H8552 H8552
Be complete or finished; be consumed or perish; (Hifil) bring to completion or destroy; (Hitpael) show oneself blameless
A verb whose basic meaning is 'be complete' or 'come to an end,' shared with Arabic tamma and Syriac tam. In its Qal stem it describes things reaching their natural conclusion — provisions running out (Gen 47:15, 18), time periods expiring, or tasks being finished. Yet the same root darkens into 'be consumed, perish' when applied to people under judgment (Num 14:35; Deut 2:16), a shift visible in how Spanish renders it 'consumirse' rather than 'terminarse.' The Hifil causative mirrors both poles: completing a work (2 Kgs 22:4) or consuming enemies (Ezek 22:15). Most striking is the Hitpael reflexive, where completion becomes moral perfection — 'you show yourself blameless' (2 Sam 22:26; Ps 18:25), linking the concrete idea of wholeness to ethical integrity.
Senses
1. be complete, be finished (Qal) — The core Qal intransitive meaning: reaching completion, being finished, or coming to an end. Used of provisions being exhausted (Gen 47:15, 18), construction being completed (1 Kgs 7:22), time periods expiring (Lev 25:29), and tasks reaching their natural conclusion. Arabic tamma provides a precise cognate, and the multilingual glosses converge on 'finished/completed' — Spanish 'se acabó,' French 'achever.' The subject naturally comes to its end rather than being forcibly terminated. 32×
AR["انْتَهَى","تَمامِ","تَمَامِ","تَمَامِهَا","تَمَّ","تَمَّ-","تَمَّت","تَنتَهي","فَانْتَهَتْ","فَنَفِدَتِ","نَفَادِ","نَفِدَتِ","وَتَمَّتْ"]·ben["আর-শেষ-হল","এবং-শেষ-হল","শেষ","শেষ-হওয়া","শেষ-হবে","শেষ-হয়েছে","শেষ-হল","সমাপ্ত","সম্পূর্ণ"]·DE["aufgebraucht-ist","completion-von","ihr-completion","und-es-endete","und-es-war-zu-Ende","und-waren-vollendete","untadelig","vollenden","war-beendete","waren-beendete","wird-kommen-zu-ein-enden"]·EN["Is-complete","and-was-finished","and-were-completed","complete","completion-of","finished","is-consumed","their-completion","was-finished","were-finished","will-come-to-an-end"]·FR["acheva","achever","complet","completion-de","et-étaient-completed","et-était-acheva","leur-completion","étaient-finit","était-finit"]·heb["ו-יתם","ו-יתמו","ו-תתם","ייתמו","תום","תומם","תם","תמו"]·HI["-पीढ़ी","और-ख़त्म-हुई","और-पूरे-हुए","और-समाप्त-हुआ","ख़त्म-हो-गई","पूरा-हो-गया-","पूरा-होने।","पूरे-होने।","समाप्त","समाप्त-हुई","समाप्त-हुए","समाप्त-हो-गई","समाप्त-हो-गया","समाप्त-होंगे","समाप्त-होना","समाप्त-होने"]·ID["Dan-berakhirlah","Dan-habislah","Selesai","berakhir","dan-berakhirlah","habis","selesai","selesainya"]·IT["completare","completion-di","compì","e-fu-compì","e-furono-completo","fu-completo","fu-finì","furono-finì","loro-completion"]·jav["Lajeng-telas","Sampun-telas","badhé-pèpek","lan-rampung","rampung","sampun-telas","sampurna","tamat","telas","tèlas"]·KO["그것들의-완성","그리고-끝났다","그리고-다하였다","끝나는-때","끝나지","끝날-때","끝났네","끝났다","다하였다","다함","다했다면","마침의"]·PT["Completou-se","acabar","acabou","completá-las","consumiu-se","e-acabou","e-completaram-se","terminar-de","terminaram","terminou","terão-fim"]·RU["(конец)","И-кончилось","И-кончился","Кончилось","завершения","завершения-их","закончил","закончились","и-окончились","истребления","конца","кончилось","окончатся"]·ES["Se-ha-cumplido","Y-se-acabó","Y-terminó","acabarse","acabarán","consumirse","que-se-acabó","se-acabaron","se-acabó","terminar-de","terminarlas","terminaron","terminó","y-se-completaron"]·SW["Umekwisha","akasomeka","imemalizika","itakoma","kilipokwisha","kuisha","kuishia","kumalizika","kumalizika-kwa","maliza","mwisho-wake","na-madhabahu-yote","walipoisha","walipokwisha","yalimalizika","zikaisha"]·TR["Bitti","Ve-bitti","bitecek","bitmesine","bitti","tamamlandı","tamamlanmasına","tamamlanmasının-","tükendiler","tükenince","tükenmesine","tükenmesinin-","ve-tamamlandı"]·urd["(ختم-ہوا)","اور-ختم-ہوئی","اور-ختم-ہوا","اور-پورے-ہوئے","ختم-ہوئی","ختم-ہوئے","ختم-ہونا","ختم-ہونے","ختم-ہوں-گے","فارغ-ہو-چکے","مکمل","مکمل-ہوئی","مکمل-ہونے-اُن-کے","پوری-ہو-گئی"]
2. be consumed, perish (Qal) — A bleaker extension of the Qal: being consumed, spent, or perishing. Here the 'ending' is destructive — people dying in the wilderness (Num 14:35; Deut 2:15–16), a generation being consumed (Num 17:13), or strength being exhausted (Lam 3:22). Spanish distinguishes this sense with 'consumirse/sean consumidos,' and Arabic uses faniya 'perish' rather than tamma. The distinction from sense 1 lies in whether the ending is natural fulfillment or catastrophic exhaustion. 18×
AR["فَنائِهِم","فَنَائِهِمْ","فَنَوْا","فَنِينَا","فَنِيَ","فَنِيَتْ","فَيَفْنَوْنَ","فَيَفْنَى","وَ-يَفْنَى","يَفْنَوْنَ","يَفْنَى","يَنتَهي"]·ben["আমরা-শেষ-হয়েছিলাম","এবং-তারা-শেষ-হবে","এবং-শেষ-হবে","তাদের-সম্পূর্ণতা","তারা-শেষ-হবে","নিঃশেষ-হবে","নিঃশেষ-হবে-তারা","বিনষ্ট-হোক","শেষ-হওয়া-তাদের","শেষ-হবে","শেষ-হয়-তারা","শেষ-হয়েছে","শেষ-হল","সমাপ্ত-হল","সম্পূর্ণ-হয়েছে"]·DE["[תמנו]","beendete","habe-perished","lass-sein-verzehrt","sie-sind-vernichtet","sie-soll-sein-beendete","sie-waren-beendete","und-vollenden","und-wird-sein-spent","vollenden"]·EN["and-shall-be-consumed","and-they-shall-be-consumed","and-will-be-spent","are-consumed","finished","have-perished","let-be-consumed","may-be-consumed","shall-perish","they-are-destroyed","they-are-finished","they-shall-be-consumed","they-shall-be-finished","they-were-finished","we-are-consumed","we-have-been-consumed"]·FR["acheva","achever","ai-périt","et-achever","et-fera-être-spent","ils-devra-être-acheva","ils-étaient-acheva","ils-étaient-finit","être-accompli"]·heb["ו-תם","ו-תמו","ייתמו","יתמו","תומם","תיתם","תמו","תמנו"]·HI["और-छूटेगा","और-समाप्त-होंगे","जब-तक","ताम्मू","नाश-न-हो-जाएँ","नाश-हो-गए","वे-समाप्त-होंगे","समाप्त-हुईं","समाप्त-हुए","समाप्त-हो-गए","समाप्त-हों","समाप्त-होंगे","समाप्त-होने-उनके"]·ID["-telah-binasa","Dan-kekuatanmu-akan-habis","akan-binasa","berakhir","biarlah-habis","dan-berakhirlah","dan-berakhirlah-mereka","habis","habis-mereka","habislah","kami-berakhir","mereka-akan-habis","mereka-berakhir","mereka-habis"]·IT["avere-perished","completare","e-completare","e-fara-essere-spent","essi-dovra-essere-fini","essi-furono-fini","essi-furono-finì","fini","fu-completo"]·jav["Lan-telas","Mugi-sirna","badhé-pejah","badhé-sirna","dipun-entek","kita-sirna","lan-rampung","lan-sirna","piyambak-ipun-sadaya-badhe-tèlas","sampun-telas","sampun-èntek","telas-ipun","tiyang-tiyang-sampun-rampung","tèlas"]·KO["그것들-이-끝났네","그들이-끝날-때까지","그들이-다-망하기-","그들이-다하기까지","그들이-다할-것이다","그리고-끝나겠다-그들이","그리고-다할것이다","끝나겠다-그들이","끝나나이다","끝났다","끝났다-우리가","다하게-하여라","마치리라","멸하리라","사라지리니"]·PT["E-consumir-se-á","Sejam-consumidos","acabaram","acabarem","acabarão","cessaram","completamente","consuma-se","consumirem-se","e-serão-consumidos","fomos-consumidos","foram-destruídos","serem-consumidos","serão-consumidos"]·RU["Да-исчезнут","и-истощится","и-погибнут","и-расплавилась","иссякли","истребления-их","исчезли","исчезнут","конца-их","кончились","погибаем-мы","погибли","погибнут","полного-уничтожения-их","уничтожения-их"]·ES["Sean-consumidos","Y-se-agotará","consumirse-ellos","fueron-acabados","fuimos-consumidos","perecieron","que-se-acabaron","se-acabaron","se-consumieron","se-han-acabado","sea-consumida","ser-consumidos","serán-acabados","serán-consumidos","terminarán","y-serán-acabados"]·SW["Na-itaisha","ametoweka","hazikwisha","kuisha-kwao","kuwamaliza","kwisha","na-wataisha","tuliisha","uteketee","waangamizwe","walipoisha","wameangamia","wamekamilika","wataangamia","wataisha"]·TR["bitecekler","bitmelerine","bitti","bittiler","tükendik","tükendiler","tükenecekler","tükenmelerine","tükenmelerinin","tükensin","tüketilsin","ve-tükenecek","ve-tükenecekler","yok-oldular"]·urd["اور-ختم-ہو","اور-ختم-ہوں-گے","اور-وہ-ختم-ہوں-گے","تمام-ہونے","ختم-اُن-کے","ختم-ہو","ختم-ہو-گئے","ختم-ہوئیں","ختم-ہوں","ختم-ہوں-گے","فنا-ہو-گئے","فنا-ہونے","فنا-ہوں-گے","مٹ-جائیں-گے","وہ-ختم-ہو-گئے","وہ-ختم-ہوں-گے","ہم-ختم-ہوئے"]
3. complete, finish (Hifil causative) — The Hifil causative of completion: actively bringing something to its finish. A person completes a task (2 Kgs 22:4, finishing temple repairs), fulfills a transaction (2 Sam 20:18), or God brings plans to fruition (Isa 33:1). French 'achever' and Spanish 'cuando acabes' reflect this transitive agency. Where sense 1 describes things ending on their own, this sense involves a deliberate agent finishing the work. 7×
AR["أَتْمَمْنا","انْتَهَوْا","تُكمِلُ","عِنْدَمَا-تَنْتَهِي","كَـ-إِتْمَامِ","وَ-لِـ-إِتْمَامِ","وَيُتَمِّمْ"]·ben["(এবং-শেষ-করতে)","এবং-সমাপ্ত-করুক","তারা-গোপন-করে","তারা-সমাপ্ত-করত","তুমি-সিদ্ধ-কর","যখন-তুমি-শেষ-করবে","যখন-পূর্ণ-হবে"]·DE["[תתם]","sie-finished","und-lass-ihn-complete","und-vollenden","vollenden","wir-haben-accomplished"]·EN["(qere:and-to-complete)","and-let-him-complete","they-finished","we-have-accomplished","when-are-complete","with-you","you-make-blameless"]·FR["achever","et-que-lui-achève","et-être-accompli","ils-acheva","être-accompli","תתם"]·heb["התמו","ו-יתם","ו-ל-תום","כ-התימך","כ-התם","תמנו","תתם"]·HI["(और-खत्म-करने-को)","जब-पूरे-होंगे","जैसे-तू-समाप्त-करे","तय-होता-था","तू-पूर्ण-करे","वे-पूरा-करे","हमने-संपूर्ण-किया-है"]·ID["(dan-mengakhiri)","dan-hendaklah-ia-menghitung","engkau-menyempurnakan","kami-telah-menyelesaikan","ketika-engkau-selesai","ketika-penuh","mereka-menyelesaikan"]·IT["completare","e-completare","e-lascia-lui-completa","essi-finì","fu-completo"]·jav["kawula-sedaya-sampun-ngrampungaken","lan-kangge-mungkasi","lan-piyambakipun-ngrampungaken","nalika-panjenengan-rampung","nalika-sampun-jangkep","ngrampungaken","panjenengan-sampurna"]·KO["(그리고-끝내려)","결말을-냈다","그리고-그가-계산하게-하라","다-하매","마쳤도다","에-네가-마칠-때에","온전하게-하면"]·PT["(e-para-dar-fim)","aperfeiçoes","completamos","e-complete","quando-completarem","quando-terminares","terminavam"]·RU["(и-чтобы-покончить-с)","и-пусть-завершит","когда-исполнятся","когда-кончишь","решали","сделаешь-непорочными","совершили"]·ES["cuando-acabes","cuando-se-completen","hagas-perfectos","hemos-completado","terminaban","y-para-terminar","y-que-complete"]·SW["(na-kumaliza)","Ukimaliza","na-aweke-pamoja","tumefaulu","ukamilishe","wakati-watakapomaliza","waliamua"]·TR["(ve-sona-erdirmek)","bitirdiginde","bitirirlerdi","kusursuz-yaparsın","tamamladık","tamamlandığında","ve-hesaplasın"]·urd["اور-ختم-کرنے-کے-لیے","اور-گِن","تُو کامل کرے","جب-تو-ختم-کرے-گا","جب-پورے-ہوں-گے","ختم-کریں","پورا-کِیا"]
4. consume, destroy (Hifil causative) — The destructive Hifil: causing consumption or destruction, making a complete end of something. God consumes nations that resist (Jer 27:8) or purges impurity from a people (Ezek 22:15; 24:10). Korean 'eopsaeda' (eliminate) and Swahili '-ondoa' (remove) capture the forceful eradication. This parallels sense 2 as sense 3 parallels sense 1 — the same Qal/Hifil doubling, but on the destructive axis. 3×
AR["أَنْضِجِ","أُفْنِيَهُمْ","وَأُفْنِي"]·ben["এবং-নির্মূল-করব-আমি","শেষ-করি","সিদ্ধ-কর"]·DE["und-vollenden","vollenden"]·EN["I-finish","and-I-will-consume","consume"]·FR["achever","et-être-accompli","être-accompli"]·heb["התם","ו-התימותי","תומי"]·HI["और-समाप्त-करूँगा-मैं","समाप्त-कर-दूँ"]·ID["Aku-menghabiskan","dan-Aku-akan-menghabiskan","masaklah"]·IT["completare","e-completare"]·jav["enteknaa","lan-Kawula-badhe-ngèndelaken","telas-Ku"]·KO["그리고-없애리라","내가-끝내는","다-지어라"]·PT["consumi-los","e-acabarei","termina"]·RU["в-землях","покончания-Мной","свари"]·ES["consume","consumirlos-yo","y-consumiré"]·SW["maliza","na-nitaondoa","nimewamalizia"]·TR["pişir","tükenmelerinin","ve-bitireceğim"]·urd["اور-ختم-کروں-گا","ختم-کرنے","پکا"]
5. show oneself blameless (Hitpael) — The Hitpael reflexive: showing oneself complete, blameless, or perfect in conduct. Appearing only in 2 Sam 22:26 and Ps 18:25, it describes God's reciprocal dealing — 'with the blameless you show yourself blameless.' Arabic tatakāmalu 'you show yourself perfect' and Korean 'onjeonhage haenghasida' (act perfectly) illuminate how completion becomes moral wholeness. The reflexive stem transforms physical completeness into demonstrated ethical integrity. 2×
AR["تَتَكَامَلُ","تَكُونُ-كَامِلًا"]·ben["আপনি-সাম্পূর্ণতা-দেখান","তুমি-নির্দোষ-হবে"]·DE["You-zeige-Yourself-blameless","du-show-dich-selbst-blameless"]·EN["You-show-Yourself-blameless","you-show-yourself-blameless"]·FR["Tu-montre-Yourself-irréprochable","achever"]·heb["תתמם"]·HI["खरा-है","खरा-होगा"]·ID["Engkau-menunjukkan-diri-tidak-bercacat","Engkau-menunjukkan-tidak-bercela"]·IT["You-mostra-Yourself-integro","fu-completo"]·jav["Panjenengan-nedahaken-kasampurnan","Panjenengan-tumindak-sampurna"]·KO["온전하게-하신다","흑없이-행하시나이다"]·PT["mostras-te-íntegro","te-mostras-íntegro"]·RU["Ты-непорочен","поступаешь-непорочно"]·ES["te-muestras-íntegro"]·SW["unajionyesha-mkamilifu","utajionyesha-mkamilifu"]·TR["kusursuz-davranırsın","kusursuz-göstereceksin-kendini"]·urd["تُو-کمال-دکھاتا-ہے"]
6. sense 6 — A Qal imperfective first-person form (Ps 19:13) expressing the psalmist's desire for blamelessness: 'I shall be blameless.' While close to sense 5's moral domain, this is not reflexive-demonstrative but aspirational — an inward state of completeness before God. The multilingual evidence (English 'I shall be blameless,' Spanish 'seré íntegro') confirms the personal, volitional character distinct from the Hitpael's reciprocal demonstration. 1×
AR["أَكُونُ-كَامِلًا"]·ben["আমি-সাম্পূর্ণ-হব"]·DE["ich-soll-sein-blameless"]·EN["I-shall-be-blameless"]·FR["achever"]·heb["איתם"]·HI["मैं-निर्दोष-होऊँगा"]·ID["aku-tidak-bercacat"]·IT["fu-completo"]·jav["kula-sampurna"]·KO["흑없으리이다"]·PT["serei-íntegro"]·RU["буду-непорочным"]·ES["seré-íntegro"]·SW["nitakuwa-mkamilifu"]·TR["kusursuz-olacağım"]·urd["میں-کامل-ہوں-گا"]
Related Senses
G0846 1. third-person pronoun reference (5552×)H???? 1. (4670×)H6213a 1. do, perform, act (2383×)G4160 1. do, act, perform (473×)H5221 1. Hifil: to strike in battle, smite enemies (362×)H2896a 1. good (quality or moral) (305×)H7563 1. wicked person (259×)H7451c 1. moral evil or wickedness (234×)H5771 1. iniquity, sin, wrongdoing (222×)H0899b 1. garment, article of clothing (216×)H6662 1. righteous person (substantive) (195×)G0266 1. sin, failure, transgression (173×)H2403b 1. sin, transgression (170×)H2617a 1. Covenant faithfulness, steadfast love (167×)H2398 1. Qal: to sin, commit sin (165×)H6213a 2. make, construct, fabricate (148×)H6666 1. righteousness, moral uprightness (145×)G5485 1. grace, divine favor (141×)H7451a 1. morally evil, wicked (129×)H2403b 2. sin-offering, sacrifice for sin (120×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [תָּמַם], תַּם vb. be complete, finished (Arabic تَمَّ id., Ph. תם, Syriac ܬܰܡ der. spec. and deriv.; cf. NH = BH (rare), Aramaic תְּמִימָא, ܬܰܡܺܝܡܳܐ perfect);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. תַּם Gn 47:18 + 3 times (+ Qr מֵאֵשׁ֯ תַּם Je 6:29); 3 pl. תַּמּוּ Dt 2:16 +; תָּ֑מּוּ 2 K 7:13; 1 pl. תַּמְנוּ (Ges§ 67 dd) Nu 17:28 ψ 64:7; תָּ֑מְנוּ Je 44:18; (La 3:22 read תַּמּוּ 𝔗 𝔖 Ew Löhr Bu); Impf. 3 ms. יִתֹּם…