This noun denotes violent, abusive treatment motivated by arrogance or contempt—not violence for gain but for the assertion of dominance. Classical Greek used it for the insolence that comes from pride and strength, the kind of abuse that dishonors the victim. It can range from verbal insults to physical assault, united by the element of contemptuous aggression. In the New Testament, it describes both the hardships faced in ministry and the risks of seafaring, showing how hubris—the attempt to assert superiority—manifests in multiple forms of mistreatment.