πενθ-έω G3996
Mourn, grieve, lament — to express deep sorrow over death, sin, or catastrophic loss
The verb pentheo (πενθέω) denotes the outward expression of deep grief and lamentation. In the Beatitudes, Jesus blesses 'those who mourn' with the promise of comfort (Matt 5:4). The disciples 'mourned and wept' after the crucifixion (Mark 16:10), and Jesus's followers do not fast while the bridegroom is present, but 'will mourn' when he is taken away (Matt 9:15). Paul rebukes the Corinthians for failing to 'mourn' over a member's sin (1 Cor 5:2), and James exhorts, 'Mourn and weep' in repentance (Jas 4:9). In Revelation, merchants 'mourn' over fallen Babylon's commercial ruin (18:11,15,19). The verb thus spans mourning the dead, grieving over sin, and lamenting catastrophic loss. Spanish 'llorar/lamentar,' Korean 'seulpohada,' and Arabic 'nahaba' consistently render this affective range.
Senses
1. mourn, grieve, lament — To express deep grief, sorrow, or lamentation, whether over death, sin, or catastrophic loss. Covers mourning in the context of bereavement (Mark 16:10, the disciples mourning Jesus; Matt 9:15, mourning the bridegroom's absence), spiritual sorrow over sin (1 Cor 5:2, failure to mourn congregational immorality; Jas 4:9, mourn and weep in repentance), eschatological comfort for those who grieve (Matt 5:4, blessed are those who mourn), and commercial lamentation over Babylon's fall (Rev 18:11,15,19). Often paired with klaio ('weep') to intensify the expression of grief. 10×
AR["أَنوحَ", "انوحوا", "حَزِينِينَ", "سَتَنوحونَ", "لْحَزِانَى", "نائِحينَ", "نُحْتُمْ", "يَنوحوا", "يَنوحونَ"]·ben["শোক-করছিলেন", "শোক-করছে", "শোক-করছে,", "শোক-করতে", "শোক-করবে", "শোক-করি", "শোক-করে", "শোক-করেছিলে,", "শোক-করো"]·DE["trauern", "trauert"]·EN["I-might-mourn", "mourn", "mourning", "to-mourn", "you-mourned", "you-will-mourn"]·FR["se-lamenter", "être-en-deuil"]·heb["אֶתְאַבֵּל", "אַבֵלִים", "הִתְאַבְּלוּ", "הִתְאַבַּלְתֶּם", "לִ-הִתְאַבֵּל", "מִתְאַבְּלִים", "תִּתְאַבְּלוּ"]·HI["मैं-शोक-करूं", "विलाप-करो", "शोक-करते-थे", "शोक-करते-हुए", "शोक-करते-हैं", "शोक-करना", "शोक-करनेवाले", "शोक-करोगे", "शोक-किया"]·ID["aku-berkabung", "berduka", "berduka,", "berkabung", "bersedih-lah,", "kalian-akan-berduka", "yang-berduka"]·IT["lutto", "penthein", "penthesete", "penthountes", "penthousi", "penthousin", "penthēsate"]·jav["ingkang-prihatos", "kula-susah", "panjenengan-sedaya-badhe-susah", "panjenengan-susah,", "prihatos", "sami-sedhih", "sedhih", "sesambata,"]·KO["슬퍼하게", "슬퍼하고", "애공하기라", "애도하며", "애도한다", "애통하고,", "애통하는-자들", "애통할-것이고", "애통했다"]·PT["lamentai", "lamentar", "lamentastes", "lamente", "pranteando", "pranteiam", "que-choram"]·RU["восплакали,", "восплачете", "оплачу", "сетуйте,", "скорбеть", "скорбя", "скорбят", "скорбящие", "скорбящим"]·ES["lamentad", "lamentando", "lamentarse", "lamentaréis", "lamentándose", "llore-por", "os-entristecisteis", "que-lloran", "se-lamentan"]·SW["hamkuomboleza,", "huzunikeni", "kuomboleza", "mtaomboleza", "niomboleze", "wakiomboleza", "wakiomboleza,", "wanaomboleza", "waombolezao"]·TR["daha ziyade", "yas-tutacaksınız", "yas-tutanlar", "yas-tutanlara", "yas-tutayım", "yas-tutmak", "yas-tutun", "yas-tutuyorlar"]·urd["روؤ-گے", "سوگ-کروں", "غم-کرنا", "غم-کیا", "غمگین", "ماتم-کرتے-ہوئے", "ماتم-کرتے-ہیں", "ماتم-کرو٬"]
Related Senses
H3548 1. priest, cultic officiant (750×)G5547 1. Christ, Messiah, Anointed One (540×)H5030 1. Prophet, divine spokesperson (317×)H5930a 1. burnt offering (sacrifice) (286×)H3881 1. Levites (priestly class) (283×)G4396 1. prophet, spokesperson of God (146×)H6944 1. sanctuary, holy place (129×)G0749 1. high priest, chief priest (123×)H6944 2. holiness, sacredness (abstract quality) (123×)G5330 1. Pharisee (99×)G4336 1. pray to God (86×)H6944 3. holy things, sacred offerings (plural) (86×)H3722a 1. make ritual atonement (Piel) (85×)H6912 1. bury (Qal active) (82×)H6419 1. pray (Hitpael) (80×)H6944 4. holiness (with possessive pronoun) (77×)H6942 1. sanctify, consecrate (Piel factitive) (76×)H2930a 1. Qal: be/become unclean (75×)H7819a 1. slaughter an animal (Qal active) (72×)H1486 1. lot (object cast for decisions) (71×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
πενθ-έω, Epic dialect 3rd.pers. dual πενθείετον Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect infinitive πενθήμεναι Refs 8th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐπένθησα Refs 4th c.BC+: perfect πεπένθηκα Refs 4th c.BC+: (πένθος):— bewail, lament, especially for persons, νέκυν πενθῆσαι Refs 8th c.BC+: absolutely, mourn, go into mourning, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be mourned for, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of things, π. κακά Refs 5th c.BC+