H0056 H0056
To mourn, grieve, or lament; used of people mourning the dead and figuratively of the land languishing
A verb of mourning that moves fluidly between human grief and cosmic sympathy. In the Hitpael, Jacob 'mourned' for Joseph (Gen 37:34) and David for Absalom (2 Sam 19:2) -- the reflexive-intensive stem emphasizing visible, bodily expressions of sorrow such as tearing garments and fasting. In the Qal, the land itself mourns: gates languish (Isa 3:26), pastures wither (Amos 1:2), and the earth dries up under divine judgment (Hos 4:3; Jer 12:4). This personification of the land, where creation participates in Israel's grief, is distinctive in prophetic Hebrew. Spanish distinguishes 'hacer duelo' (to perform mourning) from 'enlutarse' (to be in mourning), mirroring the Hitpael/Qal contrast. The rare Hiphil in Lamentations 2:8 and Ezekiel 31:15 introduces a causative agent -- God himself bringing mourning upon wall and nature.
Senses
1. to mourn, lament outwardly (Hitpael) — Hitpael mourning: outward, demonstrative expressions of grief performed by a mourner. Jacob mourned many days for Joseph (Gen 37:34), Ezra mourned over the faithlessness of the exiles (Ezra 10:6), and Nehemiah sat down and wept and mourned for days (Neh 1:4). The reflexive-intensive stem signals visible actions -- weeping, fasting, wearing sackcloth. Spanish 'hacer duelo/enlutarse' and the frequent pairing with verbs of weeping confirm the performative, ritual character of this mourning. 19×
AR["أَتَنَوَّحُ", "الْمُتَنَاحِينَ", "تَناوَحي-", "تَنوحوا", "كَانَ-نَائِحًا", "نائِحَةً", "نَائِحٌ", "نَاحَ", "وَ-ناحوا", "وَ-ناحَ", "وَ-نَاحَ", "وَ-نُحْتُ", "وَ-يَنوحُ", "وَناحَ", "يَحْزَنْ", "يَنوحُ", "يَنُوحُونَ"]·ben["আর-শোক-করলাম", "আর-শোক-করলেন", "এবং-শোক-করছেন", "এবং-শোক-করল", "এবং-শোক-করলেন", "ও-শোক-করেছিল", "যারা-শোক-করে", "শোক-করছ", "শোক-করছিল", "শোক-করছিলাম", "শোক-করছিলেন", "শোক-করছে", "শোক-করবে", "শোক-করলেন", "শোক-করুক", "শোক-করো", "শোক-করো-"]·DE["[ואתאבלה]", "[ויתאבל]", "[יתאבל]", "[מתאבל]", "[מתאבלים]", "[תתאבלו]", "mourn", "mourned", "mourning", "trauern", "und-er-mourned", "und-mourning", "und-sie-mourned", "und-sie-trauerte", "und-trauerte"]·EN["and-I-mourned", "and-he-mourned", "and-mourned", "and-mourning", "and-they-mourned", "he-was-mourning", "let-him-mourn", "mourn", "mourned", "mourning", "shall-mourn", "who-mourn"]·FR["Abel", "[ואתאבלה]", "[ויתאבל]", "[מתאבל]", "[מתאבלים]", "[תתאבלו]", "deuil", "et-deuil", "et-il-pleura", "et-ils-pleura", "et-pleura", "et-se-lamenta", "pleura", "pleure", "être-en-deuil"]·heb["ה-מתאבלים", "התאבל", "התאבלי-", "ו-אתאבלה-ה", "ו-התאבלו", "ו-יתאבל", "ו-יתאבלו", "יתאבל", "מתאבל", "מתאבלים", "מתאבלת", "תתאבלו"]·HI["और-विलाप-किया", "और-शोक-करता-रहा", "और-शोक-करता-है", "और-शोक-किया", "और-शोक-मनाया", "तो-विलाप-किया", "वह-शोक-मना-रहा-था", "शोक-कर", "शोक-करत-थ", "शोक-करता-हुआ", "शोक-करते-थे", "शोक-करने-वाले", "शोक-करेग", "शोक-करेगा", "शोक-करो", "शोक-मना", "शोक-मनाती-हो"]·ID["Dan-berkabung", "akan-berkabung", "berduka", "berkabung", "berkabunglah", "dan-berkabung", "dan-berkabunglah", "dan-ia-berkabung", "dan-mereka-berkabung", "dia-berkabung", "yang-berkabung"]·IT["[ואתאבלה]", "[ויתאבל]", "[מתאבל]", "[מתאבלים]", "[תתאבלו]", "cordoglio", "e-cordoglio", "e-egli-fece-cordoglio", "e-essi-fece-cordoglio", "e-fece-cordoglio", "e-fece-lutto", "fa-cordoglio", "fece-cordoglio", "lamentarsi", "piangere"]·jav["Lan-nandhang-prihatos", "badhé-susah", "ingkang-sedhih", "lan-kula-prihatos", "lan-nangis", "lan-nangisi", "lan-nglayangi", "lan-piyambakipun-priatin", "lan-piyambakipun-sedaya-susah;", "lan-prihatos-sanget", "nangis", "nangisa-", "nangisi", "piyambakipun-prihatos", "prihatos", "sami-ngumbèng", "susah"]·KO["그리고-내가-애도했다", "그리고-애곡했다", "그리고-애도하나이다", "그리고-애통하였다", "그리고-애통해했다", "그리고-애통했다", "슬퍼하기를", "슬퍼하느냐", "슬퍼하는-자", "슬퍼하는-자들아", "슬퍼하라-", "슬퍼하지", "슬퍼했다", "애곡하고있었다", "애공하리라", "애통하고-있었다", "애통하는"]·PT["E-lamentou", "e-enlutou-se", "e-lamentando", "e-lamentaram", "e-lamentei", "e-lamentou", "enlutada", "lamenta", "lamentando", "lamentará", "lamentava", "lamente", "lamenteis", "os-que-se-enlutam", "pranteando"]·RU["hа-плачущие", "будет-скорбеть", "и-возрыдали", "и-оплакивал", "и-скорбел", "и-скорбел-я", "и-скорбит", "оплакивали", "притворись-", "скорбел", "скорбит", "скорбите", "скорбишь", "скорбящая", "скорбящим"]·ES["Y-hizo-duelo", "enluta-te", "estaba-de-duelo", "hacían-duelo", "haga-duelo", "hará-duelo", "lamentando", "los-que-os-enlutáis", "os-lamentéis", "se-lamentaba", "y-hizo-duelo", "y-lamenté", "y-se-enlutaron", "y-se-enlutó", "y-se-lamenta", "y-se-lamentó"]·SW["Na-akaomboleza", "akaomboleza", "aliomboleza", "anayeomboleza", "asiomboleze", "ataomboleza", "jifanye-kuomboleza", "mitabּliym", "mnaoiombolezea", "na-akamwombolezea", "na-akaomboleza", "na-anaomboleza", "na-nikaomboleza", "na-wakalia", "na-wakaomboleza", "ninaomboleza", "omboleze", "unaomboleza"]·TR["ve-yas-tuttu", "ve-yas-tuttular", "ve-yas-tuttum", "ve-yas-tutuyor", "yas-tut-", "yas-tutacak", "yas-tutan", "yas-tutanlar", "yas-tutmasın", "yas-tutmayın", "yas-tuttu", "yas-tutuyordu"]·urd["اور-غم-کرتا-رہا", "اور-غمگین-ہوئے", "اور-ماتم-کر-رہا-ہے", "اور-ماتم-کیا", "اور-میں-نے-ماتم-کیا", "سوگ-کرتا-رہا", "غم-کر", "غم-کرنے-والی", "غم-کرو", "ماتم-کر-رہا-تھا", "ماتم-کرتا", "ماتم-کرتا-رہے-گا", "ماتم-کرتے-تھے", "ماتم-کرنے-والے", "ماتم-کرے", "ماتم-کرے-گا"]
Gen 37:34, Exod 33:4, Num 14:39, 1 Sam 6:19, 1 Sam 15:35, 1 Sam 16:1, 2 Sam 13:37, 2 Sam 14:2, 2 Sam 14:2, 2 Sam 19:1, 1 Chr 7:22, 2 Chr 35:24 (+7 more)
2. to mourn, be in mourning (Qal) — Qal mourning: an intransitive state of grief or languishing, applied to persons, the land, or elements of creation. Isaiah's gates 'mourn' (3:26), the land dries up and mourns (Isa 24:4; Hos 4:3; Joel 1:10), and fishermen lament (Isa 19:8). This usage bridges literal human grief and poetic personification, presenting creation as sharing in the covenant community's sorrow. The prophetic formula 'the land mourns' (Jer 4:28; 12:4; 23:10) becomes a signature of judgment oracles. 18×
AR["تَنوحُ", "تَنُوحُ", "ناحَ", "ناحَتِ", "نَاحَ", "نَاحَتِ", "نَاحَتْ", "وَ-تَنوحُ", "وَ-تَنُوحُ", "وَ-يَنُوحُ", "وَيَنَحُونَ"]·ben["এবং-শোক-করবে", "ও-শোক-করবে", "ও-শোক-করে", "বিলাপ-করে", "শোক-করছে", "শোক-করবে", "শোক-করে", "শোক-করেছে"]·DE["[אבל]", "[אבלה]", "[אבלו]", "[ואבל]", "[ואבלו]", "[תאבל]", "trauern", "und-trauern"]·EN["It-mourns", "Mourns", "and-mourn", "and-shall-mourn", "and-will-lament", "and-will-mourn", "mourn", "mourns", "shall-mourn"]·FR["Abel", "deuil", "et-Abel", "et-être-en-deuil", "être-en-deuil", "תאבל"]·heb["אבל", "אבלה", "אבלו", "ו-אבל", "ו-אבלו", "ו-אבלוּ", "תאבל"]·HI["और-शोक-करते-हैं", "और-शोक-करेंगी", "और-शोक-करेंगे", "और-शोक-करेगा", "और-शोक-मनाएंगे", "विलाप-करती-है", "शोक-कर-रही-है", "शोक-कर-रहे-हैं", "शोक-करता-है", "शोक-करती-है", "शोक-करेगा", "शोक-करेगी", "शोक-मनाएगी", "शोक-मनाती-है"]·ID["Berduka", "Berkabung", "akan-berkabung", "berdukacita", "berkabung", "dan-berkabung", "dan-berkabunglah"]·IT["e-lamentarsi", "e-piangere", "lamentarsi", "mourns", "piangere"]·jav["Nangis", "Sedhih", "badhé-sesambat", "lan-lelèh", "lan-prihatos", "lan-sedhih", "lan-susah", "nangis", "prihatos", "sedhih", "sesambat", "sungkawa"]·KO["그리고-애곡한다", "그리고-애통하리니", "그리고-애통하리라", "슬퍼하고", "슬퍼하느니라", "슬퍼하니", "슬퍼하도다", "슬퍼하였느니라", "슬퍼한다", "애곡하리오", "애곡한다", "애공하다", "애공하리라", "애통한다", "애통할-것이다"]·PT["Enluta-se", "Enlutou-se", "Lamenta", "e-chorarão", "e-lamentam", "e-lamentará", "e-lamentarão", "lamenta", "lamentará", "lamentou", "prantearam", "pranteia", "pranteou"]·RU["Скорбит", "будет-скорбеть", "и-будут-плакать", "и-восплачет", "и-восплачут", "и-засохнут", "оплакивает", "сетует", "скорбит", "скорбят"]·ES["Llora", "Se-enlutó", "enlutaron", "enlutó", "estará-de-luto", "lamentará", "llora", "llorará", "se-enluta", "se-enlutó", "y-hará-duelo", "y-harán-duelo", "y-llorarán", "y-se-enlutarán", "y-se-lamentarán"]·SW["Imeomboleza", "Inaomboleza", "inaomboleza", "itaomboleza", "na-kuomboleza", "na-wanaomboleza", "na-wataomboleza", "na-yataomboleza", "wanaomboleza", "wataomboleza", "yataomboleza"]·TR["Yas-tuttu", "kurudu", "ve-yas-tutacak", "ve-yas-tutar", "ve-yaslanacaklar", "yas-tutacak", "yas-tutar", "yas-tuttu", "yas-tuttular", "yas-tutuyor", "ülke"]·urd["اور-غم-کریں-گے", "اور-غمگین-ہوں-گے", "اور-ماتم-کرتے-ہیں", "اور-ماتم-کریں-گی", "اور-ماتم-کرے-گا", "غم-کرتی-ہے", "غمگین-ہوئی", "ماتم", "ماتم-کرتی-ہے", "ماتم-کرتے-ہیں", "ماتم-کریں-گے", "ماتم-کرے-گی"]
3. to cause mourning (Hifil) — Hiphil causative: to cause mourning or bring grief upon someone or something. In Lamentations 2:8, the LORD caused rampart and wall 'to mourn,' and in Ezekiel 31:15, God made the deep 'mourn' over the fall of Assyria's great cedar. Only two occurrences preserve this causative stem, but both are theologically weighty -- God as the agent who imposes grief upon the created order. Spanish 'hice lamentar' and 'ha hecho lamentar' capture the causative force distinctly. 2×
AR["أَنَحْتُ", "وَأَحْزَنَ-"]·ben["আমি-শোক-করিয়েছিলাম", "এবং-শোক-করিয়েছেন"]·DE["[האבלתי]", "[ויאבל]"]·EN["I-caused-mourning", "and-He-made-mourn"]·FR["Abel", "et-être-en-deuil"]·heb["האבלתי", "ו-יאבל"]·HI["और-शोक-में-डाल-दिया-", "शोक-कराया-मैंने"]·ID["Aku-membuat-berkabung,", "dan-Ia-membuat-berkabung"]·IT["e-lamentarsi", "piangere"]·jav["Kawula-damel-prihatos", "lan-Panjenengan-ndadosaken-susah"]·KO["그리고-그-가-슬프게-했네", "애통하게-했다-내가"]·PT["e-fez-enlutar", "fiz-lamentar"]·RU["заставил-Я-скорбеть", "и-сетовал"]·ES["hice-lamentar", "y-ha-hecho-lamentar"]·SW["na-amefanya-kuomboleza", "niliomboleza"]·TR["ve-yas-tutturdu", "yas-tuttum"]·urd["اور-غم-میں-ڈالا", "ماتم-کروایا-میں-نے"]
Related Senses
H3548 1. priest, cultic officiant (750×)G5547 1. Christ, Messiah, Anointed One (540×)H5030 1. Prophet, divine spokesperson (317×)H5930a 1. burnt offering (sacrifice) (286×)H3881 1. Levites (priestly class) (283×)G4396 1. prophet, spokesperson of God (146×)H6944 1. sanctuary, holy place (129×)G0749 1. high priest, chief priest (123×)H6944 2. holiness, sacredness (abstract quality) (123×)G5330 1. Pharisee (99×)G4336 1. pray to God (86×)H6944 3. holy things, sacred offerings (plural) (86×)H3722a 1. make ritual atonement (Piel) (85×)H6912 1. bury (Qal active) (82×)H6419 1. pray (Hitpael) (80×)H6944 4. holiness (with possessive pronoun) (77×)H6942 1. sanctify, consecrate (Piel factitive) (76×)H2930a 1. Qal: be/become unclean (75×)H7819a 1. slaughter an animal (Qal active) (72×)H1486 1. lot (object cast for decisions) (71×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. אָבַל39 vb. mourn (Assyrian [abâlu] v. DlW)— Qal Pf. אָבַל Is 24:7 + 2 times etc. Impf. 3 fs. תֶּאֱבַל Ho 4:3 + 3 times—mourn, lament (poet. & higher style); abs., human subj. Jo 1:9 Am 8:8; 9:5 Is 19:8 (‖ אנה) cf. Jb 14:22 (subj. נַפְשׁוֹ); sq. על Ho 10:5; more often fig., inanim. subj., gates Is 3:26; land 24:4; 33:9 Ho 4:3 Jo 1:10 Je 4:28 (sq. על) 12:4; 23:10 cf. 12:11 (sq. על), יְהוּדָה…