παρᾰκοή G3876
disobedience, unwillingness to hear, defiance of authority; the act or attitude of refusing to heed commands
Originally denoting imperfect hearing or misunderstanding, this word came to mean deliberate disobedience or refusal to heed. Paul contrasts Adam's 'disobedience' with Christ's obedience, showing how humanity was made sinners through one man's disobedience (Rom 5:19). He warns the Corinthians that he is ready to punish all disobedience once their obedience is complete (2 Cor 10:6). Hebrews warns that the word spoken through angels brought just punishment for every 'disobedience' (Heb 2:2). The term emphasizes not just failing to hear but willful refusal to comply.
Senses
1. sense 1 — Cross-linguistic evidence uniformly indicates disobedience: English 'disobedience', Spanish 'desobediencia', French 'désobéissance', German 'Ungehorsam'. The lexicon traces semantic development from 'hearing imperfectly' to 'misunderstanding' to 'unwillingness to hear, disobedience, contumacy'. All three NT uses refer to deliberate disobedience: Adam's disobedience contrasted with Christ's obedience (Rom 5:19), readiness to punish disobedience (2 Cor 10:6), and punishment for every transgression under the old covenant (Heb 2:2). Willful defiance, not mere hearing loss, is in view. 3×
AR["عِصيانٍ", "عِصيانِ", "مَعْصِيَةٍ"]·ben["অবাধ্যতা", "অবাধ্যতাকে", "অবাধ্যতার"]·DE["Ungehorsam"]·EN["disobedience"]·FR["désobéissance"]·heb["אִי-צִיּוּת", "חֲסַר-צִיּוּת"]·HI["अआज्ञा", "अनाज्ञाकारिता-को", "अवज्ञा"]·ID["ketidaktaatan"]·IT["disobbedienza", "parakoē"]·jav["duraka", "mbangkang", "mboten-manutipun"]·KO["불순종", "불순종을", "불순종이"]·PT["desobediência"]·RU["-одного", "непослушание"]·ES["desobediencia"]·SW["kutotii", "kutotii,"]·TR["itaatsizlik", "itaatsizliği", "itaatsizliğinin"]·urd["نافرمانی", "نافرمانی-کا"]
Related Senses
H8104 1. Qal: keep, observe (law/covenant) (399×)G3101 1. disciple, learner (263×)H5826 1. Qal: to help, aid (53×)H8334 1. to minister, serve (52×)H8334 2. minister, servant, attendant (46×)G5083 1. observe or obey commands (41×)H8104 2. Niphal: beware, take heed (34×)G1247 1. to serve or minister to (32×)H3256 1. discipline, chastise (Piel active) (27×)H5833 1. help, aid, assistance (26×)H8104 3. Qal: watch, look out (26×)H5341 1. keep, observe (commandments) (24×)G5083 2. guard or protect someone (23×)H5647 2. serve, minister to (a person) (21×)H5826 2. Qal participle: helper (21×)G5219 1. obey, be obedient to (20×)H5341 2. guard, protect, preserve (a person) (20×)G1398 1. serve, render service to (19×)H5828 1. help, assistance (19×)H5411 1. Nethinim, temple servants (18×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
παρᾰκοή, ἡ, that which has been heard imperfectly, hearsay, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 misunderstanding, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II defect of hearing, Refs __III unwillingness to hear, disobedience, contumacy, NT