Loss and Destruction

† אָבַד vb. perish (MI אבד, Assyrian abâtu DlW184 Aramaic אֲבַד, ܐܶܒܰܕ.— Qal Pf. א׳ Nu 21:30 +; אָֽבְדוּ ψ 10:16 + (+ Ez 6:3 𝔊 Co) etc.; Impf. יֹאבַד Jb 3:3 Je 4:9; יֹאבֵ֑ד Jb 20:7 + 2 times; 3 fs. תֹּאבַד Dt 22:3 + 4 times; תֹּאבֵ֑ד Jb 8:13 + 3 times; יֹאבְדוּ Ju 5:31 + 3 times; יֹאבֵ֑דוּ Jb 4:9 +; 3 fpl. וַתֹּאבַדְנָה 1 S 9:3; תֹּאבֵדוּן Dt 4:26 +; נֹאבֵ֑ד Jn 1:6; 3:9; נֹאבְדָה Jon 1:14 etc.; Inf. abs. אָבֹד Dt 4:26 + 2 times; cstr. אֲבֹד Dt 7:20 Pr 11:10; אֲבָדְךָ Dt 28:20; אָבְדֶ֑ךָ Dt 28:22; אֲבָדְכֶם Jos 23:13; אָבְדָם Ob 12 Pr 28:28; Pt. אֹבֵד אוֹבֵד Dt 26:5 + 7 times; cstr. אֹבַד Dt 32:28 (v. Di Bö§ 378); etc. 1. perish, die, of individuals (mostly late) Nu 17:27 (‖ גוע & (v 28 מות), (also Dt 26:5? cf. infr.) Jon 1:6, 14 Jb 31:19 cf. 29:13 Pr 31:6 Est 4:14, 16(×2) Mi 4:9 Je 40:15 cf. Is 57:1 Pr 11:10; 28:28 Ec 7:15 ψ 119:92; emphasis on mortality Jb 4:20 ψ 146:4 Ec 9:6; Saul & Jonath., under fig. of weapons 2 S 1:27; lion Jb 4:11; caravan Jb 6:18 (cf. Di); cf. מִן־הָאָרֶץ א׳ הָסִיד Mi 7:2, וא׳ מֶלֶךְ מֵעַזָּה Zc 9:5; perish, be exterminated (judgment for sin), of Israel Lv 26:38 Dt 8:19(×2), 20; 28:20, 22; 30:18(×2) Je 27:10, 15 cf. 6:21, Ob 12 cf. ψ 80:17 Is 27:13; other nations Dt 7:20 Je 10:15; 51:18 ψ 2:12; 10:16; 83:18 cf. 9:4 Am 1:8 Is 41:11; 60:12 cf. Jon 3:9 v. also Ex 10:7 Nu 21:29, 30 (JE) Je 48:46; house of Ahab 2 K 9:8; wicked in general Ju 5:31 Jb 4:9 cf. v 7, ψ 37:20; 49:11; 68:3 (‖ sim. of melting wax), 73:27; 92:10; also Pr 19:9; 21:28; לָנֶצַח א׳ Jb 20:7; cf. דֶּרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים א׳ ψ 1:6; sq. מֵעַל הָאָ֑רֶץ (of annihilation of Isr.) Dt 4:26(×2), 11:17 Jos 23:13, 16 (D); sq. מִתּוֹךְ הַקָּהָל (of Korah’s company) Nu 16:33 (JE); perish, be ruined, destroyed, of inanimate things, e.g. land Je 9:11 (‖ נִצְּתָה כַמִּדְבָּר) cf. 48:8; harvest Jo 1:11; Jonah’s gourd Jon 4:10; riches Je 48:36 Ec 5:13; vessel ψ 31:13; houses Am 3:15 (so often Assyrian DlW); city Ez 26:17 (but del. 𝔊 Co); cf. bamôth Ez 6:3 𝔊 Co; heavens & earth ψ 102:27. 2. fig. perish, vanish, subj. memory Jb 18:17 ψ 9:7; name ψ 41:6 (i.e. be forgotten); vigour Jb 30:2; wisdom Is 29:14; cf. אֹבַד עֵצוֹת Dt 32:28; אֱמוּנָה Je 7:28 (‖ נִכְרְתָה); חָזוֹן Ez 12:22; יוֹם Jb 3:3 (i.e. be blotted out); לֵב Je 4:9 (i.e. courage fail); תִּקְוָה ψ 9:19 Pr 10:28; 11:7 Ez 19:5; 37:11 Jb 8:13; so תַּאֲוָה ψ 112:10 (i.e. comes to naught); תּוֹחֶלֶת Pr 11:7, sq. מִן + agent La 3:18; תורה + עצה + דבר sq. מן + persons negligent Je 18:18 (cf. 49:7 Ez 7:26), especially א׳ מָנוֹס מִן־ (i.e. they could not escape) Am 2:14 Je 25:35 Jb 11:20 ψ 142:5. 3. be lost, property Dt 22:3; strayed, beasts 1 S 9:3, 20 Je 50:6 Ez 34:4, 16 ψ 119:176 (fig. of erring men); perhaps Dt 26:5. Pi. caus. of Qal.—Pf. אִבַּד 2 K 21:3 + 2 times; sf. וְאִבַּדְךָ Co Ez 28:16 cf. infr.; אִבַּדְתִּי Je 15:7; וְאִבַּדְתִּ֫י Ez 6:3 (𝔊 Co וְאָֽבְדוּ) etc.; Impf. יְאַבֵּד Ec 9:18; וִיאַבֵּד Ec 7:7 Zp 2:13; 1 s. sf. וָאַבֶּדְךָ Ez 28:16 (for וָאֲאַבּ׳ Ew§ 72 c Ol§ 79 a KöI 338 Ges§ 68 fin; but Co 3 ms.; v. also Co 38:14); תְּאַבְּדוּן Dt 12:2 etc.; Inf. abs. אַבֵּד Dt 12:2 + 3 times; cstr. id. Ez 22:27 + etc.; Pt. מְאַבְּדִים Je 23:1. 1. cause to perish, destroy, kill, obj. pers. (mostly late) 2 K 11:1 Est 3:9; 4:7; 8:5; 9:24; ‖ הרג 9:6, 12; ‖ הרג + השׁמיד 3:13; 7:4; 8:11; ‖ המם 9:24; cf. ψ 119:95; obj. נְפָשׁוֹת Ez 22:27 (del. 𝔊 Co); in judgment, subj. י׳ ψ 5:7; cf. Pr 1:32; sq. מִתּוֹךְ Ez 28:16; obj. a people 2 K 13:7 2 K 19:18 = Is 37:19; Jb 12:23; in judgment Dt 11:4 Je 12:17; 15:7 Zp 2:13 ψ 9:6 cf. 21:11; obj. inanimate things especially idols, bamôth etc., Nu. 33:52(×2) (J) Dt 12:2(×2) 2 K 21:3 Ez 6:3 (but cf. 𝔊 Co supr.); bars of Zion La 2:9 (‖ שִׁבַּר). 2. fig. cause to vanish, blot out, do away with names of idols Dt 12:3; voice of Babylon Je 51:55; memory of dead Is 26:14; substance Pr 29:3; understanding Ec 7:7; good (טוֹבָה q.v.) Ec 9:18. 3. cause to stray, lose; obj. Isr. under fig. of flock Je 23:1 (‖ הֵפִיץ); abs. Ec 3:6 (‖ בִּקֵּשׁ). Hiph. Pf. וְהֶאֱבִיד Nu 24:19; הֶאֱבַ֑דְתָּ Jb 14:19 etc.; Impf. אֹבִידָה Je 46:8 (Ges§ 68, 2 R. 1). Inf. cstr. הַאֲבִיד 2 K 10:19 + etc.; Pt. מַאֲבִיד Dt 8:20. 1. destroy, put to death, in judgment, (subj. י׳) obj. pers. Lv 23:30 (sq. מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּהּ; ‖ כָּרַת v 29); Je 49:38 (sq. מִשָּׁם); Ob 8 (sq. מֵאֱדוֹם); obj. nation, Ammon Ez 25:7 (sq. מן־הארצות; ‖ כָּרַת), cf. v 16; Canaanites Dt 8:20 (sq. מִפְּנֵיכֶם); Canaan = Philistines Zp 2:5 (‖ כָּרַת); especially Isr. Dt 28:51, 63 (‖ הִשְׁמִיד), cf. Js 7:7; also abs. Je 18:7 (‖ לִנְתוֹשׁ וְלִנְתוֹץ); = 1:10 (+ וְלַהֲרוֹס) = 31:28 (+ וּלְהָרֵעַ); animals Ez 32:13 (sq. מֵעַל מַיִם רַבִּים); cf. Dt 7:10; ψ 143:12 (‖ הִצְמִית); (human subj.), obj. servants of Baal 2 K 10:19, obj. nation Dt 9:3, cf. Nu 24:19 (E; sq. מֵעִיר); 2 K 24:2; cf. Je 46:8; obj. inanimate, chariots Mi 5:9; idols Ez 30:13 (del. BCo). 2. fig., obj. name of kings Dt 7:24 (sq. מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם); hope Jb 14:19; voice of mirth etc. Je 25:10 (cf. 51:55 Pi. supr.)

[שָׁחַת51] vb. go to ruin (?), only der. spec. (NH Hiph. = BH, Ecclus. שחיתה 30:11 corrupt act; Arabic سَحَتَ extirpate; Ethiopic ሰሐጠ: injure, violate; TelAm. šaḫâtu is fall (especially of city), be prostrate (? of land), perhaps Canaanism (v. WklTelAm. Vocab.), Assyrian poss. šêtu, flee, escape (cf. אבד); Old Aramaic (Zinj.) שחת destroy Lzb374, Aramaic שְׁחַת, ܫܰܚܶܛ (assim. of ܬ), mutilate;—very improb. Gerber179 denom. from שַׁחַת);— †Niph. be marred, spoiled, Pf. 3 ms. נִשְׁחַת, of waistcloth Je 13:7, vessel 18:4; be injured, or even (hyperb.) ruined, Impf. 3 fs. תִּשָּׁחֵת Ex 8:20 (J) of land (מִפְּנֵי הֶעָרֹב); be corrupted, corrupt, in morals and rel., of earth, Pf. 3 fs. נִשְׁחָ֑תָה Gn 6:12 (P), Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּשּׁ׳ לִפְנֵי הָא׳ v 11 (P); so Pt. fpl. as adj. נִשְׁחָתוֹת Ez 20:44. †Pi. Pf. 3 ms. שִׁחֵת Ex 32:7 +, sf. שִׁחֶתְךָ Ho 13:9; 2 ms. שִׁחַתָּ Is 14:20 +, etc.; Imv. mpl. שַׁחֵ֑תוּ Je 5:10; Inf. cstr. שַׁחֵת Gn 13:10 +, etc.;— 1. spoil, ruin, acc. of eye Ex 21:26 (E), vineyard Je 12:10 (fig.), branches Na 2:3 (fig.), also = destroy, acc. pers. 2 S 1:14; 14:11 (acc. om.), Ez 5:16; 20:17, כָּל־בָּשָׂר Gn 6:17; 9:15 (P), city, fortress, etc., Gn 13:10; 19:13, 29 (all J); 2 S 24:16; Je 5:10 (acc. om.) 48:18; Ez 26:4; 43:3; La 2:5, ruin temple v 6, nation Ho 11:9; 13:9 (read perhaps שִׁחַתִּךָ Oort Now), land 2 K 19:12 (Hiph. in ‖ Is 37:12), Ju 6:5 Jos 22:33 (P), Ez 22:30; 30:11, earth Gn 9:11 (P); c. ל obj. (ל 3 b), city 1 S 23:11, pers. Nu 32:15 (P); c. acc. רַחֲמָיו Am 1:11, destroyed (stifled) his compassion (or, RSK 28 al., the bonds of kinship, v. רַחֲמִים), בְּרִית Mal 2:8, i.e. violate it, v. especially וְשׁ׳ אַרְצָה (sc. semen) Gn 38:9 (J) he spoiled (it) upon the ground, made it ineffective, = waste words Pr 23:8. 2. pervert, corrupt, acc. wisdom Ez 28:17, abs. = deal corruptly, חֶעֱמִיקוּ שִׁחֵתוּ Ho 9:9 (cf. [עָמֹק], p. 770b; but We Now read שַׁחְתּוֹ, √ שׁוח), Ex 32:7 (JE), Dt 9:12, so שׁ׳ לוֹ 32:5. Hiph.103 Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׁחִית Gn 6:12 +; 1 s. וְהִשְׁחַתִּ֫י Je 51:20, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַשְׁחִית Dn 8:24 +, יַשְׁחִת Mal 3:11 +, וַיַּשְׁחֵת 1 Ch 20:1; 2 fs. וַתַּשְׁחִתִי Ez 16:47, 2 mpl. תַּשְׁחִתוּן Dt 4:16; 31:29; Imv. ms. sf. הַשְׁחִיתָהּ 2 K 18:25 = Is 36:10; Inf. abs. הַשְׁחֵת Dt 31:29; cstr. הַשְׁחִית 1 S 26:15 +, etc.; Pt. מַשְׁחִית Gn 19:14 +, etc.;— 1. spoil, ruin, acc. crop Ju 6:4; Mal 3:11, trees Dt 20:19, 20; Je 11:19 (fig.), vessels 2 Ch 36:19, houses 34:11, palaces Je 6:5, cf. Is 65:8; Lv 19:27 (H), Ru 4:6; הִשׁ׳ דַּיָּם Je 49:9 thieves damage as much as they want; acc. pers. = ruin, destroy, 1 S 26:9, 15 Ju 20:21, 25 (+ אַ֫רְצָה), v 35, 42; 2 K 13:23; 2 Ch 24:23 (+ מִן separ.), + 12 times, + (acc. pers. om.) Is 51:13 + 4 times, acc. בֵּית דָּוִד 2 Ch 21:7, abs. Is 11:9 = 65:25; also ruin one (by words) Pr 11:9; acc. עַם 2 S 24:16; Dt 9:26; land 1 S 6:5; Je 36:29; Dn 11:17 (v. Dr); city wall 2 S 20:15 (Ew Th here denom. from שַׁחַת they were making a pit; מְהַשְּׁבִים were devising), La 2:8, cities and nations Gn 18:28(×2) (J, acc. om.), 19:13, 14 (J), Is 37:12 (Pi. in ‖ 2 K 19:12), 36:10(×2) = 2 K 18:25(×2) + 11 times + (Israel personif.) Dt 4:31; 10:10; 2 K 8:19, pride of Judah Je 13:9, earth Je 51:1; abs. c. adv. acc. Dn 8:24 (v. Dr; Bev conj. יְשׂחֵחַ or יָשִׂיחַ utter monstrous things), cf. 1 Ch 21:12; Pt. as adj., of lion Je 2:30, angel 1 Ch 21:15; = destroyer Ex 12:23 (J), Je 22:7; Is 54:16, מ׳ גּוֹיִם Je 4:7, רוּח מ׳ 51:1; sg. coll. (הַמּ׳ Ges§ 126 i; the destroying band, cf. Dr Bu Now) 1 S 13:17; 14:15 (spoilers, ravagers); fig. for snare, trap, Je 5:26. †2. pervert, corrupt, morally, acc. דֶּרֶךְ Gn 6:12 (P; v. דֶּרֶךְ 6), נַפְשׁוֹ Pr 6:32, cf. Zp 3:7; Ez 23:11 (מִן comp.); הִשׁ׳ הִתְעִיבוּ עֲלִילָה ψ 14:1 = 53:2; הַשְׁהֵת תַּשְׁח׳ (+ vb. of particular act) Dt 4:16; 31:29; declar. = act corruptly, Is 1:4; Dt 4:25 (+ vb. of act), 2 Ch 27:2, + מִן comp. Ju 2:19; Ez 16:47; Pt. as subst. Je 6:28, אִישׁ מַשׁ׳ Pr 28:24 (18:9 v. infra).—אַל־תַּשְׁחֵת destroy not (catchword of old song or melody?) in ψ-titles: †57:1; 58:1; 59:1; 75:1. †Hoph. Pt. מָשְׁחָת spoiled, ruined, of a spring, מָקוֹר Pr 25:26 (‖ מַעְיָן נִרְפָּשׂ); as subst. Mal 1:14 sacrificing a spoiled thing.

Included with: ἀπόλλῡμι or ἀπολλύω Refs 5th c.BC+; the form is rejected by Refs 5th c.BC+, imperfect ἀπώλλυνRefs 5th c.BC+future ἀπολέσω, Epic dialect ἀπολέσσω, Attic dialect ἀπολῶ, Ionic dialect ἀπολέωRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ἀπώλεσα, Epic dialect ἀπόλεσσα: perfect ἀπολώλεκα:—frequently in tmesi in Epic dialect; preposition postponed in Refs 8th c.BC+ —stronger form of ὄλλυμι, destroy utterly, kill, in Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly of death in battle, ἀπώλεσε λαὸν ἈχαιῶνRefs; also of things, demolish, lay waste, ἀπώλεσεν Ἴλιον ἱρήν Refs, etc.; generally, βίοτον δ᾽ ἀπὸ πάμπαν ὀλέσσει will waste my substance, Refs 8th c.BC+; οἵ μ᾽ ἀπωλλύτην sought to destroy me (imperfect sense), Refs 5th c.BC+; in pregnant sense, ἐπεί με γᾶς ἐκ πατρίας ἀπώλεσε drove me ruined from.., Refs 5th c.BC+; τῆς παρ᾽ ἡμέραν χάριτος τὰ μέγιστα τῆς πόλεως ἀ. for the sake of.., Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 λόγοις or λέγων ἀ. τινά talk or bore one to death, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, alone, in future ἀπολεῖς μεRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀπολεῖ μ᾽ οὑτοσί by his questions, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 ruin a woman, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II lose, πατέρ᾽ ἐσθλὸν ἀπώλεσαRefs 8th c.BC+; ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσαι lose one's life,Refs 8th c.BC+; θυμὸν οὐκ ἀπώλεσεν loses not his spirit, Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently of things, ἡ τοῦ πλέονος ἐπιθυμίη τὸ παρεὸν ἀπόλλυσιRefs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. οὐσίαν, ={ἀπόλλυσθαι}, Refs __B middle, ἀπόλλῠμαι: future -ολοῦμαι, Ionic dialect -ολέομαιRefs 5th c.BC+aorist 2 -ωλόμην: perfect -όλωλα, whence the barbarous imperfect ἀπόλωλοRefs 5th c.BC+pluperfect in Attic dialect Prose sometimes written ἀπωλώλειν in codices, as Refs 5th c.BC+:—perish, die, Refs, etc.; cease to exist, opposed to γίγνεσθαι, Refs 8th c.BC+; simply, to be undone, αὐτῶν.. ἀπωλόμεθ᾽ ἀφραδίῃσινRefs 8th c.BC+perfect, ἀπόλωλας you are lost, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπολλύμενος, opposed to σῳζόμενος, Refs 5th c.BC+participle future, κάκιστ᾽ ἀπολούμενε o destined to a miserable end! i.e. o thou villain, scoundrel, knave! Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 in NT, perish, in theol. sense, NT; οἱ ἀπολλύμενοι, opposed to οἱ σῳζόμενοι, NT __B.II to be lost, ὕδωρ ἀπολέσκετ᾽ (of the water eluding Tantalus) Refs 8th c.BC+; οὔποτε καρπὸς ἀπόλλυται never falls untimely,LXX+8th c.BC+

[שָׁמַד90] vb. Niph. be exterminated, destroyed (NH der. spec.; Aramaic שְׁמַד Pa. cause to apostatize (Jastr); Syriac ܫܰܡܶܕ seems disputed (in Lexx.); NöEut. Nab. 32 curse; BAES 10 cites Assyrian ašmud, I destroyed; Gerber112 thinks vb. denom.);—Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְנִשְׁמַד Ez 32:12 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׁמֵד Is 48:19; Pr 14:11; 2 mpl. תִּשָּׁמֵד֑וּן Dt 4:26; Inf. abs. הִשָּׁמֵד v 26; cstr. sf. הִשָּׁמֶדְךָ Dt 28:20, etc.;— †1. of pers. be annihilated, exterminated, Gn 34:30 (J), Ju 21:16; 2 S 21:5 (+ מֵהִתְיַצֵּב בְּ;—but read לְהַשְׁמִידֵנוּ 𝔊 Ew We Dr al.), ψ 37:38 (‖ נִכְרַת), 83:11; of people Dt 4:26 (הִשָּׁמֵד תִּשּׁ׳), 7:23; 12:30 (+ מִפָּנֶיךָ), 28:20 (‖ אָבַד), v 24, 45, 51, 61; Je 48:42 (+ מֵעִם), Ez 32:12 ψ 92:8 (+ עֲדֵי־עַד), cf. also וְלֹא יִשָּׁמֵד שְׁמוֹ מִלְּפָנָ֑י Is 48:19 (+ יִכָּרֵת; זַרְעֶ֑ךָ, etc., in ‖ clause). †2. be destroyed, of bamoth, Ho 10:8, cf. (בֵּית רְשָׁעִים) Pr 14:11; be devastated, of land, Je 48:8 (‖ אבד). Hiph.60 Pf. 3 ms. הִשְׁמִיד Dt 2:22 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַשְׁמִיד Is 13:9 +, וַיַּשְׁמֵד 1 K 16:12; 2 K 10:28 etc.; Imv. ms. הַשְׁמֵד Dt 33:27; Inf. abs. הַשְׁמֵד Is 14:23, יד—ֵ Am 9:8; cstr. לְהַשְׁמִיד Jos 9:24 +, also †עַד הִשְׁמִידְךָ Dt 7:24, -וֹ 28:48, ם—ָ Jos 11:14 (bur read in all הַשׁ׳, as Jos 23:15, v. Dr Dt 7:24), לַשְׁמִד †Is 23:11, etc.;— 1. annihilate, exterminate: acc. pers. vel gent., subj. י׳ vel pers. hum., Dt 1:27; 2:22 (+ מִפְּנֵי pers.), 6:15 (+ מֵעַל־פִּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה), 9:20 + 16 times Dt, Jos 7:12 (acc. הַחֵרֶם; + מִקִּרְבְּכֶם), 9:24 + 4 times Jos (all RD), 2 K 14:16; 1 K 13:34; Am 9:8; Is 13:9; 26:14; Est 3:6, 13 + 23 times; acc. פִּרְיוֹ וְשָׁרָשָׁיו (fig.) Am 2:9, cf. Ez 34:16 (but Vrss Co Toy al. [not Hi Krae] אֶשְׁמֹר); הִשׁ׳ אֶת־שְׁמִי 1 S 24:22 (Gi v 21), 2 S 22:38; 1 K 16:12 ψ 145:20; הַשְׁמֵד as subst., Is 14:23 besom of extermination; acc. אֶת־הַבַּעַל 2 K 10:28, of extirpating Baal-worship מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל. †2. destroy, cities Mi 5:13, fortresses Is 23:11, bamoth Lv 26:30 (H), Nu 33:52 (P; ‖ אִבֵּד), חֹזֶק מַמְלְכוֹת הַגּוֹיִם Hg 2:22.

† I. [חָרַם] vb.Hiph. ban, devote, exterminate (MI17 החרמתה of devoting, dedicating a city to Chemosh, in cl. with כי explaining massacre of all inhabitants; the altar-hearth of י׳ there was dragged before Chemosh; حَرُمَ be prohibited, forbidden, unlawful, become sacred; ii. make, pronounce sacred, inviolable; Ethiopic ሐረመ prohibit from common use, consecrate to God, esteem unlawful; Palm. חרם = consacré VogNo. 35; Nab. id., Eutp. 28; Sab. מחרם sanctuary, temple, OsZMG 1865, 176, 252, חרמתן DHMZMG 1875, 594; Aramaic אַחֲרִים, and especially ܐܰܚܪܶܡ anathematize, excommunicate; v. also WeSkizzen iii, 165, DrSm 100 ff., RSSem. i. 140(150))— Hiph. Pf. הֶהֱרִים Jos 8:26 + 5 times; הֶחֱרִם Jos 10:28; 2 ms. וְהַחֲרַמְתָּ֫ה 1 S 15:18; 1 s. הֶחֱרַמְתִּי 1 S 15:20; וְהַחֲרַמְתִּ֫י Nu 21:2; 2 fs. וְהַחֲרַמְתְּ(י) consec. Mi 4:13 (so 𝔊 𝔙 𝔖 𝔗 RV most; MT 1 s.), v. Ges§ 44, R. 4; pl. הֶחֱרִימוּ 1 S 15:9 2 Ch 32:14 etc.; (1 S 15:3 read והחרמתו 𝔊 We Dr); Impf. יַחֲרִם Lv 27:28; וַיַּחֲרֵם Nu 21:3 Jos 10:37; sf. וַיַּחֲרִימָהּ Jos 10:1; 1 pl. וַנַּחֲרֵם Dt 2:34; 3:6 etc.; Imv. הַחֲרֵם Dt 13:16; pl. הַחֲרִימוּ Je 51:3; sf. הַחֲרִימוּהָ Je 50:26; Inf. abs. הַחֲרֵם Dt 3:6 + 4 times; cstr. הַחֲרִים 2 Ch 20:23 Dn 11:44; sf. הַחֲרִימָם Jos 11:20 + 4 times;—ban, devote (especially religiously, sq. objects hostile to the theocracy [v. especially Ex 22:19 Hoph.]; this involved gen. their destruction; when a city was ‘devoted’ the inhab. were put to death, the spoil being destroyed or not according to the gravity of the occasion [contrast Jos 6:17, 21 1 S 15:3 with Dt 2:34f.; 3:6, 7], cf. MI17 לעשתר כמש החרמתה to Ashtar-Chemosh I devoted it, i.e. the city Nebo);— 1. most often of devoting to destruction cities of Canaanites and other neighbours of Isr., exterminating inhabitants, and destroying or appropriating their possessions: a. Isr. and her leaders subj. Nu 21:2, 3 (destruction according to vow), Jos 6:21 (cf. חֵרֶם ליהוה v 17; all J); in v 18 read תַּחְמְדוּ (for MT תַּחֲרִימוּ, v. Di VB); 8:26 𝔊, not 𝔊L, om. v.), 10:1 (JE), Dt 2:34; 3:6(×2); 7:2(×2) (commanded through Moses, cf. for underlying thought v 4, 5, 6), 20:17(×2) (commanded by י׳), Jos 2:10 10:28, 35, 37, 39, 40 (divine command), 11:11, 12, 20, 21 (divine command v 12, 20; all D), 1 S 15:3, 8, 9(×2), 15, 18, 20 (divine command v 3, 18, 20, cf. v 11, 22, 23); quite secondary is simple exterminate 1 K 9:21, 1 Ch 4:41. b. secondary meaning destroy, exterminate, also with other nations subj.:—2 K 19:11 = Is 37:11 = 2 Ch 32:14, 2 Ch 20:23, Je 50:21, 26 (both by divine command), 51:3 Dn 11:44. c. God as subj., fig. all nations and their armies Is 34:2; the nations of Western Asia Je 25:9; the tongue of the Egyptian sea (by drying it up) Is 11:15 (but read perhaps החריב with 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 𝔗). d. so also of devoting even Israelites: a city of Isr. for worshipping other gods Dt 13:16; residents of Jabesh-Gilead for not joining in campaign against Benj. Ju 21:11. 2. devote to י׳: for sacred uses החרים ליהוה the spoil of the nations Mi 4:13; private possessions, whether a man, animal, or field Lv 27:28 (P). Hoph. Impf. יָחֳרַם Lv 27:29 Ezr 10:8; יָחֳרָ֑ם Ex 22:19;— 1. be put under the ban, devoted (to death), for worshipping other gods than י׳ Ex 22:19 (JE; earliest use of word in OT); for some other theocratic offence Lv 27:29 (P; v. Di). 2. devoted, i.e. forfeited, to the temple treasures Ezr 10:8.—On חרם v. especially Di (Kn) Lv 27:28; EwAntiq.75.78, Dr 1 S 15:33.

† [כָּחַד] vb. not in Qal; Pi. Hiph. hide, efface; Niph. (usually) pass. (Aramaic אתכחדו be effaced †Jb 4:7; ܟܚܶܕ is revere, Pt. venerable, Pa. put to shame, Ethpa. be ashamed; Ethiopic ክሕደ deny, apostatize)— Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִכְחַד Ho 5:3 + 2 times; 3 pl. נִכְחָ֑דוּ Jb 4:7 ψ 69:6; Impf. 3 ms. יִכָּחֵד 2 S 18:13, etc.; Pt. נִכְחֶדֶת Zc 11:9; pl. נִכְחָדוֹת Zc 11:16 Jb 15:28;— 1. be hidden, sq. מִן pers., 2 S 18:13 Ho 5:3 ψ 69:6; 139:15. 2. be effaced, destroyed Zc 11:9 Jb 4:7; 15:28 (עָרִים נִכְחָדוֹת), 22:20, sq. מִן־הָאָרֶץ Ex 9:15 (J); Pt. intrans. of incomplete process = going to ruin Zc 11:9(×2), 16. Pi. Pf. כִּחֵד 1 S 3:18; 1 s. כִּחַדְתִּי Jb 6:10 ψ 40:11; 3 pl. כִּחֲדוּ Jb 15:18; כִּחֵ֑דוּ Is 3:9; Impf. 2 ms. תְּכַחֵד Jos 7:19 + 4 times; 2 fs. תְּכַחֲדִי 2 S 14:18; 1 s. אֲכַחֵד Jb 27:11; 2 mpl. תְּכַחֵ֑דוּ Je 50:2; 1 pl. נְכַחֵד Gn 47:18 ψ 78:4;—hide, sq. מִן pers. Gn 47:18 (J), Jos 7:19 (JE), 1 S 3:17(×2), 18 2 S 14:18 Je 38:14, 25 ψ 78:4; sq. לְ pers. ψ 40:11 conceal toward, with ref. to, i.e. from; without prep. Is 3:9 Je 50:2 Jb 15:18; 27:11; = disown Jb 6:10. Hiph. Pf. 1 s. consec. sf. וְהִכְחַדְתִּיו Ex 23:23; Impf. 3 ms. וַיַּכְחֵד 2 Ch 32:21, sf. יַכְחִידֶנָּה Jb 20:12; 1 s. וָאַכְחִד Zc 11:8; 1 pl. sf. וְנַכְחִידֵם ψ 83:5; Inf. cstr. לְהַכְחִיד 1 K 13:34;— 1. hide, in fig. יַכְחִידֶנָּה תַּחַת לְשֹׁנוֹ Jb 20:12 (obj. wickedness) 2. efface, annihilate Ex 23:23 (E), 1 K 13:34 (‖ חַשְׁמִיד), Zc 11:8 2 Ch 32:21; sq. מִגּוֹי ψ 83:5, i.e. from being (so that they be not) a nation.

† [סָפָה] vb. sweep or snatch away, catch up (NH ספי, סָפָא collect (rare), 𝔊 סְפִי (rare), Syriac ܣܦܳܐ collect, pick up; Arabic سَفَا of wind, raise dust and carry it away Lane1377 [v. שָׁפָה]);— Qal 1. intrans.: Pf. 3 fs. סָֽפְתָה Je 12:4 be snatched away (read poss. סָ֫פָה [סוף]). 2. trans.: Impf. 3 fs. תִּסְפֶּה Is 7:20 sweep away beard; 2 ms. תִּסְפֶּה Gn 18:23, 24 sweep away indiscriminately (good and bad); Inf. cstr. סְפוֹת Dt 29:18 to snatch away the moist with the dry (proverb. expression, cf. Dr), sf. לִסְפּוֹתָהּ ψ 40:15 to snatch it away.—סְפוֹת Nu 32:14; Is 30:1 v. יָסַף" dir="rtl" >יסף; וְסָפ֫וּ Am 3:15 v. סוּף" dir="rtl" >סוף. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. וְנִסְפָּה consec. 1 S 26:10; Impf. 2 ms. תִּסָּפֶה Gn 19:15, 17; 1 s. אֶסָּפֶה 1 S 27:1; 2 mpl. תִּסָּפוּ Nu 16:26, תִּסָּפ֑וּ 1 S 12:25; Pt. נִסְפֶּה Is 13:15; Pr 13:23 (1 Ch 21:12 v. infr.);— 1. be swept away, destroyed, Gn 19:15 (בַּעֲוֹן הָעִיר by reason of the iniquity of the city), v 17 (both J), Nu 16:26 (JE) 1 S 12:25; 26:10 (in battle), + בְּיַד of agent 1 S 27:1; cf. וְיֵשׁ נִסְפֶּה בְּלֹא מִשְׁפָּט Pr 13:23 and there is that is swept away for lack of justice.—1 Ch 21:12 read נוּסְךָ (as ‖ 2 S 24:13, v. נוּס). 2. be caught up, captured, Is 13:15 (‖ נִמְצָא). Hiph. Impf. 1 s. אַסְפֶּה עָלֵימוֹ רָעוֹת Dt 32:23 I will catch up against them calamities, but read אֹסְפָה I will gather (√ אסף), or אֹסִפָה (Di Dr Buhl Lex 13) I will add, i.e. multiply (√ יסף; v. Ges§ 69 h, note).

κατα-λύω, future -λύσωRefs 8th c.BC+: 3rd.pers. plural pluperfect -λελύκεσανRefs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, future -λῠθήσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect -λέλῠμαιRefs 5th c.BC+:— put down, destroy, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα Refs 8th c.BC+; τείχη, [πτόλιν], Refs 5th c.BC+; γέφυραν break it up, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 of political or other systems, dissolve, break up, put down, κ. ἀρχήν, βασιληΐην, ἰσοκρατίας, Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently in Attic dialect, κ. τὸν δῆμον Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰς πολιτείας Decrees cited in Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, καταλελυμένης τῆς δημοκρατίας Legal cited in Refs 5th c.BC+: future middle as passive, καταλύσεται.. ἡ ἀρχή (Cobet καταλελύσεται) Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b with accusative person, put down, depose, κ. τύραννον Refs 5th c.BC+ — passive, τῶν ἄλλων καταλελυμένων στρατηγῶν having been dismissed, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.c dissolve, dismiss, disband a body, καταλύειν τὴν βουλήν, τὸν στόλον, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.d abolish or annul laws, customs, etc., δίκην NT+5th c.BC+; also κ. τὸν ἱππέα render him useless, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.e τὴν φυλακὴν κ. neglect the watch, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.f κ. τὴν τριηραρχίαν lay it down, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν ἄσκησιν, see below 3a. __3 bring to an end, τὸν βίον Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τὸ πλεῖν, τὴν ἄροσιν, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοὺς λόγους περὶ τὰ μέγιστα κ. Refsmake an end, ὥρᾳ κ. die in good time, Refs 5th c.BC+; πύκτης ὢν κατέλυσε retired from the ring, Refs 1st c.AD+; καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς Χοροῖς ἐν τῷ καταλύειν in the ending, Refs 4th c.BC+perfect participle passive καταλελυμένος disused, obsolete, Refs 1st c.BC+ __3.b κ. τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν εἰρήνην break the peace, Refs 4th c.BC+; but, __3.c more commonly, κ. τὸν πόλεμον end the war, make peace, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκας settle disputes, Refs 5th c.BC+ —more frequently in middle, καταλύσασθαι τὰς ἔχθρας, componere inimicitias, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, make peace, Refs 5th c.BC+; καταλύεσθαί τινι come to terms with one, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 passive, ἤδη καταλελυμένης τῆς ἡλικίας in the decay of life, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II unloose, unyoke, καταλύσομεν ἵππους Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ σῶμα τοῦ ἀδελφεοῦ κ. take it down from the wall where it was hung up, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be taken down from hanging, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 intransitive, take up one's quarters, lodge, παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ καταλύει he is my guest, Refs 5th c.BC+ turn off the road to a person's house, go and lodge with him, Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, θανάτῳ καταλυσαίμαν may I take my rest in the grave, Refs 5th c.BC+

† [צָמַת] vb. put an end to, exterminate, poet. and (in Qal, Pi.) hyperb. (proposes compress, NH id., press together; Arabic صَمَتَ is be silent, ii, iv. make speechless, silence; Syriac ܨܡܰܬ be silent (in Lexx));— Qal Pf. 3 pl. צָֽמְתוּ … חַיָּ֑י La 3:53 they have put an end to my life (Bu conj. Pi.). Niph. be ended, annihilated; Pf. 1 s. נִצְמַתִּי מִפְּנֵי־חשֶׁךְ Jb 23:17 I am [not] annihilated because of (the) darkness; 3 pl. נִצְמָ֑תוּ Jb 6:17 (of dried-up brooks). Pi. Pf. 3 fs. sf. צִמְּחַתְנִי ψ 119:139 קִנְאָתִי hath put an end to me (it is so intense). Piʿlēl Pf. 3 pl. sf. צִמְּתֻתוּנִי (but read צִמְּתוּנִי Ges§ 55 d, or צִמְּתָ֑תְנִי Hi [Ges§ 145 k]; cf. Bae) ψ 88:17 thine alarms have annihilated me. Hiph. Pf. 2 ms. הִצְמַתָּה ψ 73:27; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יַצְמִיתֵם ψ 94:23(×2); 2 ms. תַּצְמִית ψ 143:12, etc.; Imv. ms. sf. הַצְמִיתֵם ψ 54:7; Pt. pl. sf. מַצְמִיתַי ψ 69:5;—exterminate, annihilate, c. acc. pers., subj. Psalmist ψ 18:41 = 2 S 22:41 (read as in ψ), 101:5, 8; his foes ψ 69:5; י׳ 54:7; 73:27; 94:23(×2); 143:12.

II. חָבַל vb. act (ruinously) corruptly (NH id. wound, injure; Arabic خَبَلَ corrupt or render unsound (the mind, a limb, etc.), خَبِلَ be deranged (in mind); Assyrian ḫabâlu, injure, VR62, 11; Aramaic ܚܰܒܶܠ, חַבֵּל corrupt, ruin; Ethiopic ተሐበለ be arrogant, audacious; Sab. חֿבל DHMEpigr. Denkm. 48; cf. Palm. חבל mortuus VogNo. 161 and often)— Qal Pf. 1 pl. חָבַלְנוּ Ne 1:7; Impf. 1 s. אֶחְבֹּל Jb 34:31; Inf. cstr. (used as abs.) Ne 1:7;—act corruptly against, חֲבֹל חבלנו לְ Ne 1:7; abs. Jb 34:31. Niph. Impf. יֵחָ֫בֶל לוֹ Pr 13:13 shall be ruined (לֵ reflex.), Thes RobGes AV RV, but חָבַל (v. p. 286). Pi. ruin, destroy: Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְחִבֵּל את מעשׂה ידיך Ec 5:5, subj. God. Impf. 3 fs. תְּחַבֵּל וְחֶבֶל נִמְרָץ Mi 2:10 that destroyeth, even with sore destruction; but read rather תְּחֻבְּלוּ ח׳ נ׳ ye shall be destroyed with etc., so 𝔊 Roorda Che. Inf. cstr. לְחַבֵּל c. acc., the poor Is 32:7, the land 13:5; abs. 54:16; cf. Pt. pl. מְחַבְּלִים Ct 2:15 c. acc. of foxes ruining vineyards. Pu. Pf. 3 ms. וְחֻבַּל consec. Is 10:27 of yoke, be ruined, broken, si vera l.; RSJPh. xiii. 1885, p. 62 proposes יחדל, cf. also Checrit. n.; and rem. by Di Du; 3 fs. חֻבָּ֑לָה Jb 17:1 my spirit is broken (‖ יָמַי נִזְעָ֑כוּ); Impf. 2 mpl. תְּחֻבְּלוּ Mi 2:10 (emend.: v. supr.)

φθείρω, Aeolic dialect φθέρρω Hdn.Gr. 2.303, +others; Refs 4th c.AD+ φθήρω Refs 4th c.BC+imperfect φθείρεσκε Refs 5th c.BC+: future φθερῶ Refs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect φθερέω (δια-) Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect φθέρσω (δια-) Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἔφθειρα Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἔφθαρκα Refs 5th c.BC+ participle ἐφθορκώς Refs 4th c.BC+ —middle, future φθεροῦμαι (in passive sense) Refs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect φθερέομαι (δια-) Refs 5th c.BC+; later φθαροῦμαι Refs 2nd c.AD+:— passive, future φθᾰρήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+, Doric dialect -ησοῦμαιRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ἐφθάρην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+; poetry 3rd.pers. plural ἔφθαρεν Refs 5th c.BC+: also participle κατα-φθερείς Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἔφθαρμαι Refs 5th c.BC+, 3rd.pers. plural ἐφθάραται Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive ἐφθάρθαι Refs 4th c.BC+, Aeolic dialect ἔφθορθαι Refs: pluperfect 3rd.pers. plural ἐφθάρατο Refs 5th c.BC+ is much more frequently than the simple Verb:—destroy things, μῆλα κακοὶ φθείρουσι νομῆες Refs 8th c.BC+; φ. τῶν Συρίων τοὺς κλήρους waste them, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰς ναῦς see reading in Refs 5th c.BC+ (also absolutely, miscarry, Refs; τὸν κοινὸν οἶκον Mitteis Refs 2nd c.BC+: —passive, to be destroyed, Refs 5th c.BC+pass away, cease to be, Refs 4th c.BC+; of animals, perish, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 of persons, μαψαῦραι... ναύτας φ. destroy them, Refs 8th c.BC+ (but perhaps only active of significationRefs 4th c.BC+:—passive, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔφθαρμαι I am undone! Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 corrupt, bribe, τινα Refs 1st c.BC+; lure, entice, trap, κημοῖσι πλεκτοῖς πορφύρας φθείρει γένος Refs 5th c.BC+entices to its ruin, entraps, Refs; pervert, φθείρουσιν ἤθη χρήσθ᾽ ὁμιλίαι κακαί Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, see below Refs __3.b seduce a woman, ὑπὸ τῆς θυγατρὸς ἀδικούμενον καὶ Διονυσίου τοῦ φθείραντος αὐτὴν κιναίδου Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, Refs 5th c.BC+ (but not Attic dialect accusative to Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 ruin, spoil, ποσὶν φθείροντα πλοῦτον ἀργυρωνήτους θ᾽ ὑφάς, of one who treads on rich carpets, Refs 4th c.BC+; βαφὰς φθείρουσα τοῦ ποικίλματος, of blood, Refs; of a poison, ὧνπερ ἂν θίγῃ, φθείρει τὰ πάντα Refs 5th c.BC+; δούλην (wet-nurse) μὴ φθείρουσαν τὸ γάλα Refs 1st c.BC+ __5 τὰ μιγνύμενα τῶν χρωμάτων οἱ βαφεῖς φθείρεσθαι καὶ φθοράν τὴν μῖξιν ὀνομάζουσιν Refs 1st c.AD+ __II passive (compare above 1.1, 2), __II.1 φθείρεσθε (as a curse) may you perish! ruin take you! Refs 8th c.BC+; φθείρου as an imprecation, go to the devil! be off! Refs 5th c.BC+ off from her! unhand her, let her go, Refs 5th c.BC+ if thou dost not depart... Refs __II.1.b with a preposition, φθείρεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πλουσίους, of hangers-on and flatterers, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 in Medicine texts, ἡ κοιλίη φθαρήσεται will be deranged, disordered, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 to be morally corrupted, ἐφθάρη ἡ γῆ ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ LXX+3rd c.BC+; but ἐν Σικυωνίαι ἐφθαρμένους is falsa lectio for{ἐν Σικυῶνι διεφθ}. (conjecture Sintenis) in Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.4 of seafarers, wander, drift Refs 5th c.BC+; ναυτίλους ἐφθαρμένους sailors driven out of their course, Refs; of shipwrecked persons, νεῶν (ἐκ νεῶν Elmsl.) φθαρέντες Refs 4th c.BC+; also of travellers or wanderers by land, οὐχ ἕνα νομίζων φθείρεται πόλεως νόμον (variant{τόπον}) Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν δεῖ φθείρεσθαι περιόντα (={περιιόντα}) τὴν ἀρχὴν ἅπασαν Refs 1st c.AD+; μὴ περιΐδῃς ἀγαθοὺς γείτονας εἰς στενὸν τοῦ καιροῦ φθειρομένουςRefs 2nd c.AD+; φθαρῆναι εἰς βάρβαρα ἔθνη (ἐν βαρβάροις ἔθνεσι or ἔθεσι codices) Refs 3rd c.BC+; φθαρέντων ἐς ἀλλήλους falling foul of one another, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.5 of women, χέρσους φθαρῆναι pine away in barrenness, Refs 5th c.BC+ (unless wander, compare above Refsksárati 'flow', later 'wane, perish', Avest. γζ?~Xαρ- and ζ?~Xγαρ- 'flow'.)

אבה (assumed as √ of foll.; v. p. 3).

† [סָרַח] vb. go free, be unrestrained overrun, exceed (NH סָרוּחַ overhanging, flapping; Arabic سَرَح of camels, etc., pasture where they please; also send forth to pasture; ii. let a wife go free; let down the hair; سُرُح easy.—NH סָרַח, Aramaic ܣܪܰܚ usually = corrupt, sin);— Qal Impf. 3 fs. תִּסְרַח Ex 26:12; Pt. act. f. סֹרַ֫חַת Ez 17:6; pass. סָרוּחַ (cf. Köii. 1, 137 Ges§ 50 f. BaNB 180) Ex 26:13; pl. סְרוּחִים Am 6:7, סְרֻחִים v 4; cstr. סְרוּחֵי Ez 23:15;— 1. go free, be unrestrained: וּסְרֻהִים עַל־עַרְשׂוֹתָם Am 6:4 i.e. prob. = and are sprawling upon their couches (in contempt. hyperbole), מִרְזַח ס׳ v 7 the revelry of sprawlers; pt. act. of overrunning, spreading vine Ez 17:6. 2. of overhanging stuffs (proposes overrunning, exceeding, extended beyond limits) תִּסְרַח עַל אֲחֹרֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן Ex 26:12 (P) it shall overrun (overhang), over the back of the tabern., so יִהְיֶה סָרוּחַ עַל־צִדֵּי הַמּ׳ v 13; סְרוּחֵי טְבוּלִים Ez 23:15 overhung of turbans, extended with respect to turbans, = with pendant turbans (cf. [טְבוּל]). Niph. Pf. 3 fs. נִסְרְחָה חָכְמָתָם Je 49:7 usually is their wisdom let loose (i.e. dismissed, gone)? (‖ הֵאֵין עוֹד חָכְמָה בְּתֵימָ֑ן אָֽבְדָה עֵצָה מִבָּנִים); but NöExpos. May, 1897, 363 is corrupt (cf. NH, and especially Aramaic).

διαφθείρω, future -φθερῶRefs 5th c.BC+, Epic dialect -φθέρσωRefs 8th c.BC+: perfect διέφθαρκα Refs 5th c.BC+:— passive, future διαφθᾰρήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect διαφθερέομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: 3rd.pers. plural pluperfect διεφθάρατο Refs:—destroy utterly, πόλιν Refs 8th c.BC+; make away with, kill, τινά Refs; destroy, ruin, ἥδ᾽ ἡμέρα φύσει σε καὶ διαφθερεῖ S.[same place]; τὴν τύχην Refs; δ. χεῖρα weaken, slacken one's hand, Refs 5th c.BC+; spoil, break, ὑγιῆ λίθον Refs 2nd c.BC+; τὰ θυρώματα διεφθάρθαι Refs; δ. τὴν συνουσίαν break up the party, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 in moral sense, corrupt, ruin, γνώμην Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. τοὺς νέους, τοὺς νεωτέρους, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially corrupt by bribes, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. γυναῖκα seduce a woman, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. τοὺς νόμους falsify, counterfeit them, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ φεφ αδηκότα Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 οὐδὲν διαφθείρας τοῦ χρώματος having changed nothing of his colour, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 of a woman, to lose by miscarriage or premature birth, ἔμβρυα, βρέφος, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, miscarry, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, τῶν διαφθαρεισῶν τὰ ἔμβρυα Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 lose, forget, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 ={διάγω}, uncertain in Refs __II passive, to be destroyed, δ. ἐπὶ τοῖς ἱματίοις to be murdered for the clothes he wore, Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, frequently in Papyrus, Refs 2nd c.AD+; especially to be crippled, disabled, Refs 5th c.BC+; of ships,Refs 5th c.BC+; to be spoilt, γάλα Refs 5th c.BC+; to be corrupted, αἷμα Refs 2nd c.AD+deaf, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ σκέλεα διεφθάρησαν had their legs broken, Refs 5th c.BC+blinded, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ φρενῶν διαφθαρέν, ={φρενοβλάβεια}, Refs 5th c.BC+ decomposed, of a corpse, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III perfect διέφθορα intransitive, to have lost one's wits, διέφθορας Refs 8th c.BC+ corrupted blood, Refs; frequently in later Prose, γάλα δ. ἤδη Refs 1st c.AD+; but, __III.2 in Trag. and Comedy texts always transitive Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV aorist διέφθειρα intransitive, became corrupt, LXX

ζημι-όω, future -ώσωRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἐζημίωσα Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἐζημίωκα Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, future ζημιωθήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+; more frequently middle ζημιώσομαι in passive sense, Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐζημιώθην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἐζημίωμαι Refs 4th c.BC+:—cause loss or do damage to, penalize, πόλιν Refs 5th c.BC+; τοσαύτας ἡμέρας ζημιοῦν τινα to cause one the loss of.., Refs 2nd c.AD+: with adjective neuter, μηδὲν μηδένα Refs 5th c.BC+; πλείω ζ. σαυτὸν ἤ.. Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, μεγάλα ζημιώσεται will suffer great losses, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II fine, mulct in a sum of money, with dative of things, ζ. τινὰ χιλίῃσι δραχμῇσι Refs 5th c.BC+; τινά τινος deprive of.., Refs 6th c.AD+:—passive, to be fined or amerced in a thing, with dative of things, χρήμασι Refs 5th c.BC+; suffer financial loss, Refs 3rd c.AD+ wilt lose, NT+5th c.BC+ __II.2 generally, punish, τὴν θάλασσαν Refs 5th c.BC+; τινὰ φυγῇ, πληγαῖς, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ζημιοῦσθαι ζημίαις ἐσχάταις Refs 5th c.BC+; θανάτῳ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἐσχάτοις Refs 5th c.BC+

† [חֲבַל] vb. Pa. destroy, hurt (v. BH II. חבל);—Pf. 3 mpl. sf. חַבְּלוּנִי Dn 6:23 (of lions); Imv. mpl. sf. חַבְּלוּהִי 4:20 (sf. of tree); Inf. לְחַבָּלָה Ezr 6:12 (acc. of temple). Hithpa. be destroyed: Impf. 3 fs. לָא תִּתְחַבַּל Dn 2:44; 6:27; 7:14 (-בַּ֑ל; all of kingdom of God).

† I. [שָׁאָה] vb. make a din or crash, crash into ruins (perhaps akin to שׁוֹאָה (√ שׁוא) storm, devastation; > Aramaic ܫܗܳܐ be deserted, שַׁהֲוָוא, שַׁהֲוָתָא desert);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. שָׁאוּ Is 6:11 until cities have crashed into ruins; + perhaps Na 1:5 (p. 671a). Niph. Impf. 3 fs. תִּשָּׁאֶה שְׁמָמָה Is 6:11, usually, and the ground be ruined into a desolation, but 𝔊 Lo Du Marti תִּשָּׁאֵר be left a desol.; 3 mpl. יִשָּׁא֑וּן Is 17:12 they are in uproar (of nations, ‖ יֶהֱמָיוּן), v 13 (but del. as doublet Du CheHpt. Marti). Hiph. Inf. cstr. לְהַשְׁאוֹת Is 37:26, = לַהְשׁוֹת 2 K 19:25 (Ges§ 23 f Köi. 570, who follow van d. H. in giving לְהַשְׁאוֹת as Qr, but v. Baer Gi), to cause … cities to crash into ruined heaps.

ἀφᾰν-ίζω, Attic dialect future -ῐῶRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἠφάνικαRefs 4th c.BC+:—make unseen, hide, νεφέλη.. ἠφάνισεν ἥλιονRefs 5th c.BC+; hush up, ἔργονRefs 5th c.BC+: hence, lose sight of, Refs 4th c.BC+do away with, reject, Refs 5th c.BC+; make away with a person, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, τὴν γνώμην μηδὲν.. ἀφανισθεῖσαν in no part concealed or suppressed, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 do away with, remove, ἄχοςRefs 5th c.BC+; τινὰ πόλεος carry one off from the city, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. αὑτὸν εἰς τὸν νεών disappear into the temple, Refs __3 destroy, ἈθήναςLXX+5th c.BC+ __4 obliterate writing, Refs 5th c.BC+; traces of bloodshed, Refs 5th c.BC+; spirit away a witness, Refs; get rid of, δίκηνRefs 5th c.BC+ __5 secrete, steal, Refs 5th c.BC+ __6 obscure, mar one's good name, etc., πατρικὰς ἀρετάς, ἀξίωσιν, δόξαν, Refs 5th c.BC+ wipe out ill deeds by good,Refs; τὰ χρώματα ἀ. ἐκ τοῦ σώματος, of the wasting effect of grief, Refs 4th c.BC+; τρίχα βαφῇ ἀ. disguise it by dyeing, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀ. τὰ πρόσωπα (compare ἀπρόσωπος), of artificial disfigurement, LXX+NT __6.b spoil, οἶνον, ὕδωρ, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __7 make away with property, etc., ἀργύριον, ναυτικόν, ἀνθρώπους, Refs 4th c.BC+; but, conceal the existence of, ἐργαστήριον, οὐσίαν, Refs 4th c.BC+ __8 drain a cup of wine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __9 ἀφανίσαι· σκεπάσαι, προνομεῦσαι, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II passive, disappear, be missing, Refs 5th c.BC+; of persons buried by a sand-storm, Refs 5th c.BC+; or lost at sea, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. κατὰ τῆς θαλάσσης, of islands, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. εἰς ὕλην disappear into it, Refs 5th c.BC+; καταγελασθὲν ἠφανίσθη was laughed down and disappeared, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 live retired, Refs 5th c.BC+

ἐξολεθρ-εύω, destroy utterly, LXX+NT+1st c.AD+ in this group of words is frequently in later codices and Papyrus, as Refs 6th c.AD+

† II. [פָּסַס] vb. disappear, vanish (si vera l., cf. Assyrian pasâsu, do away, blot out (especially sins));— Qal Pf. 3 pl. פַּסּוּ מִן ψ 12:2 the faithful have vanished (Che Dr) from (among) … men; LagProph. Chald. xlvi Gr We Du read אָֽפְסוּ (Is 16:4).

† [שְׁמַד] vb. Haph. destroy (𝔗 Pa. make apostatize; cf. BH);—Inf. לְהַשְׁמָדָה Dn 7:26 (obj. om., = dominion).