Defilement and Uncleanness

† I. טָמֵא vb. be or become unclean (NH Pi. pollute (ceremonially); Aramaic טְמָא and especially deriv., ܛܰܡܰܐ Pa. pollute; v. RSK 307 ff.)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ט׳ Lv 11:25 + 22 times; 3 fs. טָֽמְאָה 12:2 + 2 times; 2 fs. טָמֵאת Ez 22:4; pl. טָֽמְאוּ Lv 15:18; Impf. יִטְמָא Lv 5:3 + 34 times; 3 fs. תִּטְמָא 12:2 + 4 times; pl. יִטְמְאוּ ψ 106:39; Inf. טָמְאָה Lv 15:32 + 6 times;—be or become unclean: 1. sexually, c. בְּ Lv 18:20, 23 (H), Ez 23:17; the land Lv 18:25, 27 (H). 2. religiously, with idols Ez 22:3; c. בְ v 4; with necromancers Lv 19:31 (H); by sacrificing children to idols ψ 106:39. 3. ceremonially, by contact with carcasses of unclean animals Lv 11:24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34(×2), 35, 36, 40 (P); any carcass 17:15 (H); eating of a carcass 22:8 (H); by issues 15:4, 9, 20(×2), 24, 27, 32 (P); by contact with an unclean man 5:3; 15:4 (P), 22:5 (H), or thing 22:6 (H); by leprosy 13:14, 46; 14:36, 46 (P); by contact with the dead Nu 6:12; 19:20 (P), Ez 44:25, or with one unclean by such contact Nu 19:22 (P), Hg 2:13(×2); by contact with creeping things Lv 22:5 (H); certain animals were always unclean 11:26, 27 (P). In ordinary cases of uncleanness טמא עד הערב unclean till even Lv 11:24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40(×2); 14:46; 15:5, 6, 7, 8, 10(×2), 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27 Nu 19:7, 8, 10, 21, 22 (all P), Lv 17:15; 22:6 (H); but uncleanness lasted 7 days for woman bearing a son Lv 12:2(×2) (P), for man lying with woman having an issue 15:24 (P), or one coming in contact with the dead Nu 19:11, 14, 16 (P); it lasted 14 days for a woman bearing a daughter Lv 12:5 (P). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִטְמָא Ho 5:3; 6:10; 3 fs. נִטְמְאָה Nu 5:27, 28; נִטְמָ֑אָה 5:13 + 5 times; 1 s. נִטְמֵאתִי Je 2:23; 2 m.pl. נִטְמֵתֶם Lv 11:43 (א omitted by scribal error; but Ges al. derive from טמה), etc. + 4 times pf.; Pt. pl. נִטְמְאִים Ez 20:30, 31;—defile oneself, be defiled: 1. sexually, Lv 18:24 (H), Nu 5:13, 14(×2), 20, 27, 28, 29 (P). 2. by idolatry conceived as whoredom Ho 5:3; 6:10 Je 2:23 Ez 20:30, 31, 43; 23:7, 13, 30. 3. ceremonially, by eating creeping things Lv 11:43. 4. be regarded as unclean (cf. Pi. 4), prob. נִטְמִינוּ Jb 18:3 we are accounted as unclean; metapl. form; on another view v. טָמָה" dir="rtl" >טמה. Pi. Pf. טִמֵּא Gn 34:5 + 15 times; sf. טִמְּאוֹ Lv 13:8 + 3 times; 2 fs. טִמֵּאת Ez 5:11, etc. + 7 times Pf.; Impf. יְטַמֵּא 2 K 23:8, etc. + 12 times Impf.; Imv. pl. טַמְּאוּ Ez 9:7; Inf. טַמֵּא Lv 13:44 + 2 times; sf. טַמְּאָם 15:31, etc. + 4 times Inf.;—defile: 1. sexually Gn 34:5, 13, 27 (R), Ez 18:6, 11, 15; 22:11; 33:26; the land by sexual impurities of the people Lv 18:28 (H); Isr. by spiritual whoredom Ez 23:17. 2. religiously: the land, by bloodshed Nu 35:34 (P); by allowing the dead body of the murderer to hang on the tree over night Dt 21:23; by idolatry Je 2:7 Ez 36:17, 18; Isr. defiled the sacred places by the sacrifice of children Lv 20:3 (H), Ez 23:38, and God defiled him thereby 20:26; he defileth the sacred places by idolatry 2 Ch 36:14 Je 7:30 = 32:34, Ez 5:11; the holy name of י׳ 43:7, 8; Josiah defiled the idolatrous places of worship by destroying them and making them unfit for use 2 K 23:8, 10, 13, 16; of Isr. defiling idolatrous images Is 30:22, and the nations the temple of God ψ 79:1. 3. ceremonially: by ceremonial uncleanness, the sacred places Lv 15:31 Nu 19:13, 20 (P); the camp Nu 5:3 (P); the temple by dead bodies Ez 9:7; the Nazirite’s head of separation by a death occurring in his presence Nu 6:9 (P); the people defile themselves (נפשׁתיכם) by creeping things Lv 11:44 (P). 4. pronounce or declare ceremonially unclean: the leper Lv 13:3, 8, 11, 15, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 44(×2), 59 (P); unclean animals 20:25 (H). Pu. Pt. נַפְשִׁי לֹא מְטֻמָּאָה Ez 4:14 myself is not polluted. Hithp. Impf. יִטַּמָּא Lv 21:1 + 4 times; pl. יִטַּמְּאוּ Ez 14:11; 37:23; יִטַּמָּ֑אוּ Ho 9:4 Ez 44:25, etc. + 6 times Impf.;—reflexive, defile oneself: by eating of an unaccepted peace-offering Ho 9:4; c. בְּ Lv 18:24, 30 (H), 11:43 (P), Ez 14:11; 20:7, 18; 37:23; c. לְ for a dead person Lv 21:1, 3, 11 (H), Nu 6:7 (P); by Lv 11:24 (P); without prep. 21:4 (H), Ez 44:25. Hothp. Pf. אַהֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר הֻטַּמָּ֑אָה Dt 24:4 after that she has been defiled (sexually); on form v. Ges§ 54. 3.

κοιν-όω, future κοινώσω Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐκοίνωσα Refs 5th c.BC+; Doric dialect ἐκοίνᾱσα Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, future κοινώσομαι Refs codices (to be read -άσομαι (Doric dialect)), Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐκοινωσάμην Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, aorist ἐκοινώθην Refs 5th c.BC+perfect κεκοίνωμαι (in middle sense) Refs 5th c.BC+:—communicate, impart information, κ. τινί τι Refs 5th c.BC+; νυκτὶ κοινάσαντες ὁδόν having imparted their journey to night alone (i.e. travelling by night without consulting any one), Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 make common, share, κοινώσαντας τὴν δύναμιν κοινὰ καὶ τὰ ἀποβαίνοντα ἔχειν Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]; variant for{ἐκοινώνησε} in Refs 4th c.BC+:—in middle, κοινάσομαι [ὕμνον] λύρᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]: aorist middle in active sense, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τὴν οὐσίαν τῇ τοῦ παιδός unite one to the other, Is. [prev. cited] __3 make common, defile, τὸν ἄνθρωπον LXX+NT:— middle, deem profane, NT __II middle, with accusative, undertake together, make common cause in, βουλεύματα Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 take counsel with, consult, especially an oracle or god, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὧν ἄν τις κοινώσαιτο δόξαις agree with, Refs 5th c.BC+; simply, communicate, τὰ κατ᾽ ἐμὲ τῇ βουλῇ Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 c.genitive, to be partner or partaker, τινος of a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; τινί τινος with one in.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 come to terms, μοι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III passive, have communication with, λέχει Refs 5th c.BC+; ξανθῷ χρώματι -ωθέν, i.e. tinged with yellow, Refs

† II. [גָּאַל] vb. defile, late (cf. גָּעַל)— Niph. Pf. 3 mpl. נְגֹאֲלוּ Is 59:3 La 4:14, on form v. Ges§ 51 h, Köi 265; Pt. נִגְאָלָה Zp 3:1;—be defiled, hands with blood בַּדָּם, Is 59:3 cf. La 4:14; pt. as subst. defiled, polluted one Zp 3:1 of Jerusalem (‖ מֹֽרְאָה; appos. הָעִיר הַיּוֹנָה). Pi. Pf. 1 pl. sf. גֵּאַלְנוּךָ Mal 1:7 pollute, desecrate, obj. י׳ (desecrated in his altar). Pu. Impf. וַיְגֹאֲלוּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּה Ezr 2:62 = Ne 7:64 cstr. pregn. and they were desecrated out of the priesthood, i.e. deposed, as desecrated ones; Pt. מְגֹאָל of bread laid on Yahweh’s altar Mal 1:7; of Yahweh’s altar (table, שֻׁלְחָן) v 12. Hiph. Pf. 1 s. אֶגְאָ֑לְתִּי Is 63:3 (on Aramaic form v. Köi 27 Ges§ 53 R. 6 but) read perhaps גֵּאָ֑לְתִּי Pi., v. GFMThLZ 1887, 292 cf. also Gesl.c. N. Ol§ 255 b Sta§ 159 b, 3;—I have polluted, i.e. stained, all my raiment, Hithp. Impf. יִתְגָּאַל Dn 1:8; יִתְגָּאָ֑ל v 8;—defile himself.

† [חָנֵף] vb. be polluted, profane (Arabic حَنَفَ incline, decline, hence حَنِيفٌ inclining to a right state, but in Heb. of inclining away from right, irreligion, profaneness, cf. حَنِفَ have a حَنَفٌ i.e. distortion of foot; Syriac in deriv. be profane, etc.; NH Hiph., Aramaic Aph. act falsely toward, flatter, חֲנוּכָּה hypocrisy; Assyrian ḫanpu, ruthlessness; ḫanâpu, exercise ruthlessness toward, Tel Amarna ZimZA vi. 1891, 256)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. חָֽנְפָה Is 24:5; 3 pl. חָנֵפ֑וּ Je 23:11; Impf. 3 fs. תֶּחֱנַף Je 3:1; תֶּחֱנָ֑ף Mi 4:11; וַתֶּחֱנַף Je 3:9 ψ 106:38; Inf. abs. חָנוֹף Je 3:1;— 1. be polluted: of land Is 24:5; Je 3:1(×2) ψ 106:38; of Zion Mi 4:11. 2. of prophet and priest = be חָנֵף (cf. infr.) i.e. profane, godless Je 23:11.—Je 3:9 appar. trans. וַתֶּחֱנַף את הארץ, Gf del. את, Gie cites Ges§ 121, 1, but read rather Hiph. וַתַּחֲנֵף with Codd. 𝔊 Ew al. (v. also Gf Gie). Hiph. Impf. יַחֲנִיף Nu 35:33; Dn 11:32; 2 fs. וַתַּחֲנִ֫יפִי Je 3:2; 2 mpl. תַּחֲנִ֫יפוּ;— 1. pollute: the land Nu 35:33(×2) (by blood; P), Je 3:2 (by idolatry, etc.) + Je 3:9 (v. supr.) 2. make profane, godless Dn 11:32 c. acc. pers.

† [גָּעַל] vb. abhor, loathe (NH געל Nithpa. be fouled, Hiph. rinse out with hot water; גְּעִילָה rejection; Aramaic געל Ithpe. be fouled, soiled)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. גָּֽעֲלָה Lv 26:43 Je 14:19, וְגָֽעֲלָה cons. Lv 26:30; גְּעַלְתִּים Lv 26:44; גָּֽעֲלוּ Ez 16:45; Impf. 3 fs. תִּגְעַל Lv 26:11, 15; Pt. f. גֹּעֶ֫לֶת Ez 16:45;—abhor, loathe, (usually c. acc.), Yahweh, his people Lv 26:11, 30, 44 (H) Je 14:19 (c. בְּ); the people, Yahweh’s statutes, Lv 26:15, 43 (H); Ez 16:45(×2) women their husbands (fig., in proph. ag. Jerusalem). Niph. נִגְעַל מָגֵן גִּבּוֹרִים 2 S 1:21 the shield of heroes was defiled RVm VB Kirkp. but is rejected, cast away (with loathing) Dr, cf. Klo; 𝔊 προσωχθίσθη. Hiph. Impf. שׁוֹרוֹ עִבַּר וְלֹא יַגְעִ֑ל Jb 21:10; and doth not cause, or allow, (the cow) to reject as loathesome Ra De, cf. Di1; Di2, however, of bull, cast away (semen), or shew aversion.

† [נכר] vb.denom. act or treat as foreign, or strange; disguise, misconstrue;— Niph. Impf. יִנָּכֵר Pr 26:24 with his lips a hater disguiseth himself (dissembles, speaks what is foreign to his thought). Pi. Pf. נִכַּר 1 S 23:7, but v. infr.; Impf. וַיְנַכְּרוּ Je 19:4 and they have treated this place as foreign (profane); יְנַכְּרוּ צָרֵימוֹ Dt 32:27 lest their adversaries should misconstrue (it).—נִכַּר אֹתוֹ א׳ בְּיָדִי 1 S 23:7 God hath alienated him into my hand, but improbable; 𝔊 מָכַר (cf. Ju 4:9) hath sold him, so Th Klo HPS (cf. We); סִכַּר (as Is 19:4) Krochm Dr; Kit either of these; > סִגַּר Bu; Löhr either סִגַּר or סִכַּר. Hithp. Impf. וַיִּתְנַכֵּר אֲלֵיהֶם Gn 42:7 he acted as a stranger toward them; Pt. f. מִתְנַכֵּרָ֑ה 1 K 14:5, 6 feign to be a stranger-woman.

† I. חָלַל vb. bore, pierce (Arabic خَلَّ perforate, pierce through, transfix, Ethiopic ኅለት (hollow) reed; Aramaic חֲלַל hollow out, חֲלִילָא pipe; ܚܠܻܝܠܴܐ adj. hollow, ܚܠܳܠܴܐ cave, ܚܶܠܬܳܐ sheath, etc.; NH in deriv. חָלָל n. hollow, adj. slain, חָלִיל pipe);— Qal Pf. לִבִּי חָלַל בְּקִרְבִּי my heart is pierced (wounded) within me ψ 109:22 (? lit. one has pierced my heart; or read Pu. חֻלַּל?); Inf. cstr. חַלּוֹתִי הִיא ψ 77:11 it is my piercing, my wound my woe; Hu. Pe Bi Che read חֲלוֹתִי my sickness). Pi. Pt. pl. (Baer) בְּיַד מְחַללֶי֑ךָ Ez 28:9 in the hand of the ones wounding thee (Sm Co read מְחוֹלְלֶ֑ךָ). Pu. Pt. מְחֻלֲלֵי הֶרֶב pierced by the sword Ez 32:26. Poʿel. Pf. 3 fs. חֹלֲלָה יָדוֹ נָחָשׁ בָּרִחַ Jb 26:13 his hand pierced the fleeing serpent; רַב־מְחוֹלֵל כֹּל Pr 26:10 an archer piercing all (v. חול) Pt. f. מְחוֹלֶלֶת תַּנִּין Is 51:9 who pierced the dragon. Poʿal. Pt. מְחֹלָל מִפְּשָׁעֵינוּ Is 53:5 pierced, wounded because of our transgressions (of the servant of י׳, ‖ מְדֻכָּא מֵעֲוֹנֹתֵינוּ).

† I. [חֶלְאָה] n.f. rust (perhaps as filth v. supr.)—חֶלְאָתָהּ Ez 24:6, 12 + v 11, 12 (del. Co intern. grounds) + v 6 חֶלְאָתָהֿ (cf. Ges§ 91, 1; R. 2) rust on metal pot, symbol of impurity of Jerusalem.

† צֹאָה n.f. filth;—abs. צ׳ Is 28:8 (of drunkards’ vomit, cf. קִיא); צ׳ fig. of iniquity, cstr. צֹאַת Is 4:4, sf. צֹאָתוֹ Pr 30:12; specif. of human excrement (= [צֵאָה]) sf. צֹאָתָם 2 K 18:27 = Is 36:12 (both Qr; Kt חר(א)יהם, cf. [חֶרֶא] p. 351 supr.).

σπῐλ-όω, stain, soil, NT+1st c.BC+; mark, λευκαῖς (with leucodermia) Refs —passive, εἶδος σπιλωθὲν χρώμασι, of a painting, LXX: perfect participle ἐσπιλωμένος soiled, Ep. Jud. Refs 2nd c.AD+: simply, to be marked, Refs 3rd c.AD+

† [צֵאָה] n.f. filth, specif. human excrement;—sf. צֵאָתֶ֑ךָ Dt 23:14; cstr. בְּגֶלְלֵי צֵאַת הָאָדָם Ez 4:12 (as fuel; cf. [גֵּל] p. 165 supr.).

ἀλίσγ-ημα, ατος, τό, pollution, NT

μί-ασμα [ῐ], ατος, τό, (μιαίνω) stain, defilement, especially by murder or other crime, taint of guilt, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II that which defiles, pollution, of persons, χώρας μ. καὶ θεῶν ἐγχωρίων Refs; πατροκτόνον μ. καὶ θεῶν στύγος, of Clytaemnestra, Refs 5th c.BC+: in Prose more generally, πνεῦμα μεμιασμένον νοσηροῖσι μιάσμασι Refs 5th c.BC+

ῥῠπό-ω, make foul and filthy, befoul (compare ῥυπάω):— passive, to be foul and filthy, Epic dialect perfect participle passive, εἵματα.. τά μοι ῥερυπωμένα κεῖται Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐρρυπωμένος Refs 5th c.BC+ H.:—active, uncertain reading in Refs 4th c.BC+

† II. [זָנַח] stink, emit stench (cf. Arabic زَنَخَ become rancid, of oil, etc., Lane);—only Hiph. Pf. 3 mpl. הֶאֶזְנִיחוּ נְהָרוֹת rivers stink Is 19:6 (read הִזְנִיחוּ Ges§ 53, 6 Ol§ 255 b Sta§ 420 a Köi 293; but Ew§ 126 b De Di derive from elative אַזְנָח or אֶזְנָח).

—

† [טָמָה] vb. only Niph. Pf. נִטְמִינוּ we are stopped up, stupid Jb 18:3 so Thes MV Di De Zö (Aramaic טַמֵּם, טַמְטֵם stop up (e.g. of ear or heart), ܛܰܡܶܡ, etc., and deriv.; Arabic طَمَّ fill or choke up); 𝔙 Ew Hgst AV RV Da SS take it as metaplastic for נִטְמֵאנוּ we are regarded as unclean, see Ew§ 198 b Köi, 614; 𝔊 reads נִדְמִינוּ σεσιωπήκαμεν; 𝔗 טְמַעֲנָא.

† [טָנַף] vb. soil, defile (NH Pi. id.; Aramaic Pa. טַנֵּף, ܛܰܢܶܦ; Assyrian ṭanâpu ii, i, DlPr 33; HWB 302; Arabic طَنِفَ is be suspicious, be intrinsically corrupt)— Pi. Impf. אֲטַנְּפֵם Ct 5:3 how should I soil them, i.e. my feet (poet. Aramaism).

† I. [כָּתַם] vb. only Niph. be stained (NH Niph. id. (Jastr); כֶּתֶם blood-stain; 𝔗 כְּתִים (blood-) stained Is 1:18; כִּיתְמָא blood-stain Je 2:22; Syriac ܟܬܰܡ stain, defile, Pt., also Pa. Ethpa., and deriv.; Arabic كَتَمَ is cover, conceal, so Assyrian katâmu; Zinj. כתם(?), DHMSendsch. p. 37);— Niph. Pt., fig., נִכְתָּם עֲוֹנֵךְ לְפָנַי Je 2:22 stained is thine iniquity before me (cf. Eng. phr. iniquity of deepest dye).

† [צַחֲנָה] n.f. stench;—sf. צַחֲנָתוֹ Jo 2:20 (‖ בָּאְשׁוֹ).—cf. עפר צחנה Ecclus 11:12.