Groups and Classes of Persons

I. עַם, עָם n.m. Gn 11:6 (v. infr.) people (NH id., plebeian, common man; 𝔗 עַמָּא people, pl. peoples, tribes, etc.; Syriac ܥܰܡܳܐ; Arabic عَمٌّ v. supr.; orig. meaning prob. those united, connected, related, cf. WeGGN 1893, 480);—abs. עַם Gn 11:6 +, עַם Ju 9:36 +, הָעָם Jos 8:11 +; cstr. עַם Nu 21:29 +; sf. עַמִּי Ex 3:7 +, עַמְּךָ 22:27 +, etc.; pl. עַמִּים Is 2:3 +, עֲמָמִים (cf. Biblical Aramaic) Ne 9:22; cstr. עַמֵּי 1 K 8:43 +, עַמְמֵי Ne 9:24; pl. c. sf. v. ii. עַם³" dir="rtl" >עַם;—(Thes cites foll. as f. וְחָטָאת עַמֶּ֑ךָ Ex 5:16 [but corrupt and unintellig.; read perhaps וְחַטָאתָ לְע׳, so 𝔊 𝔖 Di]; Ju 18:7 [but ישֶׁבֶת must agree with lost word city, or the like, v. GFM]; Je 8:5 [but read שׁוֹבַב for שׁוֹבְבָה Gie]);— 1. a people, nation (sometimes ‖ גּוֹי), n. coll. (sg. Ex 21:8 Jos 17:14, 15, 17; 2 S 17:29 + often, or pl. Ex 20:15; 24:2; Je 5:31 + often, or both in same clause Ex 1:20; 2 S 13:24): עַם אֶחָד = all mankind Gn 11:6 (J); peoples in gen. 27:29 (J; ‖ לְאֻמִּים), Ex 19:5 (E), Dt 2:25; 4:6 + often Dt, Ne 13:24 + often; קְהַל עַמִּים Gn 28:3 (P) an assembly (multitude) of peoples, 48:4 (P), Ez 23:24; 32:3 (+ דַבִּים); one’s own people Je 46:16 ψ 45:11; Ru 1:10, 15, 16(×2) + (on עַמִּי נָדִיב Ct 6:12 v. especially Bu); particular peoples, Egypt Gn 41:40 (E), Ex 1:22 (E), Ne 9:10 +; עַם־אֲרָם Am 1:5; עַם־כְּמוֹשׁ (i.e. Moab) Nu 21:29 (JE), Je 48:46; but especially Isr. Ex 1:20 (E) + often; עַם־בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳ v 9 (J); called ע׳ יהוה Nu 11:29 (E), 1 S 2:24 +, and (by י׳) עַמִּי Ex 3:7; 5:1 (J) + often (all periods); קְהַל עַם־הָאֱלֹהִים Ju 20:2, עַם־הַקָּהָל Lv 16:33 (P), קְהַל עָם ψ 107:32; especially הָעָם הַזֶּה (often in contempt or disgust) Nu 11:1, 12, 13 +; fig. of ants Pr 30:25, the shaphan v 26, locusts Jo 2:2, cf. לְעַם לְצִיִּים ψ 74:14 (where read לְעַם צִיִּים Hup-Now).—On Ju 1:16 v. עֲמָלֵקִי" dir="rtl" >עֲמָלֵקִי. 2. = smaller units, e.g. a. inhab. of a city Gn 19:4 (J), 1 S 9:12, 13; Je 29:16, 25; 2 Ch 31:4 + (Je 8:5 del. יְרוּשׁ׳ 𝔊 Gie Co Rothst). b. inhab. of a locality Je 37:12 [appar. not = tribe, Dt 33:3 read עַמּוֹ 𝔊 Di Dr, Ho 10:14; Ju 5:8, 14 read בְּעָרֶיךָ We Now; v. sub d]. c. retainers, followers Gn 14:16; 32:8; 33:15; 35:6; Ju 3:18; 8:5; 2 S 15:17; Je 41:13, 14 +. d. people bearing arms 1 S 11:11; 1 K 20:10 +; ע׳ כָּבֵד Nu 20:20 (JE), i.e. a powerful force; עַם הַצָּבָא Nu 31:32 (P), ע׳ הַמִּלְחָמָה Jos 8:1, 3, 11; 10:7; 11:7 (all JE); so prob. Ju 5:8 a (fighting) band; perhaps also v 14 (read sg.? v. GFM Bu). 3. = common people Je 21:7; 22:4, Lv 4:27 (opp. ruler v 22), Ne 5:1 (opp. יְהוּדִים), 7:5 (opp. rulers). 4. people in gen., persons Gn 50:20 (E), so appar. כָּל־הָעָם אֲשֵׁר וגו׳ Ex 33:16 (J), Nu 11:34 (J), Jos 5:5(×2) (D), Ju 9:36 (as sg.), v 37 (as pl.), Je 36:9; persons labouring 1 K 9:23; superior persons Jb 12:2 (iron.); עַם עוֹלָם Ez 26:20 people of long ago (now in Sheʾôl). 5. phrases are: a. (עַמָּהּ, עַמִּי, עַמְּךָ) כְּנֵי עַמּוֹ members of one’s people, compatriots, fellow-countrymen, etc. Nu 22:5 (E), Gn 23:11 (P) Lv 19:18 (H), Ju 14:16, 17; Ez 33:2, 12 +. b. בְּנֵי הָעָם = common people (v. 3) 2 K 23:6; Je 26:23 +; people in gen. שַׁעַר בְּנֵי הָעָם Je 17:19 i.e. public gate 2 Ch 35:5, 12. c. עַם הָאָרֶץ the people at large, as a body 2 K 11:14, 18, 19, 20; 15:5; 16:15; 21:24(×2) +, Je 37:2; 44:21 Lv 20:2 (H), Gn 23:7, 12, 13 (P); common people Je 34:19, cf. דַּלַּת ע׳ הא׳ 2 K 24:14; disting. from prince Ez 45:22; 46:3, 9, from priests Hg 2:4 Zc 7:5; = Canaanites Nu 14:9 (JE), cf. עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ 1 Ch 5:25; mixed post-exil. population Ezr 4:4. d. עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ usually peoples of the earth Jos 4:24 (D), 2 Ch 32:19 +; of heathen peoples about and in Pal. after exile Ezr 10:2, 11; traders Ne 10:31; עַמֵּי הָאֲרָצוֹת 9:30; 10:29; 2 Ch 32:13. e. מִשְׁפְּחוֹת עַמִּים ψ 96:7 = 1 Ch 16:28 (cf. ψ 22:23). f. בַּת־עַמִּי = people personif. Is 22:4; Je 4:11 + 7 times Je + 6:14 (van d. H.; om. בַּת Baer Gi), La 2:11; 3:48; 4:3, 6, 10; בְּתוּלַת בַּת־עַמִּי Je 14:17. g. designations of Isr. are: עַם־קָדוֹשׁ Dt 7:6 + 3 times, ע׳ קְדוֹשִׁים Dn 8:24, ע׳ (ה)קֹדֶשׁ Is 62:12; 63:18; Dn 12:7; ע׳ סְגֻלָּה Dt 7:6; 14:2; 26:18. h. of foreign (non-Isr.) peoples: ע׳ נָכְרִי Ex 21:8 (E), ע׳ אַחֵר Dt 28:32, and especially from language, ע׳ עִמְקֵי שָׂפָה Ez 3:5 cf. v 6, כִּלְשׁוֹן עַם וָעָם Ne 13:24 cf. Est 1:22(×2); 3:12, ע׳ לֹעֵג ψ 114:1. i. עַם עֶבְרָתִי Is 10:6, ע׳ חֶרְמִי 34:11, ע׳־מִבְחָרָיו Dn 11:15, עַמֵּי תּוֹעֵבוֹת הָאֵלָּה Ezr 9:14; לֹא עַם בִּינוֹת Is 27:11.—For עַם־עוֹלָם Is 44:7 read (אֹתִיּוֹת) מֵעוֹלָם (מִי הִשְׁמִי)עַ Oort Du Kit CheHpt cf. PerlesAnal. 40, 64.

גּוֹי561 n.m. Gn 12:2 nation, people (NH id. Gentiles, Ph. גו community, ܓܰܘܳܐ, Sab. גו id., DHMZMG 1883, 348)—ג׳ Gn 12:2 + 121 times; sf. i s. גּוֹיִ Zp 2:9, גּוֹיֶ֑ךָ ψ 106:5, גּוֹיֵךְ Kt Ez 36:13, 14, 15 (Qr wrongly גּוֹיַיִךְ cf. Co, who del. v 15); pl. גּוֹיִם Gn 10:5 + 410 times + Qr Gn 25:23 ψ 79:10 (Kt גיים) + 6 times Ez (var. emend. Co); cstr. גּוֹיֵי Gn 18:18 + 8 times, גּוֹיֵ 2 Ch 32:13 Ezr 6:21 (cf. Baer’s notes); sf. גּוֹיֵהֶם Gn 10:5, 20, 31, 32;— 1. nation, people Gn 10:5(×2), 20, 31, 32(×2) (all P) +; Is 2:2, 4(×2) = Mi 4:2, 3(×2); †Jb 12:23(×2); 34:29†; Pr 14:34; כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ Gn 18:18; 22:18; 26:4 (all J) Dt 28:1. a. specif. of descendants of Abraham, גּוֹי גָּדוֹל Gn 12:2 cf. 18:18 (both J), גּוֹיִם 17:6, הֲמוֹן גּוֹיִם 17:4, 5 (all P); of Sarah גּוֹיִם 17:16 (P); of Ishmael גּוֹי 21:13, גּוֹי גָּדוֹל v 18 (both E), גּוֹי גָּדוֹל 17:20 (P); of Jacob גּוֹי וּקְהַל גּוֹיִם Gn 35:11 (P), גּוֹי גָּדוֹל 46:3 (E); of Ephraim מְלֹא הַגּ׳ 48:19 (J); of Moses גּוֹי גָּדוֹל Ex 32:10 (J) cf. Nu 14:12 (J) Dt 9:14; of Jacob and Esau as two nations Gn 25:23 (J). b. definitely of Israel Ex 19:6 (גּ׳ קָדוֹשׁ) 33:13 (both JE), Dt 4:6 (הַגּוֹי הַגָּדוֹל הַזֶּה, said by heathen cf. v 7, 8) v. also v 34, 26:5 cf. ψ 33:12, ψ 83:5 (said by enemies) Je 31:36; 33:24 Ez 27:22; in narrative Jos 3:17; 4:1; 5:8 (JE), v 6 (D), 10:13 (poet., no art.); of Israel and Judah as two nations Ez 35:10 (said by heathen) 37:22; of Judah Is 26:2, 15(×2) cf. 58:2; 60:22 Mi 4:7; once my people Zp 2:9 (‖ עַם); thy people ψ 106:5 (i.e. of י׳), cf. also Ez 36:13, 14 (read Kt); especially of Israel and (or) Judah as sinful, rebellious Dt 32:28 Ju 2:20 Is 1:4; 10:6 Je 5:9, 29; 7:28; 9:8; 12:17 Ez 2:3 (del. 𝔊 Co) Hg 2:14 Mal 3:9.—Note. This definite ref. to Israel and (or) Judah is comparatively rare; in Hex not P (yet v. Gn 17:4, 5, 6, 16; 35:11 P); seldom in exile & post-exile proph.; not Chr.— c. usually of non-Heb. peoples Ex 9:24; 34:10 (JE) Lv 25:44 (H) Nu 14:15 (J) Dt 15:6(×2) 1 K 5:11 1 Ch 14:17; 16:20 Is 11:10, 12 + often; opp. Israel as עם י׳ 2 S 7:23 1 Ch 17:21(×2) ect., v. עַם³" dir="rtl" >עם, cf. also Nu 23:9; note especially גְּלִיל הַגּוֹיִם Is 8:23 circle or district of the nations (v. גָּלִיל); also חֲרֹשֶׁת הַגּ׳ Ju 4:2, 13, 16 Charosheth of the nations, & מֶלֶךְ גּוֹיִם לְגִלְגָּ֖ל Jos 12:23 king of nations (peoples, tribes) belonging to Gilgal (𝔊 Di to the district, i.e. ‘Galilee’); especially of these peoples as heathen: idolatrous Lv 8:24, 28 (P) 20:23 (H) 1 K 14:24 2 K 17:8, 11, 15, 26, 29(×2) 2 Ch 28:3; 32:13 +, Ezr 6:21 Ez 5:6 +; hostile Gn 15:14 (J) Lv 26:33; 38, 45 (H) Dt 4:27; 9:4, 5; 18:9 1 Ch 16:35 Je 5:15 Ez 4:13 + often Je Ez, etc.; in simile Ez 20:32; 25:8; sometimes ‖ עַם ψ 33:10, 12 Is 11:10 Je 6:18, v. also Is 2:2, 4 comp. with Mi 4:1, 3. 2. fig. of swarm of locusts Jo 1:6; of all species of beasts Zp 2:14. 3. גּוֹיִם Gn 14:1, 9 prob. mutilated n.pr. v. infr.

Ἰουδαῖος, ὁ, a Jewish man: Ἰουδαία, a Jewish woman; ἡ Ἰουδαία (i.e. γῆ) “Judaea”: —Ἰουδα-ϊκός, ή, όν, “Jewish”, LXX adverb -κῶς NT+1st c.AD+

ἔθνος, εος, τό: (ϝέθνος,Refs 8th c.BC+: - number of people living together, company, body of men, ἑτάρων ἔ., ἔ. ἑταίρων, band of comrades, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔθνος λαῶν host of men, Refs; of particular tribes, Αυκίων μέγα ἔ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of animals, ἔ. μελισσάων, ὀρνίθων, μυιάων, swarms, flocks, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔ. ἀνέρων, γυναικῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. βρότεον, θνατόν, Refs; ἔ. τόδε, of the Erinyes, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 after Refs 8th c.BC+, nation, people, τὸ Μηδικὸν ἔ. (γένος being a subdivision of ἔθνος) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. ἠπειρογενές, μαχαιροφόρον, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b later, τὰ ἔ. foreign, barbarous nations, opposed to Ἕλληνες, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔ. νομάδων, of Bedawîn, Refs; at Athens, athletic clubs of non-Athenians, Refs, non-Jews,LXX+NT __2.c at Rome, = provinciae, Refs 2nd c.AD+: so in singular, province, ὁ τυραννήσας τοῦ ἔθνους Refs 1st c.AD+; ὁ ἡγούμενος τοῦ ἔθνους the governor of the province, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __3 class of men, caste, tribe, τὸ Θετταλῶν.. πενεστικὸν ἔ. Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶσθά τι ἔ. ἠλιθιώτερον ῥαψῳδῶ; Refs 5th c.BC+; δημιουργικὸν ἔ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἱερὰ ἔ. the orders of priests, Refs 2nd c.BC+; trade-associations or guilds, ἔθνη καὶ ἐργαστήρια Refs 3rd c.BC+; class in respect to rank or station, οὐ πρὸς τοῦτο βλέποντες.. ὅπως.. ἕν τι ἔ. ἔσται διαφερόντως εὔδαιμον Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 sex, θῆλυ, ἄρρεν ἔ., Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 part, member, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of a single person, a relation, Refs 5th c.BC+

λᾱός, ὁ, Ionic dialect ληός Refs 6th c.BC+ (variant{λαόν}, which is in all Mss. in Refs 6th c.BC+; Attic dialect λεώς, which is also used in Refs 5th c.BC+ and in late Prose, as Foed.Byzantine cited in Refs 5th c.BC+ __1 in Refs 8th c.BC+ (λαοί) usually means men, i.e. soldiers, both of the whole army and smaller divisions, κριτὸς ἔγρετο λ. Ἀχαιῶν Refs; periphrastic, στρατὸς λαῶνRefs; mostly including both foot and horse, as Refs; but sometimes λαός denotes foot, as opposed to horse, Refs; also, a land army, opposed to a fleet, Refs; also, the common men, opposed to their leaders, Refs; but __2 in Refs 8th c.BC+, almost always means men or people; as subjects of a prince, e.g. Refs 8th c.BC+; λαοὶ ἀγροιῶται country-folk, Refs; work-people, Refs; of sailors, Refs 8th c.BC+ seafaring folk, Refs 5th c.BC+: in singular, slave, τὸν Εὐρυσθέως λεών, of Heracles, Refs 4th c.BC+; and so perhaps λεὼς αὔτοικος Refs, i.e. mankind, Refs 4th c.BC+; λ. ἐγχώριοι the natives,Refs 8th c.BC+; especially in Egypt, of the fellahin, Refs 3rd c.BC+; civil population, opposed to priests and soldiers, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 people assembled, as in the theatre, ὁ πολὺς λαῶν ὄχλος Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in the Ecclesia, αἱ στίχες τῶν λαῶν Refs hear O people!—the usual way of beginning proclamations at Athens, like our Refs 6th c.BC+; τιμῶσιν οἱ πάντες λεῴRefs 4th c.BC+; ὁ πολὺς λεώς the multitude, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 in LXX, of the people, as opposed to priests and Levites, NT; of NT __II a people, i.e. all who are called by one name, first in Refs 5th c.BC+; ἱππόται λαοί, i.e. the Thessalians, Refs 5th c.BC+ people and λᾶος stone (compare λᾶας) is implied in Refs 8th c.BC+; and so Refs 5th c.BC+ explains the word from the legend of Deucalion, Refs 5th c.BC+ (From λᾱϝ-, as shown by the proper noun Λαϝοπτόλεμος Refs

גֵּר92 n.m. Ex 12:48 sojourner (Arabic جَارٌ, Ethiopic ግዩር, ጎር Aramaic ܓܝܻܘܽܪ, גִּיּוֹר, proselyte, גַּיֵּר proselytize, Ph. גר in n.pr., & pl. גרם)—גֵּר Gn 15:13 + 74 times; sf. גֵּרְךָ Ex 20:10 + 4 times, גֵּרוֹ Dt 1:16; pl. גֵּרִים Ex 22:20 + 9 times, גֵּירִים 2 Ch 2:16;— 1. sojourner, temporary dweller, new-comer (no inherited rights), cf. Ex 12:19 Lv 24:16 Nu 15:30 Jos 8:33 (opp. homeborn); of Abraham at Hebron Gn 23:4 (P; ‖ תּוֹשָׁב); Moses in desert Ex 2:22 (J) 18:3 (E; here explan. of name Gershom, Moses’ son); as claiming hospitality Jb 31:32; perhaps in above cases, and certainly in general, with technical sense; fig. of Yahweh Je 14:8; of Israel in Egypt Gn 15:13 Ex 22:20; 23:9 (all JE) Lv 19:34 (H) Dt 10:19; 23:8; גֵּרִים with Yahweh Lv 25:23 (H) 1 Ch 29:15 ψ 39:13 (in all ‖ תּוֹשָׁב) cf. 119:19. 2. usually of גֵּרִים in Israel 2 S 1:13 (Amalekite) cf. Jos 8:33, 35 (E) 20:9 (P) Is 14:1; dwellers in Israel with certain conceded, not inherited rights (cf. RSOTJC 434; 2nd ed. 342. n.; K 42; Sem 75 f. StaGesch. i. 400). The גֵּר is to share in Sabbath rest Ex 20:10; 23:12 (both JE) Dt 5:14; otherwise he is to have like obligations with Israel Ex 12:19, 48, 49 Lv 16:29 (all P) Lv 17:8, 10, 12, 13, 15; 18:26; 20:2; 22:18; 24:16, 22 (all H) Nu 9:14(×2); 15:14, 15(×2), 16, 26, 29, 30; 19:10; 35:15 (all P) Ez 14:7; similar rights Dt 1:16 Ez 14:22, 23; and like privileges Dt 16:11, 14; 26:11; 29:10; 31:12 cf. 2 Ch 30:25; very rarely any distinction made, in obligation Lv 25:47(×3) (H), in permissible food Dt 14:21; in future success Dt 28:43; kindness to גֵּר frequently enjoined: Lv 19:10 (‖ עָנִי), 23:22 (‖ id.) 19:34 (all H); Dt 10:18, 19; 14:29; 24:19, 20, 21; 26:12, 13 (all ‖ יָתוֹם וְאַלְמָנָה); oppression prohibited Lv 19:33 (H) Dt 24:14; Ex 22:20; 23:9(×2) (JE) Dt 24:17; 27:19 Je 7:6; 22:3 Zc 7:10 (these eight ‖ יָתוֹם וְאַלְמָנָה); obj. of care to י׳ ψ 146:9 (‖ id.); charge that גֵּר has been oppressed Ez 22:7 Mal 3:5 (both ‖ id.); also Ez 22:29 (‖ עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן), ψ 94:6; cf. also command that a poor brother be treated like גֵּר, i.e. kindly, Lv 25:35 (H). Latest conception somewhat different: גֵּר 1 Ch 22:2 2 Ch 2:16 (הַגֵּירִים) gathered for hard service; yet cf. 2 Ch 30:25. (Often c. verb. cogn. Ex 12:48, 49 Lv 16:29; 17:8, 10, 12, 13; 18:26; 19:33; 20:2 Nu 9:14; 15:14, 15, 16, 26, 29; 19:10 Jos 20:9 Ez 14:22, 23; often ‖ תּוֹשָׁב Gn 23:4 Lv 25:23, 35, 47 1 Ch 29:15 ψ 39:13).

אֱמֹרִי n.pr.m.coll. (construed as pl. Dt 3:9 + 5 times) Amorites (perhaps = mountain-dwellers, cf. Nu 13:29; Dt 1:7, 19 f. etc. & Di Gn 10:16 al.)—always c. art., except Nu 21:29; Ez 16:45. Meaning mountain-dwellers very dub.; on א׳ = Egyptian ʾA-ma-ra v. WMMAs. u. Eur. 229 ff., = TelAm. and Assyrian Amurru, v. WklTelAm. 36 JastrEB Canaan, § 10 SayHastDB Amorites al.; cf. also GFM; Ju 4,5 Dr Dt 1:7 Gray Nu 13:29. 1. called son of Canaan Gn 10:16 (J) 1 Ch 1:14 = 2. a chief people dispossessed by Hebrews; (a) living E. of Jordan Nu 21:13,(×2), 25 + 9 times Nu + Jos 24:8 (all E), cf. Jos 2:10; 9:10 (JE) Dt 1:4; 3:2, 9 + 7 times D; also Ju 10:8, 11; 11:19, 21, 22, 23; 1 K 4:19 ψ 135:11; 136:19 (Sihon their king Nu 21:21 +; Sihon & Og Dt 3:8 +); (b) living W. of Jordan Jos 10:5, 6; 24:12, 15, 18 (all E), cf. 7:7 (JE); 5:1; 10:12 (both D; cf. also 13:4, q. del. Di) Ju 1:34, 35, 36; 6:10; 1 K 21:26; 2 K 21:11 cf. 1 S 7:14; 2 S 21:2; (c) living in south Dt 1:7, 19, 20, 27, 44; cf. Gn 14:7 (W. of Dead Sea); (d) in gen. = ancient inhabitants of Canaan Gn 15:16 (J or R) 48:22 (E) Am 2:9, 10; (e) named in list of Canaanitish peoples, to be dispossessed by Isr. Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:2; 34:11; Jos 3:10; 9:1 (all J); Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 11:3; 12:8 (all D); Ex 23:23; Nu 13:29; Jos 24:11 (all E); Ju 3:5; 1 K 9:20; 2 Ch 8:7; Ezr 9:1; Ne 9:8; cf. Ez 16:3, 45; (on these lists cf. BuUrgesch 344 ff. & WeJBTh xxi. 602.) 3. adj.gent. sg. Gn 14:13; Dt 2:24.

† I. יְהוּדִי adj.gent. Jewish, as subst. a Jew;—adj.m. אִישׁ יְהוּדִי Zc 8:23; pl. אֲנָשִׁים יְהוּדִים Jewish men Je 43:9 Est 2:5; as subst. Je 34:9 Est 3:4; הַיְהוּדִי the Jew Est 5:13; 6:10; 8:7; 9:29, 31; 10:3; f. הַיְּהֻדִיָּה the Jewess 1 Ch 4:18; pl. Jews יְהוּדִים Je 52:28, 30; הַיְּהוּדִים the Jews 2 K 16:6; 25:25 Je 32:12; 38:19; 40:11, 12; 41:3; 44:1 Ne 1:2; 2:16; 3:33, 34; 4:6; 5:1, 8, 17; 6:6; 13:23 Est 3:6, 10, 13; 4:3, 13, 14, 16; 6:13; 8:3, 5, 8, 9(×2), 11, 16, 17(×2); 9:1(×2), 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24(×2), 25, 27, 28, 30; 10:3; הַיְּהוּדִיי֯ם Est 4:7; 8:1, 7, 13; 9:15, 18.

† I. [זוּר] vb. be a stranger (Arabic زَارَ (med. و incline toward, repair to, visit; ii. honour as visitor or guest; ix. decline, turn aside; زَاىِٔرٌ visitor; Aramaic זוּר, often = Heb. סוּר turn aside, turn aside to visit)— Qal Pf. 3 pl. זֹר֫וּ ψ 58:4 (Köi 445), זָ֫רוּ ψ 78:30 Jb 19:13; Pt. זָר Ex 30:33 + 27 times; f. זָרָה Ex 30:9 + 7 times; mpl. זָרִים Ho 5:7 + 30 times; fpl. זָרוֹת Pr 22:14; 23:33; sf. זָרָ֑יִךְ Is 29:5; 1. Pf. become estranged ψ 58:4, c. מן from Jb 19:13 ψ 78:30. 2. Pt. as adj. strange, or as noun stranger: a. to the family, of another household, אִישׁ זָר Dt 25:5, elsewhere זָר 1 K 3:18 Jb 19:15 Pr 6:1; 11:15; 20:16; 27:13; זָרִים ψ 109:11 Pr 5:10, 17; בנים זרים, children of another household than God’s Ho 5:7; especially of another family than priests’ אִישׁ זֶר Lv 22:12 (H) Nu 17:5 (P); זָר Lv 22:10, 13 (H) Ex 29:33; 30:33 Nu 3:10, 38; 18:7 (P); not belonging to the tribe of Levi, Nu 1:51; 18:4 (P). b. to the person, another Jb 19:27 Pr 14:10; 27:2; זָרָה (אִשָּׁה) strange woman, harlot Pr 2:16; 5:3, 20; 7:5; 22:14; 23:33. c. to the land, foreign, זָרִים foreigners (as such usually enemies) Ho 7:9; 8:7 Is 1:7(×2); 25:2, 5; 29:5; 61:5 Je 5:19; 30:8; 51:2, 51 La 5:2 Ez 7:21; 11:9; 16:32; 28:7, 10; 30:12; 31:12 Jo 4:17 Ob 11 Jb 15:19 ψ 54:5; אֵל זָר foreign god ψ 44:21; 81:10 = זָר Is 43:12; so זָרִים Dt 32:16 and (in fig.) Je 2:25; 3:13; מַיִם זָרִים foreign waters 2 K 19:24 Je 18:14; זְמֹרַת זָר Is 17:10 vine-slip of a stranger; כְּמוֹ־זָר נֶחְשָׁ֑בוּ Ho 8:12 they are regarded as foreign; מַעֲשֵׂהוּ זָר Is 28:21 his work is foreign (as if dealing with enemies). d. strange to the law; קְטֹרֶת זָרָה strange incense Ex 30:9 (P); אֵשׁ זָרָה strange fire Lv 10:1 Nu 3:4; 26:61 (P). Niph. Pf. נָזֹ֫רוּ Is 1:4 Ez 14:5; be estranged Is 1:4, pregn., sq. אָחוֹר (cf. RV); מֵעַל Ez 14:5. Hoph. Pt. מוּזָר estranged ψ 69:9.

† מִצְרִי adj.gent. Egyptian;—ms. מ׳ Gn 39:1 + 16 times; fs. מִצְרִית 16:1 + 3 times; mpl. מִצְרִים 12:12 + 5 times; fpl. מִצְרִיֹּת Ex 1:19;— 1. adj. אִישׁ מ׳=an Egyptian Gn 39:1 Ex 2:11, 19 Lv 24:10 1 S 30:11 2 S 23:30; הָאִישׁ הַמּ׳ 1 Ch 11:23; נַעַר מ׳ 1 S 30:13, עֶבֶד מ׳ 1 Ch 2:34; שִׁפְחָה מִצְרִית Gn 16:1, כַּנָּשִׁים הַמִּצְרִיֹּת Ex 1:19. 2. c. art.=subst. the Egyptian Gn 39:2, 5 Ex 2:12, 14 2 S 23:30(×2) 1 Ch 11:23(×2); so once without art. מִצְרִי Dt 23:8; הַמִּצְרִי once (late) coll.=the Egyptians Ezr 9:1 (where with Canaanitish peoples); pl.=the Egyptians, הָמִּצְרִים Gn 12:12, 14; 43:32 Dt 26:6 Jos 24:7; fs. הָגָר הַמִּצְרִית Hagar the Egyptian woman Gn 16:3; 21:9; 25:12.

† I. כְּנַעֲנִי adj. et nom. gent. of 1. כְּנַעַן;—usually ms. (הַ)כְּנַעֲנִי Gn 38:2 Nu 21:1 +; fs. הַכְּנַעֲנִית Gn 46:10 = Ex 6:15 1 Ch 2:3; mpl.; (הַ)כְּנַעֲנִים Ob 20 Ne 9:24;— 1. adj. אִישׁ כ׳ Gn 38:2 (J). 2. c. art. as subst., a. of individual, הַכּ׳ מֶלֶךְ־עֲרָד Nu 21:1 (J) and hence 33:40 (P or R); f. הַכְּנַעֲנִית Gn 46:10 = Ex 6:15 (P) בַּת־שׁוּעַ הַכְּנַעֲנִית 1 Ch 2:3. b. usually coll. (c. art.) of pre-Isr. inhabitants of כְּנַעַן (q.v.) Gn 12:6; 24:3, 37; 50:11 (all J), Nu 21:3 (J), Jos 13:3 (D), Ju 1:1, 3, 9, 10, 17, many of whom continued to live in the midst of Isr., v 27, 28, 29(×2), 30, 32, 33 Jos 16:10(×2), 17:12, 13, 16, 18 (all JE), 1 K 9:16; pl. only Ob 20, and יֹשְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ הַכְּנַעֲנִים Ne 9:24; מִשְׁפְּחוֹת הַכּ׳ Gn 10:18, גְּבוּל הַכּ׳ v 19 (both J), אֶרֶץ הַכּ׳ Ex 13:11 (JE), Ez 16:3; often of part of the inhabit., הַכּ׳ וְכָל יֹשְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ Jos 7:9 (JE), Dt 11:30; with other n.pr.gent., + הַפְּרִזִּי Gn 13:7; 34:30 (both J), Ju 1:4, 5, + הָאֱמֹרִי Dt 1:7 Jos 5:1; 13:4 (all D); + הַחִוִּי 2 S 24:7; + עֲמָלֵקִ(י) Nu 14:25, 43, 45; especially in the list of peoples dispossessed by Isr., Gn 15:21 Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11 Nu 13:29 (הַכּ׳ dwelling by the sea and along Jordan [cf. Dt 1:7; 11:30 Jos 5:1; 11:3; 13:4]; all these JE), Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 3:10; 9:1; 11:3; 12:8; 24:11 (all JED), Ju 3:3, 5; hence Ezr 9:1 Ne 9:8. Cf. Dr Dt. p. 11, 13 f., 97, 133.

γραμμᾰτ-εύς, έως, ὁ, secretary, registrar, title of officials at Athens and elsewhere, NT+5th c.BC+; γ. τοῦ θεοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; also of subordinate officials, clerk, sometimes a term of contempt, ὄλεθρος γ. Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ γ., in joke, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, recorder, of memory, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 scholar, γ. σαφής Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 one who traces or marks out, of Egyptian embalmers, Refs 1st c.BC+

† סֹפֵר, סוֹפֵר n.m. ψ 45:2 enumerator, muster-officer, secretary, scribe (proposes pt. of סָפַר; Aramaic סַפְרָא, ܣܳܦܪܳܐ id., cf. ܣܦܺܝܪ doctus, literatus; Old Aramaic ספרא id., Lzb330 Cook85; Ph. ספר Lzb330);—abs. סֹפֵר Ju 5:14 +, סוֹפֵר 2 S 8:17 +; cstr. סֹפֵר 2 K 12:11 + 2 times, + Je 52:25 (Gie GFM read הַסּ׳ as ‖ 2 K 25:19); pl. סֹפְרִים 1 K 4:3; Je 8:8, סוֹ׳ 1 Ch 2:55; 2 Ch 34:13; cstr. סֹפְרֵי Est 3:12; 8:9;— 1. a. enumerator muster-cfier, in description of leaders of Isr. משְׁבִים בְּשֵׁבֶט ס׳ Ju 5:14. b. king’s official = secretary 2 S 8:17 = 20:25 = 1 Ch 18:16; 2 K 18:18, 37 = Is 36:3, 22; Sol. has two 1 K 4:3 (in all these disting. from מַזְכִּיר); also 2 K 19:2 = Is 37:2; Je 36:10, 12, cf. לִשְׁכַּת הַסּ׳ v 12, 20, 21, בֵּית הַסּ׳ 37:15, 20; acting as treasurer and paymaster 2 K 12:11 = 2 Ch 24:11,—cf. Zadok Ne 13:13;—2 K 22:3, 8, 9, 10, 12 = 2 Ch 34:15, 18, 20; 1 Ch 24:6 (Levite); הַסּ׳ שַׂר הַצָּבָא 2 K 25:19 = Je 52:25 (si vera l. in K) implies military authority (but שַׂר הַצּ׳ perhaps gloss GFM Ju 5:14); Ew Sta al. read (as Je) scribe of general. c. in Persia, secretaries who wrote out (king’s) decrees, according to Est 3:12; 8:9. d. 2 Ch 26:11 uses ס׳ for muster-officer; 1 Ch 2:55 mentions families of סוֹפְרִים; 2 Ch 34:13 knows ס׳ as Levites; ס׳ 1 Ch 27:32 = man of learning. 2. professional class of learned men, ‘scribes,’ able to read and write Je 36:26, 32; with writing implements, עֵט ס׳ מָהִיר ψ 45:2, קֶסֶת הַסּ׳ Ez 9:2, 3, תַּעַר הַסּ׳ Je 36:23; especially learned in the law, and assuming to issue its precepts, עֵט שֶׁקֶר סֹפְרִים 8:8. 3. specif. of Ezra, at once priest (כֹּהֵן) and learned in the law (סֹפֵר), Ezr 7:11, ס׳ דִּבְרֵי מִצְוֹת י׳ v 11 [cf. Aramaic v 12, 21], ס׳ מָהִיר בְּתוֹרַת משֶׁה v 6; Ne 8:1, 4, 9, 13; 12:26, 36.

† נָכְרִי adj. foreign, alien (NH נָכְרִי = Gentile);—נ׳ abs. m. Zp 1:8 +; f. נָכְרִיָּה Ex 2:22 +; mpl. נָכְרִים Is 2:6 + 2 times + Pr 20:16 Kt (> Qr נָכְרִיָּה), + 27:13 (so read for MT נָכְרִיָּה); fpl. נָכְרִיּוֹת Gn 31:15 +;— 1. a. foreign: עַם נָכְרִי Ex 21:8 (E) a foreign (non-Isr.) people, אִישׁ נ׳ Dt 17:15 (‖ לֹא אָחִיךָ); מַלְבּוּשׁ נ׳ Zp 1:8; אֶרֶץ נָכְרִיָּה Ex 2:22 (J) foreign land, so 18:3 (E); especially נָשִׁים נָכְרִיּוֹת foreign (non-Isr.) women 1 K 11:1, 8; Ezr 10:2, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 44; Ne 13:26, 27. b. as subst. נָכְרִי foreigner (non-Isr.) Ju 19:12 (+ אֲשֶׁר לֹא מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל), 1 K 8:41 (+ אֲשֶׁר לֹא מֵעַמְּךָ), = 2 Ch 6:32 (+ id.), 1 K 8:43 = 2 Ch 6:33, Dt 14:21 (‖ גֵּר), 15:3; 23:21 (opp. אָחִיךָ), 29:21 (+ אֲשֶׁר יָבֹא מֵאֶרֶץ רְהוֹקָה); as predicate, 2 S 15:19 (‖ גֹּלָה), נָכְרִיָּה Ru 2:10; pl. נָכְרִים foreigners La 5:2 (‖ זָרִים), Ob 11 (‖ id.); cf. נָכְרִי" dir="rtl" >יַלְדֵי נָכְרִים Is 2:6; fpl. alien women Gn 31:15 (E; i.e. not of one’s father’s family). 2. נָכְרִיָּה foreign woman, as term. techn., in Pr, for harlot (perhaps because harlots were orig. chiefly foreigners): Pr 2:16 (‖ אִשָּׁה זָרָה), 7:5 (‖ id.), 5:20 (‖ זָרָה), 6:24 (‖ אֵשֶׁת רָ֑ע), 23:27 (‖ זוֹנָה).—On 20:16; 27:13 v. infr. 3. fig. unknown, unfamiliar: נָכְרִי הָיִיתִי בְּעֵינֵיהֶם Jb 19:15 an alien am I become in their eyes; נ׳ לִבְנֵי אִמִּי ψ 69:9 (‖ מוּזָר הָיִיתִי לְאֶחָ֑י); אִישׁ נ׳ Ec 6:2; of י׳’s judgment, נָכְרִיָּה עֲבֹדָתוֹ Is 28:21 strange is his task! (‖ זָר מַעֲשֵׂהוּ); גֶּפֶן נָכְרִיָּה Je 2:21 an alien vine (opp. זֶרַע אֱמֶת), fig. of degenerate Israel; as subst., נָכְרִים Pr 20:16 Kt (> Qr נָכְרִיָּה), aliens, persons unknown to him (‖ זָר), so read also (for MT נָכְרִיָּה) ‖ 27:13; cf. 5:10; 27:2.

שֹׁעֵר37 n.m. porter (denom. from 1. שַׁעַר);—abs. שׁוֹ׳ 2 Ch 31:14, cstr. שֹׁ׳ 2 K 7:10; 1 Ch 9:21, + f. שׁוֹעֶ֫רֶת 2 S 4:6 (for MT בֹּאוּ עַד תּ[וֹךְ]) We Dr HPS Bu Now after 𝔊 (Th פְּקִידַת דֶּלֶת); pl. שֹׁעֲרִים 2 K 7:11 + cstr. שֹׁעֲרֵי 2 Ch 23:4;—porter of city gate 2 K 7:10, 11 (2 S 18:26 read הַשַּׁעַר 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Th We Dr and most); portress of houses 2 S 4:6 (v. supr.); elsewhere (34 times Ch Ezr Ne) of gate-keepers in sanctuary 1 Ch 9:17, 18, 24 +; 4,000 in no., 23:5; שׁ׳ פֶּתַח לְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד 9:21; שֹׁעֲרִים בַּסִּפִּים v 22; שׁ׳ לָאָרוֹן 15:23, 24; שֹׁעֲרֵי הַסִּפִּים 2 Ch 23:4; בְּנֵי הַשֹּׁעֲרִים Ezr 2:42.

† לְאֹם, לְאוֹם n.m. Gn 25:23 people, poet. and chiefly late;—ל׳ abs. Gn 25:23(×2) Pr 14:28, לְאוֹם Pr 11:26; sf. לְאוּמִּו Is 51:4; pl. לְאֻמִּים Gn 25:23 + 28 times; לְאוּמִּים Is 55:4;—people, both of Isr. and of Edom, Gn 25:23(×3) (J; Jacob and Esau; ‖ גּוֹי); elsewhere of Isr. only Is 51:4 (sg. ‖ עַם); usually pl. of other peoples:—שְׁאוֹן ל׳ Is 17:12 (‖ הֲמוֹן עמים), cf. v 13; ‖ גּוֹיִם Is 34:1; 43:9; ψ 2:1; 44:3, 15; 105:44; 149:7, cf. Is 55:4(×2) (גּוֹי in v 5); ‖ עַמִּים Gn 27:29 (J), Hb 2:13 Je 51:58 ψ 47:4; 57:10; 67:5(×2); 108:4; Pr 24:24; further Is 41:1; 49:1 (both ‖ אִיִּים), 43:4 (‖ אָדָם), 60:2 (‖ אֶרֶץ), ψ 9:9 (‖ תֵּבֵל), 148:11 (‖ מַלְכֵי אֶרֶץ, etc.); עֲדַת לְאֻמִּים ψ 7:8, הֲמוֹן ל׳ 65:8; of any and all peoples Pr 14:34; sg. indef. = people in gen., as making public opinion, 11:26 (coll., c. pl. vb.); = population, as subjects of prince 14:28 (‖ עַם).

† נֵכָר n.[m.] that which is foreign, foreignness (on format. cf. LagBN 51, 154);—abs. נ׳ Ju 10:16 +, cstr. נֵכַר־ Dt 31:16;—foreignness (of another family, tribe, or nation), especially 1. אֱלֹהֵי (הַ)נֵּכָר = foreign gods Gn 35:2, 4; Jos 24:20, 23 (all E, = א׳ אֲחֵרִים of D, cf. אַחֵר), Ju 10:16; 1 S 7:3; Je 5:19; 2 Ch 33:15; א׳ נֵכַר־הָאָרֶץ Dt 31:16 = foreign gods of the land; sg. אֵל נֵכָר Dt 32:12; Mal 2:11 ψ 81:10; אֱלוֹהַּ נ׳ Dn 11:39. 2. בֶּן־(הַ)נֵּכָר = foreigner Gn 17:12 (‖ לֹא מִזַּרְעֲךָ), v 27 Ex 12:43 (all P), Lv 22:25 (H), Ez 44:9(×2) Ne 9:2; Is 56:3; בְּנֵי (ה)נ׳ 2 S 22:45, 46 = ψ 18:45, 46, Ez 44:7; Is 56:6; 60:10; 61:5; 62:8 ψ 144:7, 11. 3. other combin.: הַבְלֵי נ׳ Je 8:19 foreign vanities (idolatries); מִזְבְּחוֹת הַנּ׳ 2 Ch 14:2 foreign altars; אַדְמַת נ׳ ψ 137:4 foreign soil; מִכָּל־נ׳ Ne 13:30 from everything foreign.

† I. עִבְרִי adj. et n. gent. Hebrew, either a. put into the mouth of foreigners (Egyptian and Philist.), or b. used to distinguish Isr. from foreigners ( = one from beyond, from the other side, i.e. prob. (in Heb. trad.) from beyond the Euphrates (cf. Jos 24:2, 3 E), but poss. in fact (if name given in Canaan) from beyond the Jordan; cf. Ges§ 2 bSta§ 1 b Köi. 18 ff. WeIsr. u. Jüd. Gesch. 7 Kau‘Eber’ and ‘Hebräer’ in RiHWB 332, 600.—On connexion of ע׳ (in wide sense) with Ḫabirû (Tel Am.) v. WklGesch. Isr. 17 ff.; Sem. Studies in Mem. of Kohut, 605 ff. EMeyAegyptica [Ebers], 75 cf. GlaserMVG 1897, 255 ff. KöExp. Times xi. 238; opp. JastrJBL xi (1892), 118 ff. SayMonuments 188, 333 WMMAs. u. Eur. 396);—ms. ע׳ Gn 39:14 +; fs. עִבְרִיָּה Dt 15:12 Je 34:9; mpl. עִבְרִים Gn 43:32 +, עִבְרִיִּים Ex 3:18; fpl. עִבְרִיֹּת Ex 1:15 + 2 times, -וֹת 1:16; word not in P;— 1. adj. a. אִישׁ עִבְרִי Gn 39:14 cf. v 17 (both J), 41:12 (E). b. אִישׁ עִבְרִי Ex 2:11 cf. v 13; 21:2 (all E), Dt 15:12; Je 34:9, 14; f. Dt 15:12; Je 34:9. 2. n. a. Ex 1:16, 19; 2:7 (all f.) 2:6 (all E), 1 S 4:6, 9; 13:19; 14:11; 29:3. b. Gn 40:15 Ex 1:15 (f.; both E), 1 S 13:3; 14:21; Gn 43:32 (J); especially in אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִים Ex 3:18; 5:3; 7:16; 9:1, 13; 10:3 (all J); sg. only אַבְרָם הָע׳ Gn 14:13, ע׳ אָנֹ֑כִי Jon 1:9.—𝔊 Ἐβραῖος, Ἐβραία, Gn 14:13 τῷ περάτῃ.—1 S 13:7 read prob. for וְעִבְרִים וגו׳, וְעָֽבְרוּ מַעְבְּרוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן (We), or, better, וַיַּעַבְרוּ Dr Kit Löhr; > וְעַם רַב Klo Bu HPS.

† II. [עַם] n.[m.] kinsman* kinsman, later development of i. עַם RSK 58; 2nd ed. 72. (on father’s side) (Arabic عَمٌّ paternal uncle, etc. v. I. עמם; cf. perhaps TelAm. ammu, kinsmen (?); on Nab. עם ancestor cf. Lzb151, 499; v. also especially NesEg 187, ZAW xvi (1896), 322 f. Krenkelib. viii (1888), 280–84);—sf. עַמִּי in בֶּן־עַמִּי (q.v.), and n.pr. sqq.; elsewhere pl. sf. עַמֶּיךָ Nu 27:13; 31:2 (Lv 19:16 read עַמְּךָ 𝔊 Sam), + (poss.) עֲמָמֶיךָ Ju 5:14; עַמָּיו Gn 25:8 + 15 times, עַמֶּיהָ 17:14 + 3 times; read עַמַּי (for MT עַמִּי, 1עַם; cf. Krenkell.c. 281) Gn 49:29 and perhaps Ju 14:3 (cf. Lv 21:14); according to Buhl Kit also 2 K 4:13;—father’s kinsmen: וַיֵּאָסֵף אֶל־עַמָּיו Gn 25:8 (of joining kinsmen in Sheʾôl), so v 17; 35:29; 49:33; Nu 20:24; Dt 32:50, cf. Gn 49:29 (v. supr.), Nu 27:13; 31:2; Dt 32:50 (all P); וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ מֵעַמֶּיהָ Gn 17:14 (severed from living kinsmen), so Lv 7:20, 21, 25, 27; 19:8; 23:29; Nu 9:13, מִקֶּרֶב עַמֶּיהָ Ex 31:14, cf. 30:33, 38; Lv 17:9 (all PH); מֵעַמָּיו יִקַּח אִשָּׁה 21:14 (H), and perhaps Ju 14:3 (sim. 1עַם: [ם—ָ, הּ—ָ] מִקֶּרֶב עַמּוֹ Lv 17:4, 10; 18:29 +); other combin. Ju 5:14 (si vera l., read perhaps בְּעַמֶּ֑ךָ, v. 1.עַם 2 d), Lv 21:1, 4, 15 (H), Ez 18:18 and (perhaps) 2 K 4:13.—בֶּן־עַמִּי (v. p. 122 b) perhaps = son of my kinsman; on n.pr. c. עַם v. GrayProp. N. 41 ff..

† חִוִּי adj. gent. (= villagers?)— 1. שְׁכֶם בֶּן־חֲמוֹר הַח׳ Gn 34:2 (P), cf. צִבְעוֹן הַח׳ 36:2 (but read rather הַחֹרִי Ol Di cf. 𝔊 Jos 9:7). 2. c. art. as n.pr.coll. הַחִוִּי the Hivvites ‘begotten’ by Canaan Gn 10:17 = 1 Ch 1:15; especially in list of Canaanit. peoples displaced by Hebrews Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11 Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 3:10; 9:1; 12:8; 24:11 (all JED), Ju 3:5 1 K 9:20 = 2 Ch 8:7; cf. עָרֵי הַח׳ וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי 2 S 24:7 (note מִבְצַר־צֹר, צִידוֹן, just preceding); applied specif. to Gibeonites Jos 9:7 (JE), 11:19 (D).—In Jos 11:3 Ju 3:3 read prob. הַחִתִּי for הַחִוִּי We Mey BuUrg. 350 v. (partly) 𝔊, Dr on Dt 7:1.

† I. כּוּשָׁי adj.gent. of i. כּוּשׁ;—m. כּוּשִׁי Je 13:23 + 13 times; f. כֻּשִׁית Nu 12:1(×2); pl. כּוּשִׁים Zp 2:12 + 6 times; כֻּשִֿׁים Dn 11:43; כֻּשִׁיִּים Am 9:7;— a. sg. agreeing with noun Nu 12:1(×2) (E; only here fem.); b. = subst., a Cushite Je 13:23. c. id. c. art.; the Cushite, of Joab’s adjutant 2 S 18:21(×2) (where read חַכּ׳, for MT כ׳, We Dr Kit Bu), v 22, 23, 31(×2), 32(×2); in appos. with n.pr. Je 38:7, 10, 12; 39:16 2 Ch 14:8. d. pl. (הַ)כּוּשִׁים = subst. Zp 2:12 2 Ch 12:3; 14:11(×2), 12; 16:8; 21:16; so כֻּשִֿׁים Dn 11:43, כֻּשִׁיִּים (si vera l.) Am 9:7.

† שָׁכֵן adj. inhabitant, neighbour;—שׁ׳ Is 33:24 +; cstr. שְׁכַן Ho 10:5; sf. שְׁכֵנוֹ Ex 12:4; שְׁכֵנָ֑יִכְי֯ 2 K 4:3, etc.; f. sf. שְׁכֶנְתָּהּ Ex 3:22; fpl. שְׁכֵנוֹת Ru 4:17;— 1. inhabitant, Is 33:24 Ho 10:5. 2. neighbour: woman Ex 3:22 (E); pl. Ru 4:17; man Ex 12:4 (P) Je 6:21; Pr 27:10, pl. 2 K 4:3; of places Dt 1:7; nations, to Judah Ez 16:26 ψ 79:12; הֶרְפָּה לִשְׁכֵנֵי(נוּ) 44:14; 79:4, cf. 31:12; 89:42; מָדוֹן לשׁ׳ 80:7; to Edom Je 49:10; to Sodom v 18; 50:40; to י׳ 11:14 (because to people).

† שָׂכִיר adj. hired;—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 12:45 +, f. שְׂכִירָה Is 7:20; cstr. שְׂכִיר Lv 25:53; sf. שְׂכִירְךָ v 6; pl. sf. שְׂכִרֶיהָ Je 46:21;— 1. hired, of beast Ex 22:14 (E), razor Is 7:20 (fig.). 2. usually as subst. hireling, hired labourer Dt 15:18; 24:14; Lv 19:13; 22:10; 25:6, 40, 53 (all H), Ex 12:45; Lv 25:50 (both P), Mal 3:5; Jb 7:1, 2; 14:6; כִּשְׁנֵי שׂ׳ Is 16:14 years like a hireling’s years (reckoned strictly), so 21:16; mercenaries Je 46:21.

† עַם n.m. Ezr 6:12 people (v. BH I. עמם, עַם);—ע׳ abs. Dn 2:44; 3:29; Ezr 6:12, cstr. Dn 7:27; emph. עַמָּה Ezr 5:12, עַמָּא 7:13, 16, 25; pl. emph. עַמְמַיָּא (K§§ 15 d); 55, 5 a)) Dn 3:4, 7(×2), 31; 5:19; 6:26; 7:14.

ἀλλότριος, Aeolic dialect ἀλλότερρος Refs, α, ον, (ἄλλος) of or belonging to another, βίοτος, νηῦς, ἄχεα, Refs 8th c.BC+; γυνή another man's wife, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἀλλοτρίων χαρίσασθαι to be bountiful of what is another's, Refs 8th c.BC+; γναθμοῖσι γελοίων ἀλλοτρίοισιν with faces unlike their own, of a forced, unnatural laugh, Refs; ἀ. ὄμμασιν εἷρπον by the help of another's eyes, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ἀ. ἄτην not inflicted by other hands, Refs; but ἀ. φόνος murder of a strangerRefs 5th c.BC+ reap where one has not sown, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀλλοτριωτάτοις τοῖς σώμασιν χρῆσθαι deal with one's body as if it belonged to another, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἀλλότρια, contraction τἀλλότρια, what belongs to others, not one's own, τἀ. ἀποστερεῖν, δειπνεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II opposed to οἰκεῖος, foreign, strange, __II.1 of persons, ἀ. φώς stranger, Refs 8th c.BC+; almost = enemy, Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐδέ τις ἀλλοτρίων no stranger, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλοτριώτερος τῶνπαίδων less near than thy children, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀλλοτριώτερος, opposed to οἰκειότερος, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.1.b hostile, unfavourably disposed, with genitive, ἀ. ῬωμαίωνRefs 2nd c.BC+ __II.1.c disinclined, πρὸς τὰς κακοπαθείαςRefs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 of things, alien, strange, τροφήRefs 5th c.BC+; εἴ τι πρότερον γέγονεν ἀ. estrangement, Canon Laws texts cited in Refs 4th c.BC+alien country, enemy's country, Refs 5th c.BC+: with genitive, alien from, ἐπιτηδεύματα δημοκρατίας ἀ.Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδὲν ἀ. ποιῶν τοῦ τρόπου Canon Laws texts cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2.b in Medicine texts, abnormal, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀ. σάρκες superfluous fat, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.c foreign to the purpose, λόγοιRefs 4th c.BC+: comparative, Refs: superlative, Refs __II.2.d Astrology texts, ={ἀπόστροφος}, Refs __III adverb ἀλλοτρίως, διακεῖσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλας to be unfavourably disposed towards.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄ. ἔχειν πρός.. Refs: comparative -ιώτερον less favourably, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.2 strangely, marvellously, Refs __III.3 in a manner foreign to, with genitive, Refs 4th c.BC+

ξένος, ὁ, Epic dialect and Ionic dialect ξεῖνος (also frequently in Refs 5th c.BC+, used by Trag. for the sake of meter even in trimeter, mostly in vocative, Refs 5th c.BC+, Aeolic dialect ξέννος Refs; scanned ¯ ?~X and written ξεῖνος in Refs 3rd c.BC+. __I guest-friend, applied to persons and states bound by a treaty or tie of hospitality, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.2 of parties giving or receiving hospitality, Refs 8th c.BC+; mostly of the guest, opposed to the host, ξεινοδόκοι καὶ ξεῖνος Refs, etc.; ἁ ξείνα the visitor, Refs 3rd c.BC+; of guests at a club, opposed to σύνδειπνοι, Refs 2nd c.BC+: less frequently of the host, NT+8th c.BC+ __II stranger, especially wanderer, refugee (under the protection of Ζεὺς ξένιος), sometimes coupled with ἱκέτης, Ζεὺς ἐπιτιμήτωρ ἱκετάων τε ξείνων τε ξείνιος Refs 8th c.BC+ __III generally, stranger, foreigner, opposed to ἔνδημος, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to ἀστός, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἐπιχώριος, Refs 5th c.BC+; with ἔπηλυς, Refs 2nd c.AD+; opposed to a member of the family, Refs 6th c.AD+ __III.b as a term of address to any stranger, ὦ ξένε Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 ={βάρβαρος}, at Sparta, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV hireling, Refs 8th c.BC+; especially mercenary soldier, Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely simply, ally, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B as adjective ξένος, η, ον (also ος, ον Refs 5th c.BC+, Ionic dialect ξεῖνος, η, ον, foreign, not in Refs 8th c.BC+; frequently in later writers, ξείνα γαῖα Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν ξένῃσι χερσί by foreign hands, Refs; ξ. δόμοι, πόλις, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; of alien property, ξ. ἄρουραι Refs 6th c.AD+ __B.II with genitive of things, strange to a thing, unacquainted with, ignorant of it, ξ. τοῦ λόγου NT+5th c.BC+ adverb ξένως, ἔχω τῆς ἐνθάδε λέξεως I am a stranger to the mode of speech, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III strange, unusual, λόγοι Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ξένου συμβαίνοντος NT.1Pet.4.12 NT: superlative, πράξεων ὡς -οτάτων Refs 1st c.BC+ adverb ξένως, λαλεῖν Refs 1st c.BC+ __B.III.2 τοῦ πνεύματος.. ῥύσις ὡς -ωτάτη air as fresh as possible, Refs 5th c.BC+

† תּוֹשָׁב n.m. Lv 25:45 sojourner, only P (H) and late; abs. ת׳ Gn 23:4 + 6 times; cstr. תּוֹשַׁב Lv 22:10; sf. תּוֹשָֽׁבְךָ 25:6; pl. תּוֹשָׁבִים v 6 + 2 times; cstr. תֹּשָׁבֵי 1 K 17:1, but read תִּשְׁבֶּה (q.v.) 𝔊 Ew Th Hi;—sojourner, appar. of a more temporary and dependent (Lv 22:10; 25:6) kind than the גֵּר (with which it is often joined): ‖ שָׂכִיר Ex 12:45 (P), Lv 22:10 (ת׳ כֹּהֵן a priest’s sojourner), 25:6, 40 (all H); הַתּוֹשָׁבִים הַגָּרִים עִמָּכֶם v 45 (c. pt. גָּר also v 6); c. עִם, also Lv 25:47(×2) (H); c. בְּתוֹךְ Nu 35:15 (P). Fig. of one enjoying only a temporary tenure, c. עִם Gn 23:4, with י׳ Lv 25:23 ψ 39:13, c. לִפְנֵי 1 Ch 29:15.—1 K 17:1 v. supr.

Ῥωμ-αῖος, α, ον, a Roman, Refs 2nd c.BC+; τὰ Ῥωμαῖα ludi Romani, Refs 2nd c.AD+

ξεν-ίζω, Ionic dialect and Epic dialect ξεινίζω, future -ιῶ, later -ίσωRefsaorist ἐξείνισσα, ξείνισσα, -ισα (see. below): (ξένος):—receive or entertain as a guest, ξείνους Refs 8th c.BC+; ξείνισ᾽ ἐνὶ μεγάροισινRefs 5th c.BC+; ξ. τινὰ πολλοῖς ἀγαθοῖς to present with hospitable gifts, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑμᾶς ἐν πόλει ξενίσωμεν ὧν.. εἴχομεν with or on what we had, Refs 5th c.BC+ i.e. who fell not in battle, Refs 5th c.BC+: —passive, to be entertained as a guest, NT+5th c.BC+ __II surprise, astonish by some strange sight, ξενίζουσαν καὶ καταπληκτικὴν πρόσοψιν Refs 2nd c.BC+; ξ. τὴν ἀκοήν, of strange words, Refs 3rd c.AD+; ξ. [τὴν τῶν πολλῶν συνήθειαν] do violence to the ordinary use of language, Refs 6th c.AD+:—passive, to be astonished, Refs 5th c.BC+; τινι NT+2nd c.BC+; to be puzzled, unable to comprehend, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of fresh leeches, to be unaccustomed to the skin, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 make strange, of plants and animals, i.e. stunt their growth and distort them, Refs; τῷ πλήθει ξενιζομένη ἡ φύσις being altered in character, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __III intransitive, to be a stranger, speak with a foreign accent, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.2 to be strange or unusual, of diseases, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [יְהוּדַי] n.gent. Jew (BH יְהוּדִי);—pl. abs. יְהוּדָאִין (K§ 61, 6)) Dn 3:12; emph. יְהוּדָיֵא (Ib.ib.) v 8 Ezr 4:12, 23; 5:1, 5; 6:7(×2), 8, 14. יְהָךְ Ezr 5:5 v. [חֲלַךְ].

Ἰσραηλείτης (Rec. -λίτης), ου, ὁ [in LXX: Num.25:8 (יִשְׂרָאֵל), 3Ki.21:1 (יִזְרְעֵאלִי; Luc. Ἰεζραηλίτης), etc. ;] an Israelite, the name expressive of theocratic privilege (see: Ἑβραῖος): Rom.9:4 11:1, 2Co.11:22; ἀληθῶς Ἰ., Jhn.1:48; ἄνδρες Ἰ., Act.2:22 3:12 5:35 13:16 21:23.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

a Samaritan , Refs 1st c.AD, etc.;feminine -εῖτις, ιδος, Refs 1st c.AD (Middle Liddel)

† אֻמָּה n.f. nation (BH id., late);—abs. א׳ Dn 3:29; pl. emph. אֻמַּיָּא 3:4, 7, 31; 5:19; 6:26; 7:14; Ezr 4:10.

† תּוּבַל n.pr.terr. et. gent. in E. Asia Minor, perhaps nearly = Cappadocia (= Assyrian Tabalu DlPa 250 f. COT Gn 10:2, cf. Di Gn 10:2);—ת׳ Is 66:19 Ez 27:13, תֻּבַל 32:26, תֻּבָ֑ל Gn 10:2 = 1 Ch 1:5; Ez 38:2, 3; 39:1; Θοβελ.

“Hebrew”: and as substantive, a Hebrew, NT+2nd c.AD+:— adjective Ἑβραϊκός, ή, όν, NT:—feminine Ἑβραΐς, ίδος, διάλεκτος NT+1st c.AD+:—Verb Ἑβραΐζω, speak Hebrew, Refs:— adverb Ἑβραϊστί, in the Hebrew tongue, LXX Si.prol., NT

† גִּרְגָּשִׁי adj.gent. only הַגּ׳ as n.pr.coll.; ‘begotten’ by Canaan Gn 10:16 = 1 Ch 1:14; in list of Canaanitish peoples displaced by Isr.; territ. unknown; Gn 15:21 Dt 7:1 Jos 3:10; 24:11 Ne 9:8; cf. Gn 10:16 1 Ch 1:14 supr. (Hex only JED).

† [נכר] vb.denom. act or treat as foreign, or strange; disguise, misconstrue;— Niph. Impf. יִנָּכֵר Pr 26:24 with his lips a hater disguiseth himself (dissembles, speaks what is foreign to his thought). Pi. Pf. נִכַּר 1 S 23:7, but v. infr.; Impf. וַיְנַכְּרוּ Je 19:4 and they have treated this place as foreign (profane); יְנַכְּרוּ צָרֵימוֹ Dt 32:27 lest their adversaries should misconstrue (it).—נִכַּר אֹתוֹ א׳ בְּיָדִי 1 S 23:7 God hath alienated him into my hand, but improbable; 𝔊 מָכַר (cf. Ju 4:9) hath sold him, so Th Klo HPS (cf. We); סִכַּר (as Is 19:4) Krochm Dr; Kit either of these; > סִגַּר Bu; Löhr either סִגַּר or סִכַּר. Hithp. Impf. וַיִּתְנַכֵּר אֲלֵיהֶם Gn 42:7 he acted as a stranger toward them; Pt. f. מִתְנַכֵּרָ֑ה 1 K 14:5, 6 feign to be a stranger-woman.

βάρβᾰρος, ον, barbarous, i.e. non-Greek, foreign, not in Refs 8th c.BC+; especially as substantive βάρβαροι, οἱ, originally all non-Greek-speaking peoples, then specially of the Medes and Persians, Refs 5th c.BC+; β. πόλεμον war with the barbarians, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ βάρβαρος (i.e. γῆ), opposed to αἱ Ἑλληνίδες πόλεις, Refs 5th c.BC+ adverb -ρως, opposed to Ἑλληνικῶς,Refs 3rd c.AD+ __2 especially of language, φωνὴ β. Refs 5th c.BC+; συλλραφαίRefs 4th c.BC+; of birds, Refs 5th c.BC+ adverb, βαρβάρως, ὠνόμασται have foreign names, Refs 1st c.BC+ __3 Grammars, of bad Greek, Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὸ β., of style, opposed to Ἑλληνικόν, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II after the Persian war, brutal, rude, ἀμαθὴς καὶ β. Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -ώτεροςRefs 5th c.BC+ Eph.2.4: superlative, πάντων βαρβαρώτατος θεῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __III used by Jews of Greeks, LXX __IV name for various plasters, Refs 1st c.BC+

† I. יְהוּדִית adj.gent., f. of foregoing, but only as adv. in Jewish = in the Jewish language 2 K 18:26, 28 = Is 36:11, 13 = 2 Ch 32:18; Ne 13:24.

† [סָפַר] n.m. secretary, scribe (𝔗 Syriac; BH סֹפֵר);—emph. סָֽפְרָא the secretary, Persian official, Ezr 4:8, 9, 17, 23; cstr. סָפַר the scribe 7:12, 21, of Ezra as learned in God’s law.

Αἰγύπτιος, α, ον, Refs 8th c.BC+adverb -ίως in Egyptian style, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 αἰγυπτία, ἡ, name of an ointment, Refs 8th c.BC+, etc., are trisyllable, Refs 8th c.BC+

γείτων, ονος, ὁ, ἡ, neighbour, borderer, γείτονες ἠδὲ ἔται Μενελάου Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to σύνοικος, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκ τῶν γ. or ἐκ γειτόνων from or in the neighbourhood, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν γειτόνων (i.e. οἴκοις) οἰκεῖν Refs 4th c.BC+ to be of like kind, Refs 7th c.BC+ __II as adjective, neighbouring, bordering, πόλις, πόντος, Refs; χώρα, πύλαι, ῥοαί, Refs 5th c.BC+; also in Prose, ἡ γ. πόλις Refs 5th c.BC+ __III γίτονας (sic)· τὰ δύο αἰδοῖα, Refs 5th c.AD+

δῆμος, Doric dialect δᾶμος (compare infr. IV), ὁ, district, country, land, Βοιωτοὶ μάλα πίονα δ. ἔχοντες Refs 8th c.BC+ the land of dreams, Refs __2 the people, inhabitants of such a district, πόληΐ τε παντί τε δήμῳ Refs 8th c.BC+ __II hence (since the common people lived in the country, the chiefs in the city), the commons, common people, δήμου ἀνήρ, opposed to βασιλεύς, ἔξοχος ἀνήρ, etc., NT+8th c.BC+ being a commoner, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to οἱ εὐδαίμονες, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to οἱ παχέες, Refs; opposed to οἱ δυνατοί, Refs 5th c.BC+; = Latin plebs, Refs 1st c.BC+unus de plebe, Refs 2nd c.AD+; in an army, rank and file, opposed to officers, ὁ δ. τῶν στρατιωτῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, δ. ἰχθύων Refs 4th c.BC+; ὀρνέων Refs 4th c.AD+ __III in a political sense, the sovereign people, the free citizens, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 popular government, democracy, opposed to ὀλιγαρχίη, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to οἱ τύραννοι, Refs 5th c.BC+; δήμου κατάλυσις Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. καταστῆσαι, καταπαύειν, Refs 5th c.BC+: in plural, democracies, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.3 the popular assembly, λέγειν ἐν τῷ δ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δ., formula in Inscrr., as Refs; of the assembly of Oxyrhynchus, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __IV township, commune (= Doric dialect κώμη accusative to Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.:—Doric dialect δᾶμος, Refs: in indications of origin, Σωφάνης ἐκ δ. Δεκελεῆθεν Refs 5th c.BC+ __V name for a prostitute, Refs 7th c.BC+ __VI faction in the circus, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __VII ={κατανάγκη}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+. (Perh. cognate with Sanskrit dā´ti 'reap', δαίομαι, δατέομαι.)

“Hebrew”: and as substantive, a Hebrew, NT+2nd c.AD+:— adjective Ἑβραϊκός, ή, όν, NT:—feminine Ἑβραΐς, ίδος, διάλεκτος NT+1st c.AD+:—Verb Ἑβραΐζω, speak Hebrew, Refs:— adverb Ἑβραϊστί, in the Hebrew tongue, LXX Si.prol., NT

ἐθν-ικός, ή, όν, national, συστάσεις Refs 5th c.BC+ __II foreign, gentile, NT adverb -κῶς, opposed to ἸουδαϊκῶςNT __II.b in the Roman Empire, provincial, Codex Just.Refs __III Grammars, indicating nationality, Refs 2nd c.BC+ adverb -κῶς, παραχθένRefs 1st c.BC+ __III.2 dialectal, ἔθος Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV ἐθνικός, ὁ, tax-collector, Refs 6th c.AD+

θῠρωρ-ός, Refs 5th c.AD+ θυραϝωρός uncertain in Refs., Epic dialect θυραωρός (which see), ὁ, ἡ:— door-keeper, porter, NT+7th c.BC+:—also θυρουρός Refs 3rd c.BC+. (From θυρα-hoρϝος, compare οὖρος, ἐρύω (B): connected with ὠρέω by Refs 1st c.AD+

πάροικος, ον, dwelling beside or near, neighbouring, with genitive, Κάδμου πάροικοι.. δόμων Refs 5th c.BC+; neighbour, οὐκ ἀσίνης π. Refs 7th c.BC+; Ἀττικὸς π., proverbial of a restless neighbour, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 π. πόλεμος war with neighbours, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II foreign, alien, LXX+NT: as substantive, sojourner in another's house, Refs 3rd c.AD+: generally, alien, stranger, LXX: in later Greek, ={μέτοικος}, Refs 3rd c.BC+; = colonus, Refs 4th c.AD+

πολῑτ-ης, ου, ὁ, Ionic dialect πολιήτης (which see), citizen, freeman, Refs 8th c.BC+; πόλεως, πόλεων π., Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fellow-citizen (compare πολιήτης), Refs 7th c.BC+: and by a Comedy texts metaphorically, οἴνου π. ὢν κρατίστου Refs 4th c.BC+ __II adjective belonging to, connected with one's city or country, θεοὶ πολῖται, ={πολιοῦχοι}, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. δῆμος, ={ὁ τῆς πόλεως}, Refs 5th c.BC+

προσήλυτ-ος, ον, one that has arrived at a place, stranger, sojourner, τῷ προσελθόντι προσηλύτῳLXX __II one who has come over to Judaism, convert, proselyte, NT+1st c.AD+

“Hebrew”: and as substantive, a Hebrew, NT+2nd c.AD+:— adjective Ἑβραϊκός, ή, όν, NT:—feminine Ἑβραΐς, ίδος, διάλεκτος NT+1st c.AD+:—Verb Ἑβραΐζω, speak Hebrew, Refs:— adverb Ἑβραϊστί, in the Hebrew tongue, LXX Si.prol., NT

μίσθιος, α, ον, salaried, hired, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II substantive μίσθιος, ὁ, hired labourer, servant, LXX+3rd c.BC+ (unless = tenant) Refs 2nd c.AD+mercenaries, Refs 1st c.AD+

μισθ-ωτός, ή, όν, hired, ἐπίκουροι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II substantive, hireling, hired servant, NT+5th c.BC+: frequently of soldiers, mercenaries, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a spy or agent, Refs 4th c.BC+

παρεπί-δημος, ον, sojourning in a strange place, especially as substantive, LXX+3rd c.BC+

† יִשְׂרְאֵלִי adj.gent. of foregoing;—m. הַיִּשׂ׳ Lv 24:10; f. הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית v 10, 11, cf. v 10.—2 S 17:25 הַיִּשְׁמְעֵאלִי, 𝔊A Th We Dr al. (so ‖ 1 Ch 2:19).

Ἀθην-αιότης, τητος, ἡ, quality of being Athenian, Refs 2nd c.AD+

Αἰθίοψ, οπος, ὁ, feminine Αἰθιοπίς, ίδος, ἡ (Αἰθίοψ as feminine, Refs 4th c.BC+: plural ΑἰθιοπῆεςRefs 8th c.BC+: (αἴθω, ὄψ):—properly, Burnt-face, i.e. Ethiopian, negro, Refs 8th c.BC+; proverbial, Αἰθίοπα σμήχειν 'to wash a blackamoor white', Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 a fish, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II adjective, Refs 5th c.BC+substantive Αἰθιοπίς, ἡ, title of Epic poem in the Homeric cycle; also name of a plant, silver sage, Salvia argentea, Refs 1st c.AD+:— also Αἰθιόπιος, α, ον, Refs 5th c.BC+: Αἰθιοπικός, ή, όν, Refs 5th c.BC+; Αἰ. κύμινον, ={ἄμι}, Refs 5th c.BC+:—substantive Αἰθιοπία, ἡ, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 red-brown, Refs 1st c.BC+

Ἀλεξανδρεύς, -έως, ὁ an Alexandrian: Act.6:9 18:24.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Ἰουδα-ϊσμός, ὁ, “ Judaism”, LXX+NT:

Καναναῖος, -ου, ὁ or Καναναῖος (late Heb. קָנָא), 1. an emulator, zealous admirer or follower , 5th/4th c.BC, etc. 2. a zealot , used to translate Κανανίτης or Καναναῖος (from the Hebr. qana, to glow, be zealous) , Refs 1st c.AD

παροικ-έω, dwell beside, with accusative, ἀπὸ Κνίδου μέχρι Σινώπης τὴν Ἀσίαν π. dwell along the coasts of Asia, Refs 5th c.BC+: with dative, live near, πόλει Refs 5th c.BC+; dwell among, τισι Refs 5th c.BC+; of places, lie near, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II live in a place as πάροικος, οἱ παροικοῦντες ξένοι Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὡς ἐπὶ ξένης Refs 1st c.AD+; sojourn in, Ἱερουσαλήμ NT __III metaphorically, τὸν ἀνθ ρώπινον βίον παρῳκηκότες Refs 1st c.BC+

παροικ-ία, ἡ, (πάροικος Refs sojourning in a foreign land, LXX+NT; οἱ ἐν τῇ π., ={οἱ ἐκτός}, Refs

πολῑτ-εία, Ionic dialect πολῑτ-ηΐη, ἡ, condition and rights of a citizen, citizenship, Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, grants of citizenship, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 the daily life of a citizen, Refs 5th c.BC+; life, living, ἡ ἐν Βοιωτίᾳ π. NT+2nd c.BC+ __3 concrete, body of citizens, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 = Latin civitas in geographical sense, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II government, administration, Refs 5th c.BC+; course of policy, τῇ π. καὶ τοῖς ψηφίσμασι Refs 4th c.BC+: plural, acts of policy, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 tenure of public office, πᾶσαν π. ἐπιφανῶς ἐκτελέσαι Refs; ἐν τοῖς τῆς π. χρόνοις Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III civil polity, constitution of a state, Refs 5th c.BC+; form of gouernment, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν ἀρίστην πολιτεύεσθαι π.Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 especially republican government, free common-wealth, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὅταν δὲ τὸ πλῆθος πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν πολιτεύηται συμφέρον, καλεῖται π.Refs 5th c.BC+

Σαμαρεῖτις (-ῖτις, T, see supr.), -ιδος, ἡ __1. in FlJ (B.J., i, 21, 2, al.), the region of Samaria. __2. a Samaritan woman: Jhn.4:9.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

συστρᾰτιώτης, ου, ὁ, fellow-soldier, NT+5th c.BC+:—feminine συστρᾰτηγ-ῶτις, ιδος, metaphorically, Refs 1st c.AD+

† גּוֹיִם n.pr.gent. Gn 14:1, 9, in phr. תִּדְעָל מֶלֶךְ גּוֹיִם Tidʿal king of Goim; prob. a Babylonian (Elamitic, etc.) name corrupted; H. Rawlinson proposes Gutî, a people NE. of Babylonia, COT on Gn 14:1; also KGF 258 al.; cf. also DlPa 233 f.

† רוֹדָנִים n.pr.gent.pl. Rhodians;—1 Ch 1:7, Ῥόδιοι; and so ‖ Gn 10:4 (for דֹּדָנִים q.v.).

† יִשְׂרְאֵלִי adj.gent. of foregoing;—m. הַיִּשׂ׳ Lv 24:10; f. הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית v 10, 11, cf. v 10.—2 S 17:25 הַיִּשְׁמְעֵאלִי, 𝔊A Th We Dr al. (so ‖ 1 Ch 2:19).

† II. כּוּשִׁי n.pr.m. 𝔊 Χουσει— 1. Je 36:14 great-grandfather of יְהוּדִי, q.v. (perhaps orig. appellat. Cushite). 2. father of prophet Zephaniah Zp 1:1.

† I. כּוּשָׁי adj.gent. of i. כּוּשׁ;—m. כּוּשִׁי Je 13:23 + 13 times; f. כֻּשִׁית Nu 12:1(×2); pl. כּוּשִׁים Zp 2:12 + 6 times; כֻּשִֿׁים Dn 11:43; כֻּשִׁיִּים Am 9:7;— a. sg. agreeing with noun Nu 12:1(×2) (E; only here fem.); b. = subst., a Cushite Je 13:23. c. id. c. art.; the Cushite, of Joab’s adjutant 2 S 18:21(×2) (where read חַכּ׳, for MT כ׳, We Dr Kit Bu), v 22, 23, 31(×2), 32(×2); in appos. with n.pr. Je 38:7, 10, 12; 39:16 2 Ch 14:8. d. pl. (הַ)כּוּשִׁים = subst. Zp 2:12 2 Ch 12:3; 14:11(×2), 12; 16:8; 21:16; so כֻּשִֿׁים Dn 11:43, כֻּשִׁיִּים (si vera l.) Am 9:7.

† II. כְּנַעֲנִי n.m. trader, merchant (cf. ii. כְּנַעַו); only sg. (but v. infr. pl. כְּנַעֲנִים Jb 40:30; pl. sf. כִּנְעָנֶיהָ (si vera l.) Is 23:8 (‖ סֹחֲרֶיהָ).):—וְלֹא יִהְיֶה כ׳ עוֹד בְּבֵית י׳ Zc 14:21 (Aq.); וַחֲגוֹר נָֽתְנָה לַכּ׳ Pr 31:24 (‖ סָדִין עָֽשְׂתָה וַתִּמְכֹּר). In Zc 11:7, 11 read perhaps (לִ)כְנַעֲנִיֵּי for (לָ)כֵן עֲנִיֵּי, 𝔊 Χαναναῖοι, Χαναανῖτιν, StaZAW, 1881, 26 (who comp. as to sense Ho 12:8), cf. Klo We Marti.

† תִּירָ֑ס n.pr.terr. et gent. ‘son’ of Japhet Gn 10:2; 1 Ch 1:5; Θειρας; identified by MeyGesch. d. Alt. i. 260 Di Holz Gunk al. with Gk. Τυρσηνο��, Egypt. Turuša, on coast of Ægean.

ἀλλο-γενής, ές, of another race, LXX+NT+3rd c.AD+

ἀλλό-φῡλος, ον, (φυλή) of another tribe, foreign, LXX+5th c.BC+; in Egypt, settled in another nome, Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἐς ἀλλόφυλον.. χθόναRefs 5th c.BC+alien to man, wild, Refs 1st c.BC+; πόλεμος ἀ. war with foreigners, Refs 1st c.AD+; opposed to ὁμόφυλος, Refs 4th c.BC+alien, not one's own, Refs 5th c.BC+

Ἀντιοχεύς, -έως, ὁ a citizen of Antioch, an Antiochian: Act.6:5.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Asiatic , Refs 5th c.BC, etc. also Ἀσιάτης, feminine Ἀσιᾶτις, Ionic Ἀσιήτης Ἀσιῆτις, 6th/5th c.BC, Refs 5th c.BC (Middle Liddel)

Βεροιαῖος, -α, -ον, Berœan: Act.20:4.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Γαλάτης, -ου, ὁ (originally syn. with cl. Κέλτης; cf. 1Ma.8:2, and see next word), a Galatian: Gal.3:1.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

δωδεκά-φῡλος, ον, of twelve tribes, τὸ δ. the twelve tribes of Israel, NT

Ἑβραϊκός, -ή, -όν, Hebrew: Luk.23:38, Rec.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Included with: ἐθν-ικός, ή, όν, national, συστάσεις Refs 5th c.BC+ __II foreign, gentile, NT adverb -κῶς, opposed to ἸουδαϊκῶςNT __II.b in the Roman Empire, provincial, Codex Just.Refs __III Grammars, indicating nationality, Refs 2nd c.BC+ adverb -κῶς, παραχθένRefs 1st c.BC+ __III.2 dialectal, ἔθος Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV ἐθνικός, ὁ, tax-collector, Refs 6th c.AD+

Ἰουδα-ΐζω, side with or imitate the Jews, LXX+NT

Included with: Ἰουδαῖος, ὁ, a Jewish man: Ἰουδαία, a Jewish woman; ἡ Ἰουδαία (i.e. γῆ) “Judaea”: —Ἰουδα-ϊκός, ή, όν, “Jewish”, LXX adverb -κῶς NT+1st c.AD+

Related to: Ἰουδαῖος, ὁ, a Jewish man: Ἰουδαία, a Jewish woman; ἡ Ἰουδαία (i.e. γῆ) “Judaea”: —Ἰουδα-ϊκός, ή, όν, “Jewish”, LXX adverb -κῶς NT+1st c.AD+

Πάρθος, -ου, ὁ a Parthian: Act.2:9.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

περιοικ-έω, (περίοικος) dwell round persons or places, with accusative, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be inhabited all round, κύκλῳ Refs 4th c.BC+

περίοικος, ον, dwelling round, οἱ π. Λίβυες Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ π. neighbours, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ π. (i.e. χώρα) LXX; τὸ π. τοῦ ἸορδάνουLXX; τὰ π. the neighbouring countries, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II in Laconia, οἱ π. the inhabitants of the towns dependent on Sparta, Refs 5th c.BC+; also in Crete, Refs 4th c.BC+: hence generally, dependent, subject, περιοίκους τε καὶ οἰκέτας ἔχοντες Refs 5th c.BC+ __III geographically, περίοικοι, οἱ, those who live on the same parallel of latitude as ourselves but 180° East or West of us, opposed to ἄντοικοι (see. Addenda), ἀντίποδες (which see). Refs 1st c.BC+

πολῑτ-ευμα, ατος, τό, business of government, act of administration, Refs 4th c.BC+: more frequently in plural, measures of government or institutions, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔν τε τοῖς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν π. καὶ ἐν τοῖς Ἑλληνικοῖς both in my home and foreign policy, Refs 1st c.AD+; π. Refs 1st c.BC+ __II the concrete of πολιτεία Refs, the government, π. ἐστὶν ἡ πολιτεία Refs 4th c.BC+; οἱ ἐν π. the citizens, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. ἀκέραια, σωφρονικά, Refs 1st c.BC+free republics, Refs 1st c.BC+; form of government, πολίτεομα (sic) εἶναι ἐν Χίῳ δῆμον Refs 4th c.BC+, cf. Decrees Attic dialect cited in Refs 1st c.AD+ __III citizen rights, citizenship, ἀξίους τοῦ παρ᾽ ὑμῖν π. NT __IV concrete, body of citizens, τὸ π. τὸ Μιλησίων Refs 3rd c.BC+; souereign body, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV.2 corporate body of citizens resident in a foreign city, Καυνίων τὸ π. (at Sidon) Refs; τὸ π. τῶν Κρητῶν (in Egypt) Refs 2nd c.BC+ __IV.2.b generally, corporate body, association, τὸ π. τῶν γυναικῶν Refs; τὸ π. τινός founded by a person, Refs 1st c.AD+

Ῥωμᾰ-ϊκός, ή, όν, Refs 2nd c.BC+; δακτυλίδιον Refs 2nd c.BC+: superlative -κώτατοςRefs 6th c.AD+ adverb -κῶςRefs; in Roman fashion, Refs 2nd c.BC+: comparative, Refs 1st c.AD+

Ῥωμᾰ-ϊστί, adverb Refs 1st c.AD+

Σκύθ-ης, ου, ὁ: vocative Σκύθᾰ Refs 8th c.BC+, of a desert, Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, rude, rough person, ἐν λόγοις Σ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 adjective Refs 4th c.BC+; σίδηρος Refs 4th c.BC+ __II at Athens, one of the city police, which was mainly composed of Scythian slaves, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ={ἱπποτοξότης}, Refs 2nd c.AD+

Χαναναῖος, -α, -ον Canaanite: γυνή, Mat.15:22.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

† אַשּׁוּרִם n.pr.gent.pl. an Arab tribe traced back to Abraham & Keturah Gn 25:3 cf. Di.

† זוּזִים n.pr.gent. an ancient trans-Jordanic people, dwelling in הָם Gn 14:5; otherwise unknown; abode appar. in (later) land of Ammon, between Bashan and Moab; commonly supposed = זַמְזֻמִּים q.v., in that case perhaps text error in one case or the other, cf. NöUntersuchungen z. Kritik d. A. T. 162.—(𝔊 ἔθνη ἰσχυρά).—On n.pr.loc. Ζιζα, زيزا, between Boṣra and Lejûn, cf. Kn Di ad loc., Tristr Moab 132 ff.

† II. [זוּר, זִיר] vb. be loathsome, Bö§ 1142 (Arabic ذَارَ fastidivit, abhorruit; Assyrian zâru, hate Impf. izîru, DlPr 65 SchrCOT Gloss)—only Qal 3 fs. זָ֫רָה Jb 19:17 רוּחִי זָ֫רָה לְאִשְׁתִּי my breath is loathsome to my wife (וְחַנֹּתִי לְ in ‖ cl.); > most, who derive from i. זוּר, become strange and so repugnant.

† זַמְזֻמִּים n.pr.gent. said to be a name given to רְפָאִים by the Ammonites who dispossessed them Dt 2:20 (cf. Arabic زَمْزَمَ talk gibberish?), 𝔊 Ζοχομμιν, Ζομζομμειν, and Ζομμειν (so 𝔊L); cf. Gn 14:5 זוּזִים q.v. (𝔊 ἔθνη ἰσχυρά).

† [יהד] vb.denom. Hithp. become a Jew—only pt. מִתְיַהֲדִים Est 8:17 many of the people of the land were becoming Jews.

† I. יְהוּדִי adj.gent. Jewish, as subst. a Jew;—adj.m. אִישׁ יְהוּדִי Zc 8:23; pl. אֲנָשִׁים יְהוּדִים Jewish men Je 43:9 Est 2:5; as subst. Je 34:9 Est 3:4; הַיְהוּדִי the Jew Est 5:13; 6:10; 8:7; 9:29, 31; 10:3; f. הַיְּהֻדִיָּה the Jewess 1 Ch 4:18; pl. Jews יְהוּדִים Je 52:28, 30; הַיְּהוּדִים the Jews 2 K 16:6; 25:25 Je 32:12; 38:19; 40:11, 12; 41:3; 44:1 Ne 1:2; 2:16; 3:33, 34; 4:6; 5:1, 8, 17; 6:6; 13:23 Est 3:6, 10, 13; 4:3, 13, 14, 16; 6:13; 8:3, 5, 8, 9(×2), 11, 16, 17(×2); 9:1(×2), 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24(×2), 25, 27, 28, 30; 10:3; הַיְּהוּדִיי֯ם Est 4:7; 8:1, 7, 13; 9:15, 18.

† [לָעַז] vb. talk indistinctly, unintelligibly (NH id., in deriv. (לַעַז foreign language, לָעוּז foreigner), also murmur, remonstrate; Syriac ܠܥܶܙ talk indistinctly; Arabic لَغَزَ distort; iv. talk obscurely, ambiguously);—only Qal Pt. עַם לֹעֵז ψ 114:1 a people talking unintelligibly (‖ מִצְרַיִם).

—

† שָׂכִיר adj. hired;—abs. שׂ׳ Ex 12:45 +, f. שְׂכִירָה Is 7:20; cstr. שְׂכִיר Lv 25:53; sf. שְׂכִירְךָ v 6; pl. sf. שְׂכִרֶיהָ Je 46:21;— 1. hired, of beast Ex 22:14 (E), razor Is 7:20 (fig.). 2. usually as subst. hireling, hired labourer Dt 15:18; 24:14; Lv 19:13; 22:10; 25:6, 40, 53 (all H), Ex 12:45; Lv 25:50 (both P), Mal 3:5; Jb 7:1, 2; 14:6; כִּשְׁנֵי שׂ׳ Is 16:14 years like a hireling’s years (reckoned strictly), so 21:16; mercenaries Je 46:21.

† II. [סָכַר] vb. hire ( = שָׂכַר; ס erroneously for שׂ);—only Qal Pt. pl. וְסֹכְרִים Ezr 4:5 and hiring against (על) them agents.

† [שֹׁמְרֹנִי] adj.gent. Samaritan, only as n.pl. הַשֹּׁמְרֹנִים 2 K 17:29 the Samaritans.

† [תָּרָע i.e. tarrâʿ K§ 59 d)] n.m. porter, doorkeeper, in temple: pl. emph. תָּרָעַיָּא Ezr 7:24.