Nations and Peoples

I. עַם, עָם n.m. Gn 11:6 (v. infr.) people (NH id., plebeian, common man; 𝔗 עַמָּא people, pl. peoples, tribes, etc.; Syriac ܥܰܡܳܐ; Arabic عَمٌّ v. supr.; orig. meaning prob. those united, connected, related, cf. WeGGN 1893, 480);—abs. עַם Gn 11:6 +, עַם Ju 9:36 +, הָעָם Jos 8:11 +; cstr. עַם Nu 21:29 +; sf. עַמִּי Ex 3:7 +, עַמְּךָ 22:27 +, etc.; pl. עַמִּים Is 2:3 +, עֲמָמִים (cf. Biblical Aramaic) Ne 9:22; cstr. עַמֵּי 1 K 8:43 +, עַמְמֵי Ne 9:24; pl. c. sf. v. ii. עַם³" dir="rtl" >עַם;—(Thes cites foll. as f. וְחָטָאת עַמֶּ֑ךָ Ex 5:16 [but corrupt and unintellig.; read perhaps וְחַטָאתָ לְע׳, so 𝔊 𝔖 Di]; Ju 18:7 [but ישֶׁבֶת must agree with lost word city, or the like, v. GFM]; Je 8:5 [but read שׁוֹבַב for שׁוֹבְבָה Gie]);— 1. a people, nation (sometimes ‖ גּוֹי), n. coll. (sg. Ex 21:8 Jos 17:14, 15, 17; 2 S 17:29 + often, or pl. Ex 20:15; 24:2; Je 5:31 + often, or both in same clause Ex 1:20; 2 S 13:24): עַם אֶחָד = all mankind Gn 11:6 (J); peoples in gen. 27:29 (J; ‖ לְאֻמִּים), Ex 19:5 (E), Dt 2:25; 4:6 + often Dt, Ne 13:24 + often; קְהַל עַמִּים Gn 28:3 (P) an assembly (multitude) of peoples, 48:4 (P), Ez 23:24; 32:3 (+ דַבִּים); one’s own people Je 46:16 ψ 45:11; Ru 1:10, 15, 16(×2) + (on עַמִּי נָדִיב Ct 6:12 v. especially Bu); particular peoples, Egypt Gn 41:40 (E), Ex 1:22 (E), Ne 9:10 +; עַם־אֲרָם Am 1:5; עַם־כְּמוֹשׁ (i.e. Moab) Nu 21:29 (JE), Je 48:46; but especially Isr. Ex 1:20 (E) + often; עַם־בְּנֵי יִשׂ׳ v 9 (J); called ע׳ יהוה Nu 11:29 (E), 1 S 2:24 +, and (by י׳) עַמִּי Ex 3:7; 5:1 (J) + often (all periods); קְהַל עַם־הָאֱלֹהִים Ju 20:2, עַם־הַקָּהָל Lv 16:33 (P), קְהַל עָם ψ 107:32; especially הָעָם הַזֶּה (often in contempt or disgust) Nu 11:1, 12, 13 +; fig. of ants Pr 30:25, the shaphan v 26, locusts Jo 2:2, cf. לְעַם לְצִיִּים ψ 74:14 (where read לְעַם צִיִּים Hup-Now).—On Ju 1:16 v. עֲמָלֵקִי" dir="rtl" >עֲמָלֵקִי. 2. = smaller units, e.g. a. inhab. of a city Gn 19:4 (J), 1 S 9:12, 13; Je 29:16, 25; 2 Ch 31:4 + (Je 8:5 del. יְרוּשׁ׳ 𝔊 Gie Co Rothst). b. inhab. of a locality Je 37:12 [appar. not = tribe, Dt 33:3 read עַמּוֹ 𝔊 Di Dr, Ho 10:14; Ju 5:8, 14 read בְּעָרֶיךָ We Now; v. sub d]. c. retainers, followers Gn 14:16; 32:8; 33:15; 35:6; Ju 3:18; 8:5; 2 S 15:17; Je 41:13, 14 +. d. people bearing arms 1 S 11:11; 1 K 20:10 +; ע׳ כָּבֵד Nu 20:20 (JE), i.e. a powerful force; עַם הַצָּבָא Nu 31:32 (P), ע׳ הַמִּלְחָמָה Jos 8:1, 3, 11; 10:7; 11:7 (all JE); so prob. Ju 5:8 a (fighting) band; perhaps also v 14 (read sg.? v. GFM Bu). 3. = common people Je 21:7; 22:4, Lv 4:27 (opp. ruler v 22), Ne 5:1 (opp. יְהוּדִים), 7:5 (opp. rulers). 4. people in gen., persons Gn 50:20 (E), so appar. כָּל־הָעָם אֲשֵׁר וגו׳ Ex 33:16 (J), Nu 11:34 (J), Jos 5:5(×2) (D), Ju 9:36 (as sg.), v 37 (as pl.), Je 36:9; persons labouring 1 K 9:23; superior persons Jb 12:2 (iron.); עַם עוֹלָם Ez 26:20 people of long ago (now in Sheʾôl). 5. phrases are: a. (עַמָּהּ, עַמִּי, עַמְּךָ) כְּנֵי עַמּוֹ members of one’s people, compatriots, fellow-countrymen, etc. Nu 22:5 (E), Gn 23:11 (P) Lv 19:18 (H), Ju 14:16, 17; Ez 33:2, 12 +. b. בְּנֵי הָעָם = common people (v. 3) 2 K 23:6; Je 26:23 +; people in gen. שַׁעַר בְּנֵי הָעָם Je 17:19 i.e. public gate 2 Ch 35:5, 12. c. עַם הָאָרֶץ the people at large, as a body 2 K 11:14, 18, 19, 20; 15:5; 16:15; 21:24(×2) +, Je 37:2; 44:21 Lv 20:2 (H), Gn 23:7, 12, 13 (P); common people Je 34:19, cf. דַּלַּת ע׳ הא׳ 2 K 24:14; disting. from prince Ez 45:22; 46:3, 9, from priests Hg 2:4 Zc 7:5; = Canaanites Nu 14:9 (JE), cf. עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ 1 Ch 5:25; mixed post-exil. population Ezr 4:4. d. עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ usually peoples of the earth Jos 4:24 (D), 2 Ch 32:19 +; of heathen peoples about and in Pal. after exile Ezr 10:2, 11; traders Ne 10:31; עַמֵּי הָאֲרָצוֹת 9:30; 10:29; 2 Ch 32:13. e. מִשְׁפְּחוֹת עַמִּים ψ 96:7 = 1 Ch 16:28 (cf. ψ 22:23). f. בַּת־עַמִּי = people personif. Is 22:4; Je 4:11 + 7 times Je + 6:14 (van d. H.; om. בַּת Baer Gi), La 2:11; 3:48; 4:3, 6, 10; בְּתוּלַת בַּת־עַמִּי Je 14:17. g. designations of Isr. are: עַם־קָדוֹשׁ Dt 7:6 + 3 times, ע׳ קְדוֹשִׁים Dn 8:24, ע׳ (ה)קֹדֶשׁ Is 62:12; 63:18; Dn 12:7; ע׳ סְגֻלָּה Dt 7:6; 14:2; 26:18. h. of foreign (non-Isr.) peoples: ע׳ נָכְרִי Ex 21:8 (E), ע׳ אַחֵר Dt 28:32, and especially from language, ע׳ עִמְקֵי שָׂפָה Ez 3:5 cf. v 6, כִּלְשׁוֹן עַם וָעָם Ne 13:24 cf. Est 1:22(×2); 3:12, ע׳ לֹעֵג ψ 114:1. i. עַם עֶבְרָתִי Is 10:6, ע׳ חֶרְמִי 34:11, ע׳־מִבְחָרָיו Dn 11:15, עַמֵּי תּוֹעֵבוֹת הָאֵלָּה Ezr 9:14; לֹא עַם בִּינוֹת Is 27:11.—For עַם־עוֹלָם Is 44:7 read (אֹתִיּוֹת) מֵעוֹלָם (מִי הִשְׁמִי)עַ Oort Du Kit CheHpt cf. PerlesAnal. 40, 64.

גּוֹי561 n.m. Gn 12:2 nation, people (NH id. Gentiles, Ph. גו community, ܓܰܘܳܐ, Sab. גו id., DHMZMG 1883, 348)—ג׳ Gn 12:2 + 121 times; sf. i s. גּוֹיִ Zp 2:9, גּוֹיֶ֑ךָ ψ 106:5, גּוֹיֵךְ Kt Ez 36:13, 14, 15 (Qr wrongly גּוֹיַיִךְ cf. Co, who del. v 15); pl. גּוֹיִם Gn 10:5 + 410 times + Qr Gn 25:23 ψ 79:10 (Kt גיים) + 6 times Ez (var. emend. Co); cstr. גּוֹיֵי Gn 18:18 + 8 times, גּוֹיֵ 2 Ch 32:13 Ezr 6:21 (cf. Baer’s notes); sf. גּוֹיֵהֶם Gn 10:5, 20, 31, 32;— 1. nation, people Gn 10:5(×2), 20, 31, 32(×2) (all P) +; Is 2:2, 4(×2) = Mi 4:2, 3(×2); †Jb 12:23(×2); 34:29†; Pr 14:34; כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ Gn 18:18; 22:18; 26:4 (all J) Dt 28:1. a. specif. of descendants of Abraham, גּוֹי גָּדוֹל Gn 12:2 cf. 18:18 (both J), גּוֹיִם 17:6, הֲמוֹן גּוֹיִם 17:4, 5 (all P); of Sarah גּוֹיִם 17:16 (P); of Ishmael גּוֹי 21:13, גּוֹי גָּדוֹל v 18 (both E), גּוֹי גָּדוֹל 17:20 (P); of Jacob גּוֹי וּקְהַל גּוֹיִם Gn 35:11 (P), גּוֹי גָּדוֹל 46:3 (E); of Ephraim מְלֹא הַגּ׳ 48:19 (J); of Moses גּוֹי גָּדוֹל Ex 32:10 (J) cf. Nu 14:12 (J) Dt 9:14; of Jacob and Esau as two nations Gn 25:23 (J). b. definitely of Israel Ex 19:6 (גּ׳ קָדוֹשׁ) 33:13 (both JE), Dt 4:6 (הַגּוֹי הַגָּדוֹל הַזֶּה, said by heathen cf. v 7, 8) v. also v 34, 26:5 cf. ψ 33:12, ψ 83:5 (said by enemies) Je 31:36; 33:24 Ez 27:22; in narrative Jos 3:17; 4:1; 5:8 (JE), v 6 (D), 10:13 (poet., no art.); of Israel and Judah as two nations Ez 35:10 (said by heathen) 37:22; of Judah Is 26:2, 15(×2) cf. 58:2; 60:22 Mi 4:7; once my people Zp 2:9 (‖ עַם); thy people ψ 106:5 (i.e. of י׳), cf. also Ez 36:13, 14 (read Kt); especially of Israel and (or) Judah as sinful, rebellious Dt 32:28 Ju 2:20 Is 1:4; 10:6 Je 5:9, 29; 7:28; 9:8; 12:17 Ez 2:3 (del. 𝔊 Co) Hg 2:14 Mal 3:9.—Note. This definite ref. to Israel and (or) Judah is comparatively rare; in Hex not P (yet v. Gn 17:4, 5, 6, 16; 35:11 P); seldom in exile & post-exile proph.; not Chr.— c. usually of non-Heb. peoples Ex 9:24; 34:10 (JE) Lv 25:44 (H) Nu 14:15 (J) Dt 15:6(×2) 1 K 5:11 1 Ch 14:17; 16:20 Is 11:10, 12 + often; opp. Israel as עם י׳ 2 S 7:23 1 Ch 17:21(×2) ect., v. עַם³" dir="rtl" >עם, cf. also Nu 23:9; note especially גְּלִיל הַגּוֹיִם Is 8:23 circle or district of the nations (v. גָּלִיל); also חֲרֹשֶׁת הַגּ׳ Ju 4:2, 13, 16 Charosheth of the nations, & מֶלֶךְ גּוֹיִם לְגִלְגָּ֖ל Jos 12:23 king of nations (peoples, tribes) belonging to Gilgal (𝔊 Di to the district, i.e. ‘Galilee’); especially of these peoples as heathen: idolatrous Lv 8:24, 28 (P) 20:23 (H) 1 K 14:24 2 K 17:8, 11, 15, 26, 29(×2) 2 Ch 28:3; 32:13 +, Ezr 6:21 Ez 5:6 +; hostile Gn 15:14 (J) Lv 26:33; 38, 45 (H) Dt 4:27; 9:4, 5; 18:9 1 Ch 16:35 Je 5:15 Ez 4:13 + often Je Ez, etc.; in simile Ez 20:32; 25:8; sometimes ‖ עַם ψ 33:10, 12 Is 11:10 Je 6:18, v. also Is 2:2, 4 comp. with Mi 4:1, 3. 2. fig. of swarm of locusts Jo 1:6; of all species of beasts Zp 2:14. 3. גּוֹיִם Gn 14:1, 9 prob. mutilated n.pr. v. infr.

ἔθνος, εος, τό: (ϝέθνος,Refs 8th c.BC+: - number of people living together, company, body of men, ἑτάρων ἔ., ἔ. ἑταίρων, band of comrades, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔθνος λαῶν host of men, Refs; of particular tribes, Αυκίων μέγα ἔ. Refs 8th c.BC+; of animals, ἔ. μελισσάων, ὀρνίθων, μυιάων, swarms, flocks, etc., Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔ. ἀνέρων, γυναικῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. βρότεον, θνατόν, Refs; ἔ. τόδε, of the Erinyes, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 after Refs 8th c.BC+, nation, people, τὸ Μηδικὸν ἔ. (γένος being a subdivision of ἔθνος) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. ἠπειρογενές, μαχαιροφόρον, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.b later, τὰ ἔ. foreign, barbarous nations, opposed to Ἕλληνες, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔ. νομάδων, of Bedawîn, Refs; at Athens, athletic clubs of non-Athenians, Refs, non-Jews,LXX+NT __2.c at Rome, = provinciae, Refs 2nd c.AD+: so in singular, province, ὁ τυραννήσας τοῦ ἔθνους Refs 1st c.AD+; ὁ ἡγούμενος τοῦ ἔθνους the governor of the province, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __3 class of men, caste, tribe, τὸ Θετταλῶν.. πενεστικὸν ἔ. Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶσθά τι ἔ. ἠλιθιώτερον ῥαψῳδῶ; Refs 5th c.BC+; δημιουργικὸν ἔ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἱερὰ ἔ. the orders of priests, Refs 2nd c.BC+; trade-associations or guilds, ἔθνη καὶ ἐργαστήρια Refs 3rd c.BC+; class in respect to rank or station, οὐ πρὸς τοῦτο βλέποντες.. ὅπως.. ἕν τι ἔ. ἔσται διαφερόντως εὔδαιμον Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 sex, θῆλυ, ἄρρεν ἔ., Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 part, member, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of a single person, a relation, Refs 5th c.BC+

λᾱός, ὁ, Ionic dialect ληός Refs 6th c.BC+ (variant{λαόν}, which is in all Mss. in Refs 6th c.BC+; Attic dialect λεώς, which is also used in Refs 5th c.BC+ and in late Prose, as Foed.Byzantine cited in Refs 5th c.BC+ __1 in Refs 8th c.BC+ (λαοί) usually means men, i.e. soldiers, both of the whole army and smaller divisions, κριτὸς ἔγρετο λ. Ἀχαιῶν Refs; periphrastic, στρατὸς λαῶνRefs; mostly including both foot and horse, as Refs; but sometimes λαός denotes foot, as opposed to horse, Refs; also, a land army, opposed to a fleet, Refs; also, the common men, opposed to their leaders, Refs; but __2 in Refs 8th c.BC+, almost always means men or people; as subjects of a prince, e.g. Refs 8th c.BC+; λαοὶ ἀγροιῶται country-folk, Refs; work-people, Refs; of sailors, Refs 8th c.BC+ seafaring folk, Refs 5th c.BC+: in singular, slave, τὸν Εὐρυσθέως λεών, of Heracles, Refs 4th c.BC+; and so perhaps λεὼς αὔτοικος Refs, i.e. mankind, Refs 4th c.BC+; λ. ἐγχώριοι the natives,Refs 8th c.BC+; especially in Egypt, of the fellahin, Refs 3rd c.BC+; civil population, opposed to priests and soldiers, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 people assembled, as in the theatre, ὁ πολὺς λαῶν ὄχλος Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in the Ecclesia, αἱ στίχες τῶν λαῶν Refs hear O people!—the usual way of beginning proclamations at Athens, like our Refs 6th c.BC+; τιμῶσιν οἱ πάντες λεῴRefs 4th c.BC+; ὁ πολὺς λεώς the multitude, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 in LXX, of the people, as opposed to priests and Levites, NT; of NT __II a people, i.e. all who are called by one name, first in Refs 5th c.BC+; ἱππόται λαοί, i.e. the Thessalians, Refs 5th c.BC+ people and λᾶος stone (compare λᾶας) is implied in Refs 8th c.BC+; and so Refs 5th c.BC+ explains the word from the legend of Deucalion, Refs 5th c.BC+ (From λᾱϝ-, as shown by the proper noun Λαϝοπτόλεμος Refs

אֱמֹרִי n.pr.m.coll. (construed as pl. Dt 3:9 + 5 times) Amorites (perhaps = mountain-dwellers, cf. Nu 13:29; Dt 1:7, 19 f. etc. & Di Gn 10:16 al.)—always c. art., except Nu 21:29; Ez 16:45. Meaning mountain-dwellers very dub.; on א׳ = Egyptian ʾA-ma-ra v. WMMAs. u. Eur. 229 ff., = TelAm. and Assyrian Amurru, v. WklTelAm. 36 JastrEB Canaan, § 10 SayHastDB Amorites al.; cf. also GFM; Ju 4,5 Dr Dt 1:7 Gray Nu 13:29. 1. called son of Canaan Gn 10:16 (J) 1 Ch 1:14 = 2. a chief people dispossessed by Hebrews; (a) living E. of Jordan Nu 21:13,(×2), 25 + 9 times Nu + Jos 24:8 (all E), cf. Jos 2:10; 9:10 (JE) Dt 1:4; 3:2, 9 + 7 times D; also Ju 10:8, 11; 11:19, 21, 22, 23; 1 K 4:19 ψ 135:11; 136:19 (Sihon their king Nu 21:21 +; Sihon & Og Dt 3:8 +); (b) living W. of Jordan Jos 10:5, 6; 24:12, 15, 18 (all E), cf. 7:7 (JE); 5:1; 10:12 (both D; cf. also 13:4, q. del. Di) Ju 1:34, 35, 36; 6:10; 1 K 21:26; 2 K 21:11 cf. 1 S 7:14; 2 S 21:2; (c) living in south Dt 1:7, 19, 20, 27, 44; cf. Gn 14:7 (W. of Dead Sea); (d) in gen. = ancient inhabitants of Canaan Gn 15:16 (J or R) 48:22 (E) Am 2:9, 10; (e) named in list of Canaanitish peoples, to be dispossessed by Isr. Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:2; 34:11; Jos 3:10; 9:1 (all J); Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 11:3; 12:8 (all D); Ex 23:23; Nu 13:29; Jos 24:11 (all E); Ju 3:5; 1 K 9:20; 2 Ch 8:7; Ezr 9:1; Ne 9:8; cf. Ez 16:3, 45; (on these lists cf. BuUrgesch 344 ff. & WeJBTh xxi. 602.) 3. adj.gent. sg. Gn 14:13; Dt 2:24.

† לְאֹם, לְאוֹם n.m. Gn 25:23 people, poet. and chiefly late;—ל׳ abs. Gn 25:23(×2) Pr 14:28, לְאוֹם Pr 11:26; sf. לְאוּמִּו Is 51:4; pl. לְאֻמִּים Gn 25:23 + 28 times; לְאוּמִּים Is 55:4;—people, both of Isr. and of Edom, Gn 25:23(×3) (J; Jacob and Esau; ‖ גּוֹי); elsewhere of Isr. only Is 51:4 (sg. ‖ עַם); usually pl. of other peoples:—שְׁאוֹן ל׳ Is 17:12 (‖ הֲמוֹן עמים), cf. v 13; ‖ גּוֹיִם Is 34:1; 43:9; ψ 2:1; 44:3, 15; 105:44; 149:7, cf. Is 55:4(×2) (גּוֹי in v 5); ‖ עַמִּים Gn 27:29 (J), Hb 2:13 Je 51:58 ψ 47:4; 57:10; 67:5(×2); 108:4; Pr 24:24; further Is 41:1; 49:1 (both ‖ אִיִּים), 43:4 (‖ אָדָם), 60:2 (‖ אֶרֶץ), ψ 9:9 (‖ תֵּבֵל), 148:11 (‖ מַלְכֵי אֶרֶץ, etc.); עֲדַת לְאֻמִּים ψ 7:8, הֲמוֹן ל׳ 65:8; of any and all peoples Pr 14:34; sg. indef. = people in gen., as making public opinion, 11:26 (coll., c. pl. vb.); = population, as subjects of prince 14:28 (‖ עַם).

† II. [עַם] n.[m.] kinsman* kinsman, later development of i. עַם RSK 58; 2nd ed. 72. (on father’s side) (Arabic عَمٌّ paternal uncle, etc. v. I. עמם; cf. perhaps TelAm. ammu, kinsmen (?); on Nab. עם ancestor cf. Lzb151, 499; v. also especially NesEg 187, ZAW xvi (1896), 322 f. Krenkelib. viii (1888), 280–84);—sf. עַמִּי in בֶּן־עַמִּי (q.v.), and n.pr. sqq.; elsewhere pl. sf. עַמֶּיךָ Nu 27:13; 31:2 (Lv 19:16 read עַמְּךָ 𝔊 Sam), + (poss.) עֲמָמֶיךָ Ju 5:14; עַמָּיו Gn 25:8 + 15 times, עַמֶּיהָ 17:14 + 3 times; read עַמַּי (for MT עַמִּי, 1עַם; cf. Krenkell.c. 281) Gn 49:29 and perhaps Ju 14:3 (cf. Lv 21:14); according to Buhl Kit also 2 K 4:13;—father’s kinsmen: וַיֵּאָסֵף אֶל־עַמָּיו Gn 25:8 (of joining kinsmen in Sheʾôl), so v 17; 35:29; 49:33; Nu 20:24; Dt 32:50, cf. Gn 49:29 (v. supr.), Nu 27:13; 31:2; Dt 32:50 (all P); וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ מֵעַמֶּיהָ Gn 17:14 (severed from living kinsmen), so Lv 7:20, 21, 25, 27; 19:8; 23:29; Nu 9:13, מִקֶּרֶב עַמֶּיהָ Ex 31:14, cf. 30:33, 38; Lv 17:9 (all PH); מֵעַמָּיו יִקַּח אִשָּׁה 21:14 (H), and perhaps Ju 14:3 (sim. 1עַם: [ם—ָ, הּ—ָ] מִקֶּרֶב עַמּוֹ Lv 17:4, 10; 18:29 +); other combin. Ju 5:14 (si vera l., read perhaps בְּעַמֶּ֑ךָ, v. 1.עַם 2 d), Lv 21:1, 4, 15 (H), Ez 18:18 and (perhaps) 2 K 4:13.—בֶּן־עַמִּי (v. p. 122 b) perhaps = son of my kinsman; on n.pr. c. עַם v. GrayProp. N. 41 ff..

† חִוִּי adj. gent. (= villagers?)— 1. שְׁכֶם בֶּן־חֲמוֹר הַח׳ Gn 34:2 (P), cf. צִבְעוֹן הַח׳ 36:2 (but read rather הַחֹרִי Ol Di cf. 𝔊 Jos 9:7). 2. c. art. as n.pr.coll. הַחִוִּי the Hivvites ‘begotten’ by Canaan Gn 10:17 = 1 Ch 1:15; especially in list of Canaanit. peoples displaced by Hebrews Ex 3:8, 17; 13:5; 23:23, 28; 33:2; 34:11 Dt 7:1; 20:17 Jos 3:10; 9:1; 12:8; 24:11 (all JED), Ju 3:5 1 K 9:20 = 2 Ch 8:7; cf. עָרֵי הַח׳ וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי 2 S 24:7 (note מִבְצַר־צֹר, צִידוֹן, just preceding); applied specif. to Gibeonites Jos 9:7 (JE), 11:19 (D).—In Jos 11:3 Ju 3:3 read prob. הַחִתִּי for הַחִוִּי We Mey BuUrg. 350 v. (partly) 𝔊, Dr on Dt 7:1.

† עַם n.m. Ezr 6:12 people (v. BH I. עמם, עַם);—ע׳ abs. Dn 2:44; 3:29; Ezr 6:12, cstr. Dn 7:27; emph. עַמָּה Ezr 5:12, עַמָּא 7:13, 16, 25; pl. emph. עַמְמַיָּא (K§§ 15 d); 55, 5 a)) Dn 3:4, 7(×2), 31; 5:19; 6:26; 7:14.

† אֻמָּה n.f. nation (BH id., late);—abs. א׳ Dn 3:29; pl. emph. אֻמַּיָּא 3:4, 7, 31; 5:19; 6:26; 7:14; Ezr 4:10.

† תּוּבַל n.pr.terr. et. gent. in E. Asia Minor, perhaps nearly = Cappadocia (= Assyrian Tabalu DlPa 250 f. COT Gn 10:2, cf. Di Gn 10:2);—ת׳ Is 66:19 Ez 27:13, תֻּבַל 32:26, תֻּבָ֑ל Gn 10:2 = 1 Ch 1:5; Ez 38:2, 3; 39:1; Θοβελ.

† גִּרְגָּשִׁי adj.gent. only הַגּ׳ as n.pr.coll.; ‘begotten’ by Canaan Gn 10:16 = 1 Ch 1:14; in list of Canaanitish peoples displaced by Isr.; territ. unknown; Gn 15:21 Dt 7:1 Jos 3:10; 24:11 Ne 9:8; cf. Gn 10:16 1 Ch 1:14 supr. (Hex only JED).

δῆμος, Doric dialect δᾶμος (compare infr. IV), ὁ, district, country, land, Βοιωτοὶ μάλα πίονα δ. ἔχοντες Refs 8th c.BC+ the land of dreams, Refs __2 the people, inhabitants of such a district, πόληΐ τε παντί τε δήμῳ Refs 8th c.BC+ __II hence (since the common people lived in the country, the chiefs in the city), the commons, common people, δήμου ἀνήρ, opposed to βασιλεύς, ἔξοχος ἀνήρ, etc., NT+8th c.BC+ being a commoner, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to οἱ εὐδαίμονες, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to οἱ παχέες, Refs; opposed to οἱ δυνατοί, Refs 5th c.BC+; = Latin plebs, Refs 1st c.BC+unus de plebe, Refs 2nd c.AD+; in an army, rank and file, opposed to officers, ὁ δ. τῶν στρατιωτῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, δ. ἰχθύων Refs 4th c.BC+; ὀρνέων Refs 4th c.AD+ __III in a political sense, the sovereign people, the free citizens, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 popular government, democracy, opposed to ὀλιγαρχίη, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to οἱ τύραννοι, Refs 5th c.BC+; δήμου κατάλυσις Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. καταστῆσαι, καταπαύειν, Refs 5th c.BC+: in plural, democracies, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.3 the popular assembly, λέγειν ἐν τῷ δ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δ., formula in Inscrr., as Refs; of the assembly of Oxyrhynchus, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __IV township, commune (= Doric dialect κώμη accusative to Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.:—Doric dialect δᾶμος, Refs: in indications of origin, Σωφάνης ἐκ δ. Δεκελεῆθεν Refs 5th c.BC+ __V name for a prostitute, Refs 7th c.BC+ __VI faction in the circus, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __VII ={κατανάγκη}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+. (Perh. cognate with Sanskrit dā´ti 'reap', δαίομαι, δατέομαι.)

ἐθν-ικός, ή, όν, national, συστάσεις Refs 5th c.BC+ __II foreign, gentile, NT adverb -κῶς, opposed to ἸουδαϊκῶςNT __II.b in the Roman Empire, provincial, Codex Just.Refs __III Grammars, indicating nationality, Refs 2nd c.BC+ adverb -κῶς, παραχθένRefs 1st c.BC+ __III.2 dialectal, ἔθος Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV ἐθνικός, ὁ, tax-collector, Refs 6th c.AD+

πολῑτ-ης, ου, ὁ, Ionic dialect πολιήτης (which see), citizen, freeman, Refs 8th c.BC+; πόλεως, πόλεων π., Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fellow-citizen (compare πολιήτης), Refs 7th c.BC+: and by a Comedy texts metaphorically, οἴνου π. ὢν κρατίστου Refs 4th c.BC+ __II adjective belonging to, connected with one's city or country, θεοὶ πολῖται, ={πολιοῦχοι}, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. δῆμος, ={ὁ τῆς πόλεως}, Refs 5th c.BC+

Ἀθην-αιότης, τητος, ἡ, quality of being Athenian, Refs 2nd c.AD+

Αἰθίοψ, οπος, ὁ, feminine Αἰθιοπίς, ίδος, ἡ (Αἰθίοψ as feminine, Refs 4th c.BC+: plural ΑἰθιοπῆεςRefs 8th c.BC+: (αἴθω, ὄψ):—properly, Burnt-face, i.e. Ethiopian, negro, Refs 8th c.BC+; proverbial, Αἰθίοπα σμήχειν 'to wash a blackamoor white', Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 a fish, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II adjective, Refs 5th c.BC+substantive Αἰθιοπίς, ἡ, title of Epic poem in the Homeric cycle; also name of a plant, silver sage, Salvia argentea, Refs 1st c.AD+:— also Αἰθιόπιος, α, ον, Refs 5th c.BC+: Αἰθιοπικός, ή, όν, Refs 5th c.BC+; Αἰ. κύμινον, ={ἄμι}, Refs 5th c.BC+:—substantive Αἰθιοπία, ἡ, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 red-brown, Refs 1st c.BC+

Ἀλεξανδρεύς, -έως, ὁ an Alexandrian: Act.6:9 18:24.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

πολῑτ-εία, Ionic dialect πολῑτ-ηΐη, ἡ, condition and rights of a citizen, citizenship, Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, grants of citizenship, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 the daily life of a citizen, Refs 5th c.BC+; life, living, ἡ ἐν Βοιωτίᾳ π. NT+2nd c.BC+ __3 concrete, body of citizens, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 = Latin civitas in geographical sense, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II government, administration, Refs 5th c.BC+; course of policy, τῇ π. καὶ τοῖς ψηφίσμασι Refs 4th c.BC+: plural, acts of policy, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 tenure of public office, πᾶσαν π. ἐπιφανῶς ἐκτελέσαι Refs; ἐν τοῖς τῆς π. χρόνοις Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III civil polity, constitution of a state, Refs 5th c.BC+; form of gouernment, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν ἀρίστην πολιτεύεσθαι π.Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 especially republican government, free common-wealth, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὅταν δὲ τὸ πλῆθος πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν πολιτεύηται συμφέρον, καλεῖται π.Refs 5th c.BC+

† גּוֹיִם n.pr.gent. Gn 14:1, 9, in phr. תִּדְעָל מֶלֶךְ גּוֹיִם Tidʿal king of Goim; prob. a Babylonian (Elamitic, etc.) name corrupted; H. Rawlinson proposes Gutî, a people NE. of Babylonia, COT on Gn 14:1; also KGF 258 al.; cf. also DlPa 233 f.

† רוֹדָנִים n.pr.gent.pl. Rhodians;—1 Ch 1:7, Ῥόδιοι; and so ‖ Gn 10:4 (for דֹּדָנִים q.v.).

† תִּירָ֑ס n.pr.terr. et gent. ‘son’ of Japhet Gn 10:2; 1 Ch 1:5; Θειρας; identified by MeyGesch. d. Alt. i. 260 Di Holz Gunk al. with Gk. Τυρσηνο��, Egypt. Turuša, on coast of Ægean.

Ἀντιοχεύς, -έως, ὁ a citizen of Antioch, an Antiochian: Act.6:5.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Asiatic , Refs 5th c.BC, etc. also Ἀσιάτης, feminine Ἀσιᾶτις, Ionic Ἀσιήτης Ἀσιῆτις, 6th/5th c.BC, Refs 5th c.BC (Middle Liddel)

Βεροιαῖος, -α, -ον, Berœan: Act.20:4.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Γαλάτης, -ου, ὁ (originally syn. with cl. Κέλτης; cf. 1Ma.8:2, and see next word), a Galatian: Gal.3:1.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

δωδεκά-φῡλος, ον, of twelve tribes, τὸ δ. the twelve tribes of Israel, NT

Included with: ἐθν-ικός, ή, όν, national, συστάσεις Refs 5th c.BC+ __II foreign, gentile, NT adverb -κῶς, opposed to ἸουδαϊκῶςNT __II.b in the Roman Empire, provincial, Codex Just.Refs __III Grammars, indicating nationality, Refs 2nd c.BC+ adverb -κῶς, παραχθένRefs 1st c.BC+ __III.2 dialectal, ἔθος Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV ἐθνικός, ὁ, tax-collector, Refs 6th c.AD+

Πάρθος, -ου, ὁ a Parthian: Act.2:9.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

πολῑτ-ευμα, ατος, τό, business of government, act of administration, Refs 4th c.BC+: more frequently in plural, measures of government or institutions, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔν τε τοῖς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν π. καὶ ἐν τοῖς Ἑλληνικοῖς both in my home and foreign policy, Refs 1st c.AD+; π. Refs 1st c.BC+ __II the concrete of πολιτεία Refs, the government, π. ἐστὶν ἡ πολιτεία Refs 4th c.BC+; οἱ ἐν π. the citizens, Refs 4th c.BC+; π. ἀκέραια, σωφρονικά, Refs 1st c.BC+free republics, Refs 1st c.BC+; form of government, πολίτεομα (sic) εἶναι ἐν Χίῳ δῆμον Refs 4th c.BC+, cf. Decrees Attic dialect cited in Refs 1st c.AD+ __III citizen rights, citizenship, ἀξίους τοῦ παρ᾽ ὑμῖν π. NT __IV concrete, body of citizens, τὸ π. τὸ Μιλησίων Refs 3rd c.BC+; souereign body, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV.2 corporate body of citizens resident in a foreign city, Καυνίων τὸ π. (at Sidon) Refs; τὸ π. τῶν Κρητῶν (in Egypt) Refs 2nd c.BC+ __IV.2.b generally, corporate body, association, τὸ π. τῶν γυναικῶν Refs; τὸ π. τινός founded by a person, Refs 1st c.AD+

Σκύθ-ης, ου, ὁ: vocative Σκύθᾰ Refs 8th c.BC+, of a desert, Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, rude, rough person, ἐν λόγοις Σ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 adjective Refs 4th c.BC+; σίδηρος Refs 4th c.BC+ __II at Athens, one of the city police, which was mainly composed of Scythian slaves, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ={ἱπποτοξότης}, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† אַשּׁוּרִם n.pr.gent.pl. an Arab tribe traced back to Abraham & Keturah Gn 25:3 cf. Di.

† זוּזִים n.pr.gent. an ancient trans-Jordanic people, dwelling in הָם Gn 14:5; otherwise unknown; abode appar. in (later) land of Ammon, between Bashan and Moab; commonly supposed = זַמְזֻמִּים q.v., in that case perhaps text error in one case or the other, cf. NöUntersuchungen z. Kritik d. A. T. 162.—(𝔊 ἔθνη ἰσχυρά).—On n.pr.loc. Ζιζα, زيزا, between Boṣra and Lejûn, cf. Kn Di ad loc., Tristr Moab 132 ff.

† זַמְזֻמִּים n.pr.gent. said to be a name given to רְפָאִים by the Ammonites who dispossessed them Dt 2:20 (cf. Arabic زَمْزَمَ talk gibberish?), 𝔊 Ζοχομμιν, Ζομζομμειν, and Ζομμειν (so 𝔊L); cf. Gn 14:5 זוּזִים q.v. (𝔊 ἔθνη ἰσχυρά).

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