Ritual Defilement

��� III. [חָלַל] vb. pollute, defile, profane; Hiph. also begin (lit. untie, loosen, open, v. Arabic) (Arabic خَلَّ untie, undo, become free, lawful, free from obligation or tie; iv. make lawful; x. esteem lawful or free, profane, desecrate, violate; NH חלל be profane, desecrated (also Pi. Hiph. transit.), cf. Aramaic חֲלַל; ܚܰܠܶܠ Pa. is purify, ܐܰܚܶܠ Aph. is profane)— Niph. Pf. נִחָ֑ל Ez 25:3, נִחַלְתְּ (-תִּי Co) Ez 22:16, נִחֲלוּ Ez 7:24; Impf. יֵחָ֑ל Is 48:11, תֵּחֵל Lv 21:9, וָאֵחַל Ez 22:26; Inf. הֵחֵל Ez 20:9, 14, 22, sf. לְהֵחַלּוֹ Lv 21:4.— 1. reflex. pollute, defile oneself a. ritually, by contact with dead ‖ טמא, Lv 21:4 (H) b. sexually ‖ זנה Lv 21:9 (H). 2. Pass., be polluted, defiled, of holy places Ez 7:24; 25:3, name of God Ez 20:9, 14, 22 Is 48:11 and even God himself Ez 22:16, 26. Pi. Pf. חִלֵּל Lv 19:8 + 3 times; sf. חִלְּלוֹ Dt 20:6; 2 ms. חִלַּלְתָּ Gn 49:4 + 3 times; 2 fs. חִלָּ֑לְתְּ Ez 22:8; 3 pl. sf. חִלְּלוּהֻ֯ Ez 7:21 etc., + 16 times Pf.; Impf. יְחַלֵּל Lv 21:12, 15, 23; sf. יְחַלְּלֶנּוּ Dt 20:6; pl. יְחַלְּלוּ Lv 21:6 + 4 times, יְחַלֵּ֑לוּ ψ 89:32 etc., + 13 times Impf.; Inf. חַלֵּל Am 2:7 + 4 times; חַלְּלוֹ Ez 23:39 + 4 times; חַלְּלָם Je 16:18; Pt. מְחַלֵּל Ez 24:21 pl. מְחַלְּלִים Mal 1:12 Ne 13:17; sf. מְחַלֲלֶיהָ Ex 31:14; f. מְחַלֶּלֶת Lv 21:9;— 1. defile, pollute: a. sexually, Gn 49:4 (poem) = 1 Ch 5:1 (the father’s bed); a woman = זנה Lv 19:29; 21:9 (H); זַרְעוֹ Lv 21:15 (H). b. ceremonially, profane, the altar by a tool Ex 20:25 (JE); sacred places Lv 21:12, 23 (H), Ez 7:21, 22(×2), 23:39; 24:21; 44:7 Zp 3:4 Mal 2:11 ψ 74:7 Dn 11:31; the holy land Je 16:18; sacred things Lv 19:8; 22:9, 15 (H) Nu 18:32 (P) Ez 22:26; the sabbath Ex 31:14 (P), Is 56:2, 6 Ez 20:13, 16, 21, 24; 22:8; 23:38 Ne 13:17, 18; and so the sanctity of the prince of Tyre who made himself God, and his holy places, Ez 28:7, 16, 18. c. the name of God Lv 18:21; 19:12; 20:3; 21:6; 22:2, 32 (all H), Am 2:7 Je 34:16 Ez 20:39; 36:20, 21, 22, 23 Mal 1:12, God himself Ez 13:19. d. י׳ defiles or profanes his inheritance by giving it over to Babylon Is 47:6; the princes of the sanctuary by giving them to Chaldeans Is 43:28. 2. violate the honour of, dishonour, י׳ subj., crown of Davidic kingdom ψ 89:40 (sq. לארץ pregn.), kingdom of Judah La 2:2; the גאון כל צבי Is 23:9. 3. violate a covenant ψ 55:21; 89:35 Mal 2:10, the חקות of God ψ 89:32. 4. treat a vineyard as common (v. חֹל) by beginning to use its fruit Dt 20:6(×2); 28:30 Je 31:5 (v. the law Lv 19:23–25, H). Pu. Pt. שְׁמִי הַגָּדוֹל הַמְֿחֻלָּל בַּגּוֹיִם Ez 36:23 my great name which is profaned among the nations. Hiph. 1. a. Impf. לֹא אַחֵל אֶת־שֶׁם־קָדְשִׁי עוֹד Ez 39:7 I will not let my holy name be profaned any more; cp. 20:9. b. לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ he shall not violate his word Nu 30:3 (P). 2. begin, Pf. הֵחֵל Gn 6:1 + 15 times, הֵחֵ֫לָּה Ju 20:40, הַחִלּוֹתָ Dt 3:24 Est 6:13, הַחִלֹּתִי Dt 2:31 1 S 22:15, הֵחֵ֫לּוּ Ezr 3:6 + 6 times; Impf. יָחֵל Ju 10:18; 13:5, וַיָּ֫חֶל Gn 9:20 + 5 times, 3 fs. וַ֫תָּחֶל Ju 13:25; 16:19, 2 ms. תָּחֵל Dt 16:9, אָחֵל Dt 2:25 Jos 3:7, וַיָּחֵ֫לּוּ Ju 20:31 + 3 times, וַתְּחִלֶּינָה Gn 41:54, תָּחֵ֫לּוּ Ez 9:6; Imv. הָחֵל Dt 2:24, 31; Inf. cstr. הָחֵל 1 S 3:12 + 2 times; sf. הַחִלָּם Gn 11:6; Pt. מֵחֵל Je 25:29;—begin, Nu 17:11, 12 (P) Dt 16:9 2 Ch 29:27(×2); so 2 S 24:15 𝔊 We Dr. (𝔊 inserts וְ��ַמַּגֵּפָה הֵחֵ֫לָּה בָּעָם bef. וַיָּ֫מָת); c. Inf. (ל) begin to Gn 41:54 (E), Gn 6:1; 10:8 = 1 Ch 1:10, Gn 11:6 Nu 25:1 (all J), Dt 2:25, 31; 3:24; 16:9 Jos 3:7 (D), Ju 10:18; 13:5, 25; 16:19, 22; 20:31, 39, 40 1 S 3:2; 14:35; 22:15 2 K 10:32; 15:37 1 Ch 27:24 2 Ch 3:1, 2; 29:17; 31:7, 10, 21; 34:3(×2) Ezr 3:6 Ne 4:1 Est 6:13; 9:23; Je 25:29 Jon 3:4; c. ו consec. Gn 9:20 (J) Ezr 3:8; c. בְּ begin with Gn 44:12 (J), Ez 9:6, 2 Ch 20:22; so 2 S 24:5, read וַיָּחֵ֫לּוּ for וַיַּחֲנוּ 𝔊L We Dr; c. מן begin from Ez 9:6; הָחֵל רָשׁ begin! possess! Dt 2:24, 31; הָחֵל וְכַלֵּה beginning and ending 1 S 3:12 (i.e. accomplishing my full purpose, v. Dr). Hoph. Pf. אָו הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם י׳ then it was begun (= men began) to call on the name of י׳ Gn 4:26 (J). Note. —וַיָּחֵלּוּ מְעַט מִמַּשָּׂא Ho 8:10 begin to be minished by reason of the burden RV Hi al.; Wü Now read וְיָחִלוּ (I. חול, חיל)—for om. of dagh. v. also וְיָחֵלוּ of Cod. Bab.—shall be in anguish a little for the burden, so Ra AV; Ew וְיָחִלוּ that they may wait (?) a little; 𝔊 וחדלו מעט ממשׁח cease a little from anointing, so Che We, this probably best.

κοιν-όω, future κοινώσω Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐκοίνωσα Refs 5th c.BC+; Doric dialect ἐκοίνᾱσα Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, future κοινώσομαι Refs codices (to be read -άσομαι (Doric dialect)), Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐκοινωσάμην Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, aorist ἐκοινώθην Refs 5th c.BC+perfect κεκοίνωμαι (in middle sense) Refs 5th c.BC+:—communicate, impart information, κ. τινί τι Refs 5th c.BC+; νυκτὶ κοινάσαντες ὁδόν having imparted their journey to night alone (i.e. travelling by night without consulting any one), Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 make common, share, κοινώσαντας τὴν δύναμιν κοινὰ καὶ τὰ ἀποβαίνοντα ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]; variant for{ἐκοινώνησε} in Refs 4th c.BC+:—in middle, κοινάσομαι [ὕμνον] λύρᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]: aorist middle in active sense, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τὴν οὐσίαν τῇ τοῦ παιδός unite one to the other, Is. [prev. cited] __3 make common, defile, τὸν ἄνθρωπον LXX+NT:— middle, deem profane, NT __II middle, with accusative, undertake together, make common cause in, βουλεύματα Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 take counsel with, consult, especially an oracle or god, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὧν ἄν τις κοινώσαιτο δόξαις agree with, Refs 5th c.BC+; simply, communicate, τὰ κατ᾽ ἐμὲ τῇ βουλῇ Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 c.genitive, to be partner or partaker, τινος of a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; τινί τινος with one in.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 come to terms, μοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III passive, have communication with, λέχει Refs 5th c.BC+; ξανθῷ χρώματι -ωθέν, i.e. tinged with yellow, Refs

† II. [גָּאַל] vb. defile, late (cf. גָּעַל)— Niph. Pf. 3 mpl. נְגֹאֲלוּ Is 59:3 La 4:14, on form v. Ges§ 51 h, Köi 265; Pt. נִגְאָלָה Zp 3:1;—be defiled, hands with blood בַּדָּם, Is 59:3 cf. La 4:14; pt. as subst. defiled, polluted one Zp 3:1 of Jerusalem (‖ מֹֽרְאָה; appos. הָעִיר הַיּוֹנָה). Pi. Pf. 1 pl. sf. גֵּאַלְנוּךָ Mal 1:7 pollute, desecrate, obj. י׳ (desecrated in his altar). Pu. Impf. וַיְגֹאֲלוּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּה Ezr 2:62 = Ne 7:64 cstr. pregn. and they were desecrated out of the priesthood, i.e. deposed, as desecrated ones; Pt. מְגֹאָל of bread laid on Yahweh’s altar Mal 1:7; of Yahweh’s altar (table, שֻׁלְחָן) v 12. Hiph. Pf. 1 s. אֶגְאָ֑לְתִּי Is 63:3 (on Aramaic form v. Köi 27 Ges§ 53 R. 6 but) read perhaps גֵּאָ֑לְתִּי Pi., v. GFMThLZ 1887, 292 cf. also Gesl.c. N. Ol§ 255 b Sta§ 159 b, 3;—I have polluted, i.e. stained, all my raiment, Hithp. Impf. יִתְגָּאַל Dn 1:8; יִתְגָּאָ֑ל v 8;—defile himself.

† [חָנֵף] vb. be polluted, profane (Arabic حَنَفَ incline, decline, hence حَنِيفٌ inclining to a right state, but in Heb. of inclining away from right, irreligion, profaneness, cf. حَنِفَ have a حَنَفٌ i.e. distortion of foot; Syriac in deriv. be profane, etc.; NH Hiph., Aramaic Aph. act falsely toward, flatter, חֲנוּכָּה hypocrisy; Assyrian ḫanpu, ruthlessness; ḫanâpu, exercise ruthlessness toward, Tel Amarna ZimZA vi. 1891, 256)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. חָֽנְפָה Is 24:5; 3 pl. חָנֵפ֑וּ Je 23:11; Impf. 3 fs. תֶּחֱנַף Je 3:1; תֶּחֱנָ֑ף Mi 4:11; וַתֶּחֱנַף Je 3:9 ψ 106:38; Inf. abs. חָנוֹף Je 3:1;— 1. be polluted: of land Is 24:5; Je 3:1(×2) ψ 106:38; of Zion Mi 4:11. 2. of prophet and priest = be חָנֵף (cf. infr.) i.e. profane, godless Je 23:11.—Je 3:9 appar. trans. וַתֶּחֱנַף את הארץ, Gf del. את, Gie cites Ges§ 121, 1, but read rather Hiph. וַתַּחֲנֵף with Codd. 𝔊 Ew al. (v. also Gf Gie). Hiph. Impf. יַחֲנִיף Nu 35:33; Dn 11:32; 2 fs. וַתַּחֲנִ֫יפִי Je 3:2; 2 mpl. תַּחֲנִ֫יפוּ;— 1. pollute: the land Nu 35:33(×2) (by blood; P), Je 3:2 (by idolatry, etc.) + Je 3:9 (v. supr.) 2. make profane, godless Dn 11:32 c. acc. pers.

μῐαίνω, future μιᾰνῶ Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular μιᾰνεῖ LXX: aorist ἐμίηνα LXX+8th c.BC+; participle μιάνας Refs 6th c.BC+: perfect μεμίαγκα Refs 1st c.AD+:—middle, aorist ἐμιήνατο Refs 4th c.AD+:—passive, future μιανθήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+aorist ἐμιάνθην, Epic dialect μιάνθην (see. below): perfect μεμίασμαιLXX+2nd c.AD+; 3rd.pers. singular μεμίανται Refs 3rd c.AD+ (but 3rd.pers. plural, Refs 3rd c.BC+; infinitive μεμιάνθαι Refs 1st c.BC+aorist 2 passive ἐμίᾱν in 3rd.pers. singular subjunctive μιᾷ Refsfuture passive μιᾱσέω in 3rd.pers. singular indicative μιᾱσεῖRefs 164:—stain, dye, ὡς δ᾽ ὅτε τίς τ᾽ ἐλέφαντα γυνὴ φοίνικι μιήνῃ Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 stain, sully, μιάνθησαν ἔθειραι αἵματι καὶ κονίῃσι Refs 8th c.BC+ __3 frequently of moral pollution, taint, defile, Refs 5th c.BC+ [same place], etc.; κλέος Sol.[same place], Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἱερά, τὸ θεῖον, Refs 5th c.BC+; dishonour a woman, LXX:— passive, incur defilement, Refs 5th c.BC+; of ritual defilement in funeral rites, Refs

μολύνω, future - ῠνῶ LXXaorist ἐμόλῡναLXX: perfect μεμόλυγκα Refs 4th c.AD+:—passive, future μολυνθήσομαι LXXaorist 1 ἐμολύνθηνLXXperfect μεμόλυσμαιLXX+1st c.AD+:—stain, sully, defile, τὴν ὑπήνην Refs 5th c.BC+; simply, sprinkle, ἀλεύρῳ Refs 3rd c.BC+; make a beast of, τινας (of Circe) Refs 5th c.BC+; defile, debauch, παῖδα Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, become vile, disgrace oneself, NT+5th c.BC+; ὥσπερ θηρίον ὕειον ἐν ἀμαθίᾳ μολύνεσθαι wallow in ignorance, NT+5th c.BC+ __2 stain, dye, χιτωνίσκον αἵματι Refs 1st c.AD+ — passive, ἔρια μεμολυσμένα ἄνθεσιRefs __II see at {μωλύω}.

βεβηλ-όω, profane, τὸ σάββατον LXX+NT+4th c.AD+ __2 pollute, defile, τινά LXX+3rd c.AD+

† מָשְׁחָת n.[m.] corruption (ritual), Lv 22:25 (H).