Silence and Secrecy

† II. [חָרֵשׁ] vb. 1. be silent, dumb, speechless; 2. be deaf; chiefly poet. (NH Pi. make deaf; Aramaic ܚܪܶܫ, ܚܪܰܫ be dumb, deaf; Arabic خَرِسَ be dumb, speechless, cf. Assyrian ḫarâšu, restrain, according to DlPr 100; v. LagBN 120)— Qal Impf. יֶחֱרָ֑שׁ ψ 50:3; 2 ms. תֶּחֱרַשׁ ψ 28:1; 83:2; תֶּחֱרַ֑שׁ ψ 35:22; 109:1; תֶּחֱרָ֑שׁ ψ 39:13; 3 fpl. תֶּחֱרַ֑שְׁנָה Mi 7:16;— 1. be silent, always of God’s keeping silence when men pray ψ 35:22; 50:3; 83:2; 109:1; sq. אֶל־ 39:13. 2. be deaf, subj. י׳, sq. מִמֶּנִּי ψ 28:1; subj. אָזְנַיִם Mi 7:16. Hiph. Pf. חֶחֱרִשׁ Nu 30:15 Gn 34:5; וְהֶחֱרִישׁ consec. Nu 30:5, 8; וְהֶחֱרִשׁ consec. Nu 30:12; הֶחֱרַ֫שְׁתִּי Est 7:4 + 2 times etc.; Impf. יַחֲרִישׁ Nu 30:15 + 2 times (incl. Zp 3:17 v. infr.); 2 ms. תַּחֲרִישׁ Hb 1:13; juss. תַּחְרֵשׁ 1 S 7:8; 2 mpl. תַּחֲרִישׁוּן Jb 13:5; תַּחֲרִשׁוּן Ex 14:14, etc.; Imv. הַחֲרֵשׁ Ju 18:19 + 2 times; הַחֲרִ֫ישִׁי 2 S 13:20; הַחֲרִ֫ישׁוּ Jb 13:13 Is 41:1; Inf. abs. הַחֲרֵשׁ Nu 30:15 + 2 times; Pt. מַחֲרִישׁ Gn 24:21 + 2 times (incl. 1 S 10:27 v. infr.); מַחֲרִישִׁים 2 S 19:11;— 1. be silent (= exhibit silence) a. almost always of men Gn 24:21; 34:5 Ex 14:14 (all J), Ju 18:19 2 S 13:20; 19:11 2 K 18:36 = Is 36:21, Je 4:19 Jb 6:24; 13:5, 13, 19; 33:31, 33 Pr 11:12; 17:28 ψ 32:3 Ne 5:8 Est 4:14(×2); 7:4; also וַיְהִי כְּמַחֲרִישׁ 1 S 10:27 (but read rather ויהי כְּמֵחֹדֶשׁ and it came to pass after about a month, 𝔊 Dr); יחרישׁ באהבתו Zp 3:17 (𝔊 𝔖 יְחַדֵּשׁ he will renew his love, v. especially BuhlZAW v. 1885, 183); ח׳ c. לְ pers. keep silence at one, i.e. fail to make objection at proper time Nu 30:5, 8, 12, 15(×3) (all P); הח׳ אלי Is 41:1 pregn. = come silently unto me; sq. מִן pers. cease to speak with Je 38:27; be silent about, pass by in silence, sq. acc. אח׳ בַּדָּיו Jb 41:4. b. rarely of God, permitting evil in silence Hb 1:13 Is 42:14 ψ 50:21. 2. once causat. make silent, c. acc. Jb 11:3. 3. be deaf, shew deafness: אַל־תַּחֲרֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ מִזְּעֹק 1 S 7:8 be not deaf (turning) from us, so as not to cry. Hithpa. Hithp. Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְחָֽרְשׁוּ Ju 16:2 and they kept quiet.

† I. [דָּמַם] vb. be or grow dumb, silent, still (NH id.; Ethiopic in ii. 1 አድመመ stupefy; iii., 1 & 2 ተደመ, ተደመመ be astounded, stupefied)— Qal Pf. דָּ֑מּוּ ψ 35:15 Jb 30:27; Impf. יִדֹּם Am 5:13 + 2 times, וַיִּדֹּם Lv 10:3; Jos 10:13; 3 fs. תִּדֹּם La 2:18; 2 fs. תִּדֹּמִּי Je 48:2 (so Ki Ol & Kö327 q.v.; others Niph.); וָאֶדֹּם Jb 31:14; יִדְּמוּ Ex 15:16 + 3 times; 1 pl. cohort. נִדְּמָה Je 8:14 (Thes; or Niph.); imv. דּוֹם Jos 10:12 דֹּמּוּ ψ 4:5;— 1. be silent ψ 4:5; 30:13; 35:15 (prob., cf. De Che), Ez 24:17; Lv 10:3 (P); Am 5:13; in grief La 2:10; 3:28. 2. be still (opp. to both speech and motion) Jb 31:34; = perish Je 8:14; 48:2 ψ 31:18; (ד׳ לשׁאול); c. לְ be silent to i.e. be resigned to ψ 37:7; 62:6, sq. לְמוֹ עֲצָתִי Jb 29:21 (‖ לִי שָֽׁמְעוּ); be still, motionless, stand still Jos 10:12, 13 (of sun ‖ עמד); 1 S 14:9 (men); Je 47:6 (of sword ‖ הֵרָֽגְעִי); so also of bowels, as seat of mental excitement Jb 30:27; La 2:18 אַל־תִּדֹּם בַּת־עֵינֵךְ, i.e. cease not to weep (‖ הוֹרִידִי כַנַּחַל דִּמְעָה). 3. be struck dumb, astounded, in amazement and fear Ex 15:16 (כאבן) Is 23:2 (but cf. II. דמם). Niph. Pf. 3 pl. וְנָדַמּוּ consec. Je 25:37; Impf. יִדַּמּוּ Je 49:26; 50:30, יִדָּ֑מּוּ 1 S 2:9; 2 mpl. תִּדַּמּוּ Je 51:6—be made silent, i.e. destroyed; the wicked 1 S 2:9 (בַּחשֶׁךְ), cf. Je 51:6; men of war Je 49:26; 50:30; dwellings Je 25:37. Po. Pf. 1 s. שִׁוִּיתִי וְדוֹמַ֫מְתִּי נַפְשִׁי ψ 131:2 ‘composed and quieted my soul’ Che (as a weaned child). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. הֲדִמָּנוּ he (God) hath silenced us (= caused to perish) Je 8:14.

† II. [דָּמָה] vb. cease, cause to cease, cut off, destroy— Qal Perf. 1 s. דָּמִיתִי Je 6:2, וְדָמִ֫יתִי consec. Ho 4:5; Impf. 3 fs. תִּדְמֶה La 3:49; 3 fpl. juss. תִּדְמֶינָה Je 14:17;— 1. intr. cease Je 14:17 (eyes from weeping) La 3:49 (id.) 2. cause to cease, cut off, destroy, c. acc. Israel (under fig. of בת־ציון) Je 6:2; (under fig. of אִמֶּ֑ךָ) Ho 4:5. Niph. Pf. נִדְמָה Is 15:1, 1 +; 3 fs. נִדְמְתָה Je 47:5; 2 ms. נִדְמֵיתָה Ob 5, נִדְמֵיתָ Ez 32:2; 1 s. נִדְמֵיתִי Is 6:5; 3 pl. נִדְמוּ Ho 4:6 +; Inf. abs. נִדְמֹה Ho 10:15; Pt. נִדְמֶה Ho 10:7; be cut off, destroyed, ruined, of a city Is 15:1, 1 (‖ שֻׁדַּד) Je 47:5; of people Ho 4:6; Zp 1:11; Ob 5; of king Ho 10:7, 15(×2) cf. Ez 32:2; of beasts ψ 49:13, 21; be ruined, undone, prophet at sight of Yahweh Is 6:5.

† [חָשָׁה] vb. be silent, inactive, still (chiefly poet. and late) (NH id., Aramaic in deriv.)— Qal Impf. 2 ms. תֶּחֱשֶׁה ψ 28:1 Is 64:11; אֶחֱשֶׁה Is 62:1; 65:6; יֶחֱשׁוּ Is 62:6; וַיֶּחֱשׁוּ ψ 107:29;—be silent Ec 3:7 (opp. לְדַבֵּר); Is 62:1, 6 (= neglect to speak); of י׳ i.e. be unresponsive ψ 28:1 (‖ חרשׁ); Is 64:11 (‖ הִתְאַפַּק); but 65:6 of י׳’s keeping silence at iniquity, i.e. overlooking it (cf. 57:11 Hiph.); of waves, be still ψ 107:29 (subj. גַּלֵּיהֶם). Hiph. Pf. הֶחֱשֵׁיתִי ψ 39:3 Is 42:14; Imv. הֶחֱשׁוּ 2 K 2:3, 5; Pt. מַחְשֶׁה Is 57:11; pl. מַחְשִׁים Ju 18:9 + 3 times;— 1. exhibit silence, be silent 2 K 2:3, 5; 7:9 ψ 39:3 (sq. מִטּוֹב, ‖ נֶאֱלַמְתִּי), fig. Is 42:14 (‖ אחרישׁ); of י׳’s being silent at iniquity Is 57:11 (i.e. overlooking it, cf. Qal 65:5), poss. also is be silent, opp. rescue, Ges Che Di Du. 2. shew inactivity Ju 18:9, הח׳ מִקַּחַת 1 K 22:3 Gilead is ours, and we shew inactivity so as not to take it. 3. causat. make still, quiet. sq. לְ, of direct obj. Ne 8:11 (v b הַסּוּ q.v.)

σῑγάω, Doric dialect 2nd pers. singular σιγῇς Refs 5th c.BC+; Cyrenaic infinitive σιγέν Refs; 1st pers. singular optative σιγῷμ (ι) Refs 5th c.BC+: future -ήσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+ later -ήσω Refs 1st c.BC+: perfect σεσίγηκα Refs 4th c.BC+:— passive, future σιγηθήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐσιγήθην Refs 5th c.BC+perfect σεσίγημαι (see. below): (σιγή):— keep silence, used by Refs 8th c.BC+, hush! be still! Refs 8th c.BC+, Trag., and Attic dialect, as Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τοῦτο, ἐν τούτῳ, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically of things, σιγῶν δ᾽ ὄλεθρος καὶ μέγα φωνοῦντ᾽.. ἀμαθύνει Refs 5th c.BC+, secret, mystical:—passive, μέμψομαι σιωπὴν ὡς ἐσιλγήθη κακῶς I shall impute as a fault that silence was kept, Refs; also τί σεσίγηται δόμος Ἀδμήτο; why is it all silent? Refs; σιγῶντα λέγειν, λέγοντα σιγᾶν, phrases illustrating a logical fallacy, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II transitive, hold silent, keep secret, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.:—passive, to be kept silent or secret, σεσιγαμένον χρῆμα Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐσιγάθη δ᾽ ἂν ὑφορβός would never have been heard of, Refs 3rd c.BC+

σῐωπ-άω, infinitive σιωπᾶν Refs 8th c.BC+future -ήσομαι in early writers, Refs 5th c.BC+ later -ήσω Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist (ἐ) σιώπησα Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect σεσιώπηκα Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle and passive, see below: Doric dialect σωπάω (which see):—keep silence, σιωπᾶν λαὸν ἀνώγει Refs 8th c.BC+; φησὶν σιωπῶν his silence is an admission, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. τινί keep silence for or at the behest of.. , Refs 5th c.BC+hush! be still! Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of bees, to be still, opposed to βομβέω, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II transitive, keep secret, speak not of, τὰ δίκαια Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ἂν σιωπηθῇ τὰ παρὰ τῶν πολεμίων Refs 5th c.BC+; τί σιγῶσ᾽ ὧν σιωπᾶσθαι χρεώ; Refs 5th c.BC+ __III middle, silence, σιωπησάμενος τὰ πλήθη Refs 2nd c.BC+

φῑμ-όω, muzzle, οὐ φιμώσεις βοῦν ἀλοῶντα LXX; shut up as with a muzzle, φ. τῷ ξύλῳ τὸν αὐχένα to make fast his neck in the pillory, Refs 5th c.BC+; close, seal up, στόμα [ἄγγους] Refs 3rd c.BC+: metaphorically, muzzle, put to silence, τινα NT:— passive, to be put to silence, be silent, φιμώθητι, πεφίμωσο, NT+2nd c.AD+; τινι by or because of a thing, Refs 1st c.AD+; φιμοῦσθαι πρός τι to be mute in a matter,Refs 2nd c.AD+

† הַס, הָ֑ס interj. hush! keep silence (prob. onomatop.) Ju 3:19 and he said, I have a secret errand unto thee, O king, וַיֹּאמֶר הָ֔ס and he said, Keep silence! Am 6:10 וְאָמַר הָ֔ס (while burying men in a pestilence), 8:3 (ellipt.) in every place הִשְׁלִיךְ הָֽס׃ they cast them (the corpses) forth, (saying) Hush! sq. (מִפָּנָיו) מִפְּנֵי י׳ Hb 2:20 Zp 1:7 Zc 2:17. Inflected, as though a verb, imv. pl. הַ֔סּוּ Ne 8:11 (Ges compares Arabic هَلُمَّ [= הֲלֹם] hither! inflected as an imv., e.g. هَلُمِّى, هَلُمُّوا: WAG i. § 368). Hence as denom. †Hiph. impf. apoc. וַיַּ֫הַס Nu 13:30 and Caleb stilled the people.

ἡσῠχ-άζω, future -άσωRefs 5th c.BC+ Maecius Epigrammaticus), -άσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist ἡσύχᾰσα Refs 5th c.BC+: (ἥσυχος):—keep quiet, be at rest, σὺ δ᾽ ἡσύχαζε Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ ἀπορία τοῦ μὴ ἡσυχάζειν the difficulty of finding rest, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ. πρὸς μίαν θύρην, of a lover, Refs 3rd c.BC+: frequently in participle, ἡσυχάζων προσμενῶ Refs 5th c.BC+; ὥστε μὴ ἡσυχάσασα αὐξηθῆναι by resting from war, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡσυχαζουσῶν τῶν νεῶνRefs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἡσυχάζον τῆς νυκτός the dead of night, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ. ἀπό τινος keep away from.., Refs 1st c.AD+: with dative, suspend work on, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀλλ᾽ ἡσύχαζε only be tranquil, calm thyself, Refs 5th c.BC+ __b ὁ -άζων, with or without λόγος, a fallacy, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II transitive, bring to rest, ἡσυχάσας τὼ δύο εἴδη, τὸ τρίτον δὲ κινήσας Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.b absolutely, impose silence, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 leave unspoken, ἃ χρὴ λέγειν Refs 1st c.AD+. __III passive in impersonal sense, ἡσυχάζεται ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς there is quiet, LXX

† [שָׁתַק] vb. be quiet (late) (NH id., be silent; Aramaic שְׁתַק, שְׁתֵיק, ܫܬܶܩ be quiet, silent (cf. also שׁקט));— Qal Impf. 3 ms., of sea יִשְׁתֹּק הַיָּם Jon 1:11, 12 (sq. מֵעַל), of quarrel, strife Pr 26:20; 3 mpl. of persons at sea, יִשְׁתֹּ֑קוּ ψ 107:30.

† [לָחַשׁ] vb. whisper, charm (NH id.; Aramaic לְחַשׁ, ܠܚܰܫ; Ethiopic ለሐሰ whisper, v. RSJPh. xiv. 1885, 122, possibly originally serpent-charming);— Pi. Pt. pl. קוֹל מְלַחֲשִׁים ψ 58:6 voice of whisperers (i.e. serpent-charmers; ‖ חוֹבֵר חֲבָרִים). Hithp. whisper together, Impf. יִתְלַחֲשׁוּ c. עַל ψ 41:8; Pt. pl. מִתְלַחֲשִׁים 2 S 12:19.

† שֵׁ֫מֶץ n.[m.] whisper;—שׁ׳ abs. Jb 4:12; cstr. שׁ׳ דָּבָר 26:14 a (mere) whisper of a word, something wholly inadequate.

ἐπιστομ-ίζω, Attic dialect future -ῐῶRefs 4th c.BC+: (στόμα):—bridle, curb, ἵππον conjecture in Refs 1st c.AD+; [δελφῖνας] Refs 2nd c.AD+: metaphorically, curb, bridle, τοὺς ἐχθρούς NT+5th c.BC+; silence a speaker, Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, ἐπεστομίσθη Refs 5th c.BC+ __II. of flute-players, ἐ. ἑαυτὸν φορβειᾷ καὶ αὐλοῖς put on the mouthpiece and flutes, Refs 1st c.AD+; but ὁ αὐλὸς ἐ. Refs: hence, gag, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III. throw on his face, τινά Refs

† דֻּמָּה n.f. one silenced, brought to silence (?; destroyed?) מִי כְצוֹר כְּדֻמָּה בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּ֑ם Ez 27:32 (form pecul. & sense dub.: Baer כְּדֻמָה; Co כְּבֻדָּה from כָּבֹד adj., cf. 23:41 ψ 45:14) AV What city is like Tyre, like the destroyed (as though for מְדֻמָּה cf. ההללה 26:1; but Pi. Pu. not elsewhere) in the midst of the sea? RV like her that is brought to silence.—DlBaer Ezech p. xi. & Pr 64 der., hesitantly, from II. דמם.

† II. [דָּמַם] vb. wail (? cf. Assyrian damâmu, groan, wail, lament, DlBaer’s Ezech xi; Pr 64)—only Qal Imv. דֹּ֫מּוּ ישְׁבֵי אִי Is 23:2 wail, ye coast dwellers (cf. Dll.c.), ‖ הֵילִילוּ v 1, & הֵילִילוּ ישְׁבֵי אִי v 6; most, however, assign this to I. דמם q.v. (3).

† [חֲרִישִׁי] adj. meaning wholly dub.; only רוּחַ קָדִים חֲרִישִׁית Jon 4:8; a silent east wind is not suitable in context; still = sultry is mere conject.; Hi autumnal (√ I. חרשׁ); St proposes חרישׂית = חריסית, from חֶרֶם sun (or √ whence חֶרֶס comes) hot east wind; We makes no attempt to explain.

† [סָכַת] vb. be silent (Arabic سَكَتَ id., Lane1389; Sam. ࠎࠊࠕ pay attention, cf. Thes; Arabic = also be quiet (in gen.), = Syriac ܫܟܰܬ, a differentiated √?);— Hiph. declar. shew silence: Imv. ms. תַסְכֵּת Dt 27:9 keep silence and listen (cf. נִסְכַּת Ecclus 13:23).