The Diaspora (literally 'scattering' or 'dispersion') refers to Jewish communities living outside the land of Israel, scattered among the nations. This dispersion resulted from various exiles and migrations throughout history. By the first century, Jewish communities flourished throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond. The term carries both geographical reality and theological significance—the scattered state represents both judgment (exile) and providence (witness among the nations). New Testament authors address letters to Jewish believers in the Dispersion, recognizing their particular challenges and opportunities.