Mourning and Lamenting

† I. אָבַל39 vb. mourn (Assyrian [abâlu] v. DlW)— Qal Pf. אָבַל Is 24:7 + 2 times etc. Impf. 3 fs. תֶּאֱבַל Ho 4:3 + 3 times—mourn, lament (poet. & higher style); abs., human subj. Jo 1:9 Am 8:8; 9:5 Is 19:8 (‖ אנה) cf. Jb 14:22 (subj. נַפְשׁוֹ); sq. על Ho 10:5; more often fig., inanim. subj., gates Is 3:26; land 24:4; 33:9 Ho 4:3 Jo 1:10 Je 4:28 (sq. על) 12:4; 23:10 cf. 12:11 (sq. על), יְהוּדָה 14:2; pastures Am 1:2. Hithp. —Pf. הִתְאַבֵּל 1 S 15:35; Impf. יִתְאַבָּ֑ל Ez 7:12, 27; וַיִּתְאַבֵּל Gn 37:34 + 3 times etc.; Imv. fs. הִתְאַבְּלִי 2 S 14:2; Pt. מִתְאַבֵּל 1 S 16:1 + 2 times etc.;—mourn (mostly prose) especially for dead, sq. על Gn 37:34 2 S 13:37; 14:2; 19:2 (‖ בכה) 2 Ch 35:24, cf. also Is 66:10 (over Jerusalem); abs. 1 Ch 7:22; cf. 2 S 14:2 play the mourner (where indic. by dress); over unworthy Saul sq. אֶל 1 S 15:35; 16:1; over sin sq. על Ezr 10:6 cf. (abs.) Ne 8:9; judgment of י׳ Ex 33:4 abs. (indic. by dress), Nu 14:39 Ez 7:27 (del. B Co); sq. כִּי 1 S 6:19; calamity Ne 1:4 Ez 7:12 cf. Dn 10:2. Hiph. Pf. הֶאֱבַלְתִּי Ez 31:15; Impf. וַיַּאֲבֶל־ La 2:8;—cause to mourn; Ez 31:15 abs. MT, but A B Co obj. תהום sq. על, caused the deep to mourn over; La 2:8 obj. wall etc.; (both these fig.; cf. Qal).

† [סָפַד] vb. wail, lament (NH id.; 𝔗 סְפַד, ChrPal Aramaic ܣܦܕ id., SchwallyIdiot. 64; Assyrian [sapâdu], sipdu, sipittu, mourning DlHWB 507; cf. Amhar. ሰደፌ dirge PräZMGxxxv(1881), 762);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. וְסָֽפְדָה consec. Zc 12:12, 3 pl. וְסָֽפְדוּ consec. 1 K 14:13 Zc 12:10; Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּסְפֹּד 2 S 11:26, 2 ms. תִּסְפֹּד Ez 24:16, 1 s. cohort. אֶסְפְּדָה Mi 1:8, 3 mpl. יִסְפְּדוּ Je 6:16 +, etc.; Imv. mpl. סִפְדוּ 2 S 3:31 + 2 times; fpl. סְפֹּ֫דְנָה Je 49:3; Inf. abs. סָפוֹד Zc 7:5; cstr. סְפוֹד Ec 3:4, לִסְפֹּד Gn 23:2 1 K 13:29, לִסְפּוֹד Je 16:5; Pt. act. pl. סֹפְדִים Is 32:12, סוֹ׳ Ec 12:5;—wail, lament (with loud cries, etc., v. Mi 1:8, and cf. Dr Am 5:16), especially for dead, c. לְ, 1 S 25:1; 28:3 1 K 14:13, 18 Gn 23:2 (P) Je 16:6; 22:18(×2); 34:5, cf. וְאַל־תֵּלֵךְ לִסְפּוֹד וְאַל־תָּנֹד לָהֶם 16:5; c. עַל־ over 2 S 1:12; 11:26; 1 K 13:30, cf. Zc 12:10 (see v 12 infr.); c. לִפְנֵי i.e. marching before (bier) 2 S 3:31 (v. Dr); c. acc. cogn. Gn 50:10 (J); abs. 1 K 13:29 Ez 24:16 cf. v 23 Ec 3:4 (opp. רקד; cf. ψ 30:12), and pt. as subst. Ec 12:5 wailers; also, with idea of guilt on part of those wailing, Zc 12:12 (cf. v 10 supr.); over calamity, judgment, c. עַל־ Mi 1:8, abs. Je 4:8 (both + הֵילִיל), 49:3 and (with fasting) Zc 7:5 Jo 1:13.—עַל־שָׁדַיִם סֹפְדִים עַל־שְׂדֵי־חֶמֶד וגו׳ Is 32:12 is dub.; Thes Ew De Che al. upon the breasts smiting (?) for the fields, etc., but read prob. שָׂדִים (־וֹת, יִם—ַ) GesComm. (q.v.) Buhl Lex 13 Skinner al.: over the fields wailing, over the delightful fields, etc. Niph. Impf. 3 mpl. לֹא יִסָּֽפְדוּ Je 16:4 they shall not be bewailed, so 25:33.

† יָלַל vb.Hiph. howl, make a howling (onomatop.)— Hiph. Pf. וְהֵילִל Je 47:2; וְהֵילִי֫לוּ consec. Am 8:3; Impf. יְיֵלִיל Is 15:2 + 3 times (Ges§ 70, 2, R. 2 Köi 437, 421); אֲיֵלִיל Je 48:31; וְאֵילִי֫לָה Mi 1:8; יְיֵלִי֫לוּ Ho 7:14 (Köi 421); יְהֵילִי֫לוּ Is 52:5; תְּיֵלִי֫לוּ Is 65:14; Imv. הֵילֵל Ez 21:17; Zc 11:2; הֵילִי֫לִי Is 14:31; 49:3 + Je 48:20 Kt; הֵילִי֫לוּ Is 13:6 + 13 times + Je 48:20 Qr, + Ez 30:2 (del. 𝔊 Co);—utter or make a howling, give a howl, in distress, ‖ זעק Ho 7:14; Je 47:2; Is 14:31; Je 25:34; 48:20, 31 (sq. על), Ez 21:17; ‖ צעק Is 65:14 (sq. מִן of occasion, source); ‖ ספד Mi 1:8 Je 4:8; Jo 1:13; ‖ הֹבִישׁ Jo 1:11; ‖ בכה 1:5 (cf. Is 15:2, 3 + בֶּ֑כִי); sq. על Je 51:8; Is 15:2, 3; We proposes ילילו for יגילו Ho 10:5 (others יחילו, v. גיל supr. p. 162); sq. לְ Is 16:7; abs. והילילו שׁירות היכל Am 8:3 and palace-songs shall become howlings, Is 13:6; 16:7; 23:1, 6, 14; Je 48:39; 49:3 (Ez 30:2 v supr.), Zp 1:11; Zc 11:2(×2); in cruel exultation Is 52:5 cf. De Che Di.—On הֵילֵל בֶּן־שָׁ֑חַר Is 14:12 cf. sub הָלַל" dir="rtl" >I. הלל supr. p. 237.

† קָדַר vb. be dark (dull-coloured, cf. Arabic قَذُرَ / قَذِرَ be dirty (on ذ = ד v. NöZMG xi (1886), 729); NH Hiph. (of face) shew gloom; 𝔗 J קְדַר be dark);— Qal Pf. consec. וְקָדַר Mi 3:6; 1 s. קָדַרְתִּי Je 8:21, etc.; Pt. קֹדֵר ψ 35:14 +; pl. קֹדְרִים Jb 5:11; 6:16;—be dark, of sky Je 4:28 (leaden-coloured, as with clouds, v. Hithp.), of sun and moon Jo 2:10; 4:15; fig. of lack of revelation from י׳, וְק׳ עֲלֵיהֶם הַיּוֹם Mi 3:6; of turbid stream Jb 6:16; fig. of mourning (prob. be squalid, of neglected person and dress of mourner, cf. 2 S 19:25) Je 8:21; 14:2 (לָאָרֶץ, metaph. of gates); Jb 5:11; 30:28 (בְּלֹא חַמָּה), ψ 35:14; 38:7; 42:10; 43:2. Hiph. 1. darken: Pf. 1 s. consec. וְהִקְדַּרְתִּי Ez 32:7 (obj. stars), cf. Impf. 1 s. sf. אַקְדִּירֵם עָלֶיךָ 32:8. 2. cause to mourn וָאַקְדִּר עָלָיו לְבָנוֹן 31:15. Hitph. Pf. 3 pl. וְהַשָּׁמַיִם הִתְקַדְּרוּ עָבִים 1 K 18:45 and the heavens grew dark with clouds.

πενθ-έω, Epic dialect 3rd.pers. dual πενθείετον Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect infinitive πενθήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐπένθησα Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect πεπένθηκα Refs 4th c.BC+: (πένθος):— bewail, lament, especially for persons, νέκυν πενθῆσαι Refs 8th c.BC+: absolutely, mourn, go into mourning, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be mourned for, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of things, π. κακά Refs 5th c.BC+

κόπτω, Refs 8th c.BC+: future κόψω Refs 6th c.BC+aorist ἔκοψα, Epic dialect κόψα Refs 8th c.BC+perfect κέκοφα (ἐκ-) Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect participle κεκοπώς Refs 8th c.BC+:—middle, future κόψομαι LXX: aorist ἐκοψάμην Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, future κεκόψομαι (ἀπο-) LXX+5th c.BC+: aorist ἐκόπην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect κέκομμαι Refs 4th c.BC+:— cut, strike, __1 smite, ο᾽ ἀμφὶ κάρη κεκοπὼς χερσὶ στιβαρῇσι Refs 8th c.BC+ smote him on the cheek, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 smite with weapons, κόπτοντες δούρεσσι μετάφρενον Refs 8th c.BC+: metaphorically in passive, with play on words, αἰεὶ κόπτῃ ῥήμασι καὶ κοπίσιν Refs __3 smite, slaughter an animal with an axe or mallet, κόψας ἐξόπιθεν κεράων βοός Refs 8th c.BC+ __4 cut off, chop off, κεφαλὴν ἀπὸ δειρῆς κόψεν Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. δένδρα cut down or fell trees, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τὴν χώραν lay it waste, Refs:—in passive, of ships, to be shattered, disabled by the enemy, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν ὕπνον ἁ φροντὶς κόπτοισα preventing, Refs 3rd c.BC+; [πνεῦμα] κοπτόμενον being suddenly stopped, arrested, Refs 4th c.BC+ __5 strike, beat a horse, to make him go faster, κόψε δ᾽ Ὀδυσσεὺς τόξῳ Refs 8th c.BC+; also σκηπανίῳ Γαιήοχος ἀμφοτέρω (i.e. Αἴαντε) κεκοπὼς πλῆσεν μένεος Refs __6 hammer, forge, κόπτε δὲ δεσμούς Refs 8th c.BC+; later, stamp metal, i.e. coin money, κ. νόμισμα Refs 6th c.BC+:—middle, coin oneself money, order to be coined, κ. χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου νόμισμα Refs:—passive, of money, to be stamped or coined, [νομίσμασιν] μόνοις ὀρθῶς κοπεῖσι Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 knock or rap at, τὴν θύραν Refs 5th c.BC+; without θύραν, οὗτος, τί κόπτει; Refs 5th c.BC+ __8 pound, bray in a mortar, κυπἐρου κεκομμένου Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀσταφίδα κεκ. Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἔλαιον κεκ., i.e. pure oil, LXX __9 knock, dash about, τὸ ὕδωρ ὅταν κοπῇ Refs 8th c.BC+ __10 of birds, peck, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὁ ἁλιάετος.. τὰ λιμναῖα κ. preys on the lagoon life, Refs; σπειρὴν κ. peck at, Refs 4th c.BC+; of fish, gnaw, Refs 4th c.BC+; of a snake, strike, Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, of wood or seeds, to be worm-eaten, Refs 4th c.BC+ __10.b munch, masticate, uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+ __11 ὁ ἵππος κ. τὸν ἀναβάτην jars his rider by his paces, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive,Refs 5th c.BC+ __12 κ. ὄνους dress, prepare mill-stones for use, Refs 2nd c.AD+; set, sharpen, Refs 3rd c.BC+:—middle, Refs 1st c.AD+ __13 metaphorically, tire out, weary, μήθ᾽ ὑμῖν ἐνοχλῶ μήτ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν κ. Refs 4th c.BC+ P.:—passive, to be worn out, κοπτόμενοι ἀεὶ ταῖς στρατείαις Refs 4th c.BC+. __II middle κόπτομαι, beat or strike oneself, beat one's breast or head through grief, κεφαλὴν δ᾽ ὅ γε κόψατο χερσίν Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect passive, [πόλις] κέκοπται Refs 4th c.BC+:—active with accusative cognate, ἐκοψα κομμὸν Ἄριον Refs __II.2 κόπτεσθαί τινα mourn for any one, κόπτεσθ᾽ Ἄδωνιν NT+5th c.BC+. (Cf. Lithuanian kapóti, Lett. kapāt 'chop small', 'beat', 'stamp', Latin capo 'capon', perhaps σκέπαρνον.)

† I. אָבֵל adj. mourning—א׳ Gn 37:35 Est 6:12; cstr. אֲבֶל־ ψ 35:14; אֲבֵלִים Jb 29:25 Is 61:2 etc.;—for dead Gn 37:35 (cp. 50:11), calamity Est 6:12; fig. La 1:4 (pred., inanim. subj.), elsewhere as subst. mourner; sg. ψ 35:14 (cstr.) for dead (‖ קדר; pl. Jb 29:25 abs.; for calamity Is 57:18; 61:2, 3 (where mourners for Zion, or of Zion, v. Di).

† [קוֹנֵן] vb. denom. Pōʿl. chant a קִינָה;—Pf. 3 pl. consec. וְקוֹנְנוּ Ez 27:32 (עַל pers.), sf. (cogn.) וְקוֹנְנוּהָ 32:16; Impf. 3 ms. וַיְקֹנֵן 2 S 1:17 (c. acc. cogn. + עַל pers.), cf. (עַל pers. only), 2 Ch 35:25 and (אֶל pers.) 2 S 3:33; 3 fpl. תְּקוֹנֶנָּה c. acc. cogn., Ez 32:16, + עַל pers. v 16; Pt. as subst. Je 9:16 (professional) wailing women.

† [פָּלַשׁ] vb. Hithp. act of mourning, poss. roll in (dust, etc.; weakened from burrow into) (NH Pi. break open, or through; Assyrian palâšu, dig a hole; Syriac ܦܠܰܫ dig or break through; but connexion dub., Vrss mostly besprinkle oneself, Aq roll oneself);—Pf. 1 s. עָפָר הִתְפַּלָּ֑שְׁתִּי Mi 1:10 Kt (Qr Imv. -פַּלָּ֑שִׁי, others mpl. -פַּלָּ֑שׁוּ); Impf. 3 mpl. כָּאֵפֶר יִתְפַּלָּ֑שׁוּ Ez 27:30, so Imv. fs. הִתְפַּלְּשִׁי בָאֵפֶר Je 6:26 (cf. Mi 1:10 Qr); abs., mpl. הִתְפַּלְּשׁוּ 25:34.

θρην-έω, future -ήσωRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 -ησαRefs 5th c.BC+:—middle (see. below Refs: impersonal in perfect passive (see. below): (θρῆνος):—sing a dirge, wail, Μοῦσαι δ᾽ ἐννέα πᾶσαι ἀμειβόμεναι ὀπὶ καλῇ θρήνεον Refs 8th c.BC+; τίς ὁ θρηνήσω; Refs 4th c.BC+[same place]; τίς.. ἔσθ᾽ ὁ θρηνῶ; Refs 5th c.BC+ were singing a doleful dirge, Refs 8th c.BC+; γόον θ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὕμνους, of the nightingale, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ἅλις μοι τεθρήνηται γόοις Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 c.accusative, bewail, θ. πόνους NT+5th c.BC+:—so also middle, ἄκος γὰρ οὐδὲν τόνδε θρηνεῖσθαι Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, to be lamented, Refs 5th c.BC+

† נָהָה vb. wail, lament (prob. onomatop., cf. StaGesch. i. 388; Aramaic ܢܗܳܐ, (in Lexx); Ethiopic ንህየ is recreari, respirare, etc. Di632);— Qal Pf. וְנָהָה Mi 2:4 lament sq. acc. cogn.; Imv. נְהֵה Ez 32:18, sq. עַל, concerning, for. Niph. Impf. וַיִּנָּהוּ 1 S 7:2 sq. אַחֲרֵי went mourning after (so most, cf. Th Dr, who argue against Thes were gathered), ויפנ(ה), וַיִּפְנוּ turned after = submitted to (as Ez 29:16) 𝔊 (perhaps), We Kit Bu HPS.

† אֲנִיָּה n.f. mourning; Is 29:2 La 2:5 (both times in combin. תַּאֲנִיָּה וַאֲנִיָּה).

† II. [תָּנָה] vb. recount, rehearse (?) (𝔗 תַּנֵּי, Syriac ܬܰܢܺܝ, is recount, Arabic ثَنَى ii, iv. is celebrate, but Heb. ת = Aramaic ת = Arabic ث is very dub.);— Pi. Impf. 3 mpl. יְתַנּוּ Ju 5:11 let them recount (Vrss) the victories of י׳; Inf. cstr. תַּנּוֹת 11:40 to celebrate (mod.), or mourn (Vrss), c. ל pers.

† III. [אָלָה] vb. wail (Aramaic אֲלָא, ܐܶܠܴܐ ) only Qal Imv. fs. אֱלִי Jo 1:8 (v. אַלְלַי).

† קְדֹרַנִּית adv. as mourners;—Mal 3:14.