H2610 H2610
Be polluted or profaned (Qal); defile or make profane (Hifil); corrupt through flattery or hypocrisy
Built from a root that pictures a turning aside from what is right, this verb describes moral and ritual contamination at several levels. In the Qal stem, the land itself 'becomes profaned' -- by bloodshed (Ps 106:38), by idolatry that is like adultery (Jer 3:1, 9), or by covenant-breaking that defiles the whole earth (Isa 24:5). The Hifil causative intensifies agency: you shall not pollute the land with blood (Num 35:33), and Judah's unfaithfulness has defiled the countryside (Jer 3:2). Daniel 11:32 introduces a striking third sense -- corrupting people through smooth flattery -- where Spanish 'seducira' (he will seduce) captures the insidious, relational quality of this defilement.
Senses
1. be polluted or profaned — Qal: to be or become polluted, profaned, or defiled -- describing a state of moral or ritual contamination that falls upon a land or people. Psalm 106:38 says the land 'was polluted' (vatechnaf) with innocent blood; Isaiah 24:5 declares the earth profaned under its inhabitants because they violated the everlasting covenant. Jeremiah 3:1 and 3:9 use it of the land defiled by Israel's spiritual adultery. Spanish 'contaminar/profanar' and French 'profaner' consistently mark the passive, stative quality. 7×
AR["تَتَنَجَّسُ", "تَدَنَّسَتْ", "تَنْجَسُ", "فَجَرُوا", "لِتَتَنَجَّسْ", "وَ-تَدَنَّسَت", "وَ-نَجَّسَتْ"]·ben["অপবিত্র-হয়েছে", "অপবিত্র-হোক", "অশুচি-করা", "অশুচি-হবে", "এবং-অপবিত্র-হল", "এবং-অশুচি-করেছে", "ভণ্ড-হয়েছে"]·DE["[ותחנף]", "[חנוף]", "[חנפה]", "[חנפו]", "[תחנף]", "und-Krieg-polluted"]·EN["and-was-polluted", "are-profane", "be-polluted", "being-polluted", "is-polluted", "let-her-be-defiled", "that-she-polluted"]·FR["et-profaner", "et-être-impie", "profaner"]·heb["ו-חנפה", "ו-תחנף", "חנוף", "חנפה", "חנפו", "תחנף", "תיחנף"]·HI["अपवित्र-हैं", "अपवित्र-हो", "अशुद्ध-हो-गई", "अशुद्ध-होकर", "अशुद्ध-होगी", "और-अशुद्ध-किया-उसने", "और-अशुद्ध-हो-गई"]·ID["Biarlah-dinajiskan", "akan-tercemar", "berlaku-fasik", "dan-dinajiskan", "dia-mencemarkan", "tercemar"]·IT["[תחנף]", "e-essere-empio", "e-profano'", "essere-empio"]·jav["dipun-najisaken", "dipun-najisi", "lan-dipunnajisaken", "lan-najisaken", "mugi-dipunnajisaken", "munafik", "najis"]·KO["그리고-더럽혔다", "그리고-더럽혔도다", "더럽혀졌으니", "더럽혀지라", "더럽혀지지-않겠는가", "속되었다", "심히"]·PT["Seja-profanada", "e-contaminou", "e-foi-poluída", "foi-profanada", "profanar-se", "seria-profanada", "são-profanos"]·RU["Пусть-осквернится", "и-осквернила", "и-осквернилась", "нечестивы", "осквернением", "осквернилась", "осквернится"]·ES["Sea-profanada", "contaminarse", "contaminó", "fue-profanada", "se-contaminaría", "son-profanos", "y-fue-contaminada"]·SW["aliichafua", "imenajisiwa", "itachafuliwa", "kabisa", "na-ikauchafua", "na-itiwe-unajisi", "wamenajisika"]·TR["kirlendi", "kirlenir", "kirlenme", "murdarlasın", "münafıklaştılar", "ve-kirlendi", "ve-kirletti"]·urd["اور-ناپاک-کیا", "اور-ناپاک-ہو-گئی", "ناپاک-ہو", "ناپاک-ہو-جائے-گی", "ناپاک-ہوگئی", "ناپاک-ہیں", "ناپاکی-سے"]
2. cause to be polluted — Hifil causative: to defile, profane, or make something unclean through one's actions. Numbers 35:33 twice uses this form -- 'blood pollutes the land' and 'you shall not pollute the land' -- establishing the principle that unavenged murder contaminates the territory. Jeremiah 3:2 extends this to Judah's idolatry defiling the landscape. Spanish shifts to active 'contaminaste' (you polluted), German to 'verunreinigen' (make impure), highlighting the causative agency absent from the Qal. 3×
AR["تُدَنِّسُوا", "وَ-نَجَّسْتِ", "يُدَنِّسُ"]·ben["অপবিত্র-করবে", "অপবিত্র-করে", "এবং-অশুচি-করেছিলে"]·DE["[ותחניפי]", "du-soll-verunreinigen", "pollutes"]·EN["and-you-polluted", "pollutes", "you-shall-pollute"]·FR["et-profaner", "pollutes", "tu-devra-profaner"]·heb["ו-חנפת", "יחניף", "תחניפו"]·HI["अपवित्र-करता-है", "अपवित्र-करना", "और-अशुद्ध-किया-तूने"]·ID["Dan-kamu-mencemarkan", "menajiskan"]·IT["e-essere-empio", "pollutes", "tu-dovra-inquinare"]·jav["lan-panjenengan-najisaken", "njisari", "panjenengan-njisari"]·KO["그리고-더럽혔다", "더럽힌다", "더럽힐-것이다"]·PT["e-contaminaste", "profana", "profanareis"]·RU["и-осквернила-ты", "оскверняет", "оскверняйте"]·ES["Y-contaminaste", "profana", "profanaréis"]·SW["itainajisi", "mtainajisi", "na-ukaichafua"]·TR["kirleteceksiniz", "kirletir", "ve-kirlettin"]·urd["اور-ناپاک-کیا", "ناپاک-کرتا-ہے", "ناپاک-کرو"]
3. corrupt by flattery — Hifil in a social-moral sense: to corrupt or lead astray through flattery, smooth speech, or hypocrisy. Daniel 11:32 prophesies that the king of the north 'will corrupt by flatteries' those who violate the covenant -- Spanish 'seducira' (he will seduce) and the Aramaic cognate 'flatter' both emphasize the deceptive, relational dimension. This sense preserves the root idea of 'inclining away from right' but channels it through persuasion rather than ritual contamination. 1×
AR["يُنَافِقُ"]·ben["কলুষিত-করবে"]·DE["[יחניף]"]·EN["he-shall-corrupt"]·FR["profaner"]·heb["יחניף"]·HI["फुसलाएगा"]·ID["dia-akan-membuat-munafik"]·IT["[יחניף]"]·jav["piyambak-ipun-badhé-ngodho"]·KO["아첨하리라"]·PT["corromperá"]·RU["обольстит"]·ES["seducirá"]·SW["atawapoteza"]·TR["kandıracak"]·urd["بہکائے-گا"]
Related Senses
H3548 1. priest, cultic officiant (750×)G5547 1. Christ, Messiah, Anointed One (540×)H5030 1. Prophet, divine spokesperson (317×)H5930a 1. burnt offering (sacrifice) (286×)H3881 1. Levites (priestly class) (283×)G4396 1. prophet, spokesperson of God (146×)H6944 1. sanctuary, holy place (129×)G0749 1. high priest, chief priest (123×)H6944 2. holiness, sacredness (abstract quality) (123×)G5330 1. Pharisee (99×)G4336 1. pray to God (86×)H6944 3. holy things, sacred offerings (plural) (86×)H3722a 1. make ritual atonement (Piel) (85×)H6912 1. bury (Qal active) (82×)H6419 1. pray (Hitpael) (80×)H6944 4. holiness (with possessive pronoun) (77×)H6942 1. sanctify, consecrate (Piel factitive) (76×)H2930a 1. Qal: be/become unclean (75×)H7819a 1. slaughter an animal (Qal active) (72×)H1486 1. lot (object cast for decisions) (71×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [חָנֵף] vb. be polluted, profane (Arabic حَنَفَ incline, decline, hence حَنِيفٌ inclining to a right state, but in Heb. of inclining away from right, irreligion, profaneness, cf. حَنِفَ have a حَنَفٌ i.e. distortion of foot; Syriac in deriv. be profane, etc.; NH Hiph., Aramaic Aph. act falsely toward, flatter, חֲנוּכָּה hypocrisy; Assyrian ḫanpu, ruthlessness; ḫanâpu, exercise ruthlessness…