:29), and Nehemiah's retrospective on Israel's stiff-necked history (Neh 9:10, 16, 29). French leaves several occurrences untranslated, suggesting difficulty in capturing the specifically covenantal weight of this presumption. 9×
AR["تَجَبَّرَ", "تَكَبَّرَتْ", "تَكَبَّرُوا", "وَ-تَكَبَّرْتُمْ", "يَتَكَبَّرُ", "يَتَكَبَّرُونَ"]·ben["অহংকার-করেছিল", "অহঙ্কার-করল", "অহঙ্কার-করে", "অহঙ্কার-করেছিল", "এবং-দুঃসাহস-করলে", "কুচক্রী-করে", "তারা-অহঙ্কার-করবে", "সে-অহংকারী-ছিল"]·DE["[הזידו]", "[זדה]", "acts-presumptuously", "presumes", "sie-handelte-presumptuously", "sie-soll-handeln-presumptuously", "und-du-handelte-presumptuously"]·EN["acted-arrogantly", "acts-presumptuously", "and-you-acted-presumptuously", "presumes", "she-acted-arrogantly", "they-acted-presumptuously", "they-dealt-arrogantly", "they-shall-act-presumptuously"]·FR["[הזידו]", "[זדה]", "agit-avec-présomption", "et-tu-agit-presumptuously", "ils-acted-presumptuously", "ils-devra-agir-presumptuously", "presumes"]·heb["הזידו", "ו-תזידו", "זדה", "זדו", "יזיד", "יזידון"]·HI["अभिमान-किया-था", "अहंकार-करेंगे", "अहंकार-करेगा", "अहंकार-की-उसने", "और-अभिमान-किया", "घमंड-से-किया", "घमंड-से-किया-था"]·ID["akan-bertindak-dengan-sombong", "berlaku-sombong", "bertindak congkak", "dan-kamu-bertindak-sombong", "dengan-lancang", "ia-berlaku-sombong", "mereka-berlaku-sombong"]·IT["[זדה]", "acts-presumptuously", "agire-presuntuosamente", "e-tu-agi-presumptuously", "essi-agì-presumptuously", "essi-dovra-agire-presumptuously", "presumes"]·jav["bakal-kumalungkung", "kumalungkung", "lan-panjenengan-sadaya-kumalungkung", "sami-angkuh", "tiyang-kumalungkung", "tiyang-tumindak-gumedhé"]·KO["감히-하는", "거만하게-할-것이다", "고의로-하면", "교만하게-굴었다", "교만하였다", "교만했다-그녀가", "그리고-너희가-건방지게-행하였다"]·PT["agir-com-malicia", "agiram-arrogantemente", "agiram-soberbamente", "agirão-presunçosamente", "agiu-soberbamente", "e-foste-presunçosos", "presumir"]·RU["будут-дерзоствовать", "возгордились", "дерзнула", "дерзнёт", "злоумышляет", "и-дерзнули", "превозносились"]·ES["actuaron-con-soberbia", "actuaron-soberbiamente", "actuarán-con-soberbia", "actúe-con-soberbia", "fue-soberbia", "se-atreva", "y-fuisteis-presuntuosos"]·SW["amejivuna", "atajiinua", "atathubutu", "kumweka", "kwa-kiburi", "walijivuna"]·TR["küstahca-davranacaklar", "küstahlaştılar", "küstahlık-etti", "küstahlık-ettiler", "küstahlık-yaparsa", "tasarlarsa", "ve-küstahça"]·urd["اور-گستاخی-کی", "بد-نیتی-کرے", "ظلم-کیا", "غرور-کیا", "وہ-گستاخی-کریں", "گستاخی-کرے", "گستاخی-کی-اُس-نے"]
2. to boil, seethe — To boil, seethe, cook by boiling — a homonymous root attested only in Genesis 25:29, where Jacob 'boiled' (wayyazed) a stew of lentils. The multilingual evidence confirms a sharp semantic break: Spanish uses 'coció' (cooked), French 'bouilli' (boiled), and German 'kochte' (cooked), none of which carry any trace of the arrogance meaning. This is best treated as a distinct root (zid/zud II) rather than a metaphorical extension. 1×
AR["فَطَبَخَ"]·ben["আর-রান্না-করছিলেন"]·DE["und-kochte"]·EN["and-boiled"]·FR["et-bouilli"]·heb["ו-יזד"]·HI["और-पकाया"]·ID["dan-memasak"]·IT["e-boiled"]·jav["Lan-ngolah"]·KO["그리고-끌였다"]·PT["E-cozinhou"]·RU["И-сварил"]·ES["Y-coció"]·SW["Na-akapika"]·TR["ve-pişirdi"]·urd["اور-پکایا"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H???? 1. (4670×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)G4160 1. do, act, perform (473×)H5221 1. Hifil: to strike in battle, smite enemies (362×)H2896a 1. good (quality or moral) (305×)H7563 1. wicked person (259×)H7451c 1. moral evil or wickedness (234×)H5771 1. iniquity, sin, wrongdoing (222×)H0899b 1. garment, article of clothing (216×)H6662 1. righteous person (substantive) (195×)G0266 1. sin, failure, transgression (173×)H2403b 1. sin, transgression (170×)H2617a 1. Covenant faithfulness, steadfast love (167×)H2398 1. Qal: to sin, commit sin (165×)H6213a 2. make, construct, fabricate (148×)H6666 1. righteousness, moral uprightness (145×)G5485 1. grace, divine favor (141×)H7451a 1. morally evil, wicked (129×)H2403b 2. sin-offering, sacrifice for sin (120×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [זִיד, זוּד] vb. boil up, seethe, act proudly, presumptuously, rebelliously (NH Hiph. הזיד as Heb.; Aramaic of Zinjirli זד presumptuous, DHMSendsch. 56; Arabic زَادَ (med. ى) increase, exceed, exaggerate, e.g. in talk; also Sab. n.pr. זיד (زَيْد) DHMEpigr. Denkm. 44 זידאל Id. ib. 52 (on distinct. betw. זוד and זיד in Sab. v. Sab.Denkm. 64); perhaps also Sab. מזדודן great one, prince, e.g.…