Food and Nourishment

לֶ֫חֶם296 n.m. 1 S 9:7 and (rarely) f. Gn 49:20 (vid. infr., and Dr 1 S 10:4) bread, food (Ph. לחם bread; NH לֶחֶם; Aramaic לַחְמָא, ܠܰܚܡܳܐ, as Heb.; Arabic لَحْمٌ flesh, meat (cf. Frä30));—abs. ל׳ Gn 3:19 +; לָ֑חֶם Gn 31:54 +; לֶ֑חֶם ψ 14:4 + 2 times; cstr. לֶחֶם Ho 9:4 +; sf. לַחְמִי Jb 3:24 +, לַחְמְךָ Ob 7 +, לַחְמָם Ho 9:4b, + v 4a (for MT לָהֶם), We GASm Now, + etc.;— 1. a. bread, the ordinary food of early Hebrews (BenzArch. 84 ff. NowArch. i. 109 ff.) Ex 21:14 (E), Nu 21:5 Jos 9:5, 12 (JE), Dt 8:3; 23:5 Ex 16:3 (P) +; כִּכַּר־ל׳ loaf of bread 1 S 2:36 + (vid. כִּכָּר sub כרר), and without ככר (always c. num.) †1 S 10:4; 16:20 (v. Dr), 17:17; 21:4; 25:18 2 S 16:1 1 K 14:3 2 K 4:42†; חַלַּת ל׳ cake of bread 2 S 6:19 Ex 29:23 + (v. חַלָּה sub I. חלל); made from barley (שְׂעֹרִים) Ju 7:13 2 K 4:42 (v. also לָחֶם supr.); from wheat-flour (סֹלֶת חִטִּים) Ex 29:2 (P); cf. the mixture Ez 4:9; made by baking (אפה) Is 44:15, 19 Lv 26:26 (H; cf. Je 37:21); †פַּת־ל׳ a bit of bread 1 S 2:36 1 K 17:11 Pr 28:21, cf. Ez 13:19, as modest term for a hospitable meal Gn 18:5 (J), Ju 19:5 1 S 28:22†; disting. from meat (flesh), Gn 27:17 (J), 1 S 25:11 1 K 17:6(×2) Ex 16:8, 12 (also v 3 supr.), 29:32, 34 Lv 8:31 (all P), 23:18 (H), 1 Ch 12:40 ψ 78:20 Dn 10:3; = a meal 1 S 20:27, אָכַל ל׳ = take a meal Gn 31:54(×2); 37:25; 43:25, 32 +; אכל לַחְמִי ψ 41:10 eat my bread, establishing an obligation, cf. Ob 7 (read אֹכְלֵי ל׳ according to MartiKauAT; del. ל׳ 𝔊 Hi We, cf. VB) עשׂה ל׳ = make a feast Ec 10:19; מַטֵּה ל׳ staff of bread (as support of life), only late †Ez 4:16; 5:16; 14:13 Lv 26:26 (H), ψ 105:16; cf. מִשְׁעָן" dir="rtl" >מִשְׁעַן ל׳ Is 3:1 (gloss)†; leavened bread is ל׳ חָמֵץ Lv 7:13; unleavened bread is ל׳ מַצּוֹת Ex 29:2 (both P); †ל׳ (הַ)פָּנִים bread of the face (of י׳; i. e. in his presence, Di Lv 24:9 Dr 1 S 21:7): in the sanctuary 1 S 21:7 1 K 7:48 = 2 Ch 4:19, Ex 25:30; 35:13; 39:36, without פ׳ 40:23 (all P); = ל׳ הַתָּמִיד Nu 4:7 (P), ל׳ קֹדֶשׁ 1 S 21:5; in Chr ל׳ הַמַּעֲרָ֑כֶת 1 Ch 9:32 cf. 23:29 Ne 10:34, מ׳ ל׳ 2 Ch 13:11; opp. ל׳ חֹל 1 S 21:5†; ל׳ תְּנוּפָה Lv 23:17 wave-loaf; ל׳ (הַ)בִּכֻּרִים v 20 2 K 4:42 bread of first-fruits. †b. = bread-corn, the material from which bread is made, i.e. wheat, barley, etc.: Gn 41:54, 55 (E), 47:13, 15, 17(×2), 19 (J), 49:20 (poem in J), Is 28:28; 30:23; 55:10 Je 5:17 Ez 48:18 Jb 28:5 Pr 28:3 ψ 104:14; ל׳ הָאָרֶץ Nu 15:19 (P), ארץ ל׳ 2 K 18:32 = Is 36:17†. 2. food in general: a. of man Ju 13:16 (kid, v 15), 1 S 14:24(×2), 28 (honey), 28:20; 30:12 Pr 27:27(×2) (goat’s milk) +; נֹתֵן ל׳ לְכָל־בָּשָׂר ψ 136:25 Pr 22:9. †b. of animals, Pr 6:8; 30:25 Is 65:25 Jb 24:5 ψ 147:9†. †c. of God (in sacrifices): †ל׳ אֱלהֵיהֶם (cf. RSSem i. 207, 2nd ed., 224) Lv 21:6 cf. v 8, 17, 21, 22, 22:13, 25 (all H), Nu 28:2 (P), Ez 16:19; 44:7, and ל׳ מְגֹאָל Mal 1:7; also ל׳ אִשֶּׁה (לי׳) Lv 3:11, 16 Nu 28:24 (all P)†. 3. other phrases and fig. uses are: a. ל׳ רֶשַׁע Pr 4:17 (acc. cogn. c. לָחַם), prob. = food gained by wickedness (‖ יֵין חֲמָסִים), cf. שֶׁ֫קֶר" dir="rtl" >ל׳ שָׁ֑קֶר 20:17, ל׳ כְּזָבִים 23:3; ל׳ עַצְלוּת 31:27 = bread of idleness, i. e. unearned; ל׳ חֻקִּי Pr 30:8 (opp. to riches and poverty, v. חֹק); ל׳ לַחַץ 1 K 22:27 = 2 Ch 18:26, vid. לַ֫חַץ" dir="rtl" >לַחַץ infr.; ל׳ הָעֲצָבִים ψ 127:2, vid. ii. עֶ֫צֶב²" dir="rtl" >עֶצֶב; ל׳ אוֹנִים Ho 9:4, vid. בֵּית אָ֫וֶן" dir="rtl" >אָוֶן, p. 20a; ל׳ אֲנָשִׁים Ez 24:17, 22 of food offered to mourners, cf. Je 16:7 (where ins. ל׳ 𝔊 Gf Gie); שַׁלַּח לחמך על־פני המים Ec 11:1 usually interpr. of benevolent giving (cf. Now); De al. of sea-commerce in bread stuffs, cf. Pr 31:14. b. fig. לַחְמֵנוּ הֵם Nu 14:9 (JE) our food are they, i. e. we will devour, destroy, them (cf. Dt 7:16); דִּמְעָתִי ל׳ ψ 42:4 cf. 80:6 (vid. אכל, p. 37b supr.); ל׳ of evil deeds of wicked Jb 20:14; עֵץ בְּלַחְמוֹ Je 11:19 appar. fig. of destroying the prophet and his house, but read prob. בְּלֵחוֹ in its freshness (i. e. untimely), so Hi Gf Che Gie (vid. לֵחַ = sub לחח supra).

אֹ֫כֶל40 n.m. Gn 41:36 food (Arabic أُكْلٌ, Aramaic אוּכְלָא, ܐܘܽܟܠܴܐ, As. akalu DlW, Eth. እክል )—א׳ abs. Gn 41:35 +; cstr. Gn 41:35, 48; sf. אָכְלֶ֑ךָ Lv 25:37; אָכְלוֹ Mal 1:12. etc.;—Hex mostly JED, not Ez.—food, food-supply, especially cereals of store in Egypt Gn 41:35(×2) + 12 textual Gn 41–44; 47:24 cf. 14:11 (JE); also Lv 11:34; 25:37 (P) Dt 2:6, 28 (D); נֶשֶׁךְ א׳ usury of food Dt 23:20 (D) (‖ נ׳ כֶּסֶף, etc.); לְעֵת הָאֹכֶל at meal-time Ru 2:14; †poet. 17 textual;—food ψ 107:18; of offerings Mal 1:12; partic. food Jb 12:11 (as tasted); 36:31 (as given by God) so ψ 145:15; א׳ לְהָשִׁיב נָ֑פֶשׁ La 1:11 cf. v 19; especially cereals Pr 13:23 Jo 1:16 Hb 3:17; but also flesh ψ 78:18, 30; of food (prey) of wild animals ψ 104:21 (‖ טרף)27; of prey of eagles Jb 9:26; 39:29; ravens 38:41.

† I. רִמּוֹן n.m. Je 52:23 pomegranate (foreign word of doubtful origin, cf. LöwNo. 310 HomA. u. A. 97 ff.; Aramaic רִימּוֹנָא, רוּמָּנָא, ܪܽܘܡܳܢܳܐ, Mand. רומאנא NöM. 123; Arabic رُمَّانٌ (Aramaic loan-word, Frä 142), Ethiopic ሮማን: );—abs. ר׳ 1 S 14:2 +, רִמֹּן Ex 39:26, 26; sf. רִמֹּנִי Ct 8:2; pl. רִמּוֹנִים 1 K 7:20 +, etc.;—pomegranate: 1. tree 1 S 14:2, often + גֶּפֶן, תְּאֵנָה, etc., Nu 20:5 (JE), Dt 8:8; Hg 2:19; Jo 1:12; Ct 4:13; 6:11; 7:13. 2. fruit Nu 13:23 (JE; + עֲנָבִים, תְּאֵנִים); עֲסִיס ר׳ Ct 8:2, פֶּלַח הָר׳ (in sim.) 4:3; 6:7. 3. ornaments in temple, shaped like pomegranates (cf. رُمَّانَة in mod. Syria = epaulet, AlmkvistKl. Beiträge zur Lexicogr., etc. NesMarg. 12), 1 K 7:18 (on text cf. StaZAW iii (1883), 154 f. Kit Benz), v 20, 42(×2) ‖ 2 Ch 3:16; 4:13(×2) 2 K 25:17 = Je 52:22; Je 52:22, 23(×2); so in tabernacle, Ex 28:33, 34(×2); 39:24, 25(×2), 26(×2).

† מַאֲכָל n.m. Ju 14:14 (f. Hb 1:16) food—מ׳ Gn 2:9 + 21 textual; cstr. מַאֲכַל Gn 40:7 + 3 textual; sf. מַאֲכָֽלְךָ Ez 4:10; מַאֲכָלוֹ Hb 1:16; מַאֲכָלָהּ Pr 6:8; מַאֲכַלְכֶם Dn 1:10—food, in genl. Gn 6:21 1 K 10:5 = 2 Ch 9:4 Hg 2:12; opp. drink Ezr 3:7 2 Ch 11:11 Dn 1:10; מַאֲכַל תַּאֲוָה Jb 33:20; fig. of peoples as fishes, food for Chaldeans Hb 1:16; appl. to fruit Gn 2:9; 3:6 (of tree טוֹב לְמ׳) cf. עֵץ־מ׳ Lv 19:23 Dt 20:20 Ne 9:25 Ez 47:12(×2); appl. to דָּגָן Is 62:8 appl.; to honey Ju 14:14; to flour 1 Ch 12:40(41), appos. קֶמַח; to food of ants Pr 6:8 (‖ לָחֶם); to baker’s work Gn 40:17 cf. Ez 4:10; appl. to carcasses, as food for beasts & birds of prey Dt 28:26 ψ 79:2 cf. 44:12 (צֹאן מ׳, sim. of suffering people) Je 7:33; 16:4; 19:7; 34:20 ψ 74:14.

† טֶ֫רֶף n.m. Na 3:1 prey, food; leaf;—טֶרֶף Gn 49:9 +; טָ֑רֶף Jb 4:11 +; sf. טַרְפֵּךְ Na 2:14; טַרְפּוֹ Is 31:4; pl. cstr. טַרְפֵּי Ez 17:9;— 1. prey of lion Am 3:4 Jb 4:11; 38:39 ψ 104:21; metaph. of Judah’s conquests Gn 49:9, Israel like lion Nu 23:24 (both poems in JE); of Assyrians Is 5:29; of Nineveh and its king Na 2:13, 14; 3:1; Israel’s princes (as young lion) Ez 19:3, 6; sim. of false prophet (like lion) 22:25; of princes of Judah v 27; sim. of י’s descending to battle, like lion Is 31:4; cf. ψ 76:5 coming down from mountains of prey (the lion’s lair), but read perhaps עַד, cf. 𝔊 Bi Che crit. n.; fig. of spoil of wicked Jb 29:17, cf. ψ 124:6. 2. food, of outcasts, under fig. of wild ass פֶּרֶא Jb 24:5; of human food (late): for those who fear God ψ 111:5; for household Pr 31:15; in י׳’s house Mal 3:10. 3. leaf, (cf. Gn 8:11) טַרְפֵּי צִמְחָהּ Ez 17:9 metaph. of Judah.

† אָכְלָה17 n.f. food, eating (with some verbal force, cf. DrJPhl. xi.217) only P, & Ez always לְאָכְלָה, 1. especially in phr. like לָכֶם יִהְיֶה לְאָ׳ Gn 1:29; 6:21; 9:3 Lv 11:39; so 25:6 וְהָיְתָה שַׁבַּת הָאָרֶץ לָכֶם לְאָכְלָה; cf. נָתַן" dir="rtl" >נָתַן לְא׳ Gn 1:30 Ex 16:15. 2. devouring, by wild beasts, only fig. of ravaged people Ex 29:5 34:5, 8, 10; 39:4, cf. 35:12. 3. consuming, in fire Ez 15:4, 6, of fire-sacrifice of children 23:37; fig. of judgment of י׳ Ez 21:37; (cf. also inf. of אָכַל).

βρῶμα, ατος, τό, (βιβρώσκω) that which is eaten, food, meat, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ὄψα, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II cavity in a tooth, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 moth-eating, in plural, LXX __III plural, filth, ordure, probably in NT; compare βρῶμος (B).

τροφ-ή, ἡ, (τρέφω) nourishment, food, NT+5th c.BC+; the means of maintaining an army, provisions, forage, τροφὴν παρέχειν Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2 βίου τροφαί way of life, livelihood, living, Refs 5th c.BC+; τροφή alone, δουλίαν ἕξειν τροφήν Refs 5th c.BC+: then, simply, mode of life, δίκην τίνουσαι τῆς προτέρας τ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 that which provides or procures sustenance, as the bow of Philoctetes, χερὶ πάλλων τὰν ἐμὰν μελέου τροφάν Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 a meal, τροφαῖς τέτταρσιν ἐχρῶντο Philem.Refs cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II nurture, rearing, παιδία.. τρέφειν.. τροφήν τινα τοιήνδε Refs 5th c.BC+; χάριν τροφᾶς ἀμείβων variant in Refs 5th c.BC+ while in the nursery, opposed to ἐφηβήσας, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκτίνων τροφάς, much like{τροφεῖα}, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 education, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 rearing or keeping of animals, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III sometimes in Poets for the concrete θρέμμα, brood, νέα τ. a new generation, Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, ἀρνῶν τροφαί, i.e. young lambs, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV a place in which animals are reared, ἰβίων τροφαί Refs 3rd c.BC+

† שְׁאֵר n.m. ψ 73:26 flesh (perhaps orig. the inner flesh, full of blood, next the bones, cf. HoffmZAW iii (1883), 107, and בָּשָׂר = (orig.) flesh next the skin);—שׁ׳ abs. ψ 78:20, 27, cstr. Mi 3:3 +, sf. שְׁאֵרִי Je 51:35 ψ 73:26, etc.;— 1. flesh: a. as food, Ex 21:10 (HPS also 1 S 9:24, for הַנִּשְׁאָר), ψ 78:20 (‖ לֶחֶם), v 27 (‖ עוֹף בָּנָף); fig. Mi 3:2 (‖ עוֹר), v 3 (‖ id.), Je 51:35 (‖ דָּם). b. fig. for physical power ψ 73:26 (+ לֵבָב), Pr 5:11 (+ בָּשָׂר). 2. in HP = flesh- (= blood-) relation (i.e. one near of kin): שְׁאֵר אָבִיךָ Lv 18:12, cf. v 13; 20:19, also 18:17 (read שְׁאֵרְךָ for שַׁאֲרָה, 𝔊 Ew Dr-Wh; cf. Di Baen); + הַקָּרֹב אֵלָיו 21:2 Nu 27:11; שׁ׳ בְּשָׂרוֹ Lv 18:6; 25:49. 3. = self, Pr 11:17 (‖ נֶפֶשׁ).

† I. מָן n.m. Nu 11:9 manna ( = Arabic مَنٌّ, known to Beduin in Sin. Penin.; a juice exuding in heavy drops from twigs (some say also the leaves) of Ṭarfa (Ṭŭrfa) tree (tamarix gallica mannifera) in W. Sin. Penin., end of May and in June, sweet, sticky, honey-like; cf. Di Ex 16:36 RobBR i, 75, 115, 590 EbGS 233 ff., 574 ff. SocZMG xxxv. 1881, 254);—מ׳ abs. Ex 16:15 + 12 times, sf. מַנְךָ Ne 9:20:—manna: וַיֹּאמְרוּ מָן הוּא כִּי לֹא יָֽדְעוּ מַה־הוּא Ex 16:15; v 31, 33, 35(×2) Nu 11:6, 7, 9 (described Ex 16:14, 31 Nu 11:7; accomp. dew Ex 16:14 Nu 11:9); ceased after Israel reached Canaan Jos 5:12(×2); as 2nd acc. הֶאֱכִילְךָ אֶת־הַמָּן Dt 8:3, cf. v 16; וַיּמְטֵר עֲלֵיהֶם מָן לֶאֱכֹל ψ 78:24; וּמַנְךָ לֹא־מָנַעְתָּ מִפִּיהֶם Ne 9:20.

† סָעַד vb. support, sustain, stay (NH id., especially take a meal; Aramaic סְעַד support, stay; Zinj. סעד strengthen Lzb 330, support, perhaps feed Cook85; ChrPalAramaic n. ܣܥܕܘܢܐ aid, SchwallyIdiot. 64; Arabic سَعِدَ, سُعِدَ iii, iv. aid, assist, Lane 1360, سَاعِدٌ forearm Id 1362; Sab. סעד DHM Südar. Alt. p. 16);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וְסָעַד consec. Pr 20:28; Impf. 3 ms. יִסְעָ֑ד 3 fs. sf. תִּסְעָדֵ֫נִי ψ 18:36, read also in ‖ 2 S 22:36, etc.; Imv. ms. סְעָד Ju 19:5 (on—ָ prob. ŏ, by error, v. Köi 261 f. GFMad loc.), סְעָד־נָא v 8 (cf. id.), וּסֳעָ֑דָה 1 K 13:7; sf. סְעָדֵנִי ψ 119:117; Inf. cstr. sf. וּלְסַעֲדָהּ Is 9:6;—support, sustain, always fig.: 1. sustain, stay, the heart (cf. לֵבָב 8, לֵב 8), with food Gn 18:5 (J), Ju 19:5 (c. 2 acc.), v 8, ψ 104:15; obj. om. 1 K 13:7. 2. a. support throne (subj. kg.) Pr 20:28, coming ruler Is 9:6. b. support, uphold c. acc. pers. (subj. י׳, his hand etc.) ψ 18:36 + ‖ 2 S 22:36 (v supr.), ψ 20:3; 41:4; 94:18; 119:117.

† צֵידָה n.f. id.;—abs. צ׳ Jos 9:11 + 2 times; צֵדָה Gn 42:25 + 5 times;—provision for journey, march, Gn 42:25; 45:21 Ex 12:39 (all E), Jos 1:11 (D), 9:11 (JE), Ju 7:8 (text dub. cf. GFM), 20:10 1 S 22:10; supply of food ψ 78:25.—Gn 27:3 v. i. צַיִד, sub צוד.

βρῶσις, εως, ἡ, Epic dialect βρώσ-ιος Refs 8th c.BC+: (βιβρώσκω):— meat, opposed to πόσις, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 pasture, προβάτων Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II eating, παίδων Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 taste, flavour, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.3 corrosion, rust, NT; decay, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† מִחְיָה n.f. preservation of life, sustenance, מ׳ Gn 45:5 + 4 times; cstr. מִחְיַת Lv 13:10, 24; sf. מִחְיָתֶ֑ךָ Ju 17:10;— 1. preservation of life Gn 45:5 (E), 2 Ch 14:12. 2. sustenance Ju 6:4; 17:10. 3. reviving, Ezr 9:8, 9. 4. the quick (בָּשָׂר) מִחְיַת the quick (or raw spot) of the flesh Lv 13:10, 24 (P).

† [מַטְעָם] n.m. only pl. tasty or savoury food, dainties—מַטְעַמִּים Gn 27:4, 7, 9, 14, 17, 31 (all J); sf. מַטְעַמּוֹתָיו Pr 23:3; מַטְעַמֹּתָיו v 6.

† אֲרֻחָה n.f. meal, allowance (of food) abs. Je 40:5; cstr. אֲרֻחַת יָרָק Pr 15:17 a portion of herbs, i.e. a slender meal; elsewhere of allowance given to captive king Jehoiachin, א׳ תָּמִיד a continual allowance 2 K 25:30 = Je 52:34; אֲרֻחָתוֹ ib. = id.

† לוּשׁ vb. knead (NH id.; Aramaic לוּשׁ, ܠܳܫ, Ethiopic ሎሠ: or ሎሰ: );— Qal Impf. 3 fs. וַּתָּ֫לָשׁ 1 S 28:24; 2 S 13:8 Qr (Kt ושׁ-); Imv. fs. ל֫וּשִׁי Gn 18:6; Inf. cstr. מִלּוּשׁ Ho 7:4; Pt. fpl. לָשׁוֹת Je 7:18;—knead (obj. not expr. = קֶמַח סֹלֶת) Gn 18:6 (J), cf. 1 S 28:24; obj. בָּצֵק dough Ho 7:4; Je 7:18 cf. 2 S 13:8.

† בָּצֵק n.[m.] dough—בָּצֵק Ex 12:39 + 4 times; sf. בְּצֵקוֹ Ex 12:34;—dough, not fermented Ex 12:34, 39 (E); no restriction 2 S 13:8 Ho 7:4 Je 7:18.

δειπν-έω, future -ήσωRefs 5th c.BC+, -ήσομαι Refs 1st c.BC+aorist ἐδείπνησα, Epic dialect δείπνησα Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect δεδείπνηκα Refs 5th c.BC+; Attic dialect 1st pers. plural δεδείπναμεν Refs 4th c.BC+; infinitive δεδειπνάναι Refs 5th c.BC+: pluperfect ἐδεδειπνήκεσαν Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect δεδειπνήκειν Refs 8th c.BC+:—make a meal, Refs 8th c.BC+: in Attic dialect always, take the chief meal, dine, once in Trag., δειπνεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. τὸ ἄριστον make breakfast serve as dinner, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. παρά τινι with one, Refs 5th c.BC+; [ἐν πρυτανείῳ] Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 with accusative, δ. ἄρτον make a meal on bread, Refs 8th c.BC+; δ. τἀλλότρια, of parasites, frequently in Comedy texts,Refs 5th c.BC+ __II active, entertain, τινάς Refs

μάννᾰ, ἡ, μάννα λιβάνου frankincense powder or granules, Refs 1st c.AD+; but μ. λιβανωτοῦ gum of λίβανος, Refs 4th c.BC+; μ. alone, of the powder, Refs 5th c.BC+; ={λιβάνου τὸ λεπτόν}, Refs __II μάννα, τό, = Hebrew mān, manna, LXX+1st c.AD+

† אֲשִׁישָׁה n.f. (pressed) raisin-cake—א׳ 2 S 6:19 1 Ch 16:3 distributed, with other viands, to people, especially as stimulating, pl. אֲשִׁישׁוֹת Ct 2:5; more explicitly אֲשִׁישֵׁי עֲנָבִים Ho 3:1 used in sacrificial feasts (cf. RSOTJC Lect. xi. n. 7); אֲשִׁישֵׁי קִיר חֲרֶשֶׂת Is 16:7, i.e. the raisin-cakes which were an article of trade at Qir-ḥareseth (taken by Thes al. = foundations, i.e. foundations exposed by ruin, from [אָשִׁישׁ] with such a meaning).

† [מַעֲדָן] n.[m.] dainty (food), delight;—only pl.;—מַעֲדַנֵּי מֶלֶךְ Gn 49:20 (poem) royal dainties; הָאֹכְלִים לְמַעֲדַנִּים La 4:5 those who ate (according to dainties) daintily; more gen. וְיִתֵּן מַעֲדַנִּים לְנַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Pr 29:17 he shall give delight to thy soul (‖ וִינִיתֶ֑ךָ).—מַעֲדַנּוֹת, v. p. 588 and p. 772.

† [עֲדָשָׁה] n.f. lentile (NH עֲדָשָׁה id.; LöwNo. 140; Arabic عَدَسٌ; on formation v. LagBN 50);—pl. עֲדָשִׁים growing 2 S 23:11; art. of food, 2 S 17:28; Ez 4:9; נְוִיד ע׳ Gn 25:34 (J) pottage of lentiles.

† [עֲרִיסָה] n.f. meaning dub., usually coarse meal; 𝔊 AV RV dough, so Toy (with?) (NH עַרְסָן barley-meal; Syriac ܐܰܪܣܳܢܳܐ (in Lexx) hulled barley, or (cf. LagGGN 1889, 301 f.) wheat); > Sm Ez Co Ez kneading-trough (so NH עֲרִיסָה Jastr; appar. secondary, עֲרִיסָה also [bed], cradle, v. ערשׂ);—only רֵאשִׁית עֲרִיסֹתֵיכֶם Ez 44:30, ר׳ עֲרִיסֹתֵינוּ Ne 10:38; ר׳ עֲרִסֹתֵיכֶם Nu 15:20, 21 (P).

† פּוֹל n.[m.]coll. beans (NH = BH; Arabic فُولٌ; Ethiopic ፋል 𝔗 פּוֹלָא);—2 S 17:28; Ez 4:9, 𝔊 κύαμος.

† II. [צַ֫יִד] n.[m.] provision, food;—abs. צָ֑יִד Ne 13:15; sf. צֵידוֹ Jb 38:41, etc.;—provision taken on journey Jos 9:14, לֶחֶם צֵידָם v 5 (both JE); more gen. (late), food, food-supply, Ne 13:15 ψ 132:15, of raven Jb 38:41.—i. צַיִד v. צוד.

† [צִמּוּק] n.m. 1 S 30:12 bunch of raisins (dried grapes);—pl. צִמֻּקִים 1 S 25:18; 30:12, צִמּוּקִים 2 S 16:1; 1 Ch 12:41 (van d. H. v 40).

ἀριστάω, infinitive ἀριστᾶν, Ionic dialect -ῆνRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἠρίστηκαRefs 5th c.BC+; of this tense the Comedy texts also used I plural ἠρίσταμενRefs 5th c.BC+, infinitive ἠριστάναιRefs 5th c.BC+ — passive, perfect ἠρίστημαι, see below [ᾱρ Refs 5th c.BC+; ᾰρ only late, Refs 6th c.AD+]:—take the ἄριστον or midday meal, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἠρίστων, opposed to ἐδείπνουν, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative of things, breakfast on, ἴα καὶ ῥόδαRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect passive impersonal, ἠρίστηται δ᾽ ἐξαρκούντωςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 eat a second meal, opposed to μονοσιτέω, Refs 5th c.BC+

ἀρτύω Refs 8th c.BC+, imperfect ἤρτῠονRefs 8th c.BC+, the only tenses in Refs 8th c.BC+future ἀρτύσω [ῡ] Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἤρτῡσαRefs 5th c.BC+perfect ἤρτῡκα (κατ-) Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, perfect ἤρτῡμαιRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ἠρτύθην [ῡ] Refs 2nd c.AD+ —like ἀρτύνω, arrange, prepare, make ready, of things requiring skill or cunning, e.g. of a smith, τὰ δ᾽ ἤρτυεRefs 8th c.BC+ __II in culinary sense, dress savoury meat, season, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, κίχλαι.. εἰς ἀνάβραστ᾽ ἠρτυμέναιRefs 5th c.BC+ __III administer property, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV bequeath, Refs

† בִּרְיָה n.f. food 2 S 13:5, 7, 10; Ez 34:20 v. בָּרִיא.

† מָרָק (van d. H. מָרַק) n.m. juice stewed out of meat, or broth (on form cf. LagBN 50);—וְהַמָּרָק שָׂם בַּפָּרוּר (וְהַמָּרַק Bomb.) Ju 6:19 (v. GFM); וְאֶת־הַמָּרָק שְׁפוֹךְ v 20; cstr. מְרַק Is 65:4 Qr, so Vrss (Kt פרק) broth of unclean things.

† [נִקּוּד] n.[m.] perhaps what is crumbled or easily crumbles, crumb (cf. נְקֻדָּה);—only pl. 1. crumbs: כֹּל לֶחֶם צֵידָם יָבֵשׁ֭ הָיָה נִקֻּדִים Jos 9:5 all the bread of their provision was dry (and) become crumbs (𝔊 βεβρωμένος[οι]; 𝔙 in frusta comminuti), cf. יָבֵשׁ וְהָיָה נ׳ v 12 (v. Di Benn). 2. appar. a kind of (hard) biscuit or cake 1 K 14:3 (brought as present; + לֶחֶם, etc.).

ἄγρα, Ionic dialect ἄγρη, ἡ, hunting, the chase, (never in Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 way of catching, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II quarry, prey, Refs 8th c.BC+; game, Refs 5th c.BC+; of fish, draught, take, NT+4th c.BC+ __III Ἄγρα, ἡ, title of Artemis at Athens, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἐν Ἄγρας (i.e. μυστήρια) Refs 2nd c.AD+ — also Ἄγραι, αἱ, the precinct of Artemis Agra, Refs 2nd c.AD+

ἄλευρον · τάφος __BRefs 5th c.AD+

ἀλήθω [ᾰ], = Attic dialect ἀλέω (A), mostly present (and imperfect, LXX+5th c.BC+; probably in Refs 3rd c.BC+: aorist participle passive ἀλησθένRefs

† I. גַּד n.m. coriander (NH גִּיד, Aramaic גִּידָּא; connexion with above √ dub.; v. further LöwNo. 155)—זֶרַע גַּד Ex 16:31 Nu 11:7, sim. of manna.

† מָזוֹן n.m. food, sustenance (so Talm Biblical Aramaic Syriac)—בָּר וָלֶחֶם וּמָזוֹן Gn 45:23 (Di ‘מ׳ rather an Aramaic word; perhaps later gloss for orig. צֵדָה v 21; 42:25’); הַמָּזוֹן לָרֹב 2 Ch 11:23.

† מָזוֹן (K§ 15 a) n.[m.] food (𝔗 Syriac);—abs. מ׳ Dn 4:9, 18.

† [פֹּת] n.[f.] pl. הַפֹּתוֹת לְדַלְתוֹת הַבַּיִת 1 K 7:50 i.e. prob. the sockets above and below, in which the door-pivots turned (performing office of mod. hinges); sg. sf. פָּתְהֵן Is 3:17 (Ges§ 91 f), prob., si vera l., their secret parts, cardo femina (so Thes and most); but read perhaps חֶרְפַּתְהֵן BachmSK. 1894, 650 Kit (in Di) Marti; > פִּאַתְהֵן StaZAW vi (1886), 336, cf. 𝔙 Di.

† I. תָּפֵל adj. tasteless, unseasoned;—abs. ת׳, as subst. Jb 6:6; fig. of unsatisfying prophecies La 2:14 (+ שָׁוְא).

ἄνηθον or ἄννηθον, τό, Aeolic dialect ἄνητον Refs 7th c.BC+:— dill, Anethum graveolens, NT+5th c.BC+

βρώσιμος, ον, eatable, NT+4th c.BC+

διατροφή, ἡ, sustenance and support, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷ τέρατι [the Minotaur] πρὸς διατροφὴν κατασκευάσαι λαβύρινθον Refs 1st c.BC+: plural, means of subsistence, NT

ἐπισῑτ-ισμός, ὁ, furnishing oneself with provisions, foraging, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2. stock or store of provisions,NT+4th c.BC+; ἔχοντες ἐπισιτις μὸν ἡμερῶν μ Philipp. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+

προσφάγιον [ᾰ], τό, (προσφάζω) __B victim sacrificed beforehand, Refs 5th c.BC+

σῑτ-ευτός, ή, όν, fed up, fatted, παῖδες Refs 5th c.BC+; of beasts, NT+4th c.BC+

σῑτομετρ-ία, ἡ, measured allowance of corn, rations, Refs 3rd c.BC+, Mélanges Glotz Refs 2nd c.BC+: so σῑτομέτρ-ιον, τό, NT; ἔπαρχος -μετρίου δήμου Ῥωμαίων, = Latin praefectus annonae, Refs; σῑτομέτρ-μετρον, τό, Refs 1st c.AD+

χόρτ-ασμα, ατος, τό, mostly in plural, fodder, forage, for cattle, LXX+3rd c.BC+ __2 food for men, NT

ᾠόν, τό, old poetry forms ὤεον, ὤιον, see entry near the end:— egg, τίκτει ᾠὰ ἐν γῇ καὶ ἐκλέπει [ὁ κροκόδειλος] Refs 5th c.BC+; of all birds, Refs 4th c.BC+; but mostly of hens' eggs, Refs 5th c.BC+; [ᾠοῦ] τὸ λευκόν, τὸ ὠχρόν, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ πυρρόν, τὸ χρυσοῦν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ᾠὰ ἡμιπαγέα half-boiled eggs, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἑφθά, ὠμά, Refs 4th c.BC+; ᾠὰ γόνιμα fertile eggs, opposed to ὑπηνέμια, ἄγονα, Refs 4th c.BC+; ᾠὸν τέλειον, opposed to ἀτελές, Refs; ᾠὸν ἀνεμιαῖον, ζεφύριον, wind-egg, Refs 5th c.BC+; σμύρνης ᾠ. lump, Refs 6th c.BC+ he has become bald as an egg, Refs __2 of the eggs or spawn of fish, Refs 5th c.BC+; of serpents, Refs; of tortoises, Refs __3 of plants, seed, Refs __4 cupping-glass, τὰ ἰατρικὰ ᾠὰ ὑέλινα ὄντακαὶ σύστομα Refs 2nd c.BC+Prooem.: egg-shaped cup, Refs 4th c.BC+. The word has the following forms: Attic dialect ᾠόν (- ?~X), confirmed by Inscrr. ὠιῶν Refs 3rd c.BC+, Papyri (ὠιὰ χήνεα Refs 3rd c.BC+, and later Mss.; Aeolic dialect ὤιον, genitive ὠίω (¯ ?~X ?~X ¯), Refs 7th c.BC+; ὤεον lbyc.16, Refs 7th c.BC+; ὤβεον is Argive accusative to Refs 5th c.AD+; ᾠόν oxytone accusative to Refs 9th c.AD+ which Latin ovum would lead us to expect, is found only in late texts LXX+NT and is due to loss of the ι in Refs 2nd c.BC+; cognate with Latin ovum, OHGei, ONorse egg (prim. Germanic aiia -), whence Engl. examples

† אֲבַטִּחִים n.[m.]pl. water-melons (Mish. אבטיח, Sam. ࠁࠈࠉࠇ; cf. LöwNo. 297; Arabic بِطِّيخٌ etc.; perhaps loan-word in Heb. cf. Sta§ 258; mod. Egyptian baṭṭich, biṭṭich cf. reff. in Di Nu 11:5; on formation cf. LagBN 10, who comp. Ethiopic aqṭala)—Egyptian fruit, הָא׳ Nu 11:5 (‖ הִקִּשֻּׁאִים, הֶֽחָצִיר, הַבְּצָלִים, הַשּׁוּמִים); 𝔊 τοὺς πέπονας.

† אֱגוֹז n.[m.] nuts (coll. (NH id., אַמְגּוֹזָא, Ar. جَوْزٌ, Eth. ገውዝ Aramaic ܓܰܘܙ, אֱגוּזָא; cf. Pers. گوز, whence prob. אֱגוֹז as loan-word) Ct 6:11.

† אֲכִילָה n.f. an eating, a meal 1 K 19:8 (on form v. BaNB 136).

† בָּטְנִים n.[m.]pl. pistachio, an oval nut (cf. Assyrian buṭnu COTGloss & Schr mbak 1881, 419, Aramaic בּוּטְנָא, ܒܶܛܡܬܳܐ, Arabic بُطْمٌ; on Punic βουτνούμ Blau ZMG 1873, 527) = pistacia terebinthus RobBR i. 208, ii. 222, PostPEF Oct. 1888, 218, No. 214 f.; Tr. Vict. Inst. xxii. 271 etc. (pist. vera Löw No. 44); Gn 43:11 one of the articles carried from Canaan to Egypt by sons of Jacob as present to Joseph; still a delicacy in Egypt and Syria, cf. Wetzst in Löw p. 420.

† [בָּצָל] n.m. onion (NH בָּצֵל or בֶּ֫צֶל, Arabic بَصَلٌ, Ethiopic በጸል Aramaic בּוּצְלָא, ܒܶܨܠܴܐ )—בְּצָלִים Nu 11:5 (אֵת הַקִּשֻּׁאִים וְאֵת הָאֲבַטִּחִים וְאֶת־הֶחָצִיר וְאֶת־הַבּ׳ וְאֵת־הַשּׁוּמִים).

† [בָּרוּת] n.f. food; בְּבָרוּתִי ψ 69:22 in (or as) my food.

† חֲבִתִּים n.[m.]pl. (NH id.)—some kind of flat cakes, or bread-wafers, only מַעֲשֵׂה הַח׳ 1 Ch 9:31.

† מַכֹּ֫לֶת n.f. food-stuff, consisting in חִטִּים, 1 K 5:25 (on form v. Bö§ 415 Sta§ 112 a. 2) so read also ‖ 2 Ch 2:9 (MT מַכּוֹת).

† [מַנְעַמִּים] n.[m.]pl. delicacies, dainties;—only sf. וּבַל־אֶלְחַם בְּמַנְעַמֵּיהֶם ψ 141:4.

† [עוּג] vb.denom. bake (a cake; lit. make a cake of);— Qal Impf. 2 ms. sf. 3 fs. תְּעֻגֶנָֿה (so Baer Ginsb, > van d. H. תְּעֻגֶּנָּה) thou shalt bake it (on form v. Köi. 496 f. Ges§ 58 k) Ez 4:12.

† פַּנַּג n.[m.] unknown word, appar. some kind of food; חִטֵּי מִנִּית וּפ׳ וּדְבַשׁ וגו׳ Ez 27:17; Vrss conject.; Co proposes וְדוֹנַג, so Hoffm Ph. Inschr. 15 Krae Berthol (‘perhaps’).

† [צִיד] vb.denom. Hithp. supply oneself with provisions, take as one’s provision;—Pf. 1 pl. הִצְטַיַּדְנוּ Jos 9:12 this bread we took as our provision; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּצְטַיָּ֑דוּ v 4 (so read for MT וַיִּצְטַיָּ֑רוּ, Codd Vrss Thes al.), abs.

† [צִיד] vb.denom. Hithp. supply oneself with provisions, take as one’s provision;—Pf. 1 pl. הִצְטַיַּדְנוּ Jos 9:12 this bread we took as our provision; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּצְטַיָּ֑דוּ v 4 (so read for MT וַיִּצְטַיָּ֑רוּ, Codd Vrss Thes al.), abs.

† צַפִּיחִת n.f. flat cake, wafer;—Ex 16:31.

† [קִשֻּׁאָה, Löw p. 330] n.f. cucumber;—pl. קִשֻּׁאִים Nu 11:5.

† [שׁוּם] n.[m.] garlic;—pl. שׁוּמִים Nu 11:5 (J) (allium sativum, Linn, Thes Löw No. 336 Post Hast. DB ii. 110 TristrNHB 448 (or allium Ascalonicum, cf. Buhl, after TristrFFP 430; v. this and PostFlora 789 for many kinds of allium); Arabic ثُومٌ, Aramaic תּוּמָא, ܬܘܽܡܳܐ,, Assyrian šûmu).