Psychological Faculties

נֶ֫פֶשׁ756 n.f. Gn 49:6 (so even Gn 2:19 Nu 31:28 1 K 19:2 v. Albr ZAW xvi (1896), 42 SS) soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Ecclus 3:18; 4:1(×2), 2(×2) 13:12; 14:11);—נ׳ Gn 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Gn 37:21 +; sf. נַפְשִׁי Gn 12:13 +; pl. נְפָשׁוֹת Ez 13:18 + 13 times; נְפָשֹׁת Ex 12:4; Lv 27:2; cstr. נַפְשׁוֹת Gn 36:6 + 4 times; נַפְשֹׁת Lv 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ez 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים, v Co Berthol Toy); sf. נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 S 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Nu 17:3 +: — 1. = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man: a. disting. from בָּשָׂר: מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Is 10:18; הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Dt 12:23; from שְׁאֵר Pr 11:17; from בֶּטֶן body ψ 31:10. b. both the inner נפשׁ and the outer בשׂר are conceived as resting on a common substratum: אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֹ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֹ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃ Jb 14:22 only his flesh upon him is in pain, and his soul upon him mourneth; cf. ψ 42:5, 7; 131:2; Jb 30:16; La 3:20 [v. עַל²" dir="rtl" >עַל 1 d], all poetical (cf. 6 c). c. נ׳ departs at death and returns with life: וַיְהִי בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ כִּי מֵתָה Gn 35:18 (E) and it came to pass when her soul was going forth (for she died); נָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ Je 15:9 she breathed out her soul, cf. 1 K 17:21, 22; Jb 11:20; 31:39. d. often desired that the נפשׁ may be delivered: from Sheʾôl ψ 16:10; 30:4; 49:16; 86:13; 89:49; Pr 23:14; from שַׁחַת, the pit of Sheʾôl, Is 38:17 Jb 33:18, 22, 28, 30. 2. The נפשׁ becomes a living being: by God’s breathing נשׁמת חיים into the nostrils of its בשׂר; of man Gn 2:7 (J); by implication of animals also Gn 2:19 (J); so ψ 104:29, 30 cf. 66:9 man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being Gn 2:7 (J); elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה always of animals Gn 1:20, 24, 30; 9:12, 15, 16 (all P), Ez 47:9; so נפשׁ החיּה Gn 1:21; 9:10 (both P), Lv 11:10, 46 (H); נפשׁ השׁרצת Lv 11:46 (H); נפשׁ כל חי Jb 12:10. נפשׁ is frequently used with the verb חיה: †וחיתה נפשׁ Gn 12:13; 19:20 (both J), 1 K 20:32 (E), ψ 119:175; Je 38:17, 20; †חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 S 1:26; 17:55; 20:3; 25:26 2 S 11:11; 14:19; 2 K 2:2, 4, 6; 4:30 (all JE); cf. †יְחַיֶּה נ׳ 1 K 20:31 (E), Ez 18:27 ψ 22:30; also Gn 19:19 Is 55:3; Pr 3:22. 3. The נפשׁ (without חיה noun or verb) is specif.: a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic WeSkizzen iii. 217 G. Jacob Arab. Dicht. iv. 9 f.] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in D), Dt 12:23, 24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ); and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר); thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; this enlarged in H, Lv 17:10, 11, 12, 14 and in P Gn 9:4, 5, cf. Je 2:34. b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being 2 S 1:9 Je 4:10; Jon 2:6 ψ 69:2; 124:4, 5; Jb 27:3. c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 times, of animals Pr 12:10, and of man Gn 44:30 (J); נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life Ex 21:23 (E), Lv 24:18 (H), 1 K 20:39, 42; 2 K 10:24; נפשׁנו תחתיכם Jos 2:14 (J); נפשׁ בנפשׁ Dt 19:21; בנפשׁ for the life of 2 S 14:7 Jon 1:14; שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one’s own hand Ju 12:3 1 S 19:5; 28:21 Jb 13:14; חרף נפשׁו למות Ju 5:18 risked his life to die; †בנפשׁ at the risk of life Nu 17:3 (P), 2 S 23:17 = 1 Ch 11:19(×2), 1 K 2:23 Pr 7:23; La 5:9; †בקּשׁ נפשׁ Ex 4:19 (J), 1 S 20:1; 22:23(×2) 23:15; 25:29 2 S 4:8; 16:11; 1 K 19:10, 14; Je 4:30; 11:21; 19:7, 9; 21:7; 22:25; 34:20, 21; 38:16; 44:30(×2) 46:26; 49:37 ψ 35:4; 38:13; 40:15; 54:5; 63:10; 70:3; 86:14; Pr 29:10; †שׁאל נ׳ 1 K 3:11 = 2 Ch 1:11, 1 K 19:4 = Jon 4:8; †הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally Gn 37:21 (J), Dt 19:6, 11; Je 40:14, 15; †לקח נ׳ 1 K 19:4; Jon 4:3 ψ 31:14; Pr 1:19; †הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Jos 2:13 ψ 33:19; 56:14; †מלּט נפשׁ 1 S 19:11 2 S 19:6(×4) 1 K 1:12(×2) Je 48:6; 51:6, 45; Ez 33:5; Am 2:14, 15 ψ 89:49; 116:4; †פדה נ׳ 2 S 4:9 1 K 1:29 ψ 34:23; 49:16; 55:19; 71:23; †שׁמר נ׳ ψ 25:20; 97:10; Jb 2:6 Pr 13:3; 16:17; 19:16; 22:5. 4. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself: a. paraphrase for pers. pron. especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 times; (1) נַפְשִׁי = me: אל תבא נפשׁי Gn 49:6 let me not enter (poem in J); תָּמֹת נ׳ מות ישׁרים Nu 23:10 let me die, etc. (poem); תָּמוֹת נַפְשִׁי Ju 16:30 (J); אמרה נפשׁי La 3:24 I say. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Is 43:4 peoples instead of thee; אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ 51:23. (3) נַפְשׁוֹ = he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין ψ 25:13 he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4) נַפְשֵׁנוּ = we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֹר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּת יוֹקְשִׁים ψ 124:7. (5) נַפְשָׁם = they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Is 46:2 they are gone into captivity; אוי לנפשׁם Is 3:9. b. = reflexive, self, 53 times: אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself Nu 30:3, 5(×2), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; לְעַנֹּת נ׳ Nu 30:14 to afflict oneself. (1) נַפְשִׁי = myself: לא אדע נ׳ Jb 9:21; Ct 6:12 I know not myself. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thyself: שׁמר נ׳ Dt 4:9 keep thyself. (3) נַפְשׁוֹ = himself: אהב כנ׳ 1 S 18:1, 3; 20:17 loved as himself. (4) נַפְשָׁהּ = herself: צדּקה נ׳ Je 3:11 justified herself. (5) נַפְשָׁם = themselves: הציל נ׳ deliver themselves Is 47:14; Ez 14:14, 20. (6) נַפְשְׁכֶם, נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם = yourselves: אַל־תַּשִּׁאוּ נ׳ Je 37:9 deceive not yourselves, also 42:20; 44:7; ענּה נ׳ Lv 16:29, 31; 23:27, 32; Nu 29:7 (P); נשׁמרתם לנ׳ Dt 4:15; Jos 23:11 (D). (7) נַפְשׁוֹתֵינוּ = ourselves: על נ׳ Je 26:19 against ourselves. c. = person of man, individual, 144 times, first in D2; especially in H, P, and kindred writers: (1) c. אָדָם: נ׳ אדם Lv 24:17 opp. נ׳ בהמה 24:18 (both H), and so נ׳ אדם human persons Nu 31:35, 40, 46 (P) 1 Ch 5:21; Ez 27:13. Elsewhere without אדם: נ׳ ברכה Pr 11:25 one who blesses; נ׳ רְמִיָּה Pr 19:15 idle person; נ׳ תחת נ׳ person in place of person, Jb 16:4; כפּר על נ׳ Ex 30:15, 16; Nu 15:28; 31:50 (all P) Lv 17:11 (H). †(2) נפשׁ = person, any one: Dt 24:7; 27:25; Pr 28:17; Ez 18:4(×3) 33:6; elsewhere only H P: Lv 2:1; 4:2, 27; 5:1, 2, 4, 15, 17, 21; 7:18, 20, 21, 25, 27; 23:29, 30(×2); Nu 5:6, 15:27, 30; 19:22; 31:19, 28; 35:11, 15, 30(×2); Jos 20:3, 9 (all P), Lv 17:10, 12, 15; 20:6(×2) 22:6, 11 (all H); נכרתה הנ׳ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in Gn 17:14; Ex 12:15, 19; 31:14; Lv 7:20, 21, 27; Nu 9:13; 15:30, 31; 19:13, 20 (all P), Lv 19:8; 22:3 (both H). †(3) נפשׁ coll. for persons, in enumerations: Dt 10:22; Jos 10:28, 30, 32, 35, 37(×2), 39; 11:11 (all D2) Je 43:6; 52:29, 30(×2); Ez 22:25; elsewhere only Gn 12:5; 46:15, 18, 22, 25, 26(×2), 27(×2); Ex 1:5(×2); 12:16; Nu 31:35, 40 (all P). †(4) נְפָשׁוֹת persons Gn 36:6 Ex 12:4; 16:16 Nu 19:18 (all P), Lv 18:29; 20:25; 27:2 (all H), 2 K 12:5; Pr 11:30; 14:25; Ez 13:18(×3); 19(×2); 20(×2); 17:17; 18:4; 22:27 (נפשׁים 13:20 v. supr.). †(5) נפשׁ = deceased person, sometimes c. מֵת, נֶפֶשׁ מֵת Nu 6:6 (P), נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (𝔊 𝔖 נֶפֶשׁ) Lv 21:11 (H); usually without מֵת, נפשׁ (ה)אדם Nu 9:6, 7; 19:11, 13 (P); or simply נפשׁ, Lv 19:28; 21:1; 22:4 (all H) Nu 5:2; 6:11; 9:10 (all P); elsewhere only Hag 2:13. 5. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 times)— a. hunger: נ׳ רְעֵבָה hungry soul ψ 107:9; Pr 27:7; with noun or verb of שׂבע satisfy Is 56:11; 58:10; Je 50:19; Ez 7:19 ψ 63:6; 107:9; Pr 13:25; 27:7; מתוק לנ׳ Pr 16:24 sweet to the taste. b. thirst: נ׳ עֲיֵפָה weary soul Pr 25:25; Je 31:25; נ׳ כארץ עיפה ψ 143:6; צמאה נ׳ ψ 42:3; 63:2. c. appetite in general: אֹיְבַי בנ׳ יַקִּיפוּ עָלָיו ψ 17:9 my enemies compass me about with greed; הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֹל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָֽעֲרָה פִיהָ Is 5:14 Sheʾôl enlarged her appetite, etc., cf. Hb 2:5; Pr 23:2 בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ; Ec uses נפשׁ only in the sense of a, b, c; the נפשׁ craves, lacks, and is filled with good things: Ec 2:24; 4:8; 6:2, 3, 7, 9; 7:28. 6. נ׳ = seat of emotions and passions (151 times)— a. desire: †אִוְּתָה נ׳ soul desires Dt 12:20; 14:26 1 S 2:16 2 S 3:21; 1 K 11:37; Jb 23:13 Pr 13:4; 21:10; Mi 7:1; תַּאֲוַת נ׳ ψ 10:3; Is 26:8; †אַוַּת נ׳ Dt 12:15, 20, 21; 18:6 1 S 23:20; Je 2:24; so also לנפשׁ according to one’s desire Dt 21:14 ψ 78:18; Je 34:16; כנפשׁ Dt 23:25; האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire ψ 35:25; בנפשׁ at one’s desire ψ 105:22; Ez 16:27; נ׳ יָֽצְאָה בְדַבְּרוֹ Ct 5:6; †נשׂא נ׳ lift up the soul, desire Dt 24:15 2 S 14:14 (read אליהם, not אלהים), ψ 24:4; 25:1; 86:4; 143:8; Pr 19:8; Je 22:27; 44:14; Ho 4:8. †b. abhorrence, loathing: געלה נ׳ soul abhorreth Lv 26:11, 15, 30, 43 (H) Je 14:19; וגם נ׳ בחלה בי Zc 11:8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me. c. sorrow and distress: †מרי נ׳ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Ju 18:25 (E) 2 S 17:8; Jb 3:20; Pr 31:6; †מר נ׳ 1 S 22:2 cf. Jb 7:11; 10:1; Is 38:15; Ez 27:31; עָֽגְמָה נ׳ Jb 30:25 grieved; אגמי נ׳ sad of soul Is 19:10; תבכה נ׳ my soul shall weep Je 13:17; נ׳ ירעה his soul trembleth Is 15:4; צרת נ׳ distress of soul Gn 42:21 (E). †d. joy: נ׳ תגיל my soul rejoiceth ψ 35:9; Is 61:10; שׂמּח נ׳ rejoice the soul ψ 86:4; also ψ 94:19; 138:3; Pr 29:17. †e. love: אהבה נ׳ my soul loveth Ct 1:7; 3:1, 2, 3, 4; יְדִדוּת נ׳ darling of my soul Je 12:7; דבקה נ׳ ב׳ his soul clave unto Gn 34:3 (J), c. אחרי ψ 63:9; חשׁקה נ׳ ב׳ soul is attached to Gn 34:8 (P). f. alienation, hatred, revenge: †תֵּקַע נ׳ מן the soul is alienated from Je 6:8; Ez 23:17, 18; נקעה נ׳ מן Ez 23:18, 22, 28; שְׂנֻאי נ׳ hated of soul 2 S 5:8 (Qr); שׂנאה נ׳ ψ 11:5 Is 1:14. g. other emotions and feelings: השׁיב נ׳ bring back soul La 1:11, 19 (i.e. revive, cf. c. שׁוּב 1 K 17:21 f.), hence fig. refresh, cheer, v 16 ψ 19:8 Pr 25:13; Ru 4:15; שׁובב נ׳ ψ 23:3; מַחְמַל נ׳ your souls’ compassion Ez 24:21; קצרה נ׳ soul was impatient Nu 21:4 (E), Ju 10:16; 16:16; Zc 11:8; כי אאריך נ׳ that I should prolong my patience Jb 6:11; ידעתם את־נ׳ הגר ye know the feeling of the stranger Ex 23:9 (RD). 7. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts + לבב (see 10); poss. also alone, owing to unconscious assimilation by late writers; but most, if not all, exx. may be otherwise explained: נפשׁי ידעת מאד ψ 139:14 my soul knoweth well (or I know well; cf. 4 a); בלא דעת נ׳ לא טוב Pr 19:2 that the soul be without knowledge is not good (but RVm desire without knowledge, cf. 6 a); דעה חכמה לנ׳ Pr 24:14 know wisdom for thy soul (or according to thy desire, cf. 6 a); אל תדמי בנ׳ Est 4:13 think not in thy soul (or in thyself, cf. 4 b); כמו שׁער בג׳ Pr 23:7 as he reckoneth in his soul (but RV in himself, cf. 4 b); מה תאמר נ׳ 1 S 20:4 (but AV RV foll. 𝔊 ἐπιθυμεῖ = תְּאַוֶּה; v. 6 a). 8. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dub.: אם ישׁ נפשׁכם (את) if it is your purpose Gn 23:8 (P) 2 K 9:15 (or if it is your desire, 6 a); בחרה נ׳ my soul chooseth Jb 7:15; מאנה נ׳ my soul refuseth Jb 6:7 ψ 77:3; נ׳ חפצה their soul delighteth in Is 66:3; נ׳ רצתה my soul delighteth in Is 42:1; (all perhaps emotional, 6 b, d, g). 9. נפשׁ = character is still more dub.: לֹא־יָֽשְׁרָה נ׳ בּוֹ Hb 2:4 his soul is not right in him (but 𝔊 οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ [εὐδοκεῖ = רצתה], v. 6); נַפְשִׁי לֹא מְטֻמָּאָה Ez 4:14 my soul hath not (or I have not, 4 a) been polluted. †10. נ׳ in D, when used with לבב, is assim. to it, and shares with it the meanings of 7, 8, 9; and so in later writers influenced by D (unless we may think that ל׳ is used of intellect, while נ׳ is used of the feelings): thus, בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ (see לבב): c. דרשׁ Dt 4:29; 2 Ch 15:12; עשׂה Dt 26:16; אהב Dt 6:5; 13:4; 30:6; ידע Jos 23:14; עבד Dt 10:12; 11:13; Jos 22:5; שׁמע בקלו Dt 30:2; שׁוב אל Dt 30:10 1 K 8:48 = 2 Ch 6:38, 2 K 23:25; שׁמר מצות 2 K 23:3 = 2 Ch 34:31; הלך לפני 1 K 2:4; and Dt 11:18; 1 S 2:35 1 Ch 22:19; 28:9 Je 32:41 ψ 13:3 Pr 2:10; 24:12. Note. —In three cases is generally found closer approach to supposed radical meaning breath:— a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Pr 27:9. Ges (after Döderlein) renders מעצת נ׳ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even Buhl; but 𝔙 De SS transp. וּמֶתֶק נ׳ מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ. 𝔊 Hi Bi ומתקרעה = the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case נפשׁ is ‖ לב, cf. 10. b. נַפְשׁוֹ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט Jb 41:13 his breath kindleth coals (of the crocodile). The piece is one of the latest in the book; primitive meaning hardly in such a passage; context favours ref. to passion or fury; perhaps sub 6 f, his passion or fury kindleth coals. c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Is 3:20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily scent (breath)-boxes; may be 6 a, boxes of desire, or 5, boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evid. in BH, therefore, for meaning breath, odour.—See, for complete study of נֶפֶשׁ (all passages), BrJBL 1897, 17 ff.

לֵב599 לֵב599 n.m. Pr 23:15 (†f. Pr 12:25, from influence of נֶפֶשׁ v. De Now) inner man, mind, will, heart, abs. and cstr. לֵב Gn 8:21 + 239 times; לֶב־ Ex 15:8 + 15 times; sf. לִבִּי Gn 24:45 + 102 times; לִבְּךָ Ex 9:14 + 28 times; לִבֶּ֑ךָ Ju 19:6 + 25 times; לִבֵּךְ Is 47:7 + 7 times; לִבּוֹ Gn 6:5 + 93 times; לִבָּהּ Ju 19:3 + 7 times; לִבֵּנוּ Is 41:22 + 5 times; לִבְּכֶם Gn 18:5 + 2 times; לִבָּם Gn 42:28 + 56 times; לִבָּן Ex 35:26; לִבְּהֶן Ez 13:17; pl. לִבּוֹת ψ 7:10 Pr 15:11 + 3 times Pr.; sf. לִבֹּתָם Is 44:18; לִבּוֹתָם ψ 125:4—inner part, midst: I. seldom of things, בְּלֶב־יָם in the midst of the sea Ex 15:8 Pr 23:34; 30:19; בְּלֵב יַמִּים ψ 46:3; Ez 27:4, 25, 26, 27; 28:2, 8 בלב האלה 2 S 18:14; בְּלֵב אֹיְבֵי in the midst of the enemies of ψ 45:2 (v. BrMP in loco; AV RV al. in the heart of). II. elsewhere of men: †1. the inner man in contrast with outer לבי ובשׂרי ירננו my heart and my flesh cry out ψ 84:3; ‖ מעים ψ 22:15 Je 4:19, the inner for outer מעים Je 49:22; as within the breast על לב Ex 28:3, 29, 30(×2) (P); מלב 2 K 9:24; בלב ψ 37:15 2 S 18:14; סְגוֹר לִבָּם Ho 13:8; antithesis with בָּשָׂר Pr 14:30 Ec 2:3; head Is 1:5, face Ez 14:3, 4, 7; arm Ct 8:6; hands Ez 22:14; bones ψ 102:5; eyes 1 K 9:3 (= 2 Ch 7:16) Je 22:17; ear Pr 22:17; 23:12; mouth ψ 55:22; lips Is 29:13; אֲנִי יְשֵׁינָה וְלִבִּי עֵר I slept but my heart waked Ct 5:2. 2. the inner man, indef., soul, comprehending mind, affections and will, with occasional emphasis of one or the other by means of certain verbs: † בכל לב 1 K 8:23 (= 2 Ch 6:14) ψ 9:2; 119:2, 10, 34, 58, 69, 145; 138:1 Pr 3:5 Je 3:10; 24:7; †עם לב 2 Ch 24:4 (see לבב 2); † כלב 2 S 7:21 (= 1 Ch 17:19) Je 3:15; תַּעֲלֻמוֹת לֵב secrets of the heart ψ 44:22; לֵב מְלָכִים אֵין חֵקֶר the heart of kings is unsearchable Pr 25:3; הַיֹּצֵר יַחַד לִבָּם ψ 33:15 etc. 3. specific reference to mind: a. †מִלֵּב of one’s own mind Nu 16:28; 24:13 (JE) 1 K 12:33; Ne 6:8; Ez 13:2, 17; †חֲסַר לֵב destitute of mind Pr 6:32; 7:7; 9:4, 16; 10:13, 21; 11:12; 12:11; 15:21; 17:18; 24:30; לִבּוֹ חָסֵר Ec 10:3; אֵין לֵב Je 5:21 Ho 7:11; לב אין Pr 17:16; קנה לב get a mind Pr 15:32; 19:8; כֹּחַ לב power of mind Jb 36:5; רֹחַב לב breadth of mind 1 K 5:9, גנב לב 2 S 15:6; Gn 31:20 (E? see לבב 3 a). b. knowledge, c. †ידע Dt 29:3; Pr 14:10; 22:17; Ec 1:17; 7:22, 25; 8:5, 16; Je 24:7; ראה ψ 66:18 Ec 1:16; חָכַם לב mind is wise Pr 23:15; †לֵב חָכָם wise mind 1 K 3:12; Pr 16:23; Ec 8:5; †חֲכַם לֵב Ex 31:6; 35:10; 36:1, 2, 8 (P) Pr 10:8; 11:29; 16:21; †חַכְמֵי לֵב Ex 28:3 (P) Jb 37:24; †חכמת לב Ex 35:25, 35 (P); לב חכמים Ec 7:4; 10:2; לב כסילים Pr 12:23; 15:7 Ec 7:4; 10:2; c. חכמה Ex 36:2 (P) 1 K 10:24 (= 2 Ch 9:23) Pr 2:10; 17:16; Ec 2:3; †לֵב נָבוֹן intelligent mind Pr 14:33; 15:14; 18:15; with הבין Pr 8:5; תְּבוּנָה Pr 2:2; שָׂ֑כֶל Jb 17:4 etc. c. thinking, reflection, c. חשׁב ψ 140:3 Pr 16:9; מחשׁבות Gn 6:5 (J) ψ 33:11 Pr 6:18; 19:21 cf. Gn 8:21 (J); הגה muse, study Pr 15:28; 24:2; Is 33:18; 59:13; הגיון ψ 19:15; הָגוּת ψ 49:4; †שׂם לב set the mind, consider Is 41:22; Ez 44:5, c. לְ 1 S 9:20; Ez 40:4; 44:5; אֶל Ex 9:21 (J) 1 S 25:25; 2 S 18:3(×2) Jb 2:3; 34:14; עַל Jb 1:8; † שׁת לב ψ 62:10; Pr 22:17; 24:32, c. לְּ Ex 7:23 (JE) 1 S 4:20; 2 S 13:20; ψ 48:14; Pr 27:23; Je 31:21 אֶל Jb 7:17. d. memory †השׁיב אל לב call to mind Is 44:19; La 3:21; על לב Is 46:8; †עלה על לב come into mind (occur to one) Is 65:17; Je 3:16; 7:31; 19:5; 32:35 (cf. Acts 7:23), so בא על לב 2 Ch 7:11; †שׂם על לב lay to heart Is 42:25; 47:7; 57:1, 11; Je 12:11 Mal 2:2(×2) Dn 1:8; אל לב 2 S 13:33; 19:20 כתב על לב Je 31:33; קשׁר על לב Pr 6:21; † לוּחַ לֵב tablet of the memory Pr 3:3; 7:3 Je 17:1; נִשְׁכַּחְתִּי כְּמֵת מִלֵּב I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind ψ 31:13. 4. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will; †הכין לב set the mind 2 Ch 12:14 ψ 10:17; 78:8; Jb 11:13; †נכון לב ψ 57:8(×2) (= 108:2) 78:37; 112:7; †נתן לב לְ Ec 1:13, 17; 7:21; 8:9, 16; Pr 23:26 Dn 10:12; † נתן אל לב Ec 7:2; 9:1; Ne 2:12; 7:5 differ from Ec 7:2; 9:1 (the ‘heart’ here not being the subject’s). בלב Ex 35:34 (P) Ezr 7:27 Ec 3:11; †אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂאוֹ לִבּוֹ whose heart stirred him up Ex 35:21; 36:2 cf. 35:26 (all P); †נְדִיב לֵב willing of mind Ex 35:5, 22 (P) 2 Ch 29:31 cf. Ex 25:2; 35:29 (P): †אחרי נטה לב inclined to follow Ju 9:3 ψ 119:112; Pr 2:2; †הטה לב 1 K 11:3 ψ 119:36; 141:4 cf. 2 S 15:13:—גְּדֹלִים חִקְקֵי־לֵב great resolves of heart Ju 5:15 etc. 5. spec. ref. to conscience, וַיַּךְ לֵב דָּוִד אֹתוֹ and David’s heart (conscience) smote him 1 S 24:6; מִכְשׁוֹל לֵב offence of conscience 1 S 25:31; cf. Ec 7:22. 6. spec. ref. to moral character, God tries the heart ψ 17:3 Je 12:3; sees the heart and reins Je 20:12, tries them ψ 7:10 Je 11:20, refines them ψ 26:2; searches the heart and tries the reins Je 17:10. a. ישֶׁר־לִבִּי Jb 33:3; †יִשְׁרֵי לֵב ψ 7:11; 11:2; 32:11; 36:11; 64:11 (all c. דָּוִד in title), 94:15; 97:11; †לֵב שָׁלֵם 1 Ch 28:9; 29:9 Is 38:3 (all originally לבב, see לבב 6 a); נִשְׁבְּרֵי־לֵב broken of heart ψ 34:19 Is 61:1; לֵב־נִשְׁבָּר ψ 51:19; שְׁבוּרֵי לֵב ψ 147:3; לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Is 57:15; לֵב טָהוֹר clean heart ψ 51:12; †לֵב חָדָשׁ new heart Ez 18:31; 36:26 (prob. also 11:19 for אֶהָד see Co) etc. b. לֵב רָע evil heart Pr 26:23; חַנְפֵי־לֵב godless in heart Jb 36:13; עקּשׁ(י) לב perverse in heart Pr 11:20; 17:20; †תַּרְמִת לִבָּם deceit of their heart Je 14:14; 23:26; בלב ולב with a double heart ψ 12:3 etc. c. seat of pride Pr 21:4; Je 48:29; 49:16; Ho 13:6; Ob 3 גְּבַהּ־לֵב Pr 16:5; גֹּבַהּ לב 2 Ch 32:26; †גָּבַהּ לֵב 2 Ch 17:6; 26:16; 32:25 ψ 131:1; Pr 18:12; Ez 28:2, 17. d. the heart is uncircumcised Je 9:25 Ez 44:7, 9 and hardened: † חזּק לב Ex 4:21; 10:20, 27 (E), 9:12; 11:10; 14:4, 8, 17 (P), Jos 11:20 (D2 ?); †יֶהֱזַק לֵב Ex 7:13, 22; 8:15; 9:35 (P); חִזְּקֵי־לֵב Ez 2:4; † הקשׁה לב Ex 7:3 (P) Pr 28:14; קְשֵׁי־לֵב Ez 3:7; הכביד לב Ex 8:11, 28; 9:34; 10:1 (J); כָּבֵד לב Ex 7:14; 9:7 (J); כּבּד לב 1 S 6:6; הַשְׁמֵן לֵב־הָעָם הַזֶה make the heart of this people fat Is 6:10 (?); † שְׁרִ(י)רוּת לֵב Dt 29:18 ψ 81:13 after Je 3:17; 7:24; 9:13; 11:8; 13:10; 16:12; 18:12; 23:17; †לב האבן the heart of stone Ez 11:19; 36:26 etc. 7. for the man himself, † אמר בלב Gn 17:17 (P), 27:41 (JE), 1 K 12:26 Est 6:6 ψ 10:6, 11, 13; 14:1 (= 53:2) 35:25; 74:8; Ec 2:1, 15; 3:17, 18; Is 47:10; Ob 3; Zc 12:5; אֶל־לב Gn 8:21 (J) 1 S 27:1; † דבּר בלב Ec 2:15; אֶל־לב Gn 24:45 (J); עַל לב 1 S 1:13 (?); עִם לב Ec 1:16; נְאֻם־פֶּשַׁע לָרָשָׁע בְּקֶרֶב לִבִּי ψ 36:2. 8. as seat of appetites, סְעַד לב stay the heart (with bread) Gn 18:5 (J) Ju 19:5 ψ 104:15. 9. as seat of the emotions and passions: a. of joy and gladness, in various combinations of †טוב, Ju 16:25; 18:20; 19:6, 22; Ru 3:7; 1 S 25:36; 2 S 13:28;1 K 8:66 (= 2 Ch 7:10) 21:7; Est 1:10; 5:9; Pr 15:15 Ec 7:3; 9:7; 11:9; Is 65:14; various combinations of † שׂמח, Ex 4:14 (J) 1 Ch 16:10 (= ψ 105:3) ψ 4:8; 16:9; 19:9; 33:21; Pr 15:13, 30; 17:22; 27:9, 11 Ec 2:10(×2); 5:19; Ct 3:11; Is 24:7; Zc 10:7; שׂושׂ ψ 119:111; Is 66:14; La 5:15; עלץ 1 S 2:1; עלז ψ 28:7 Zp 3:14; רנן Jb 29:13; גיל ψ 13:6 Pr 24:17 Zc 10:7; of desire, ψ 21:3; 37:4; † דבּר עַל לֵב speak unto the heart (kindly) Gn 34:3; 50:21 (JE) Ju 19:3; 2 S 19:8; 2 Ch 30:22; Is 40:2; Ho 2:16; Ru 2:13. b. of trouble 2 K 6:11; Is 65:14, sorrow Ne 2:2; Pr 14:13, pain ψ 55:5, vexation Ec 11:10, trembling Dt 28:65 (?) 1 S 28:5, faintness La 5:17; it is wounded ψ 109:22, dies within one out of fear 1 S 25:37 etc.; † לב נמס the heart melteth (in fear) 2 S 17:10 ψ 22:15 Ez 21:12; Na 2:11. †10. seat of courage: יַאֲמֵץ לִבֶּ֑ךָ let thine heart take courage ψ 27:14; אַמִּיץ לִבּוֹ Am 2:16; אַבִּירֵי לֵב stout-hearted ψ 76:6; Is 46:12; לִבּוֹ יָצוּק כְּמוֹ־אֶבֶן his heart as firm as a stone Jb 41:16; לִבּוֹ כְּלֵב הָאַרְיֵה his heart as the heart of the lion 2 S 17:10; cf. אֶת־לִבּוֹ מָצָא 2 S 7:27, מְלָאוֹ לִבּוֹ לְ׳ Est 7:5 (cf. Ec 8:11).

† לֵבָב251 † לֵבָב251 n.m. ψ 104:15 inner man, mind, will, heart;—abs. ל׳ Dt 28:28 + 31 times; cstr. לְבַב Dt 20:8 + 22 times; sf. לְבָבִי Is 21:4 + 24 times; לְבָֽבְךָ Dt 4:29 + 35 times; לְבָבֶ֑ךָ Dt 4:39 + 21 times; לְבָבֵךְ 1 S 1:8 + 3 times; לְבָבוֹ Dt 2:30 + 37 times; לְבָבָהּ Zp 2:15 + 3 times; לְבָבֵנוּ Dt 1:28 + 3 times; לְּבַבְכֶם Dt 10:16 + 37 times; לְּבָבָם Lv 26:41 + 22 times; pl. c.sf. לִבְבֵהֶן Na 2:8 (Sta§ 353 a לְבַבְהֶן, but see Kö ii. 78); pl. לְבָבוֹת 1 Ch 28:9.—The inner, middle, or central part: I. seldom of things בִּלְבַב יַמִּים in the midst of the seas, Jon 2:3 (poetry); עד לבב השׁמים unto the midst of heaven Dt 4:11 (so Sam but MT לב). II. usually of men: 1. the inner man in contrast with the outer, כלה שׁארי ולבבי my flesh and my heart (soul) doth fail ψ 73:26; antithesis with garments Jo 2:13; hands ψ 73:13 La 3:41 (?); eyes Nu 15:39 (H) 1 S 16:7; ears Ez 3:10; mouth Dt 30:14; speech ψ 28:3; 78:18; מְתֹפֲפֹת עַל־לִבְבֵהֶן tabering upon their breasts Na 2:7 (inner for outer). 2. the inner man, indef. the soul, comprehending mind, affections and will, or, in connexion with certain verbs, having more specific reference to some one of them. בכל־לבב ובכל־נפשׁ with all the heart and with all the soul Dt 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 11:13; 13:4; 26:16; 30:2, 6, 10 Jos 22:5; 23:14; 1 K 2:4; 8:48 (= 2 Ch 6:38 לב?) 2 K 23:25; 2 Ch 15:12; 34:31 (= 2 K 23:3 לב?) Je 32:41; abbr. בכל־לבב 1 S 7:3; 12:20, 24 1 K 14:8; 2 K 10:31; 2 Ch 15:15; 22:9; 31:21 ψ 86:12; 111:1; Je 29:13; Jo 2:12; אשׁר בלבב what is in the heart (mind) Dt 8:2 1 S 9:19; 14:7; 2 S 7:3 (= 1 Ch 17:2) 2 K 10:30; 2 Ch 32:31; cf. Jb 10:13, ψ 84:6 (?); עם לבב with the heart (mind), c. ידע Dt 8:5, שִׂיחַ ψ 77:7, usually c. (היה), of a thought or purpose, Dt 15:9; Jos 14:7; 1 K 8:17, 18(×2) (= 2 Ch 6:7, 8(×2)) 10:2 (= 2 Ch 9:1) 1 Ch 22:7; 28:2; 2 Ch 1:11; 29:10 (cf. 24:4 לב); כלבב according to the heart 1 S 13:14; 14:7 ψ 20:5. We may add Dt 5:26; 11:16, 18; 17:17; 1 S 2:35; 2 S 19:15; 1 K 8:39(��2) (= 2 Ch 6:30(×2)) 11:2, 3 (לב an error) v 4, 9; 1 Ch 12:17; 22:19; 28:9 ψ 62:9; 86:11; 139:23; Is 7:2; Dn 11:27, 28. 3. specific ref. to mind (characteristic of לבב): a. אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב men of mind Jb 34:10, 34; גם לי לבב I also have a mind Jb 12:3; הוֹלֵלוֹת בִּל׳ madness is in (their) mind Ec 9:3 (?); וַתִּגְנֹב לְבָבִי and thou didst steal my mind Gn 31:26 (E, the לֵב of v 20 should be corrected to לבב cf. ‘steal me’ v 27). b. knowledge, c. ידע Dt 8:5; Jos 23:14; 1 K 2:44; הבין Is 6:10; 32:4; חֲכַם לֵבָב wise of mind Jb 9:4; לְבַב חָכְמָה mind of wisdom ψ 90:12. c. thinking, reflection, c. חשׁב Is 10:7; Zc 7:10; 8:17; (שׂיח ψ 77:7 supr.); יצר מחשׁבות ל׳ conception of thoughts of mind 1 Ch 29:18; מַשְׂכִּיּוֹת ל׳ imaginations of (their) mind ψ 73:7; מוֹרָשֵׁי ל׳ possessions (thoughts) of (my) mind Jb 17:11; שׂם לבב set the mind, consider Hg 2:15, 18(×2), c. לְ Dt 32:46, על Hg 1:5, 7. d. of memory שׂם בלבב lay up in the mind 1 S 21:13 Jb 22:22; השׁיב אל ל׳ lay to heart, call to mind Dt 4:39; 30:1; 2 Ch 6:37 (= 1 K 8:47 לב?); עלה על ל׳ come upon the mind Je 51:50; Ez 38:10 (cf. לֵב 3 d); סוּר מל׳ depart from the mind Dt 4:9; שׁמר בתוך ל׳ keep in the midst of (thy) mind Pr 4:21; על ל׳ upon the mind Dt 6:6. 4. spec. ref. to inclinations, resolutions, determinations of the will (characteristic of ל׳): הכין ל׳ set the mind, c. אֶל 1 S 7:3; 1 Ch 29:18, לְ 2 Ch 20:33 לדרשׁ 2 Ch 19:3; 30:19; Ezr 7:10; הטה ל׳ אֶל Jos 24:23 (E) 1 K 8:58; נתן ל׳ לדרשׁ 1 Ch 22:19, cf. 2 Ch 11:16; ל׳ פנה מעם mind turn away from Dt 29:17; 30:17; יֵהָפֵךְ ל׳ פ׳ Pharaoh’s mind was changed Ex 14:5 (E). 5. spec. ref. to conscience לא יחרף לבבי my heart (conscience) shall not reproach me Jb 27:6. 6. spec. ref. to moral character (characteristic of ל׳): God tries the ל׳ 1 Ch 29:17: a. יֹשֶׁר ל׳ uprightness of heart Dt 9:5 1 Ch 29:17, ψ 119:7 (?); יִשְׁרֵי ל׳ 2 Ch 29:34; יִשְׁרַת ל׳ 1 K 3:6; ל׳ יָשָׁר 2 K 10:15(×3); תָּם־ל׳ integrity of heart Gn 20:5, 6 (E) 1 K 9:4 ψ 78:72; 101:2; (עִם) ל׳ שָׁלֵם heart perfect (with) 1 K 8:61; 11:4; 15:3, 14 (= 2 Ch 15:17) 2 K 20:3 (= Is 38:3 לֵב?) 1 Ch 12:39; 29:19; 2 Ch 16:9; 19:9; 25:2; בַּר־ל׳ pure in heart ψ 24:4; בָּרֵי ל׳ ψ 73:1. We may add 2 K 22:19 = 2 Ch 34:27, Ne 9:8; Je 32:40. b. it is the seat of naughtiness 1 S 17:28 (?), erring ψ 95:10; is froward ψ 101:4. c. seat of pride, ψ 101:5; Is 9:8; 10:12, 60:5 (?) Ez 28:5, 6(?) Dn 8:25; רָם ל׳ heart is lifted up Dt 8:14; 17:20; Ez 31:10; Dn 11:12. d. is circumcised Dt 10:16; 30:6; Je 4:4, or uncircumcised Lv 26:41 (H); is hardened אמּץ ל׳ Dt 2:30; 15:7; 2 Ch 36:13; כבּד ל׳ 1 S 6:6 (?); הקשׁה ל׳ ψ 95:8. 7. = the man himself (meaning characteristic of נֶפֶשׁ) אמר בל׳ say in the heart (to oneself) Dt 7:17; 8:17; 9:4; 18:21 ψ 4:5 Is 14:3; 47:8; 49:21; Je 5:24; 13:22; Zp 1:12; 2:15; ללבב Ho 7:2 (?); דבר בל׳ ψ 15:2; ברכו בל׳ Jb 1:5; התברך בל׳ Dt 29:18 יְחִי לְבַבְכֶם let your heart (you yourselves) live ψ 22:27; 69:33 (cf. 119:175). 8. spec. as the seat of the appetites (for which usually נֶפֶשׁ) סעד ל׳ stay the heart (with food) ψ 104:15 Ju 19:8 (?); יִיטַב לְבָבֶ֑ךָ that thine heart may be merry (with wine) Ju 19:9 (?); יַיִן יְשַׂמַּח ל׳ wine gladdens the heart ψ 104:15. 9. spec. of seat of the emotions and passions (for which usually נפשׁ): a. of joy Is 30:29; Je 15:16; Ez 36:5, gladness Dt 28:47, desire Pr 6:25 (?); דבּר על ל׳ speak into the heart (comfortably) 2 Ch 32:6 (elsewhere לֵב) b. of trouble 1 K 8:38 ψ 25:17; 73:21; weakness, faintness Lv 26:36 (H) Dt 20:3, 8(×2) 2 Ch 13:7 Is 1:5; 7:4 Je 51:46, grief Dt 15:10; 1 S 1:8, sorrow ψ 13:3, fear Dt 28:67, dismay Is 21:4, astonishment Dt 28:28, anger 19:6, hate Lv 19:17 (H); ימּס ל׳ the heart melteth Dt 20:8 Jos 2:11; 5:1; 7:5 (all D) Is 13:7; 19:1; המס ל׳ Dt 1:28 (so read prob. also Jos 14:8, where לֵב error). 10. seat of courage (for which usually רוּחַ), יָעֵר כֹּחוֹ וּלְבָבוֹ stir up his power and his courage Dn 11:25; יַאֲמֵץ לְבַבְכֶם let your heart take courage ψ 31:25.

καρδί-α, ἡ, Ionic dialect καρδίη, Epic dialect κρᾰδίη (καρδίη in Refs 8th c.BC+ only in καρδίῃ ἄλληκτον πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+ always in Trag., except in some dact. and anapaest meter verses, Refs 5th c.BC+; Aeolic dialect κάρζα Refs (but καρδία Refs 7th c.BC+ κορζία (Paph.), Refs 5th c.AD+:—heart, ἐν δέ τέ οἱ κραδίη μεγάλα στέρνοισι πατάσσει Refs 8th c.BC+; πηδᾷ ἡ κ. Refs 5th c.BC+: especially as the seat of feeling and passion, as rage or anger, οἰδάνεται κραδίη Χόλῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; καρδίης πλέως full of heart, Refs 7th c.BC+; of fear or courage, κυνὸς ὄμματ᾽ ἔχων, κραδίην δ᾽ ἐλάφοιο Refs 8th c.BC+; [σφηκῶν] κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἔχοντες Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν νέον τίνα οἴει κ. ἴσχει; what do you think are his feelings? Refs 5th c.BC+; of sorrow or joy, ἐν κραδίῃ μέγα πένθος ἄεξε Refs 8th c.BC+; κελαινόχρως.. πάλλεταί μου κ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of love, Sapph.[same place], etc.; ἐκ τῆς κ. φιλεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; φιλέειν ἀπὸ κ. Refs 3rd c.BC+. to speak freely, Refs 5th c.BC+; λαλῆσαι ἐπὶ καρδίαν τινός speak kindly to.., LXX __2 inclination, desire, purpose, ἔμ᾽ ὀτρύνει κραδίη καὶ θυμός Refs 8th c.BC+; πρόφρων κ. ἐν πάντεσσι πόνοισιRefs 5th c.BC+ __3 mind, ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες Refs 8th c.BC+, compare 7.2; διαλογισμοὶ ἀναβαίνουσι ἐν τῇ κ. NT __II cardiac orifice of the stomach, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III heart in wood, pith, Refs 4th c.BC+; ={ἐντεριώνη},Refs __IV metaphorically, κ. θαλάσσης depths of the sea, LXX __V Κ. Λέοντος, name of the star Refs 5th c.BC+ [kcirc]ṛd-, cf. Latin cor(d)-, Lithuanian širdis 'heart', etc.)

ψῡχ-ή, ἡ, life, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε Refs 8th c.BC+; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, Refs 8th c.BC+; λίσσου᾽ ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life,Refs 5th c.BC+ to save their life, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, NT+7th c.BC+; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώςRefs 5th c.BC+; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of NT+5th c.BC+; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ... ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, Refs 3rd c.BC+ —the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is probably falsa lectio in LXX+4th c.BC+; of life in animals, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) LXX+5th c.BC+; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστινLXX __2 metaphorically of things dear as life, χρήματα γὰρ ψ... βροτοῖσι Refs 8th c.BC+; so as an endearing name, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II in Refs 8th c.BC+, departed spirit, ghost (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας.. ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν Refs 8th c.BC+; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον Refs 8th c.BC+; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opposed to αὐτούς,Refs 8th c.BC+; sometimes hardly distinct from significationRefs; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. Refs; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ Refs 5th c.BC+; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαιRefs 5th c.BC+; ψ. σοφαί, perhaps 'wise ghosts', Refs 5th c.BC+ __III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων.. ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν Refs 5th c.BC+; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί Refs 5th c.BC+: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! LXX; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, “ψυχή, ἔχεις πολλὰ ἀγαθά” NT; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, ={Ὀρέστης}, Refs 5th c.BC+ his wits, Refs; so ψυχαί absolutely, ={ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα} Refs 4th c.BC+; ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, NT+5th c.BC+; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, NT+4th c.BC+: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, LXX __IV.2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν) enduring heart, Refs 5th c.BC+ poor-spirited, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.3 of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι Refs 5th c.BC+; τίν᾽ οἴεσθ᾽ αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδ; how will she feel? Refs 4th c.BC+; μία ψ., proverbial of friends, Refs 4th c.BC+; ψ. μία ἤστην probably in Refs 2nd c.AD+; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.4 of the moral and intellectual self, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν.. διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV.5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, Refs 5th c.BC+; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV.6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν Refs 5th c.BC+; also of the spirit of an author, Refs 1st c.BC+ __V Philosophical uses: __V.1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (i.e. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ Refs 4th c.BC+; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (i.e. πῦρ) Refs 6th c.BC+; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] Refs 5th c.BC+; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (i.e. ψυχὴν) εἶναιRefs __V.2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναιRefs 3rd c.BC+; ψ. [κόσμου] Refs 1st c.AD+; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by Refs 5th c.BC+ __V.3 In Refs 5th c.BC+ the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ Refs 5th c.BC+; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην Refs 4th c.BC+; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν Refs 5th c.BC+; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and Refs 3rd c.BC+; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ᾽ ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν Refs 4th c.BC+; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα Refs 3rd c.AD+; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] Refs; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. Refs; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς Refs 5th c.AD+ __VI butterfly or moth, Refs 4th c.BC+ __VI.2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, Refs 8th c.BC+ 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. Refs 8th c.BC+ means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε Refs 8th c.BC+ means 'she gasped out her spirit', i.e. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, see at {ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο}: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath,Refs 8th c.BC+ escapes through a wound; compare ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and Refs 5th c.BC+

νόος, νόου, ὁ, Attic dialect contraction νοῦς, genitive νοῦ: Refs 8th c.BC+ uses the contraction form once, in nominative, Refs 8th c.BC+: Trag. use contraction form, except in Refs 5th c.BC+: Aeolic dialect genitive νῶ Refs 7th c.BC+: irregular forms are found in “NT” and later writers, genitive νοός LXX+NT+1st c.AD+, is rare in early writers, as Refs 5th c.BC+ __1 mind, as employed in perceiving and thinking, sense, wit, οὐ λῆθε Διὸς πυκινὸν ν. Refs 8th c.BC+; νόῳ prudently, Refs 8th c.BC+; παρὲκ νόον senselessly, Refs 8th c.BC+; σὺν νόῳ wisely, Refs 5th c.BC+; ξὺν νῷ with play on ξυνῷ, Refs 5th c.BC+; νόῳ λαβεῖν τι to apprehend it, Refs 5th c.BC+; νόῳ σχεῖν, ἔχειν, recall, remember, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀγαθὸς ν., σπουδαῖος ν., Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 νοῦν ἔχειν in two senses, __2.a to have sense, be sensible, Refs 5th c.BC+; so ν. ὀλίγον κεκτημένος Refs 5th c.BC+; compare νουνεχόντως. __2.b νοῦν or τὸν ν. ἔχειν to have one's mind directed to something, ἄλλοσ᾽ ὄμμα, θητέρᾳ δὲ ν. ἔχειν Refs 7th c.BC+; ποῦ τὸν ν. ἔχει; Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν ν. ἔχειν πρός τινα or τι (like προσέχειν τὸν ν.) Refs 5th c.BC+ to occur to one, Refs 1st c.BC+ __3 mind, more widely, as employed in feeling, deciding, etc., heart, χαῖρε νόῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; ν. ἔμπεδος, ἀκήλητος, ἀπηνής,Refs 8th c.BC+; ν. εὐμενής, ἄγναμπτος, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐκ παντὸς νόου with all his heart and soul, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷ νῷ.. κἀπὸ τῆς γλώσσης in heart as well as tongue, Refs 5th c.BC+ according to one's mind, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 mind, resolve, purpose, ἀγαθῷ νόῳ, i.e. kindly, Refs 5th c.BC+; τί σοι ἐν νόῳ ἐστὶ ποιέει; what do you intend to do? Refs; ἡμῖν ἐν ν. ἐγένετο εἰπεῖν Refs; ἐν ν. ἔχειν with future infinitive, to intend.., Refs: with present infinitive,Refs 5th c.BC+; ποιέειν τι ἐπὶ νόον τινί to put into his mind to do.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ νόον τρέπειν τινί.. Refs __5 reason, intellect, νόου φρενί Refs 6th c.BC+; opposed to δόξα, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5.b “Mind” as the active principle of the Universe, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II act of mind, thought, ἡμῖν δ᾽ οὔ τις τοῦδε νόος καὶ μῆτις ἀμείνων Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 purpose, design, νόον τελεῖν τινι Refs 8th c.BC+ __III sense, meaning of a word, etc., οὗτος ὁ νόος τοῦ ῥήματος Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ νόος τῆς θυσίης conjecture for νόμος in Refs 5th c.BC+; meaning of a work of art, Refs 1st c.AD+; πρὸς τὸν αὐτὸν νοῦν to the same effect, Refs 1st c.BC+; πρὸς νοῦν οὐδὲν λέγοντες to the point, Refs 1st c.BC+senseless, Refs __IV Refs 4th c.BC+

שֵׂ֫כֶל, שֶׂ֫כֶל n.m. prudence, insight;—שֵׂ֫׳ abs. ψ 111:10 +, cstr. Pr 19:11 +; שֶׂ׳ abs. 1 S 25:3 +; שָׂ֑כֶל Jb 17:4; sf. שִׂכְלוֹ Pr 12:8; Dn 8:25;— 1. prudence, good sense: טוֹבַת שׂ׳ woman of good sense 1 S 25:3. 2. insight, understanding: ‖ בִינָה 1 Ch 22:12; 2 Ch 2:11, cf. Jb 17:4; שׂ׳ טוֹב Pr 3:4; 13:15 ψ 111:10; 2 Ch 30:22; אִישׁ שׂ׳ Ezr 8:18; יוֹעֵץ בְּשׂ׳ 1 Ch 26:14; מְקוֹר חַיִּים שׂ׳ בְּעָלָיו Pr 16:22; restrains from anger 19:11, wins praise 12:8, fool despises שׂ׳ מִלִּים 23:9; שׂוֹם שׂ׳ Ne 8:8 (‖ הֵבִין) set forth (the) understanding (i.e. the meaning). 3. bad sense, cunning, craft, Dn 8:25.

διάνοιᾰ, ἡ, Aeolic dialect διανοιΐα Refs 7th c.BC+, poetry also διανοίᾱ accusative to Refs:— thought, i.e. intention, purpose, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῇ διανοίᾳ in the spirit of his action, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐξ ὅλης τῆς δ. with all one's heart, NT+2nd c.AD+ __2 thought, notion, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II process of thinking, thought, ὁ ἐντὸς τῆς ψυχῆς πρὸς αὑτὴν διάλογος.. ἐπωνομάσθη δ. Refs 5th c.BC+; especially discursive thought, opposed to νόησις, Refs 5th c.AD+ __III thinking faculty, intelligence, understanding, ὡς μεταξύ τι δόξης τε καὶ νοῦ τὴν δ. οὖσαν Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to σῶμα, LXX+4th c.BC+ __IV thought expressed, meaning of a word or passage, Refs 5th c.BC+; so δ., opposed to ῥητόν, spirit, opposed to letter, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __V intellectual capacity revealed in speech or action by the characters in drama, Refs 4th c.BC+

† לְבַב n.m. Dn 4:13 heart (v. BH; so Egyptian Aramaic S-CB 12 + );—cstr. ל׳ Dn 4:13; 7:4; sf. לִבְבָךְ 2:30; 5:22, -בֵהּ 4:13; 5:20, 21.

† [לִבָּה] sf. לִבָּתֵךְ Assyrian libbātu anger in לִבָּתֵךְ אֲמֻלָה אִמָּלֵא ל׳ ‘I am filled with anger against thee’ Baneth OLZ xxii 58 Ez 16:30.

νήφω, Doric dialect νάφω (see. infr. II), used by early writers only in present, mostly in participle: later imperfect ἔνηφον Refs 6th c.AD+aorist ἔνηψα NT+5th c.BC+:—to be sober, drink no wine, οὔτε τι γὰρ ν. οὔτε λίην μεθύω Refs 7th c.BC+participle νήφων as adjective, ={νηφάλιος}, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ τοὺς μεθύοντας... πλείω ζημίαν ἀποτίνειν τῶν ν. Legal Pittaciap. Refs 5th c.BC+; ν. θεός, i.e. water, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, to be self-controlled, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be sober and wary, νᾶφε καὶ μέμνασ᾽ ἀπιστεῖν NT+5th c.BC+; νήψατε εἰς προσευχάς NT+1st c.AD+; καρδίῃ νήφοντος poetical cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 ν. ἐκ κακοῦ recover oneself from.., Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἐγερθέντων καὶ νηψάντων ἀπὸ τῆς πτώσεως Procl.[same place]

σωφρον-έω, poetry σᾰοφ- Refs 2nd c.AD+:— to be sound of mind, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 to be temperate, moderate, show self-control, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ σωφρονεῖν, ={σωφροσύνη}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐς Ἀφροδίτην σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of soldiers, σ. καὶ εὐτακτεῖνRefs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ὑπερφρονέω, NT: with a participle, πέμποντες σωφρονοῖμεν ἄν Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 come to one's senses, learn moderation, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ σωφρονήσει; Refs 5th c.BC+; σεσωφρονηκώς when he had recovered his senses, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 passive, τὰ σεσωφρονημένα ἐν τῷ βίῳ μοι things I had done with discretion, Refs 4th c.BC+

ψῡχι-κός, ή, όν, of the soul or life, spiritual, opposed to σωματικός, ἡδοναί Refs 4th c.BC+; πνεῦμα ψ. the spirit, or breath of life, Refs 1st c.AD+; νόσος Refs adverb -κῶςRefs 1st c.AD+; opposed to σωματικῶς, νοερῶς, Refs 5th c.AD+; also, heartily, from the heart, LXX __2 of the animal life, animal, ὁ ψ. ἄνθρωπος the natural man, opposed to ὁ πνευματικός, NT+9th c.AD+ __3 brave, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II for the soul or spirit of one deceased, ψ. δῶρα διδούς, i.e. to Hermes, Refs __III cooling, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† מַדָּע n.m. 2 Ch 1:12 knowledge, thought (late); מַדָּע 2 Ch 1:10 + 4 times; מַדָּֽעֲךָ Ec 10:20;— 1. knowledge (‖ חָכְמָה) of Solomon, 2 Ch 1:10, 11, 12 Dn 1:4 (‖ חָכְמָה and דַּעַת), v 7 (‖ הַשְׂכֵּל). 2. place of knowledge, mind, (in our idiom also) thought Ec 10:20.

νηφᾰλ-έος, α, ον, ={νηφάλιος}, Hdn.Gr. 2.908, +others; ={σώφρων}, Refs 8th c.BC+ adverb -έως sanely, ξυντελέσαι δόμον Refs 2nd c.AD+

σκληρο-καρδία, ἡ, hardness of heart, LXX+NT

σωφροσύνη [ῠ], Doric dialect σωφροσ-ύνα, Epic dialect and poetry σᾰοφροσύνη (as in Refs 8th c.BC+ and in later poetry, Refs, ἡ, soundness of mind, prudence, discretion, Refs 8th c.BC+; the common form first in Refs 6th c.BC+; sanity, opposed to μανία, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 moderation in sensual desires, selfcontrol, temperance, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. τὸ περὶ τὰς γυναῖκας (i.e. ἔργον) NT+5th c.BC+ __3 in a political sense, a moderate form of government, Refs 5th c.BC+

† I. [לבב] vb. denom. Niph. Impf. יִלָּבֵב get a mind; וְאִישׁ נָבוּב יִלָּבֵב וְעַיִר פֶּרֶא אָדָם יִוָּלֵד shall an empty man get a mind or a wild ass’s colt be born a man? Jb 11:12. Pi. encourage; Pf. לִבַּבְתִּנִי … לִבַּבְתִּנִי בְּאַחַד֯ מֵעֵינַיִךְ Ct 4:9(×2) thou hast encouraged me, thou hast encouraged me with one of thine eyes Ew Gi Gr RVm (AV RV Ges Hi De Öt (cf. 5:6) ravished my heart,—Pi. priv. Ges§ 52 h).

ἐγκρατ-εύομαι, exercise self-control, NT+4th c.BC+; force oneself to do a thing, LXX; starve oneself, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II to be a member of the Encratite sect, Anatolian Studies Refs

καρδῐο-γνώστης, ου, ὁ, knower of hearts, NT

φρήν, ἡ, genitive φρενός, plural φρένες, genitive φρενῶν, dative φρεσί: older dative plural φρασί (ν) Refs 6th c.BC+: __I midriff, κραδία φρένα λακτίζει Refs 4th c.BC+; elsewhere always in plural, ἔνθα φρένες ἔρχαται ἀμφ᾽ ἁδινὸν κῆρ Refs 8th c.BC+; τὰς φρένας διάφραγμα εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτῶν (i.e. τοῦ θώρακος καὶ τοῦ κύτους) τιθέντες Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.2 heart, as seat of the passions, e.g. of fear, τρομέοντο δέ οἱ φρένες ἐντός Refs 8th c.BC+; of joy and grief, φρένα τέρπεσθαι φόρμιγγι Refs; of anger, Refs 8th c.BC+; of courage, ἕνα φρεσὶ θυμὸν ἔχοντες Refs 8th c.BC+, etc.; of bodily appetites, such as hunger, etc., Refs: the shades of the dead are without it, ψυχὴ καὶ εἴδωλον, ἀτὰρ φρένες οὐκ ἔνι πάμπαν Refs (except the shade of Teiresias, Refs 8th c.BC+: so generally in Poets, φρενὸς ἔνδοθεν ἄλγεα κεῖται Refs 6th c.BC+; ἐκ φρενός from one's very heart, ὁ ἐκ φρενὸς λόγος a sincere speech, Refs; οὐκ ἀπ᾽ ἄκρας φρενός not superficially and carelessly, Refs; φῦσαι φρένας to produce a haughty spirit, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 mind, as seat of the mental faculties, perception, thought, ἔγνω ᾗσιν ἐνὶ φ. Refs 8th c.BC+; μετὰ φρεσὶ μερμηρίξαι, βάλλεσθαι, Refs 8th c.BC+; τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσί θῆκε put in his mind, suggested it,Refs; ἐπιγνάμπτει φρένας (variant for{νόον}) ἐσθλῶν Refs; ἀνὴρ φρένας ἀφνειός rich (only) in his imagination, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀρθᾷ, ἐλευθέρᾳ φρενί, Refs 8th c.BC+: plural, wits, Κύκλωπα περὶ φρένας ἤλυθε οἶνος Refs 8th c.BC+: of losing one's wits, φρενῶν ἀφεστάναι, ἐκστῆναι, μεθεστάναι, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔξεδροι, παράκοποι, Refs 5th c.BC+; of persons in their senses, ἐπήβολος φρενῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ (so in later Prose, οἱ φρένας ἔχοντες Refs 5th c.BC+; φρένες, opposed to σῶμα, Refs 5th c.BC+; attributed to animals, μετὰ φρεσὶ γίγνεται ἀλκή Refs 8th c.BC+—The word is not common in early Prose, τίς αὐτῶν νόος ἢ φρή; Refs 1st c.AD+; συμφορὰ τῶν φ., i.e. madness, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.4 will, purpose, οὔ τι Διὸς βέομαι φρεσίν Refs 8th c.BC+.—In usage there is little or no distinction observable between singular and plural, but the singular is not found in Prose (except Refs 5th c.BC+

ἀνανήφω, become sober again, come to one's senses, Refs 4th c.BC+; return to sobriety of mind, NT; recover from a swoon, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 transitive, make sober again, Refs 2nd c.AD+

ἐγκρατ-ής, ές, (κράτος) in possession of power, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II holding fast, χεὶρ -εστάτη a hand with the firmest hold, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 stout, strong, ἐ. σθένει Refs 5th c.BC+ __III with genitive of things, having possession of, χωρέων Refs 5th c.BC+; ναὸς ἐγκρατῆ πόδα the sheet that controls the ship, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. αὑτῶν masters of themselves, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 absolutely, master of oneself, self-controlled, Refs 5th c.BC+; self-disciplined, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV adverb -τῶς, Ionic dialect - τέως Refs 5th c.BC+; with a strong hand, by force, ἄρχειν Refs 5th c.BC+; -τέως forcibly, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __IV.2 with self-control, temperately, ἐ. ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+

ἐκνήφω, future -ψωLXX:—sleep off a drunken fit, become sober again, [same place], Hippoloch. cited in NT+1st c.AD+: with genitive, recover from, χάρμῃ ἐ. τῆς δυσθυμίης Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II transitive, carry off, ἀρρώστημα ἐκνήψει ὕπνος LXX

σωφρον-ίζω, recall a person to his senses, chasten, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοὺς πονηροτάτους αἱ συμφοραὶ σ. Refs 4th c.BC+infinitive, ἵνα σωφρονίζωσιν τὰς νέας φιλάνδρους εἶναι κτλ. NT:—passive, to be chastened, learn self-control, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of passions, things, etc., σ. τὸ θυμούμενον τῆς γνώμης Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ τὴν λαγνείαν λιμῷ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀμπνοὰς σ. to pant less violently, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῶν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν τι ἐς εὐτέλειαν σ. to reduce the expenses of government at home, Refs 5th c.BC+

σωφρον-ισμός, ὁ, teaching of morality or moderation, Refs 1st c.BC+; self-control, NT

—

† [לֵב] n.[m.] id. (BH id.; so 𝔗 Syriac; Egyptian Aramaic, Lzb301 = Cooke76 A 6);—sf. לִבִּי Dn 7:28.