Negation Particles

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not (Arabic لَا, Aramaic לָא, ܠܴܐ, Sab. לא, Assyrian lâ; not in Ethiopic: cf. Köii. 1. 236 Walker AJSL 1896, 237 ff.)—לוֹא, according to Mass. (FrMM 248), 35 times, besides בְּלוֹא 6 times, and הֲלוֹא, the orthogr. of which varies much (ib.p. 251), e.g. in S always הֲלוֹא, in Chr always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֹא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Mass, written לו (Qr לֹא), 1 S 2:16; 20:2, once לה Dt 3:11 Kt:—not—denying objectively, like οὐ (not μὴ = אַל):— 1. in predication: a. with a verb; so most freq., and nearly always (a) with the finite tenses, whether pf. (Gn 2:5b; 4:5 etc.) or impf. (3:4; 8:21, 22 etc.); in short circumst. clauses, as Gn 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Is 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֹט, and with a final force 41:7 Ex 28:32 (v. Ges§ 156. 3 R. b, c Dr§ 162). Governing two closely connected verbs (Dr§115, לא) Ex 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֹן וָמֵתוּ, Lv 19:12, 29 b Dt 7:25, 26; 19:10; 22:1 al.; and two parallel clauses (Ges§ 152. 3) Is 23:4b ψ 9:19; 44:19 Jb 3:11 al. With the impf., especially with 2 ps., לֹא often expresses (not, like אַל, a deprecation, do not …, let not …, but) a prohibition, as Gn 2:17 לֹא תֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shalt not eat of it, 3:1, 3 Ex 20:3 לֹא־יִהְיֶה לְךָ there shall not be to thee, etc., v 13 לא תגנב, etc. With the coh. and juss. moods (which are negatived regularly by אַל), it occurs only exceptionally (Ges§109. 1 b R. 1), Gn 24:8 1 S 14:36 2 S 17:12; 18:14 1 K 2:6 Ez 48:14. (b) with the inf. (which is negatived by בִּלְתִּי, q.v.), only once, in בְּלֹא (4 a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot, or must not; †Ju 1:19 כי לא להורושׁ for it was not (possible) to dispossess, etc. Am 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳, 1 Ch 5:1; 15:2 (Dr§ 202. 2); cf. Aramaic לָא Dan 6:9 Ezr 6:8. On its use with the ptcp., see b c. (c) לא always negatives properly the word immed. following: hence, in a verbal sentence, where this is not the verb, some special stress rests upon it, Gn 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֹד וג׳ not Jacob shall thy name be called any more, but Israel, 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי Not ye (in our idiom: It is not ye who) have sent me hither, but God, Ex 16:8 1 S 8:7 כִּי לֹא אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי וג׳, ψ 115:17; without a foll. correcting clause, Gn 38:9 Nu 16:29 לֹא י׳ שְׁלָחָנִי ׃ Not י׳ (but another) hath sent me, Dt 32:27 לֹא י׳ פָּעַל זֹאת, 1 Ch 17:4 Dt 8:9 Is 28:28 לא לנצח … not for ever (but only for a while) … (so 57:16 ψ 9:19; 49:20; 103:9; but Is 13:20 לא תשׁב לנצח is, will not be inhabited for ever), Is 43:22 Jb 13:16; 32:9; hence rhetorically, insinuating something very different, not named, 2 K 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly), Ezr 10:13 Je 4:11 a wind לֹא לְזָרוֹת וְלוֹא לְהָבַֽר׃ not to winnow, and not to cleanse (but to exterminate), Is 45:13; 48:1b Jos 24:12 Dn 11:20, 29 Jb 34:20 לֹא בְיָד (but by a Divine agency: cf. Dn 2:34; also Jb 20:26 אֵשׁ לֹא נֻפָּ֑ח fire not blown upon [but kindled from heaven], Lam 4:6; and אין Is 47:14). (d) standing alone: (a) אִם־לֹא if not, Gn 18:21 וְאִם־לֹא אֵדָֽעָה׃, 24:49; 42:16 Jb 9:24; 24:25; (β) הֲ … אִם־לֹא, or not, Gn 24:21 waiting to know הַהִצְלִיחַ י׳ דַּדְכּוֹ אִם־לֹא, 27:21; 37:32 Ex 16:4 Nu 11:23 Dt 8:2 Ju 2:22 (cf. אִם אַיִן, אַיִן 2 d β, δ). In answer to a question or request, to deny, or decline, Nay, No: Ju 12:5 ויאמר לא, Hg 2:12; לא אדני Gn 23:11; 42:10 1 S 1:15 +; often sq. כי, No: for … = No: but …, Gn 18:15 ויאמר לֹא כִּי צָחָ֑קְתְּ, 19:2 Jos 5:14; 24:21; 1 S 2:16 Qr (v. Dr), 10:19 (𝔊 MSS), 2 S 16:18; 24:24 1 K 3:22(×2) +; Jb 23:6 (strangely). (Cf., in deprecation, אַל.) (e) with an interrog. force, which however does not lie in לא as such, but (as in other cases) in the contrast with a preceding clause, or in the tone of voice (cf. וְ 1 f; Ew§ 324 a Ges§ 150. 1 Dr 1 S 11:12): Jon 4:11 אַתָּה חַסְתָּ … וַאֲנִי לֹא אָחוּס וג׳, Jb 2:10; 22:11; Ex 8:22; 2 K 5:26 Je 49:9 (‖ Ob 5 הֲלוֹא), Mal 2:15 La 3:38; and in passages, exeg. or text. doubtful (v. Comm.), 1 S 20:14 2 S 23:5 (but v. Bu), Ho 10:9 (Ew We), 11:5 (Ew), Jb 14:16b (but 𝔊 Ew Di תַעֲבֹר), La 1:12 (Ew Ke), 3:36 (Ke Bä). b. with adjs. and substs.: (a) Gn 2:18 לֹא טוֹב הֱיוֹת הָאָדָם לְבַדּוֹ not good is man’s being alone, Ex 18:17 + often (b) Ex 4:16 לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, Am 7:14 לא נביא אנכי, Nu 23:19 לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב, Dt 17:15 (v. אשׁר 2 b) 20:20; 32:47 1 S 15:29 2 S 18:20 לֹא אִישׁ בְּשֹׂרָה אַתָּה הַיּוֹם, 21:2 1 K 22:33 2 K 6:19 לא זֹה הדרך, Mi 2:10 Is 27:11 Ho 8:6; והמה לא אלהים Je 2:11; 16:20 2 K 19:18; 1 K 19:11(×2) לֹא בָרַעַשׁ י׳, Dt 30:12, 13 Jb 15:9; 28:14 לֹא בִי הִיא (‖ אֵין עִמָּדִי), ψ 74:9 Je 5:10 לוא לי׳ המה, 10:16; Dt 32:21 בָּנִים לֹא אֵמוּן בָּם, Je 10:14 Hb 1:14 Jb 16:17; 38:26 מִדְבָּר לֹא אָדָם בּוֹ; 1 K 22:17 לֹא אֲדֹנִים לָאֵלֶּה, Je 49:31 ψ 22:3 וְלֹא דוּמִיָּה לִי, Jb 18:17, 19; 29:12 ולא עֹזֵר לו, 30:13; 33:9; Je 2:19 וְלֹא פַחְדָּתִי אֵלַיִךְ and (that) my terror reached not unto thee, Jb 21:9; abs. Gn 29:7 לֹא־עֵת הֵ��ָסֵף הַמִּקְנֶה (Hg 1:2), Nu 20:5 2 K 4:23 לא חדשׁ ולא שׁבת, Is 44:19 Je 5:12 ויאמרו לוא הוא, Jb 9:32; 22:16; 36:26 (?) 41:2; Pr 19:7 (si vera l.) מְרַדֵּף אֲמָרִים לֹא־הֵמָּה words which are not, which are nought. (c) with the ptcp. לֹא is rare, a finite vb. being usually preferred (Ex 34:7 וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה: Ew§ 320 c Dr§ 162): 2 S 3:34 יָדֶיךָ לֹא אֲסֻרוֹת, Ez 4:14; 22:24 Dt 28:61 ψ 38:15 כְּאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא שֹׁמֵעַ who is not hearing, Jb 12:3; 13:2 לֹא נֹפֵל אָנֹכִי מִכֶּם, Zp 3:5 (very anom.); 1 K 10:21 לא is prob. textual error. In וְהוּא לֹא שֹׂנֵא לוֹ or לא שׂנא הוא לו, Dt 4:42; 19:4, 6 Jos 20:5 (cf. אֹיֵב Nu 35:23), שׂנֵא is best construed as a subst., he being a not-hater to him aforetime.—In most of the cases under b, c, אין could have been employed; but the negation by לֹא is more pointed and forcible. 2. Not in predication: a. coupled to an adj. to negative it, like the Gk. ἀ—, but usually by way of litotes: Ho 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son, ψ 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֹב a way not good, 43:1 גוי לא חסיד, Pr 16:29; 30:25, 26 Ez 20:25 2 Ch 30:17: Is 16:14 לוֹא כַבִּיר, cf. 10:7 לֹא מְעַט. b. with a ptcp. Je 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה, 18:15 (the finite verb is more common: see Is 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֶעֱזָ֫בָה (cf. 54:11), Je 6:8 אֶרֶץ לוֹא נוֹשָׁ֫בָה, 15:18; 22:6; 31:18 Zp 2:1). c. †Gn 15:13 בארץ לא להם, Je 5:19 Hab 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֹת לֹא־לוֹ, Pr 26:17 רִיב לֹא־לוֹ. d. with a subst., in poetry, forming a kind of compound, expressing pointedly its antithesis or negation (Germ. un- is sometimes used similarly): Dt 32:5 (?), 17, 21 a they made me jealous בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God (with what in no respect deserved the name of God), v b בְּלֹא עָם i.e. with an unorganized horde, Am 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר i.e. at a thing wh. is not, an unreality (of their boasted strength), Is 10:15 כְּהָרִים מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ like a rod’s lifting up what is no wood (but the agent wielding it), 31:8 חרב לא אישׁ, חרב לא אדם, 55:2 בלוא לחם for what is not bread, בלוא לשׂבעה for what is not for satiety, Je 5:7 וַיּשָּֽׁבְעוּ בְּלֹא אֱלֹהִים by not-goods, in late prose 2 Ch 13:9 כֹּהֵן לְלֹא אֱלֹהִים; ψ 44:13 תִּמְכֹּר עַמְּךָ בְּלֹא־הוֹן for no-value (i.e. cheaply), Pr 13:23 Jb 10:22 צלמות וְלֹא סְדָרִים darkness and disorder; so לֹא־עַמִּי Ho 1:9; 2:25: still more pregnantly Jb 26:2a מֶה־עָזַרְתָּ לְלֹא־כֹחַ (poet. for לאשׁר אין לו כח) the powerless, v 2b, 3a (Ew§ 286 g Ges§ 152. 1 n.), 39:16 הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְלֹא לָהּ useth hardly her young ones (making them) into none of hers; and even Hb 2:6 הַמַּרְבֶּה לֹא־לוֹ what is not his own (cf. Jb 18:15 מִבְּלִי לוֹ). Cf. with a verb, and ellipse of אשׁר, Is 65:1 לְלֹא שָׁאָ֑לוּ to those who have not asked, v b Je 2:8 אַחֲרֵי לֹא יוֹעִילוּ, v 11b; also לֹא רֻחָ֫מָה Ho 1:6, 8; 2:25, and prob. Jb 31:31 לֹא נִשְׂבָּ֑ע (pf. in p.) one not satisfied. e. in circ. clauses (Dr§ 164), poet. and rare: qualifying a subst., 2 S 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֹת a morning without clouds, Job 12:24 בְּתֹהוּ לֹא דֶרֶךְ in a pathless waste, 38:26a; and a verb Jb 34:24 יָרֹעַ כַּבִּירִים לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry, ψ 59:4 לא פשׁעי ולא חטאתי (cf. v 4 בלי עון), in late prose, twice, 1 Ch 2:30, 32 וימת לא בנים (אֵין and בְּלִי, q.v., are more usual in such cases). 3. Once (according to many MSS), as a subst., Jb 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing, Hi De Kö (cf. Dn 4:32 (Aramaic) כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין; 𝔗 here הֲוֵיתוּן כְּלָא, and אַל Jb 24:25); but reading fluctuates (Orientals לֹא, Qr לו, Westerns, Baer (v. pp. 37, 56) לוֹ [‘now are ye become that,’ viz. the נַחַל אַכְזָב of v 15]; but even לוֹ yields a forced sense; and text is prob. wrong: Mich Ew Ol Sgf Bu כֵּן … לִי (𝔊 𝔖 also read לִי); Bö Di כִּי … לְאָ֑יִן. Cf. Köii. 1. 236 f. 4. With prefixes:— a. †בְּלֹא31 (chiefly poet. or late), according to the varying signif. of בְּ: (a) usually with not = without, Je 22:13 בונה ביתו בלא־צדק without justice (‖ בלא משׁפט; so Ez 22:29 Pr 16:8), Is 55:1, 1 Pr 19:2, Jb 8:11 הֲיִגְאֶה־גֹּמֶא בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire (‖ בלי מים), 30:28 בְּלֹא חַמָּה (= not through the sun), La 1:6 וילכו בלא־כח, Nu 35:22 בְּלֹא אֵיבָה … בְּלֹא צְדִיָּה, v 23 (sq. inf.) בְּלֹא רְאוֹת, 2 Ch 21:20 Ec 10:11; ψ 17:1 תְּפִלָּתִי בְּלֹא שִׂפְתֵי מִרְמָה; used more freely in Chr, 1 Ch 12:18 בְּלֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּֽי׃, v 34 בְּלֹא לֵב וָלֵב, 2 Ch 30:18 בְּלֹא כַכָּתוּב. With ellipse of rel., La 4:14 בְּלֹא יוּכְלוּ יִגְּעוּ without (that) men are able to touch, etc. (b) of time, in not, i.e. outside of, Lv 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָתּ, before Jb 15:32 בלא־יומו, Ec 7:17 בְּלֹא עִתֶּךְ ׃. (c) where לֹא belongs to the foll. word, and is only accidentally preceded by ב (v. supr. 2 d), Dt 32:21(×2) Je 5:7 Pr 13:23 בלא משׁפט through injustice; with בְּ pretii, ψ 44:13 Is 55:2(×2) Je 2:11 בְּלוֹא יוֹעִיל for (that which) profiteth not. b. הֲלֹא nonne? Gn 4:7 + often Inviting, as it does, an affirmative answer, it is often used, (a) especially in conversation, for pointing to a fact in such a way as to arouse the interest of the person addressed, or to win his assent: Gn 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee? 19:20; 20:5; 27:36; 29:25 Ex 4:11 Who maketh dumb or deaf, etc.? Do not I? 33:16 Ju 4:6, 14; 8:2; 9:28, 38 1 S 9:20, 21; 15:17 etc.; with a vb. in 1 ps., Jos 1:9 הלא צויתיך, Ju 6:14 הלא שׁלחתיך, 1 S 20:30; 2 S 19:23 Ru 2:9: similarly in a poet. or rhet. style, Ju 5:30 הלא ימצאו יחלקו שׁלל, Is 8:19; 10:8, 9, 11; 28:25; 29:17; 40:21, 23; 42:24; 43:19 etc., Jb 4:6, 21; 7:1; 10:10, 20, etc. (β) it has a tendency to become little more than an affirm. particle, declaring with some rhetor. emph. what is, or might be, well known: Dt 3:11 הֲלֹה הִיא בְרַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן, 11:30 1 S 21:12 הלוא זה דוד וג׳ (cf. 29:3, 5 2 S 11:3), 23:19; 26:1 2 S 15:35; it is thus nearly = הִנֵּה (𝔊 sometimes represents it by ἰδού, as Jos 1:9 Ju 6:14 Ru 2:9 2 S 15:35); so especially in the phrase of the compiler of K, And the rest of the acts of … הֲלֹא הֵם (הֵמָּה) כְּתוּבִים are they not written in, etc.? 1 K 11:41; 14:29 + often (with which there interchanges הִנָּם כְּתוּבִים 1 K 14:19 2 K 15:11; 15:26, 31, which is gen. used by the Chr, 2 Ch 16:11; 20:34, etc.), Jos 10:13 (cf. 2 S 1:18 הִנֵּה), 1 K 8:53 𝔊, Est 10:2; ψ 56:14 (strangely: contr. 116:8).—הֲלֹא הִנֵּה †Hb 2:13 2 Ch 25:26 (הִנָּם).—On Ju 14:15, see הֲ" dir="rtl" >הֲ 1 end. c. †וָלֹ֕א and not = and if not, 2 S 13:26 2 K 5:17. Comp. וָיֵשׁ. d. †כְּלוֹא Ob 16 והיו כלוא היו, poet. for כאשׁר, as though they had not been. e. †לְלֹא without, lit. in the condition of no … 2 Ch 15:3 (comp. לְאֵין, also in Chr). Elsewhere לא belongs to the foll. word, Am 6:13 2 Ch 13:9 Is 65:1(×2) Jb 26:2, 3; 39:16 (v. supr. 2 d). Note. —Fifteen times, according to Mas. (v. De ψ 100:3 FrMM 247 Str Prol. Cr. 84), לא is written by error for לוֹ, viz. Ex 21:8 Lv 11:21; 25:30 1 S 2:3 2 S 16:18 2 K 8:10 Is 9:2; 63:9 ψ 100:3; 139:16 Jb 13:15; 41:4 Pr 19:7; 26:2 Ezr 4:2 (always with Qr לוֹ). The passages must be considered each upon its own merits: in some לוֹ yields a preferable sense; but this is not the case in all. There is the same קרי (rightly) on Is 49:5 1 Ch 11:20; but these were not considered to rest upon equal authority, and are hence not reckoned with the fifteen.—In Ju 21:22 (v. GFM), 1 S 13:13; 20:14(×2), and in Jb 9:33 (לֹא יֵשׁ), read prob. לֻא for לֹא.

οὐ, the negative of fact and statement, as μή of will and thought; οὐ denies, μή rejects; οὐ is absolute, μή relative; οὐ objective, μή subjective. —The same differences hold for all compounds of οὐ and μή, and some examples of οὐδέ and οὐδείς are included below.—As to the Form, see infr. G. USAGRefs 5th c.BC+ __I as the negative of single words, __II as the negative of the sentence. __I οὐ adhering to single words so as to form a quasi-compound with them:—with Verbs: οὐ δίδωμι withhold, Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐκ εἰῶ prevent, Refs; οὐκ ἐθέλω refuse, Refs; οὔ φημι deny, Refs 4th c.BC+; but sometimes οὐ is retained, εἰ δ᾽ ἂν.. οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐάντε.. οὐ (variant{μή}) φῆτε ἐάντε φῆτε Refs 8th c.BC+ —On the use of οὐ in contrasts, see below Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as negativing the whole sentence, __II.1 οὐ is frequently used alone, sometimes with the ellipsis of a definite Verb, οὔκ (i.e. ἀποκερῇ), ἄν γε ἐμοὶ πείθῃ Refs 5th c.BC+: sometimes as negativing the preceding sentence, Refs 5th c.BC+ and the accusative; sometimes without μά, οὐ τὸν πάντων θεῶν θεὸν πρόμον Ἅλιον Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with indicative of statement, τὴν δ᾽ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐ φθίνει Κροίσου φιλόφρων ἀρετά Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 with subjunctive in future sense, only in Epic dialect, οὐ γάρ τίς με βίῃ γε ἑκὼν ἀέκοντα δίηται Refs __II.4 with optative in potential sense (without ἄν or κεν), also Epic dialect, ὃ οὐ δύο γ᾽ ἄνδρε φέροιεν Refs __II.5 with optative and ἄν, κείνοισι δ᾽ ἂν οὔ τις.. μαχέοιτο Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6 in dependent clauses οὐ is used, __II.6.a with ὅτι or ὡς, after Verbs of saying, knowing, and showing, ἐκ μέν τοι ἐρέω.. ὡς ἐγὼ οὔ τι ἑκὼν κατερύκομαι Refs 8th c.BC+: so with indicative or optative and ἄν, ἀπελογοῦντο ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὕτω μωροὶ ἦσαν Refs 5th c.BC+ in such sentences, see at {μή} Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6.b in all causal sentences, and in temporal and Relat. sentences unless there is conditional or final meaning, χωσαμένη, ὅ οἱ οὔ τι θαλύσια.. ῥέξε Refs 8th c.BC+: in causal relative sentences, οἵτινές σε οὐχὶ ἐσώσαμεν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in the combinations, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις οὐ.., as οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ ἀεὶ φιλεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις οὐ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6.c after ὥστε with indicative or optative with ἄν, ὥστ᾽ οὐ δυνατόν σ᾽ εἵργειν ἔσται Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive is almost invariably due to indirect speech, ὥστ᾽ οὐκ αἰσχύνεσθαι (for οὐκ αἰσχύνονται) Refs 5th c.BC+—Rarely not in indirect speech, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7 in a conditional clause μή is necessary, except, __II.7.a in Refs 8th c.BC+ clause precedes the apodosis and the verb is indicative, εἰ δέ μοι οὐκ ἐπέεσσ᾽ ἐπιπείσεται Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.7.b when the εἰ clause is really causal, as after Verbs expressing surprise or emotion, μὴ θαυμάσῃς, εἰ πολλὰ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ πρέπει σοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7.c when οὐ belongs closely to the next word (see. Refs 4th c.BC+, or is quoted unchanged, εἰ, ὡς νῦν φήσει, οὐ παρεσκευάσατο Refs 4th c.BC+; εἰ δ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ ἐστί (i.e. ὥσπερ λέγεις), τίνι τρόπῳ διεφθάρη ; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.8 οὐ is used with infinitive in indirect speech, when it represents the indicative of orat. recta, φαμὲν δέ οἱ οὐ τελέεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; sometimes we have οὐ and μή in consecutive clauses, οἶμαι σοῦ κάκιον οὐδὲν ἂν τούτων κρατύνειν μηδ᾽ ἐπιθύνειν χερί Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.9 οὐ is used with the participle, when it can be resolved into a finite sentence with οὐ, as after Verbs of knowing and showing, τὸν κατθανόνθ᾽ ὁρῶντες οὐ τιμώμενον Refs 5th c.BC+; or into a causal sentence, τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ πολλοὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ διεφθάρησαν νέειν οὐκ ἐπιστάμενοι Refs 5th c.BC+; or into a concessive sentence, δόξω γυναῖκα καίπερ οὐκ ἔχων ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+ and participle, ὡς οὐχὶ συνδράσουσα νουθετεῖς τάδε Refs 5th c.BC+:—for exceptions, see at {μή} Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.9.b when the participle is used with the Article, μή is generally used, unless there is a distinct reference to a fact, when οὐ is occasionally found, ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς οὐκ οὔσης ἔτι [πόλεως] ὁρμώμενοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.10 Adjectives and abstract Substantives with the article commonly take μή (see. μή Refs 5th c.BC+ is occasionally used, τὰς οὐκ ἀναγκαίας πόσεις Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν τῶν γεφυρῶν οὐ διάλυσιν the non- dissolution of the bridges, the fact of their notbeing broken up, Refs 5th c.BC+; so without the article, ἐν οὐ καιπῷ Refs __II.11 for οὐ μή, see entry __II.12 in questions οὐ ordinarily expects a positive answer, οὔ νυ καὶ ἄλλοι ἔασι..; Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐχ ὁράᾳς..; dost thou not see? NT+8th c.BC+: the diphthong is genuine and always written ου (ουκ, ουδε, etc.) in early Inscrr., Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐ abbreviated ο, Suid. see at {Φιλοξένου γραμμάτιον}. __H ACCENTUATION. οὐ is oxytone accusative to Hdn.Gr.1.494 (text doubtfulin 504): Refs 8th c.BC+ __H.I οὐ in connexion with other Particles will be found in alphabetical order, οὐ γάρ, οὐ μή, etc.—The corresponding forms of μή should be compared.

μή, Elean μά [ᾱ] Refs 6th c.BC+. (Cf. Sanskrit mā´, Armenian mi [from I.-Refs 5th c.BC+ mē´], negative used in prohibitions):—not, the negative of the will and thought, as οὐ of fact and statement; μή rejects, οὐ denies; μή is relative, οὐ absolute; μή subjective, οὐ objective. (A few examples of μηδέ and μηδείς have been included.) __A in INDEPENDENT sentences, used in expressions of will or wish, command, entreaty, warning, __A.1 with present imperative, 2 person, μή μ᾽ ἐρέθιζε Refs 8th c.BC+: rarely with aorist imperative, μὴ.. ἔνθεο τιμῇ Refs 8th c.BC+; in Attic dialect, μὴ ψεῦσον, ὦ Ζεῦ, τῆς.. ἐλπίδος Refs 8th c.BC+perfect imperative Refs 8th c.BC+ person when perfect = present, μὴ κεκράγετε Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 with subjunctive (usually Refs, in prohibitions, μὴ δή με.. ἐάσῃς Refs 8th c.BC+; μή τοί με κρύψῃς τοῦτοRefs 5th c.BC+: coupled with present imperative, μὴ βοηθήσητε τῷ πεπονθότι δεινά, μὴ εὐορκεῖτε Refs 8th c.BC+ person present subjunctive, μὴ κάμνῃς Refs 5th c.BC+: also with the hortative subjunctive used to supply the Refs person of the imperative, present μὴ ἴομεν Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist μὴ πάθωμεν Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely with 1st pers. singular, μή σε.. κιχείω Refs 8th c.BC+ (anapaest meter). __A.2.b with present or aorist subjunctive in a warning or statement of fear, μὴ.. γένησθε take care you do not become, Refs 8th c.BC+; μὴ.. ὑφαίνῃσιν I fear.. may prove to be weaving, Refs 8th c.BC+: in Attic dialect Prose, to make a polite suggestion of apprehension or hesitation, perhaps, μὴ ἀγροικότερον ᾖ τὸ ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: in later Greek the indicative is found, μὴ ἡ ἔννοια ἡμῶν.. ἀντιλαμβάνεται Refs 5th c.AD+ __A.3 with future indicative, a uncertain usage (νεμεσήσετ᾽ is subjunctive in Refs 8th c.BC+; μὴ βουλήσεσθε (Papyrus βούλη[σθ]ε) Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.4 with past tenses of indicative to express an unfulfilled wish, μὴ ὄφελες λίσσεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.5 with optative to express a negative wish, with present, ἃ μὴ κραίνοι τύχη Refs 4th c.BC+: more frequently with aorist, μὴ σέ γ᾽ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλῆα Κρονίων ποιήσειεν Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.6 in oaths and asseverations, ἴστω Ζεὺς.., μὴ μὲν τοῖς ἵπποισιν ἀνὴρ ἐποχήσεται ἄλλος Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.7 with infinitive, when used as imperative, μὴ δή μοι ἀπόπροθεν ἰσχέμεν ἵππους Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.8 frequently without a Verb, εἰ χρή, θανοῦμαι. Answ. μὴ σύ γε (i.e. θάνῃς) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄπελθε νῦν. Answ. μὴ (i.e. γενέσθω) ἀλλά nay but, Refs 5th c.BC+; in curt expressions, μὴ τριβὰς ἔτι (i.e. ποιεῖσθε) Refs 5th c.BC+; μή μοι σύ none of that to me! Refs 5th c.BC+; μή μοι πρόφασιν no excuses! Refs 5th c.BC+ __B in DEPENDENT clauses: __B.1 with Final Conjs., ἵνα μή Refs 8th c.BC+, that so, ὅπως ἂν.. μηδέ Refs 8th c.BC+; but __B.1.b μή alone, ={ἵνα μή}, lest, ἀπόστιχε μή τινοήσῃ Ἥρη Refs 8th c.BC+: future indicative and aorist subjunctive in consecutive clauses, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 in the protasis of conditional sentences, see at {εἰ} (for the exceptions see at {οὐ}), and with temporal conjunctions used conditionally, see at {ἐπειδάν, ὅταν, ὅτε}, etc. __B.2.b ὅτι μή except, ὅτι μὴ Χῖοι μοῦνοι Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅσα μὴ ἀποβαίνοντες provided only that they did not disembark, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 in later Gr., with causal Conjs., ὁ μὴ πιστεύων ἤδη κέκριται, ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν NT+2nd c.AD+ that, ὅτι μὴ ἐστὶν ἐπίπεδος οὕτως ἂν καταμάθοιμεν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.4 in relative clauses, which imply a condition or generality, ὃς δὲ μὴ εἶδέ κω τὴν κανναβίδα whoever.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ὃ μὴ κελεύσει (perhaps κελεύσαι) Ζεύς such a thing as.., Refs 4th c.BC+; λέγονθ᾽ ἃ μὴ δεῖ such things as one ought not, Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently with subjunctive, ᾧ μὴ ἄλλοι ἀοσσητῆρες ἔωσιν Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.5 with infinitive, __B.5.a regularlyfrom Homer on, except after Verbs of saying and thinking (but see below c): after ὥστε or ὡς, ὥστε μὴ φρονεῖν Refs 4th c.BC+: always when the infinitive takes the Article, τὸ μὴ προμαθεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.5.b by an apparent pleonasm after Verbs of negative result signifying to forbid, deny, and the like, ὁ δ᾽ ἀναίνετο μηδὲν ἑλέσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+ (μηδέν); ἀντιλέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+ (μηδέ); ἀπαγορεύειν Refs 5th c.BC+ (μηδέ); ἀποτρέπεσθαι Refs (μηδέν); ἀρνεῖσθαι, ἔξαρνος εἶναι, Refs 5th c.BC+; παύειν (where the participle is more frequently) Refs 5th c.BC+: in these cases the Article frequently precedes μή, τὸ δὲ μὴ λεηλατῆσαι.. ἔσχε τόδε Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐξομῇ τὸ μὴ εἰδένα; Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴργειν τὸ μή.. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐμποδὼν γίγνεσθαι τοῦ μή.. Refs __B.5.c after Verbs of saying and thinking which involve an action of will, as in those signifying to swear, aver, believe, and the like; so after ὄμνυμι, Refs 8th c.BC+: occasionally with other Verbs, φημί Refs 5th c.BC+; λέγω, προλέγω, Refs 5th c.BC+; πάντες ἐροῦσι μή.. Refs 5th c.BC+; νομίζωRefs 5th c.BC+: very frequently in later Gr., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.6 with the participle, when it can be resolved into a conditional clause, μὴ ἐνείκας, = {εἰ μὴ ἤνεικε}, Refs 5th c.BC+; μὴ θέλων, ={εἰ μὴ θέλεις}, Refs 4th c.BC+; μὴ δολώσαντος θεοῦ, ={εἰ μὴ ἐδόλωσε}, Refs; μὴ δρῶν, ={εἰ μὴ δρῴην}, Refs 5th c.BC+, = ut qui nihil sciam, Refs; τίς πρὸς ἀνδρὸς μὴ βλέποντος ἄρκεσι; one who sees not, Refs: in this signification frequently with the Article, ὁ μὴ λεύσσων Refs 5th c.BC+: with causal significance, μὴ παρὼν θαυμάζεται Refs 5th c.BC+: very frequently in later Greek, Refs 1st c.AD+: occasionally after Verbs of knowing and showing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.7 with Substantives, adjectives, and adverbs used generically, with or without Article, τὰ μὴ δίκαια Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ μὴ 'μπειρία, ={τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ἐμπειρίαν}, want of experience, Refs 5th c.BC+; δῆμον καὶ μὴ δῆμονRefs 4th c.BC+ __B.8 after Verbs expressing fear or apprehension (compare μὴ οὐ): __B.8.a when the thing feared is future, mostly with subjunctive: with present subjunctive, δεινῶς ἀθυμῶ μὴ βλέπων ὁ μάντις ᾖ shall proveto be.., Refs 5th c.BC+: more frequently with aorist, δείδοικα.. μή σε παρείπῃ Refs 8th c.BC+: with perfect, shall prove to have been, δέδοικα μὴ περαιτέρω πεπραγμέν᾽ ᾖ μοι Refs 5th c.BC+: less frequently with future indicative, Refs 5th c.BC+: with optative according to the sequence of moods and tenses: present optative, Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist, Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect, Refs 5th c.BC+: with future optative in oratio obliqua, Refs 5th c.BC+vect.4.41. __B.8.b when the action is present or past, the indicative is used, εἰσόρα μὴ σκῆψιν οὐκ οὖσαν τίθης Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.8.c with indicative and subjunctive in consecutive clauses, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C in QUESTIONS: __C.I direct questions, __C.I.1 with indicative, where aneg. answer is anticipated (but more generally in Refs 8th c.BC+; μή σοι δοκοῦμεν..; Refs 5th c.BC+ (μηδέ) follows οὐ, see at {οὐ μή}. __C.I.1.b in other questions, τί μὴ ποιήσ; what am I not to do? Refs 5th c.BC+; τί μ; why not? Refs; compare μήν __C.I.2 with subjunctive, when the speaker deliberates about a negative action, μὴ οὕτω φῶμε; Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ τοιοῦτος μὴ δῷ δίκη; Refs 4th c.BC+; πῶς μὴ φῶμε; Refs 5th c.BC+; how can a man help being excited when he speaks? Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.II indirect questions, frequently with Verbs implying fear and apprehension Refs 8th c.BC+; also σκοπεῖσθαι πῶς ἂν μή.. Refs 5th c.BC+; later in simple indirect questions, ἐπυνθάνετο μὴ ἔγνω Refs 2nd c.AD+ __C.II.2 in questions introduced by εἰ, ἤρετό με.. εἰ μὴ μέμνημαι Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴτε.. εἴτε μή.., εἰ.. ἢ οὔ, εἰ.. ἢ μή without difference of meaning between μή and οὐ, Refs 5th c.BC+ __D POSITION of μή. When the negative extends its power over the whole clause, μή properly precedes the Verb. When its force is limited to single words, it precedes those words. But Poets sometimes put μή after the Verb, ὄλοιο μή πω Refs 5th c.BC+; φράσῃς.. μὴ πέραRefs __D.2 μή is sometimes repeated, μή, μή καλέσῃς Refs 5th c.BC+ __E PROSODY: in Trag. μή may be joined by synizesis with a following ει or ου, μὴ οὐ, μὴ εἰδέναι, Refs 5th c.BC+: initial ε after μή is cut off by aphaeresis, μὴ 'πὁθουν Refs followed by α is sometimes written μἀ.. (see. μὴ ἀλλά, etc.); sometimes separately, μὴ ἀδικεῖν Refs 4th c.BC+ __F μή in COMPOSITION (joined with other words), as μὴ ἀλλά, μὴ γάρ, μὴ οὐ, μὴ ὅπως or ὅτι, μή ποτε, etc., will be found in alphabetical order.

II. אַ֫יִן, אָ֑֫יִן cstr. אֵין subst. proposes nothing, nought (Moab. אן, As. iûnu). 1. †Is 40:23 הַנּוֹתֵן רוֹזְנִים לְאָ֑יִן who bringeth princes to nothing; †כְּאַיִן as nothing, ib. 40:17; 41:11, 12 Hg 2:3 ψ 39:6; almost (‖ כִּמְעַט) ψ 73:2; †מֵאַיִן of nothing Is 41:24. 2. cstr. אֵין, very freq. as particle of negation, is not, are not, was not, were not, etc. (corresp. to the affirm. יֵשׁ q.v. Similar in usage, though not etym. akin, are لَيْسَ, לַיִת, ܠܰܝܬ, አልቦ), proposes ‘there is nought of …’ sq. a subst. or a pron. suffix (אֵינֶנִּי [verbal form, Ges§ 100, 5; 152, 1 c], אֵינְךָ, אֵינֵךְ, אֵינֶנּוּ, אֵינֶנָּה, אֵינְכֶם, אֵינָם, also ψ 59:14 אֵינֵ֫מוֹ, 73:5 אֵינֵ֫ימוֹ): twice abnormally, in late Heb., a nom. אֵין אֲנִי, אֵין אֲנַחְנוּ Ne 4:17 (so sts. לַיִת, ܠܰܝܬ, NöM. p. 295); once, incorrectly, את Hg 2:17 (?). a. denying existence absolutely Is 44:6; 47:10 אֵין רֹאָנִי there is none that seeth me, lit. nought of one seeing me! אֵין עוֹד there is none else Dt 4:39 1 K 8:60 Is 45:5, 6, 18, 22. b. more commonly, in a limited sense, there is none here or at hand Ex 2:12 and he saw כִּי־אֵין אִישׁ that there was no man (sc. there), Nu 21:5; Gn 5:24 וְאֵינֶנּוּ and he was not (of Enoch’s disappearance from earth) 42:13 one (cas.pend. as oft.), he is not, v 36; oft. = is (or has) vanished Gn 37:30 1 K 20:40 Is 17:14 ψ 37:10; 39:14; 103:16 Jb 8:22; 24:24; 27:19. c. with the sense determined by a predic. following: Gn 37:29 Joseph was not in the pit, 41:39 + often; Ex 5:10 אֵינֶנִּי נֹתֵן לָכֶם תֶּבֶן I am not giving you straw; and so often with particip. where duration has to be expressed Gn 39:23 Dt 21:18 Is 1:15 Je 7:16, or intention Gn 20:7 אִם א��ינְךָ מֵשִׁיב דַּע … if thou art not restoring her, know, 43:5 Ex 8:17; 33:15 (idiomatically, after אם; v. Dr§ 137) Ju 12:3. Foll. once pleon. by יֵשׁ ψ 135:17. Treated as a mere part. of negation, אֵין may vary its position in the sentence, the subst. which should strictly stand in the genitive being not only separated from it by a little word, as בּוֹ Gn 37:24, לוֹ Ex 22:1, שָׁם Ex 12:30, גַּם ψ 14:3, etc., but even for emphasis prefixed to it, as Gn 19:31; 40:8 וּפֹתֵר אֵין אֹתוֹ 41:15 Ex 5:16 Ju 13:9; 14:6; 16:15; 19:1 (so MI 24): if however it be thus brought to the end of a sentence, or be disconnected with what follows, it stands in the absol. form, as Gn 2:5 ואדם אַיִן לעבד האדמה and man there was none to till the ground, Lv 26:37 וְרֹדֵף אָ֑יִן, Nu 20:5 2 K 19:3 Ho 13:4 Mi 7:2. d. sometimes the subj. has to be supplied from the context: thus (α) †1 S 9:4 and they passed through the land of Shaalim וָאַיִן and they (the asses) were not (lit. and nought!), especially after vbs. of waiting or seeking Is 59:11 ψ 69:21 Jb 3:9; Is 41:17 Ez 7:25 Pr 14:6; 13:4; 20:4. (β) †Ex 17:7 is י׳ in the midst of us אִם־אָֽיִן׃ or not? Nu 13:20. (γ) †Ju 4:20 וְאָמַרְתְּ אָֽיִן׃ then thou shalt say, There is not, 1 K 18:10 1 S 10:14. (δ) Gn 30:1 give me children, וְאִם־אַיִן and if not, I die, Ex 32:32 Ju 9:15, 20 2 S 17:6 (v. Dr) 2 K 2:10 Jb 33:33. e. with subj. not expressed, once (late), Dn 8:5 וְאֵין נוֹגֵעַ בָּאָרֶץ and (it) was not touching the earth. f. Ec 8:11, Jb 35:15 with the finite vb.; but rd. here כִּי אֵין פֹּקֵד (the usage of لَيْسَ, cited by De, does not justify the anomaly in Heb.) Je 38:5 the impf. may be due to the fact that no ptcp. of יָכֹל was in use, and a relat. must be tacitly supplied: ‘The king is not (one that) can do aught against you.’ On Ex 3:2 see Ges§ 52, 2 R. 6; Ew§ 169 d. 3. אֵין לְ׳, with subst., or pron., there is (was) not to … = … have, has, had, etc. not: Gn 11:30 אֵין לָהּ וָלָד she had no child, Nu 27:9 וְאִם־אֵין לוֹ בַּת and if he have no daughter + oft.; with a ptcp. Dt 22:27 Je 14:16; 30:17; 49:5; 50:32 ψ 142:5 La 1:2, 9, 17; Ex 22:2 אִם־אֵין לוֹ if he have nought, Dn 9:26 ואין לו and have nought (or none). 4. in circumst. clauses (Dr§ 164):—(a) Ex 21:11 she shall go out free אֵין כָּ֑סֶף without money, 22:9 אֵין רֹאֶה none seeing it, Nu 11:6 Is 47:1 Je 2:32 Ho 3:4; 7:11 ψ 32:9; 88:5 +. (b) Dt 32:4 a God of faithfulness וְאֵין עָוֶל and no iniquity, i.e. without iniquity, Je 5:21 Jo 1:6 ψ 104:25. (c) very oft., in such phrases as וְאֵין מַחֲרִיד with none to affright Lv 26:6 (12 textual); וְאֵין מְכַבֶּה Is 1:31 al.; וְאֵין מַצִּיל 5:29 ψ 7:3, etc. (Dr§ 159). 5. with inf. and ל׳, it is not to …: i.e. (α) like οὐκ ἔστιν, it is not possible to … (cf. sub יֵשׁ and לֹא), but hardly exc. in late Heb.; 2 Ch 20:6 וְאֵין עִמְּךָ לְהִתְיַצֵּב it is not possible to stand (in conflict) with thee, 22:9 Ezr 9:15 Ec 3:14 Est 4:2. Once without ל, ψ 40:6 אֵין עֲרֹךְ אֵלֶיךָ οὐκ ἔστι παραβάλλειν σοι. (β) there is no need to … 1 Ch 23:26 וְגַם לַלְוִיִּם אֵין־לָשֵׂאת for the Levites also there was no need to bear 2 Ch 5:11; 35:15 (v. Dr§ 202. 1). 6. with prefixes:— a. †בְּאֵין prop. in defect of:—(α) for want of, without—Pr 5:23 he will die בְּאֵין מוּסָר for lack of instruction, 11:14 בְּאֵין תַּחְבֻּלוֹת without guidance, 14:4; 15:22; 26:20; 29:18 Is 57:1 Ez 38:11; cf. בְּלֹא. (β) of time = when there was (were) not Pr 8:24(×2). b. †כְּאֵין Is 59:10 כְּאֵין עֵינַיִם poet. for כַּאֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ עֵינַיִם (cf. Ew§ 286 g Ges§ 152. 1 h). c. †לְאֵין (α) for לַאֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ Is 40:29; in late prose 2 Ch 14:10 Ne 8:10. (β) in the condition of not … (ל of state, v. sub ל) = without or so that not … (peculiar to Ch), 1 Ch 22:4 cedar trees לְאֵין מִסְפָּר without number, 2 Ch 14:12 and there fell of the Cushites לְאֵין־לָהֶם מִחְיָה so that they had none remaining alive, 20:25 לְאֵין מַשָּׂא so that there was no carrying away, 21:18 Ezr 9:14. (γ) עַד־לְאֵין (see עַד ל׳), 2 Ch 36:16 until there was no remedy (cf. עַד אֵין … ψ 40:13 Jb 5:9). d. מֵאֵין (α) (מִן causal) from lack of … Is 50:2 Je 7:32; 19:11 Ez 34:8. (β) (v. מִן 7 b) proposes away from there being no … (with אֵין pleon., cf. מִבְּלִי, and מִבְּלִי אֵין), i.e. so that not …, without, mostly epexegetical of some term expressing desolation: Is 5:9 Surely many houses shall be desolate מֵאֵין יוֹשֵׁב without inhabitant, 6:11 + oft. Je & Zp; Is 6:11 מֵאֵין אָדָם, Je 32:43 מֵאֵין אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה 33:10, 12 Ez 33:28; La 3:49. Once sq. inf. Mal 2:13 so that there is no regarding more. (γ) in Je 10:6, 7 מֵאֵין כָּמוֹךָ, מֵאֵין is supposed by some to = a strengthened אֵין, even none, none at all; but it is difficult to justify this expl. logically; and it is preferable to point מֵאַיִן כָּמוֹךָ whence is any like thee? cf. 30:7. (So Mich v. DrHbr ii.34–7.)

II. אַל adv. of negation (so Ph. e.g. CIS i.3,4.5.8, Bi Aramaic, Sab. (DHMZMG 1875, 596), and in the Eth. አልቦ albo, is not), denying however, not objectively as a fact (like לֹא, οὐ), but subjectively as a wish (like μή), expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition: a. (a) with a verb, which is then always an impf. (never an imperative), by preference in the cohort. or jussive mood, where this is in use, and may be of any person or number; Gn 15:1 and often אַל־תִּירָא fear not! 22:12 אַל־תִּשְׁלַח יָֽדְךָ put not forth thy hand, 37:27 וְיָדֵנוּ אַל־תְּהִי־בוֹ and let not our hand be upon him, 21:16 אַל־אֶרְאֶה let me not look upon the death of the lad! ψ 25:2 אַל־אֵבוֹשָׁה let me not be ashamed; with 1 pl. (rare) 2 S 13:25 Je 18:18 Jon 1:14. In an imprecation: Gn 49:4 אַל־תּוֹתַר have not thou the excellency! ψ 109:12 Jb 3:4, 6. Sometimes strengthened by נָא: Gn 13:8 18:3 al. (b) without a verb, (α) 2 S 1:21 let (there be) not dew & not rain upon you! Is 62:6 ψ 83:2. (β) used absol., in deprecation Gn 19:18 2 S 13:16 (v. sub אוֹדָה) 2 K 3:13; 4:16; 6:27 (v. RVm: but possibly to be expl. by Dr§ 152 iii; so Th Ke: hardly as Ew§ 355b) Ru 1:13 אַל בְּנֹתַי Nay, my daughters, cf. Ju 19:23; (γ) after a preceding imper. Am 5:14 Jo 2:13 Pr 8:10, a juss. 27:2, an inf. abs. 17:12. (c) in poetry אַל sometimes expresses vividly the emotion or sympathy of the poet (v. Dr§ 56–8); Is 2:9 וְאַל־תִּשָּׂא לָהֶם and forgive them not! (with a touch of passion), ψ 41:3 Pr 3:25 Jb 5:22; ψ 34:6 (but 𝔊 𝔖 Ew Che here rd. וּפְנֵיכֶם, prob. rightly); 50:3a may our God come וְאַל־יֶ֫חֱרָ֥שׁ and not be silent! (the psalmist identifying himself with a spectator of the scene v 2, 3b–c) 121:3 (contrast v 4 לֹא) Je 46:6 +., b. once Pr 12:28 joined closely to a subst. (cf. לֹא 2b): In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway thereof אַל־מָוֶת there is no-death!; but error for אֶל־ ‘unto’ Capp 𝔊 𝔙 𝔗 𝔅. c. once Jb 24:25 used poet. as a subst., And bring my words לְאַל to nought!—N.B. 1 S 27:10 אַל־פְּשַׁטְתֶּם הַיּוֹם, אַל with the pf. is against all analogy; and either אֶל־מִי (with 𝔊 𝔙), or better אָן whither? (with 𝔖 𝔗: v. 1 S 10:14) must be read.

οὐδέ, negative Particle, related to μηδέ as οὐ to μή, partly conjunction, partly adverb: __A CONJUNCTION, but not, mostly answering to μέν (sometimes written divisim), Refs 8th c.BC+, but not, is followed by οὐδέ, nor, ἄλλοις μὲν πᾶσιν ἑήνδανεν, οὐδέ ποθ᾽ Ἥρῃ, οὐδὲ Ποσειδάων᾽, οὐδὲ γλαυκώπιδι κούρῃ Refs __A.II more frequently and not, nor: sometimes without a negative preceding, Κίρκη δ᾽ ὡς ἐνόησεν ἔμ᾽ ἥμενον, οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σίτῳ χεῖρας ἰάλλοντα Refs 8th c.BC+; δεινὸν γάρ, οὐδὲ ῥητόν Refs 5th c.BC+: after a negative compound, ὃν ἠτίμησ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνων, οὐδ᾽ ἀπέλυσε θύγατρα Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.II.2 with a negative preceding, nor, βρώμης δ᾽ οὐχ ἅπτεαι οὐ. ποτῆτος Refs 8th c.BC+, = and not, as in Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐδέ, = nor may be repeated any number of times, e.g. three times in Refs 5th c.BC+ —Sts. the _negative_ follows the whole word-group instead of preceding it, σιδήρῳ δὲ οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρῳ χρέωνται οὐδέν but iron or silver use they not at all, Refs 5th c.BC+ never means neither.. nor (like οὔτε.. οὔτε); where this combination occurs, the first οὐδέ is used without reference to the second, e.g. καὶ μὴν οὐδ᾽ ἡ ἐπιτείχισις οὐδὲ τὸ ναυτικὸν ἄξιον φοβηθῆναι and moreover we have no reason to fear their fortifications, nor yet their navy, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.III οὐδέ may also follow οὔτε, by an anacoluthon, as in τε.., δέ.. (see. οὔτε Refs; but οὔτε cannot follow οὐδέ.Refs 4th c.BC+ __B adverb, not even, in Refs 8th c.BC+ not even a little, no not a bit, not at all, Refs 8th c.BC+; so also ἐπεὶ οὔ οἱ ἔνι φρένες οὐδ᾽ ἠβαιαί he has no sense, no not even a little,Refs 8th c.BC+ he did not even exchange words with him, Refs 5th c.BC+: in the same sense, οὐ. γ᾽ Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect οὐ. μέν Refs 8th c.BC+ —This οὐδέ frequently follows καί, and not even, καὶ οὐδ᾽ αὐτοὶ αὖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ.. Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἀλλ᾽ οὐδέ, most frequently in phrase ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὧς.. Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II also not, not.. either, nor yet.., ὁ δίκαιος τοῦ δικαίου δοκεῖ τί σοι ἂν ἐθέλειν πλέον ἔχειν; Answ. οὐδαμῶς..; Qu. τί δ; τῆς δικαίας πράξεως; Answ. οὐ. τῆς δικαίας Refs 5th c.BC+ __C Repetition of οὐδέ and combination with οὐ: __C.I in Relat. as well as antecedent clause, ὥσπερ οὐδ᾽ ηὔχετο, οὐδ᾽ ᾤετο Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.II οὐ γὰρ οὐδέ, as ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ οὐ. νουθετεῖν ἔξεστί σε Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ. γὰρ οὐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐ. μὲν οὐ. Refs 8th c.BC+; compare οὐ with

פֶּן־133 (always with Makkeph except Gn 38:23; 44:34 Dt 7:25; 32:27 [not Gi], Is 27:3 Pr 25:8: Mandelkern Conc. s. v.) conj. (averting, or deprecating), lest (origin dub.: Thes Kö ii. 334 from פָּנָה, proposes subst. cstr. in accus. for the aversion of; but פָנָה is intrans.: NöM. 474 cps. the enclitic particle פּוֹן in 𝔗, then, ἄν, ‘etwa,’ thinking that a part. with the meaning ‘es möchte etwa,’ spoken in a tone of alarm, might readily acquire a deprecatory force);—lest: 1. with impf. Gn 3:3 ye shall not eat thereof … פֶּן־תְּמֻתוּן lest ye die, 11:4 let us build a city פֶּן־נָפוּץ lest we be scattered, 19:15, 17, 19; 38:23; 45:11 Ex 1:10; 23:29, 33 etc., 2 K 10:23 (sq. יֵשׁ), Is 6:10; 27:3; 28:22; 48:5, 7 ψ 2:12; 7:3 etc.; often after הִששָּׁמֶר־לְךָ take heed to thyself Gn 24:6; 31:24, and especially in Dt, as 4:9, 23; 6:12; 8:11 al.; after a vb. of fearing Gn 32:12, and once, even, of swearing Ju 15:12; deprecating pathetically, Gn 44:34 how shall I go up, etc.? lest I look upon the evil that will befal my father. Once, unusually, preceding the principal clause, Pr 5:6 אֹרַח חַיִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּס lest she should make level the path of life, her ways are unstable, etc. (Ew Be Now; v. also Toy). Note especially a. the idiom פֶּן־ (אָמַרְתִּי) כִּי אָמַר for he (I) said, Lest …, implying always that some precaution has been taken to avert the dreaded contingency, †Gn 26:9 for I said, Lest I die on account of her (to obviate which, Isaac had called Rebecca his sister), 31:31; 38:11; 42:4 Ex 13:17; Nu 16:34; 1 S 13:19; 27:11 (לֵאמֹר), ψ 38:17; with כי אמר implied Gn 26:7; cf. with an aposiop., 3:22 and now, lest he put forth his hand, etc. (implying that measures are taken to prevent this, see v 23): cf. Tob 8:9. b. פֶּזִ־ at the beginning of a sentence, with a dissuasive force, (Beware) lest: †Is 36:18 פֶּן־יַסִּית אֶתְכֶם חזקיהו (beware) lest H. deceive you (‖ 2 K 18:32, כִּי), Ex 34:15; Dt 29:17(×2) (sq. יֵשׁ), Je 51:46; Jb 32:13; 36:18. 2. with Pf., the result feared being conceived as having possibly already taken place; †2 S 20:6 pursue after him, פֶּן־מָצָא לוֹ … וְהִצִּיל lest he have found him fenced cities, etc. (but the tense of והציל makes יִמְצָא prob., DrSm Bu Kö iii. 486), 2 K 2:16 פֶּן־נְשָׂאוֹ רוּחַ י׳ וַיַּשְׁלִכֵהוּ וגו׳.

[בֵ֫לֶת] subst. (from בָּלָה, of the form דֶּלֶת Ol§ 146 b) prop. failure, hence used as particle of negation, not, except (cf. בְּלִי, אֶפֶס), twice with sf. (v. infr.), elsewhere always בִּלְתִּי (with binding vowel ִי, as mark of cstr. state: Sta§ 343 Ges§ 90, 3), (Ph. בלת only: Tabnith-Inscr. 5)— †1. adv. not, with an adj. 1 S 20:26 בִּלְתִּי טָהוֹר not clean, with a subst. Is 14:6 מַכַּת בִּלְתִּי סָרָה a stroke of non-cessation, i.e. a never-ceasing stroke, with a finite vb. (si vera l.) Ez 13:3 (RVm: but v. Dr§ 41 Obs.). †2. after a preceding negation, not = except (syn. זוּלָתִי), Gn 21:26 I have not heard בִּלְתִּי הַיּוֹם except to-day, Ex 22:19 he that sacrificeth בִּלְתִּי לי׳ except unto י׳, Nu 32:12; Jos 11:19: so בִּלְתִּי אִם Gn 47:18; Ju 7:14 (cf. כִּי אִם Gn 28:17; Ne 2:2). With sf. (attached to the ground-form בֵּלֶת) בִּלְתִּי except me †Ho 13:4, בִּלְתֶּ֑ךָ except thee †1 S 2:2. †3. conj. (likewise after a neg., expressed or implied) Gn 43:3 בִּלְתִּי אֲחִיכֶם אִתְּכֶם except your brother (be) with you, v 5 Nu 11:6 our soul is dry, there is nothing at all; save that our eyes are toward the manna, Is 10:4 (and where will ye leave your glory?) save that they bow down under the prisoners, and fall under the slain! i.e. (iron.) their only refuge will be among the corpses of a battle-field. So בִּלְתִּי אִם Am 3:3, 4.—Dn 11:18, where no neg. precedes, it is difficult to extract a sense consistent with the gen. usage of בִּלְתִּי: Ges besides that his reproach he will return unto him, Ew only, nothing but, Hi certainly, Drechsler (on Is 10:4) nay, even (cf. RV). 4. With preps. a. לְבִלְתִּי86 so as not …, in order not … (negation of לְ sq. Inf.), usually sq. Inf. cstr., as Gn 4:15 gave a sign to Cain לְבִלְתִּי הַכּוֹת־אֹתוֹ in order that any finding him should not smite him, 19:21; 38:9; Ex 8:18, 25; 9:17; Lv 18:30; 20:4; 26:15; Dt 8:11; 17:12 the man that doeth presumptuously לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹעַ so as not to hearken etc. (cf. Je 16:12; 17:23; 18:10; 42:13; Dn 9:11) v 20 Ju 2:23 +; לְבִלְתִּי הוֹעִיל in order not to profit (the result represented forcibly as the design; cf. sub לְמַעַן) Is 44:10 Je 7:8; after vbs. of commanding Gn 3:11 which I commanded thee לְבִלְתִּי אֲכָל־מִמֶּנּוּ not to eat thereof, 2 K 17:15; Je 35:8f, 14 Ru 2:9, swearing Dt 4:21; Jos 5:6; Ju 21:7; Ez 20:15, agreeing 2 K 12:9, interceding Je 36:25. Once לְבִלְתִּי לְ 2 K 23:10 (cf. לְמַעַן לְ Ez 21:20, בַּעֲבוּר לְ 1 Ch 19:3). Twice as conj. with the impf., Ex 20:20; 2 S 14:14 (cf. בַּעֲבוּר, & מִן Dt 33:11). In Je 23:14; 27:18 sq. perf., which is inconsistent with the nature of a final conj.: read either יָשׁוּבוּ, יָבֹאוּ, or שׁוּב, בוֹא (cf. Dr§ 41 Obs.). On Ez 13:3 v. supr. †b. מִבִּלְתִּי an account of not … (negation of מִן sq. Inf.): sq. Inf. Nu 14:16 מִבִּלְתִּי יְכֹלֶת י׳; a verbal noun Ez 16:28 מִבִּלְתִּי שָׂבְעָתֵךְ. †c. עַד־בִּלְתִּי until not …, sq. perf. (Ges§ 164 d; RSJPh. xvi. 72), or an Inf. (Ew§ 238 d), in the phrase (לָהֶם) עַד־בִּלְתִּי הִשְׁאִיר־לוֹ שָׂרִיד until one left him (them) not a remnant, Nu 21:35; Dt 3:3; Jos 8:22; 10:33; 11:8; 2 K 10:11.—Jb 14:12 עַד־בִּלְתִּי שָׁמַיִם till there be no heaven (cf. עַד־בְּלִי ψ 72:7).

οὔτε, adverb, (οὐ, τε) joining negative clauses, as τε joins positive, but rare in the simple sense and not, Refs 8th c.BC+; οὔτε γὰρ ἐκείνους διδόναι, Latin neque enim, Refs; and occasionally in later writers, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II mostly repeated, οὔτε.., οὔτε.. neither.., nor.., Latin neque.., neque.., Refs 8th c.BC+, as οὔτ᾽ ἂρ.., οὔτε..; οὔτ᾽ ἂρ.., οὔτ᾽ ἂρ..; οὔτ᾽ ἄρ τε.., οὔτ᾽ ἄρα.. Refs 8th c.BC+; οὔτ᾽ ἄρ.., οὔτε τι.., or οὔτε τι.., οὔτε..,Refs 8th c.BC+; so too οὔτε.., οὔτε μὴν.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 frequently used to divide up a general negation into two or more parts, ὡς δ᾽ ἐν ὀνείρῳ οὐ δύναται φεύγοντα διώκειν, οὔτ᾽ ἂρ ὁ τὸν δύναται ὑποφεύγειν οὔθ᾽ ὁ διώκειν Refs 8th c.BC+: without a negative preceding, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 within one of the two clauses distinguished by οὔτε a subordinate part may be introduced by οὐδέ, οὔτε γὰρ ἐκ σκίλλης ῥόδα φύεται οὐδ᾽ ὑάκινθος (οὐθ᾽ codices), οὐ δέ ποτ᾽ ἐκ δούλης τέκνον ἐλευθέριον Refs 6th c.BC+ nor yet incantations, Refs 5th c.BC+ after clauses with μήτε, μήτε παιδεία μήτε δικαστήρια μήτε νόμοι μηδὲ ἀνάγκη μηδεμία Refs; so οὐδέ (μηδέ) may sometimes follow a single οὔτε (μήτε), οὐδέ ποτέ σφιν οὔτε τι πημανθῆναι ἔπι δέος, οὐδ᾽ ἀπολέσθαι neither to suffer misery, nor yet to die, see reading in Refs 8th c.BC+; but this cannot be done in some cases, as οὔτ᾽ ἂν ὑπό γε ἑνὸς.. πάθοι, ἴσως δ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑπὸ πλεόνων Refs 8th c.BC+; by οὐδὲ μήν, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδ᾽ αὖ, see above—But οὔτε (μήτε) cannot be used simply answering to οὐδέ (μηδέ), see at {μηδέ} Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.4 οὔτε may be followed by a Posit. clause with τε, οὔτ᾽ αὐτὸς κτενέει, ἀπό τ᾽ ἄλλους πάντας ἐρύξει he both will not kill and will defend, Refs 8th c.BC+: sometimes the negative is added after the τε, οὔτ᾽ ὦν.. καρπὸν ἔδωκαν ἄρουραι, δένδρεά τ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλει.. φέρειν Refs 5th c.BC+.. is uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+, but is found in later writers, as Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.5 οὔτε is frequently, by anacoluthon, followed not by a second οὔτε, but by some other Particle, as by οὐδέ, see above 3; by δέ alone, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.5.b in Poets, οὐ sometimes follows without any conjunctive Particle, οὐκ ἦν ἀλέξημ᾽ οὐδὲν οὔτε βρώσιμον, οὐ χριστόν, οὔτε πιστόν Refs 4th c.BC+; οὔτε πλινθυφεῖς δόμους.. ᾖσαν, οὐ ξυλουργίανRefs 5th c.BC+: so also in the Prose of Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5.c in Poets also οὔτε is sometimes replaced by οὐ, οὐ νιφετὸς οὔτ᾽ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτ᾽ ὄμβρος Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.5.d the former οὔτε is sometimes omitted, ναυσὶ δ᾽ οὔτε πεζὸς ἰών Refs 5th c.BC+; νόσοι δ᾽ οὔτε γῆραςRefs 4th c.BC+ __II.6 when οὔτε and μήτε correspond, each retains its proper sense, ἀναιδὴς οὔτ᾽ εἰμὶ μήτε γενοίμην neither am I shameless, nor may I become so, Refs 4th c.BC+

לָא (לָה †Dn 4:32) adv. not (BH לא; Aramaic of Têma, Egyptian, etc., לא; Nerab ל (Lzb 301 CookGl. 67); 𝔗 לָא; Syriac ܠܴܐ );—not Je 10:11; Dn 2:5, 9, 10, etc.; before a ptcp. (so rarely in BH, 1 b c), 2:27, 43; 3:16; 4:4, 6, 15 +, so v 32 וְכָל־דָּאְרֵי אַרְעָא כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין are as men not accounted of (so Bev Behrm Marti, cf. Is 53:3 𝔗 בסירין ולא חשׁיבין; > most ‘accounted as nothing,’ for which no analogy, yet cf. ψ 39:6 𝔗); sq. אִיתַי, v. אִיתַי. With inf. and לְ Dn 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which it is not to alter = which is not to be altered (cf. v 16), Ezr 6:8 (K§ 67, 1 Dr§ 202, 2; cf. Is 35:6 𝔗, DAramaic Dialektproben, p. 1). With interr. הֲלָא †Dn 3:24; 4:27; 6:13.

בַּל69 adv. not (Ph. id.; e.g. CISi. 165, 15 בל יכן לכהן shall not be for the priest; 3, 3 בל עתי = before my time) a poet. syn. of לֹא, of comparatively rare occurrence, Ho 7:2; 9:16 (Qr) Is 14:21; 35:9; 43:17 Pr 9:13; 14:7; 19:23; 22:29; 23:7, 35(×2) 24:23 1 Ch 16:30 (= ψ 96:10), only besides, except in the passages cited, in other Psalms: often repeated in the same context, as Is 26:10(×2), 11, 14(×2), 18(×2); 33:20(×2), 21, 23(×2), 24; 44:8, 9(×3) ψ 10:4, 6, 11, 15, 18; 16:2, 4(×2), 8; 17:3(×2), 5; 21:3, 8, 12; also used often with אֶמּוֹט, יִמּוֹט, תִּמּוֹט ψ 10:6; 16:8; 21:8; 30:7; 46:6; 93:1; 96:10; 104:5 Pr 10:30; 12:3 Jb 41:15. In Is 40:24 it is prob. that it acquires from the context the sense of hardly: yea, hardly are they planted, yea, hardly are they sown …, when he even bloweth upon them, and they wither; cf. לֹא 2 K 20:4. Joined anomalously with an infin., ψ 32:9 בַּל קְרוֹב אֵלֶיךָ (else) there is not coming nigh thee (i.e. else they will not approach thee).

μηδέ, (μή, δέ) negative Particle (compare οὐδέ): as conjunction, and not (Epic dialect also, but not), nor, connecting two whole clauses, used with the same constructions as μή, μή τι σὺ ταῦτα.. διείρεο μηδὲ μετάλλα Refs 8th c.BC+; τεκνοῦσθαι, μηδ᾽ ἄπαιδα θνῄσκειν Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in μηδέ.. μηδέ.. the first μ. may belong to μηδέ A, e.g. Refs 8th c.BC+; but μήτε cannot follow μηδέ:—for μηδέ after οὐδέ, see at {οὐ} Refs 4th c.BC+ __B as adverb, joined with a single word or phrase, not even, not either, Refs 8th c.BC+; repeated emphatically, μηδ᾽ ὅντινα γαστέρι μήτηρ κοῦρον ἐόντα φέροι μηδ᾽ ὃς φύγοι let not the babe unborn —no let not even it escape, Refs 8th c.BC+ —for μηδέ τι see at {μήτις}.

טֶ֫רֶם54 once (Ru 3:14 Kt) טְרוֹם, adv. of time, not yet, ere, before that (deriv. unknown: not found in cogn. languages)—construed mostly with the impf. (with the pf. only Gn 24:15 (v 45 impf.), 1 S 3:7a (v b impf.), and בְּטֶרֶם ψ 90:2 Pr 8:25):— 1. †טֶרֶם in an independent sentence, not yet, Gn 2:5 and all the plants of the field טרם יהיה בארץ were not yet in the earth, etc., 19:4 טרם ישׁכבו not yet had they lain down, when etc., 24:15, 45 Nu 11:33 Jos 2:8 1 S 3:3, 7(×2); of present time, Ex 9:30; 10:7 הֲטֶרֶם תֵּדַע dost thou not yet know, etc.?; in a subord. clause, ere, before that, Ex 12:34 they took their dough טרם יחמץ before it was leavened, Jos 3:1 ψ 119:67; of future time Is 65:24. More frequently 2. בְּטֶרֶם39, with the same force: of past time, Gn 27:33 I ate of all בטרם תבא before thou camest, 37:18; 41:50 Ju 14:18 1 S 2:15 Je 1:5; 47:1 Ez 16:57; ψ 90:2 Pr 8:25 (both with pf.); more often of pres. or fut., as Gn 27:4 בטרם אמות before I die (so 45:28, cf. ψ 39:14 Jb 10:21), Lv 14:36 Dt 31:21 1 S 9:13 2 K 2:9 Is 7:16; 42:9; 48:5 Je 13:16; the impf. with a freq. force, Ex 1:19 before the midwife cometh, they are wont to bear, Ru 3:14 Pr 18:13. Pleon. בְּטֶרֶם לֹא Zp 2:2(×2). Construed with a subst. in the gen., †Is 17:14 בְּטֶרֶם בֹּקֶר = ere morning, 28:4 בְּטֶרֶם קַיִץ; with an inf. †Zp 2:2a (but read here with 𝔊 We בְּטֶרֶם לֹא תִהְיוּן כְּמוֹץ עֹבֵר, without יוֹם, ‘before ye become as chaff passing away’). 3. †מִטֶּרֶם Hg 2:15 (sq. inf.) מִטֶּרֶם שׂוּם אֶבֶן from before the laying of one stone upon another, etc.

Included with: οὐ, the negative of fact and statement, as μή of will and thought; οὐ denies, μή rejects; οὐ is absolute, μή relative; οὐ objective, μή subjective. —The same differences hold for all compounds of οὐ and μή, and some examples of οὐδέ and οὐδείς are included below.—As to the Form, see infr. G. USAGRefs 5th c.BC+ __I as the negative of single words, __II as the negative of the sentence. __I οὐ adhering to single words so as to form a quasi-compound with them:—with Verbs: οὐ δίδωμι withhold, Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐκ εἰῶ prevent, Refs; οὐκ ἐθέλω refuse, Refs; οὔ φημι deny, Refs 4th c.BC+; but sometimes οὐ is retained, εἰ δ᾽ ἂν.. οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐάντε.. οὐ (variant{μή}) φῆτε ἐάντε φῆτε Refs 8th c.BC+ —On the use of οὐ in contrasts, see below Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as negativing the whole sentence, __II.1 οὐ is frequently used alone, sometimes with the ellipsis of a definite Verb, οὔκ (i.e. ἀποκερῇ), ἄν γε ἐμοὶ πείθῃ Refs 5th c.BC+: sometimes as negativing the preceding sentence, Refs 5th c.BC+ and the accusative; sometimes without μά, οὐ τὸν πάντων θεῶν θεὸν πρόμον Ἅλιον Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with indicative of statement, τὴν δ᾽ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐ φθίνει Κροίσου φιλόφρων ἀρετά Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 with subjunctive in future sense, only in Epic dialect, οὐ γάρ τίς με βίῃ γε ἑκὼν ἀέκοντα δίηται Refs __II.4 with optative in potential sense (without ἄν or κεν), also Epic dialect, ὃ οὐ δύο γ᾽ ἄνδρε φέροιεν Refs __II.5 with optative and ἄν, κείνοισι δ᾽ ἂν οὔ τις.. μαχέοιτο Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6 in dependent clauses οὐ is used, __II.6.a with ὅτι or ὡς, after Verbs of saying, knowing, and showing, ἐκ μέν τοι ἐρέω.. ὡς ἐγὼ οὔ τι ἑκὼν κατερύκομαι Refs 8th c.BC+: so with indicative or optative and ἄν, ἀπελογοῦντο ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὕτω μωροὶ ἦσαν Refs 5th c.BC+ in such sentences, see at {μή} Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6.b in all causal sentences, and in temporal and Relat. sentences unless there is conditional or final meaning, χωσαμένη, ὅ οἱ οὔ τι θαλύσια.. ῥέξε Refs 8th c.BC+: in causal relative sentences, οἵτινές σε οὐχὶ ἐσώσαμεν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in the combinations, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις οὐ.., as οὐκ ἔστ᾽ ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ ἀεὶ φιλεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις οὐ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.6.c after ὥστε with indicative or optative with ἄν, ὥστ᾽ οὐ δυνατόν σ᾽ εἵργειν ἔσται Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive is almost invariably due to indirect speech, ὥστ᾽ οὐκ αἰσχύνεσθαι (for οὐκ αἰσχύνονται) Refs 5th c.BC+—Rarely not in indirect speech, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7 in a conditional clause μή is necessary, except, __II.7.a in Refs 8th c.BC+ clause precedes the apodosis and the verb is indicative, εἰ δέ μοι οὐκ ἐπέεσσ᾽ ἐπιπείσεται Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.7.b when the εἰ clause is really causal, as after Verbs expressing surprise or emotion, μὴ θαυμάσῃς, εἰ πολλὰ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ πρέπει σοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7.c when οὐ belongs closely to the next word (see. Refs 4th c.BC+, or is quoted unchanged, εἰ, ὡς νῦν φήσει, οὐ παρεσκευάσατο Refs 4th c.BC+; εἰ δ᾽ οὐκέτ᾽ ἐστί (i.e. ὥσπερ λέγεις), τίνι τρόπῳ διεφθάρη ; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.8 οὐ is used with infinitive in indirect speech, when it represents the indicative of orat. recta, φαμὲν δέ οἱ οὐ τελέεσθαι Refs 8th c.BC+; sometimes we have οὐ and μή in consecutive clauses, οἶμαι σοῦ κάκιον οὐδὲν ἂν τούτων κρατύνειν μηδ᾽ ἐπιθύνειν χερί Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.9 οὐ is used with the participle, when it can be resolved into a finite sentence with οὐ, as after Verbs of knowing and showing, τὸν κατθανόνθ᾽ ὁρῶντες οὐ τιμώμενον Refs 5th c.BC+; or into a causal sentence, τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ πολλοὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ διεφθάρησαν νέειν οὐκ ἐπιστάμενοι Refs 5th c.BC+; or into a concessive sentence, δόξω γυναῖκα καίπερ οὐκ ἔχων ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+ and participle, ὡς οὐχὶ συνδράσουσα νουθετεῖς τάδε Refs 5th c.BC+:—for exceptions, see at {μή} Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.9.b when the participle is used with the Article, μή is generally used, unless there is a distinct reference to a fact, when οὐ is occasionally found, ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς οὐκ οὔσης ἔτι [πόλεως] ὁρμώμενοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.10 Adjectives and abstract Substantives with the article commonly take μή (see. μή Refs 5th c.BC+ is occasionally used, τὰς οὐκ ἀναγκαίας πόσεις Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν τῶν γεφυρῶν οὐ διάλυσιν the non- dissolution of the bridges, the fact of their notbeing broken up, Refs 5th c.BC+; so without the article, ἐν οὐ καιπῷ Refs __II.11 for οὐ μή, see entry __II.12 in questions οὐ ordinarily expects a positive answer, οὔ νυ καὶ ἄλλοι ἔασι..; Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐχ ὁράᾳς..; dost thou not see? Refs 8th c.BC+: so as a strong form of imperative,;Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐμὸς μὲν οὐχί NT+5th c.BC+: the diphthong is genuine and always written ου (ουκ, ουδε, etc.) in early Inscrr., Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐ abbreviated ο, Suid. see at {Φιλοξένου γραμμάτιον}. __H ACCENTUATION. οὐ is oxytone accusative to Hdn.Gr.1.494 (text doubtfulin 504): Refs 8th c.BC+ __H.I οὐ in connexion with other Particles will be found in alphabetical order, οὐ γάρ, οὐ μή, etc.—The corresponding forms of μή should be compared.

οὐκέτι or οὐκ ἔτι, adverb no more, no longer, no further: and generally, not now, opposed to οὔπω (not yet), frequently in Refs 8th c.BC+, and Attic dialect; οὐκέτι πάμπαν Refs 8th c.BC+; with a word between, οὐ πάμπαν ἔτι Refs 5th c.BC+

ἄρᾰ, Epic dialect ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant ἄρ (perhaps cf. Lithuanian i[rtilde] 'and'): expressing consequence, then, or mere succession, there and then, and in many derived uses. __A EARLIER USAGE: to denote, __A.I immediate transition, there and then, straightway, ὣς φάτο βῆ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὌνειροςRefs 8th c.BC+: after a participle, ὣς εἰπὼν κατ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἕζετοRefs 5th c.BC+; οὕτως ἄραRefs 5th c.BC+; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο.. αὐτίκ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἤλυθενRefs 8th c.BC+: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, then, next, οἱ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ Ἀθήνας εἶχονRefs; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος.. ὁ δ᾽ ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ᾽ υἱόνRefs __A.I.2 to draw attention, mark you! τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον.. τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶοςRefs: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκήRefs __A.II connexion, such as, __A.II.1 that of antecedent and consequent, οἰνοχόει.. ἄσβεστος δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐνῶρτο γέλωςRefs: also in questions, τίς τ᾽ ἄρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος ἔη; who then (say you) was.. ? Refshe it was, whom.., Refs, thus, then he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. __A.II.2 explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα.. ἀπηύρων whom (and for this cause he was angry) they had taken away, Refs; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε.. φῆ ῥ᾽ ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν for he said, Refs 8th c.BC+; so with relatives, ἐκ δ᾽ ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ᾽ ἤθελον αὐτοί the very one which.., Refs 8th c.BC+ __B LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονίαRefs 4th c.BC+: especially by way of informal inference, as it seems, οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν ΠηλεύςRefs 8th c.BC+; οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν so true is it that.., Refs 5th c.BC+; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ... Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσετα; who is there to save ? Refs 4th c.BC+; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ᾽ ἥβην.. ἀπώλεσεν what a band of youth was that.. ! Refs; so ὡς ἄραRefs 5th c.BC+; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone, ἔζης ἄ.Refs 5th c.BC+: especially in ironical comments, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 epexegetic, namely, ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ... Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.4 for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, see entry τοι Refs __B.5 εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless perhaps, Refs 5th c.BC+; separated from εἰ μή, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.6 in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσινRefs 5th c.BC+; or simply, perhaps (sometimes separated from εἰ), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανενRefs 5th c.BC+ __C IN CRASIS, frequently τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ., Refs 5th c.BC+; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα, Refs 5th c.BC+ __D ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek Refs 4th c.BC+, but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in NT, and first in a sentence, NT+2nd c.AD+; in conclusion of syllogism, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† אֶ֫פֶס, אָ֑פֶס n.m. proposes ceasing, hence 1. end, extremity, only in the poet. phrase אַפְסֵי אֶרֶץ (ψ 59:14 א׳ הארץ) ends, extreme limits, of the earth, used especially hyperbolically: Dt 33:17 1 S 2:10 Mi 5:3 Je 16:19 ψ 2:8; 59:14; 72:8 (= Zc 9:10); + כָּל־ Is 45:22; 52:10b (= ψ 98:3b) ψ 22:28; 67:8 Pr 30:4. 2. Expressing non-existence: a. as subst. (mostly a rare poet. syn. of אַיִן): Is 34:12 and all his princes יִהְיוּ אָ֑פֶס shall become nought, 41:29; 41:12 יִהְיוּ כְאַיִן וּכְאֶפֶס; 40:17 מֵאֶפֶס וָתֹהוּ (‖ כְּאַיִן) as made of nought and worthlessness are they accounted by him, 41:24 (read פָּעָלְכָם מֵאָ֑פֶס, ‖ מ��אַיִן, v. אֶפַע); 52:4 and Asshur oppressed him בְּאֶפֶס for nought. b. as part. of negation, proposes cessation of …! (cf. אֵין … nought of …), very rare in prose (2 S 9:3), chiefly a poet. syn. of אֵין: Is 5:8 עַד אֶפֶס מָקוֹם till there is an end of place = till there is no place (cf. עַד אֵין ψ 40:13), Am 6:10 (cf. אָֽיִן Ju 4:20), Dt 32:36 (hence, in prose, 2 K 14:26), Is 45:6 (cf. אין 43:11) v 14; 46:9; 54:15; אֲנִי וְאַפְסִי עוֹד Zp 2:15 Is 47:8, 10 is prob. to be rendered, ‘I am, and there is none besides’ (so Ges Ew Di etc.), the י being ‘paragogic’ as in זוּלָתִי etc. (Ges§ 90, 3a Ew§ 211b), cf. עוֹד" dir="rtl" >וְאֵין עוֹד Is 45:5, 6, 18, 21; but according to De the י is sf. of 1 s. ‘I am, and I am nought besides’ (i.e. and I am nought besides my all-sufficient self).—בְּאֶפֶס (like בְּאֵין, q.v.) without: Pr 14:28; 26:20 Jb 7:6 Dn 8:25. c. as adv. of limitation: (a) only: †Nu 22:35 (cf. אַךְ v 20) 23:13. (b) אֶפֶס כִּי save that, howbeit (qualifying a preceding statement): †Nu 13:28 Dt 15:4 Ju 4:9 Am 9:8 (+ 1 S 1:5 𝔊 We Sta Dr). So אֶפֶס alone †2 S 12:14 (the foll. כִּי signifying because).

μήτε, and not, mostly doubled, μήτε.. μήτε.. neither.. nor.., Refs 8th c.BC+; μήτε.., μήτ᾽ οὖν.. Refs 8th c.BC+; μήτε.., μηδέ, see at {μηδέ}; μήτε..,{τε}.. both not.., and.., Refs 8th c.BC+; also μήτε.., δέ.. Refs 5th c.BC+; μή.., μήτε.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 μήτε is perhaps sometimes omitted in the former of two clauses, ἑκόντα μήτ᾽ ἄκοντα Refs 5th c.BC+

οὔπω or οὔ πω, Ionic dialect οὔκω, adverb not yet, opposed to οὐκέτι (no longer, no more), usually with present or past (especially perfect, or aorist in perfect sense) tenses, Refs 8th c.BC+; frequently with another word between, as οὐ γάρ πω Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 sometimes merely as a stronger form of the negative, not, not at all, when it may be used with the present or future, σοὶ δ᾽ οὔ πω.. θεοὶ κοτέουσιν Refs 8th c.BC+: with aorist, Refs 5th c.BC+

† לוּ17 and לוּא (†1 S 14:30; Is 48:18; 63:19), also לֻא (Qr לוּ), †2 S 18:12; 19:7 (Arabic لَوْ, Aramaic ܠܘܰܝ, לְוַי, Mishn. לְוַי, Assyrian lû, with opt. force, Dl§§ 78 end, 93, 145; cf. Köii. 333), conj. if, O that:— 1. if (stating a case which has not been, or is not likely to be, realized): a. sq. pf. (so mostly), Dt 32:29 לו חכמו ישׂכילו זאת if they had been wise (which they are not), they would understand this; Mi 2:11 (apod. וְהָיָה); Ju 8:19; 13:23 לו חפץ י׳ להמיתנו לא לקח if J. had desired to slay us, he would not have taken, &c. 1 S 14:30 2 S 19:7. b. sq. impf. Ez 14:15 if I were to send, &c. (but read prob. אוֹ, cf. v 17, 19). c. sq. ptcp., 2 S 18:12 וְלֻא אָנֹכִי שֹׁקֵל and though I should be weighing 1000 pieces of silver upon my hand, I would not, &c. ψ 81:14–17 לו עמי שֹׁמֵעַ לי if my people were hearkening to me, … quickly would I bow down, &c. d. sq. יֵשׁ Job 16:4.—With the apod. omitted, Gn 50:15 לוּ יִשְׁמְמֵנוּ if Joseph were to hate us (how should we fare then?). 2. If only …! i.e. O that! would that! (cf. εἰ γάρ, εἴθε) usually sq. perf., as Nu 14:2(×2) לוּ מַתְנוּ if only we had died in the land of Egypt! 20:3; Jos 7:7 וְלוּ הוֹאַלְנוּ וַנֵּשֶׁב Is 48:18; 63:19; sq. יֵשׁ Nu 22:29; sq. impf. Gn 17:18 לו יחיה O that Ishmael might live before thee! Jb 6:2; sq. juss. Gn 30:34 לו יהי כדברך; sq. imv. 23:13 אם אתה לוּ שׁמעני if thou—O that thou wouldst hear me! (+ prob. v 5 לאמר ׃ לוּ שׁמעני for לאמר לוֹ ׃ שׁ׳, and similarly v 15).—Read also prob. לֻא for Mas. לֹא Ju 21:22 (with כִּי עַתָּה for כָּעֵת), 1 S 13:13; 20:14(×2) Jb 9:33 (sq. יֵשׁ); and perhaps 14:4 (Ew Kö).

μηκέτι, adverb, (formed from μή, ἔτι, with κ inserted on a false analogy with οὐκέτι) no more, no longer, no further, Refs 8th c.BC+

Included with: μήτῐς or μή τις, ὁ, ἡ, neuter μήτῐ, genitive μήτῐνος: (τὶς) old Gr. and Cretan dialect for μηδείς, Refs 8th c.BC+; Cretan dialect dative singular μηδιμί Refs —hence __1 μήτι or μή τι, adverb, with imperative, and infinitive used imperatively, Refs 8th c.BC+: with optative to express a wish, ὄλοιντο μή τι πάντες Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 after Verbs of fear or doubt, Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 in direct questions, μή τί σοι δοκῶ ταρβεῖ; do I.. ? (i.e. I do not), NT+4th c.BC+ __4 μή τί γε let alone, much less, οὐδὲ στρατιώτης οὗτός γε οὐδενός ἐστιν ἄξιος, μή τί γε τῶν ἄλλων ἡγεμών Refs 4th c.BC+; later, not to mention, οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ἀγγέλους κρινοῦμε; μήτι γε βιωτικά NT: with a word between, ὡς.. δώσοντι δίκην, μή τι ποιήσαντί γε Refs 5th c.BC+

οὐδέποτε, in Ionic dialect Prose οὐδέκοτε, Doric dialect οὐδέποκα probably in Refs, etc.:—conjunction and adverb and not ever or nor ever, not even ever or never, in Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly with past tenses, Refs 8th c.BC+: but with present, Refs 8th c.BC+: with future, Refs 8th c.BC+; in Attic dialect, οὐδέποτε is commonly found with present or future (or its equivalent, as in οὐδέποτε μὴ λειφθῇ Refs 1st c.AD+ with past tenses, so οὐδέποτε ἐπὶ μέλλοντος.., ἐπὶ δὲ παρῳχημένου τὸ οὐδεπώποτε Refs 5th c.BC+ occurs with past tenses in Refs 5th c.BC+; compare οὐδέποτε tam in praeterito quam in futuro, quomodo et nos 'nunquam', Refs 5th c.AD+: in late writers the reference of πω to past time was neglected, see at {οὐδεπώποτε}, andRefs 1st c.AD+; compare οὐδέπω, οὔποτε, οὔπω, οὐπώποτε, also μηδέποτε, μηπώποτε.—In Refs 8th c.BC+ should probably be written divisim: sometimes a word is put between, as in Refs 8th c.BC+

† לוּלֵא Gn 43:10; Ju 14:18; 2 S 2:27; ψ 27:13, elsewhere לוּלֵי10 if not, unless (from לוּ if, and לֵא, by dissim. (Köii 236, 489) for לֹא not; cf. Arabic لَوْلَا ), the neg. of לוּ, and used similarly:— a. sq. pf., Ju 14:18 לולא חרשׁתם … לא מצאתם unless ye had ploughed with my heifer, ye would not have found out my riddle, 1 S 25:34 (second כי resumptive: כִּי 1 d), ψ 106:23; with apod. introd. by כִּי עַתָּה Gn 31:42; 43:10; by אָז 2 S 2:27 (כי resumptive); by כִּמְעַט Is 1:9; with an aposiop. ψ 27:13 if I had not believed …! b. sq. impf. Dt 32:27 אמרתי … לולי אגור I should have said, &c. … except I dreaded, &i>c. c. sq. ptcp., 2 K 3:14. d. without a verb, ψ 94:17 (apod. כמעט), 119:92 (apod. אָז). In the later language, ψ 124:1, 2 לוּלֵי י׳ שֶׁ- (apod. אֲזַי) except that … (cf. Aramaic ܕ ? … ܐܶܠܘܽ ܠܴܐ ψ 106:23, אִילּוּלֵי … דִּי ψ 27:13 𝔗).—Read also לוּלֵי for אוּלַי in Nu 22:33 (apod. כִּי עַתָּה). See further on לוּ" dir="rtl" >לוּ and לוּלֵא²" dir="rtl" >לוּלֵא Dr§§ 139–145 Köiii. 487 f. 565.

Related to: εἰ, Attic dialect-Ionic dialect and Refs 4th c.AD+ ἤ Refs in Epic dialect:— Particle used interjectionally with imperative and to express a wish, but usually either in conditions, if, or in indirect questions, whether. In the former use its regular negative is μ; in the latter, οὐ. __A INTERJECTIONALLY, in Refs 8th c.BC+, come now! with imperative, εἰ δὲ.. ἄκουσον Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.2 in wishes, with optative, ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις.. καλέσειεν Refs; so later, εἴ μοι ξυνείη μοῖρα Refs 8th c.BC+; of unattained wishes, in Refs 8th c.BC+; later with past tenses of indicative, εἰ γάρ μ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆν.. ἧκεν Refs 4th c.BC+; εἰ γὰρ τοσαύτην δύναμιν εἶχον ὥστε.. Refs 8th c.BC+infinitive (compare the use of infinitive in commands), αἰ γὰρ τοῖος ἐὼν.. ἐμὸς γαμβρὸς καλέεσθαι Refs __A.2.b εἴθε, Epic dialect αἴθε, is frequently used in wishes in the above constructions, εἴθε οἱ αὐτῷ Ζεὺς ἀγαθὸν τελέσειεν Refs 8th c.BC+: later with infinitive, γαίης χθαμαλωτέρη εἴθε.. κεῖσθαι Refs 1st c.BC+ __A.2.c εἰ γάρ, εἴθε are also used with ὤφελον (Epic dialect ὤφελλον), of past unattained wishes, αἴθ᾽ ὤφελλες στρατοῦ ἄλλου σημαίνειν Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον [κατιδεῖν] Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2.d followed by a clause expressing a consequence of the fulfilment of the wish, αἰ γὰρ τοῦτο.. ἔπος τετελεσμένον εἴη· τῷ κε τάχα γνοίης.. Refs 8th c.BC+; sometimes hard to distinguish from εἰ in conditions (which may be derived from this use), εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Refs 8th c.BC+ __B IN CONDITIONS, if: __B.I with INDIC., __B.I.1 with all tenses (for future, see below Refsif this is so, it will be.., Refs 8th c.BC+: any form of the Verb may stand in apodosi, εἰ θεοί τι δρῶσιν αἰσχρόν, οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ οὗτοι ὀρθῶς ἀπέστησαν, ὑμεῖς ἂν οὐ χρεὼν ἄρχοιτε if these were right in their revolt, (it would follow that) you rule when you have no right, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.I.1.b to express a general condition, if ever, whenever, sometimes with present, εἴ τις δύο ἢ καὶ πλείους τις ἡμέρας λογίζεται, μάταιός ἐστιν Refs 5th c.BC+: with imperfect, εἴ τίς τι ἠρώτα ἀπεκρίνοντο Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely with aorist, Refs 1st c.BC+ __B.I.2 with future (much less frequently than ἐάν with subjunctive), either to express a future supposition emphatically, εἰ φθάσομεν τοὺς πολεμίους κατακαίνοντες οὐδεὶς ἡμῶν ἀποθανεῖται Refs 5th c.BC+ in threats or warnings, εἰ μὴ καθέξεις γλῶσσαν ἔσται σοι κακά Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.I.2.b to express a present intention or expectation, αἶρε πλῆκτρον εἰ μαχεῖ if you mean to fight, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.I.3 with historical tenses, implying that the condition is or was unfulfilled. __B.I.3.a with imperfect, referring to present time or to continued or repeated action in past time (in Refs 8th c.BC+, if they did not live an abstemious life, Refs 5th c.BC+ would not have been master of islands, if he had not had also some naval force, Refs 7th c.BC+; εἰ ἦσαν ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ.. οὐκ ἄν ποτε ταῦτα ἔπασχον if they had been good men, they would never have suffered as they did, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ τάδε ᾔδἐ.. οὐκ ἂν ὑπεξέφυγε if I had known this.., Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.I.3.b with aorist referring to past time, εἰ μὴ ἔφυσε θεὸς μέλι.. ἔφασκον γλύσσονα σῦκα πέλεσθαι Refs 6th c.BC+; εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἂν ἐπὶ βασιλέα had you not come, we should be on our way.., Refs 8th c.BC+: with pluperfect in apodosi, εἰ τριάκοντα μόναι μετέπεσον τῶν ψήφων, ἀπεπεφεύγη ἄν Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.I.3.c rarely with pluperfect referring to action finished in past or present time, λοιπὸν δ᾽ ἂν ἦν ἡμῖν ἔτι περὶ τῆς πόλεως διαλεχθῆναι, εἰ μὴ προτέρα τῶν ἄλλων τὴν εἰρήνην ἐπεποίητο if she had not (as she has done) made peace before the rest, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II with SUBRefs 1st c.AD+ (Epic dialect κε, κεν), compare ἐάν: Refs 4th c.BC+; but ἄν (κε, κεν) are frequently absent in Refs 8th c.BC+, cf. Foed.Doric dialect cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; occasionally in Trag., Refs 5th c.BC+; very rarely in Attic dialect Prose, εἰ ξυστῶσιν αἱ πόλεις Refs 5th c.BC+: in later Prose, εἴ τις θελήσῃ NT+3rd c.AD+ __B.II.1 when the apodosis is future, to express a future condition more distinctly and vividly than εἰ with optative, but less so than εἰ with future indicative (above Refs; εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ᾽.. if thou do thus.., thou shalt know, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἂν μὴ νῦν ἐθέλωμεν ἐκεῖ πολεμεῖν αὐτῷ, ἐνθάδ᾽ ἴσως ἀναγκασθησόμεθα τοῦτο ποιεῖν if we be not now willing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 when the apodosis is present, denoting customary or repeated action, to express a general condition, if ever, ἤν ποτε δασμὸς ἵκηται, σοὶ τὸ γέρας πολὺ μεῖζον (i.e. ἐστί) whenever a division comes, your prize is (always) greater, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death come near, Refs 5th c.BC+; with ἄν omitted, εἴ περ γάρ τε χόλον.. καταπέψῃ ἀλλά.. ἔχει κότον Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II.2.b with Rhet. present in apodosis, ἐὰν μὴ οἱ φιλόσοφοι βασιλεύσωσιν, οὐκ ἔστι κακῶν παῦλα there is (i.e. can be, will be) no rest.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III with OPTATIVE (never with ἄν in early Gr., later ἐάν with optative, Refs 5th c.AD+ __B.III.1 to express a future condition less definitely than ἐάν with subjunctive, usually with optative with ἄν in apodosis, ἦ κεν γηθήσαι Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες.. εἰ σφῶιν τάδε πάντα πυθοίατο μαρναμένοιιν surely they would exult, if they should hear.., Refs 8th c.BC+: future optative is falsa lectio in Refs 5th c.BC+: with present indicative in apodosis, Refs 6th c.BC+: with future indicative, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.1.b in Hom.sometimes with present optative, to express an unfulfilled present condition, εἰ μὲν νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼ τὰ πρῶτα φεροίμην if we were now contending, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.III.2 when the apodosis is past, denoting customary or repeated action, to express a general condition in past time (corresponding to use of subjunctive in present time, above Refs; once in Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ δέ τινας θορυβουμένους αἴσθοιτο.., κατασβεννύναι τὴν ταραχὴν ἐπειρᾶτο if he should see (whenever he saw) any troops in confusion, he (always) tried, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴ τις ἀντείποι, εὐθὺς ἐτεθνήκει if any one made objection, he was a dead man at once, Refs 5th c.BC+: indicative and optative are found in same sentence, ἐμίσει, οὐκ εἴ τις κακῶς πάσχων ἠμύνετο, ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις εὐεργετούμενος ἀχάριστος φαίνοιτο Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.3 in oratio obliqua after past tenses, representing ἐάν with subjunctive or εἰ with a primary (never an historical) tense of the indicative in oratio recta, ἐλογίζοντο ὡς, εἰ μὴ μάχοιντο, ἀποστήσοιντο αἱ πόλεις (representing ἐὰν μὴ μαχώμεθα, ἀποστήσονται) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔλεγεν ὅτι, εἰ βλαβερὰ πεπραχὼς εἴη, δίκαιος εἴη ζημιοῦσθαι (representing εἰ βλαβερὰ πέπραχε, δίκαιός ἐστι)Refs; εἰ δέ τινα φεύγοντα λήψοιτο, προηγόρευεν ὅτι ὡς πολεμίῳ χρήσοιτο (representing εἴ τινα λήψομαι, χρήσομαι) Refs; also, where oratio obliqua is implied in the leading clause, οὐκ ἦν τοῦ πολέμου πέρας Φιλίππῳ, εἰ μὴ Θηβαίους.. ἐχθροὺς ποιήσειε τῇ πόλει, i.e. Philip thought there would be no end to the war, unless he should make.. (his thought having been ἐὰν μὴ ποιήσω), Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.4 with optative with ἄν, only when the clause serves as apodosis as well as protasis,Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.IV with infinitive, in oratio obliqua, only in Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.V after Verbs denoting wonder, delight, indignation, disappointment, contentment, and similar emotions, εἰ with indicative is used instead of ὅτι, to express the object of the feeling in a hypothetical form, θαυμάζω εἰ μηδεὶς ὑμῶν μήτ᾽ ἐνθυμεῖται μήτ᾽ ὀργίζεται, ὁρῶν.. I wonder that no one of you is either concerned or angry when he sees.., Refs 4th c.BC+: after past tenses, ἐθαύμασε δ᾽ εἰ μὴ φανερόν ἐστιν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐθαύμαζε δ᾽ εἴ τις ἀρετὴν ἐπαγγελλόμενος ἀργύριον πράττοιτο he wondered that any one should demand money, Refs; ἔχαιρον ἀγαπῶν εἴ τις ἐάσοι I rejoiced, being content if any one should let it pass, Refs 5th c.BC+ —in this use the _negative_ οὐ is also found, ἀγανακτῶ εἰ ὁ Φίλιππος ἁρπάζων οὐ λυπεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.VI in citing a fact as a ground of argument or appeal, as surely as, since, εἴ ποτ᾽ ἔην γε if there was [as there was], i.e. as sure as there was such an one, Refs 8th c.BC+; πολλοὺς γὰρ οἶκε εἶναι εὐπετέστερον διαβάλλειν ἢ ἕνα, εἰ Κλεομένεα μὲν μοῦνον οὐκ οἷός τε ἐγένετο διαβαλεῖν, τρεῖς δὲ μυριάδας Ἀθηναίων ἐποίησε τοῦτο it seems easier to deceive many than one, if (as was the fact, i.e. since) he was not able.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.VII ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTIONS: __B.VII.1 with apodosis implied in the context, εἰ having the force of in case, supposing that, πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, εἰ ἐπιβοηθοῖεν, ἐχώρουν they marched towards the city [so as to meet the citizens], in case they should rush out, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἱκέται πρὸς σὲ δεῦρ᾽ ἀφίγμεθα, εἴ τινα πόλιν φράσειας ἡμῖν εὔερον we have come hither to you, in case you should tell us of some fleecy city (i.e. that we might hear of it), Refs 5th c.BC+; παρέζεο καὶ λαβὲ γούνων, αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι sit by him and grasp his knees [so as to persuade him], in case he be willing to help the Trojans, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄκουσον καὶ ἐμοῦ, ἐάν σοι ἔτι ταὐτὰ δοκῇ hear me also [that you may assent], in case the same opinion please you, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰδὲ δή, ἐάν σοι ὅπερ ἐμοὶ συνδοκῇ look now, in case you approve what I do, Refs __B.VII.2 with apodosis suppressed for rhetorical reasons, εἴ περ γάρ κ᾽ ἐθέλῃσιν Ὀλύμπιος.. στυφελίξαι if he wish to thrust him away, [he will do so], Refs 8th c.BC+; εἰ μὲν δώσουσι γέρας—· εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι if they shall give me a prize, [well and good]; but if they give not, then I will take one for myself, Refs 5th c.BC+; καὶ ἢν μὲν ξυμβῇ ἡ πεῖρα—· εἰ δὲ μή.. and if the attempt succeed, [well]; otherwise.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.VII.3 with the Verb of the protasis omitted, chiefly in the following expressions: __B.VII.3.a εἰ μή except, οὐδὲν ἄλλο σιτέονται, εἰ μὴ ἰχθῦς μοῦνον Refs 5th c.BC+; μὰ τὼ θεώ, εἰ μὴ Κρίτυλλά γ᾽ [εἰμί]—nay, if I'm not Critylla! i.e. I am, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ μὴ ὅσον except only, ἐγὼ μέν μιν οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ ὅσον γραφῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ μή τι οὖν, ἀλλὰ σμικρόν γέ μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς χάλασον if nothing else, yet.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.VII.3.b εἰ δὲ μή but if not, i.e. otherwise, προηγόρευε τοῖς Λαμψακηνοῖσι μετιέναι Μιλτιάδεα, εἰ δὲ μή, σφέας πίτυος τρόπον ἀπείλεε ἐκτρίψειν Refs 5th c.BC+; after μάλιστα μέν, Refs 5th c.BC+ —after a preceding _negative_, μὴ τύπτ᾽· εἰ δὲ μή, σαυτόν ποτ᾽ αἰτιάσει don't beat me; otherwise, you will have yourself to blame, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.VII.3.c εἰ δέ sometimes stands for εἰ δὲ μή, εἰ μὲν βούλεται, ἑψέτω· εἰ δ᾽, ὅτι βούλεται, τοῦτο ποιείτω Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ δὲ τοῦτο and if so, Refs 1st c.BC+ __B.VII.3.d εἰ γάρ for if so, Refs __B.VII.3.e εἴ τις if any, i. e. as much as or more than any, τῶν γε νῦν αἴ τις ἐπιχθονίων, ὀρθῶς Refs 5th c.BC+; εἴ τις ἄλλος, siquis alius, Refs 5th c.BC+; also κατ᾽ εἰ δέ τινα τρόπον in any way, Refs __B.VII.3.f εἴ ποτε or εἴπερ ποτέ now if ever, ἡμῖν δὲ καλῶς, εἴπερ ποτέ, ἔχει.. ἡ ξυναλλαγή Refs 7th c.BC+; but in prayers, εἴ ποτέ τοι ἐπὶ νηὸν ἔρεψα.. τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.VII.3.g εἴ ποθεν (i.e. δυνατόν ἐστι) if from any quarter, i.e. from some quarter or other, Refs 5th c.BC+; so εἴ ποθι somewhere, anywhere, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.VII.3.h εἴ πωςRefs 5th c.BC+: in an elliptical sentence (cf. VII. Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.VIII with other PARTICLES: __B.VIII.1 for the distinction between καὶ εἰ (or καὶ ἐάν, or κἄν) even if, and εἰ καί (or ἐὰν καί) even though, see at {καί}:—the opposite of καὶ εἰ is οὐδ᾽ εἰ, not even if; that of εἰ καί is εἰ μηδέ, if (although) not even. __B.VIII.2 for ὡς εἰ, ὡς εἴ τε, ὥσπερ εἰ, etc., see at {ὡς} and ὥσπερ. __B.VIII.3 for εἰ ἄρα, see at {ἄρα}; for εἰ δή, εἴπερ, see at {εἰ δή, εἴπερ}; for εἴ γε, see at {γέ}. __B.IX in negative oaths, = Hebrew im, LXX+NT __C IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS, whether, followed by the indicative, subjunctive, or optative, according to the principles of oratio obliqua: __C.1 with INRefs 4th c.BC+ whether he is a god, Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.2 with SUBRefs 1st c.AD+subjunctive in the direct question, τὰ ἐκπώματα οὐκ οἶδ᾽ εἰ Χρυσάντᾳ τουτῳῒ δῶ whether I should give them, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.3 OPT. after past tenses, representing either of the two previous constructions in the direct question, ἤρετο εἴ τις ἐμοῦ εἴη σοφώτερος he asked whether any one was wiser than I (direct ἔστι τις σοφώτερο;), Refs 5th c.BC+aorist optative for the aorist indicative, ἠρώτων αὐτὸν εἰ ἀναπλεύσειεν I asked him whether he had set sail (direct ἀνέπλευσα;), Refs 4th c.BC+aorist optative usually represents aorist subjunctive, τὸν θεὸν ἐπήροντο εἰ παραδοῖεν Κορινθίοις τὴν πόλιν.. καὶ τιμωρίαν τινὰ πειρῷντ᾽ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν ποιεῖσθαι they asked whether they should deliver their city to the Corinthians, and should try.., Refs 5th c.BC+ —in both constructions the _indicative_ or subjunctive may be retained, ψῆφον ἐβούλοντο ἐπαγαγεῖν εἰ χρὴ πολεμεῖνRefs; ἐβουλεύοντο εἴτε κατακαύσωσιν.. εἴτε τι ἄλλο χρήσωνται whether they should burn them or should dispose of them in some other way, Refs; ἀνακοινοῦσθαι αὐτὸν αὑτῷ εἰ δῷ ἐπιψηφίσαι τοῖς προέδροις [he said that] he consulted him whether he should give.., Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.4 with OPT. and ἄν when this was the form of the direct question, ἠρώτων εἰ δοῖεν ἂν τούτων τὰ πιστά they asked whether they would give (direct δοιήτε ἄ;), Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.5 the NEG. used with εἰ in indirect questions is οὐ, when οὐ would be used in the direct question, ἐνετέλλετο.. εἰρωτᾶν εἰ οὔ τι ἐπαισχύνεται whether he is not ashamed, Refs 5th c.BC+; but if μή would be required in the direct form, it is retained in the indirect, οὐ τοῦτο ἐρωτῶ, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τοῦ μὲν δικαίου μὴ ἀξιοῖ πλέον ἔχειν μηδὲ βούλεται ὁ δίκαιος, τοῦ δὲ ἀδίκου (the direct question would be μὴ ἀξιοῖ μηδὲ βούλετα; he does not see fit nor wish, does he?) Refs 5th c.BC+:—in double indirect questions, εἴτε.. εἴτε..; εἰ.. εἴτε..; εἴτε.. ἢ.., either οὐ or μή can be used in the second clause, ὅπως ἴδῃς εἴτ᾽ ἔνδον εἴτ᾽ οὐκ ἔνδον Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰ ἀληθὲς ἢ μή, πειράσομαι μαθεῖνRefs 4th c.BC+; τοὺς νόμους καταμανθάνειν εἰ καλῶς κεῖνται ἢ μή.. τοὺς λόγους εἰ ὀρθῶς ὑμᾶς διδάσκουσιν ἢ οὔ Refs 5th c.BC+

[שָׁחַת51] vb. go to ruin (?), only der. spec. (NH Hiph. = BH, Ecclus. שחיתה 30:11 corrupt act; Arabic سَحَتَ extirpate; Ethiopic ሰሐጠ: injure, violate; TelAm. šaḫâtu is fall (especially of city), be prostrate (? of land), perhaps Canaanism (v. WklTelAm. Vocab.), Assyrian poss. šêtu, flee, escape (cf. אבד); Old Aramaic (Zinj.) שחת destroy Lzb374, Aramaic שְׁחַת, ܫܰܚܶܛ (assim. of ܬ), mutilate;—very improb. Gerber179 denom. from שַׁחַת);— †Niph. be marred, spoiled, Pf. 3 ms. נִשְׁחַת, of waistcloth Je 13:7, vessel 18:4; be injured, or even (hyperb.) ruined, Impf. 3 fs. תִּשָּׁחֵת Ex 8:20 (J) of land (מִפְּנֵי הֶעָרֹב); be corrupted, corrupt, in morals and rel., of earth, Pf. 3 fs. נִשְׁחָ֑תָה Gn 6:12 (P), Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּשּׁ׳ לִפְנֵי הָא׳ v 11 (P); so Pt. fpl. as adj. נִשְׁחָתוֹת Ez 20:44. †Pi. Pf. 3 ms. שִׁחֵת Ex 32:7 +, sf. שִׁחֶתְךָ Ho 13:9; 2 ms. שִׁחַתָּ Is 14:20 +, etc.; Imv. mpl. שַׁחֵ֑תוּ Je 5:10; Inf. cstr. שַׁחֵת Gn 13:10 +, etc.;— 1. spoil, ruin, acc. of eye Ex 21:26 (E), vineyard Je 12:10 (fig.), branches Na 2:3 (fig.), also = destroy, acc. pers. 2 S 1:14; 14:11 (acc. om.), Ez 5:16; 20:17, כָּל־בָּשָׂר Gn 6:17; 9:15 (P), city, fortress, etc., Gn 13:10; 19:13, 29 (all J); 2 S 24:16; Je 5:10 (acc. om.) 48:18; Ez 26:4; 43:3; La 2:5, ruin temple v 6, nation Ho 11:9; 13:9 (read perhaps שִׁחַתִּךָ Oort Now), land 2 K 19:12 (Hiph. in ‖ Is 37:12), Ju 6:5 Jos 22:33 (P), Ez 22:30; 30:11, earth Gn 9:11 (P); c. ל obj. (ל 3 b), city 1 S 23:11, pers. Nu 32:15 (P); c. acc. רַחֲמָיו Am 1:11, destroyed (stifled) his compassion (or, RSK 28 al., the bonds of kinship, v. רַחֲמִים), בְּרִית Mal 2:8, i.e. violate it, v. especially וְשׁ׳ אַרְצָה (sc. semen) Gn 38:9 (J) he spoiled (it) upon the ground, made it ineffective, = waste words Pr 23:8. 2. pervert, corrupt, acc. wisdom Ez 28:17, abs. = deal corruptly, חֶעֱמִיקוּ שִׁחֵתוּ Ho 9:9 (cf. [עָמֹק], p. 770b; but We Now read שַׁחְתּוֹ, √ שׁוח), Ex 32:7 (JE), Dt 9:12, so שׁ׳ לוֹ 32:5. Hiph.103 Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׁחִית Gn 6:12 +; 1 s. וְהִשְׁחַתִּ֫י Je 51:20, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַשְׁחִית Dn 8:24 +, יַשְׁחִת Mal 3:11 +, וַיַּשְׁחֵת 1 Ch 20:1; 2 fs. וַתַּשְׁחִתִי Ez 16:47, 2 mpl. תַּשְׁחִתוּן Dt 4:16; 31:29; Imv. ms. sf. הַשְׁחִיתָהּ 2 K 18:25 = Is 36:10; Inf. abs. הַשְׁחֵת Dt 31:29; cstr. הַשְׁחִית 1 S 26:15 +, etc.; Pt. מַשְׁחִית Gn 19:14 +, etc.;— 1. spoil, ruin, acc. crop Ju 6:4; Mal 3:11, trees Dt 20:19, 20; Je 11:19 (fig.), vessels 2 Ch 36:19, houses 34:11, palaces Je 6:5, cf. Is 65:8; Lv 19:27 (H), Ru 4:6; הִשׁ׳ דַּיָּם Je 49:9 thieves damage as much as they want; acc. pers. = ruin, destroy, 1 S 26:9, 15 Ju 20:21, 25 (+ אַ֫רְצָה), v 35, 42; 2 K 13:23; 2 Ch 24:23 (+ מִן separ.), + 12 times, + (acc. pers. om.) Is 51:13 + 4 times, acc. בֵּית דָּוִד 2 Ch 21:7, abs. Is 11:9 = 65:25; also ruin one (by words) Pr 11:9; acc. עַם 2 S 24:16; Dt 9:26; land 1 S 6:5; Je 36:29; Dn 11:17 (v. Dr); city wall 2 S 20:15 (Ew Th here denom. from שַׁחַת they were making a pit; מְהַשְּׁבִים were devising), La 2:8, cities and nations Gn 18:28(×2) (J, acc. om.), 19:13, 14 (J), Is 37:12 (Pi. in ‖ 2 K 19:12), 36:10(×2) = 2 K 18:25(×2) + 11 times + (Israel personif.) Dt 4:31; 10:10; 2 K 8:19, pride of Judah Je 13:9, earth Je 51:1; abs. c. adv. acc. Dn 8:24 (v. Dr; Bev conj. יְשׂחֵחַ or יָשִׂיחַ utter monstrous things), cf. 1 Ch 21:12; Pt. as adj., of lion Je 2:30, angel 1 Ch 21:15; = destroyer Ex 12:23 (J), Je 22:7; Is 54:16, מ׳ גּוֹיִם Je 4:7, רוּח מ׳ 51:1; sg. coll. (הַמּ׳ Ges§ 126 i; the destroying band, cf. Dr Bu Now) 1 S 13:17; 14:15 (spoilers, ravagers); fig. for snare, trap, Je 5:26. †2. pervert, corrupt, morally, acc. דֶּרֶךְ Gn 6:12 (P; v. דֶּרֶךְ 6), נַפְשׁוֹ Pr 6:32, cf. Zp 3:7; Ez 23:11 (מִן comp.); הִשׁ׳ הִתְעִיבוּ עֲלִילָה ψ 14:1 = 53:2; הַשְׁהֵת תַּשְׁח׳ (+ vb. of particular act) Dt 4:16; 31:29; declar. = act corruptly, Is 1:4; Dt 4:25 (+ vb. of act), 2 Ch 27:2, + מִן comp. Ju 2:19; Ez 16:47; Pt. as subst. Je 6:28, אִישׁ מַשׁ׳ Pr 28:24 (18:9 v. infra).—אַל־תַּשְׁחֵת destroy not (catchword of old song or melody?) in ψ-titles: †57:1; 58:1; 59:1; 75:1. †Hoph. Pt. מָשְׁחָת spoiled, ruined, of a spring, מָקוֹר Pr 25:26 (‖ מַעְיָן נִרְפָּשׂ); as subst. Mal 1:14 sacrificing a spoiled thing.

οὐδέ πω, conjunction and adverb and not yet, not as yet, Refs 8th c.BC+: later with present, Refs 5th c.BC+: with future, ὅσον οὐδέπω συμβήσεσθαι Refs 1st c.BC+; compare οὐδέποτε.

† אַל adv. of prohibition, do not …, let not …, sq. impf. (= BH I. אַל; Zenj. אל (Had 22.23.29) Cooke 160 f.; cf.Pehlevi (NöGGA, 1884, 1016); not 𝔗 Syriac);—Dn 2:24 אַל־תְּהוֹבֵד, 4:16; 5:10.

† בֵּל n.pr.m. a chief Babylonian deity (Bab. Bêlu = בַּעַל, lord; Bêl regarded as older form than בַּעַל by HptHbr i. 178; BAS i. 17) = Merodach (cf. מרדך), tutelary god of Babylon (to be distinguished from older Bêlu, one of ancient Babylonian triad) Je 50:2 (‖ מְרֹדַךְ) 51:44; Is 46:1 (‖ נְבֹו)—both writers of Babylonian period;—on Bel v. COT Gn 11:4 Ju 2:11; SayRel.Bab. 103, 110 JenKosmologie 24, 134, 307, 391.

μηδᾰμ-ῶς, adverb of μηδαμός, ={μηδαμῇ}, Refs 5th c.BC+: in replies, as a strong negative, Refs 4th c.BC+

μήπω or μή πω, __I as adverb not yet, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀλλὰ μήπω τοῦτο (i.e. σκοπεῖτε) Refs 8th c.BC+; μήπω γε nay, not yet, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II as conjunction, lest yet, κελόμην ἐπιβαινέμεν.., μή πώ τις.. λάθηται Refs 8th c.BC+

μηδέ-ποτε, Doric dialect μηδέ-ποκα [prev. work]22.1126.11 (Amphict. Delph., 4th c.BC): adverb:— never, with present and past tenses, as well as future, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II μηδέ ποτε and never, Refs 8th c.BC+

μηδέ-πω, adverb nor as yet, not as yet, Refs 4th c.BC+

μήποτε or μή ποτε, Ionic dialect μή κοτε (see. below 11): __I as adverb never, on no account, after ὡς, Refs 4th c.BC+; after εἰ, Refs: with infinitive, Refs; especially in oaths, never, ὀμοῦμαι, μή ποτε τῆς εὐνῆς ἐπιβήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+; in aposiopesis, ἢ μήπορ᾽ ἆρ᾽.. Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.2 in prohibition or warning, with aorist subjunctive, μή ποτε καὶ σὺ.. ὀλέσσῃς Refs 8th c.BC+infinitive for imperative, Refs __I.3 in later Gr., perhaps, LXX+4th c.BC+ __II as conjunction, lest ever, αἰσχυνόμενοι φάτιν ἀνδρῶν.., μή ποτέ τις εἴπῃσι Refs 8th c.BC+

οὐδᾰμ-ῶς, adverb of οὐδαμός, in no wise, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄλλως οὐ. Refs; οὐδέποτε οὐδαμῇ οὐ. Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently in answers, πότερα γὰρ.. πρέπε;—οὐ. Refs 5th c.BC+; also οὐθαμῶς, Refs 4th c.BC+ —Cf. μηδαμῶς.

† IV. אִי adv. not (frequently in Rabb., as אִי אֶפְשַׁר impossible; and in Ethiopic the ordinary negative; cf. Ph. אי CISi. 3, 5 and in איבל 165, 18; 167, 11; Ass. ai) Jb 22:30 אִי־נָקִי the non-innocent read perhaps אֵל (Me), or אֱלֹהַּ (Ley), with וְתִמָּלֵט in v b.

† אִין 1 S 21:9 וְאִין יֶשׁ־פֹּה … prob. irreg. for אֵין (so Ki Ges Ew§ 213 e, 286 h Ol 640 Sta§ 194 c) with יֵשׁ pleon. (as ψ 135:17); > dialect. = Aramaic ܐܻܝܢ, אִין num? (De, but v. DrSm ad loc.)

† בָּל n.[m.] mind (Syriac ܒܳܠܴܐ id. PS529; Arabic بَالٌ heart);—abs. שָׂם ב׳ Dn 6:15 (sq. Inf.; cf.Syriac ܝܗܒ ܟܠܐ PS l.c. SchulthLex. 80).