H7990 H7990
Ruling, having dominion; as adjective: exercising authority or mastery; as noun: a ruler, captain; also permitted, authorized.
An Aramaic adjective describing one who holds mastery or exercises governing power. In Daniel it characterizes God as the one who rules over human kingdoms (Dan 4:17, 25) and designates human officials such as captains and rulers (Dan 2:10, 15). The word carries a second, distinct nuance in Ezra 7:24 where it shifts from political authority to legal permission -- 'it is not authorized' to impose tax. Spanish 'domina/dominan' and French 'domination/puissant' consistently reflect the governing-power sense, while the Ezra passage stands apart across all languages as an impersonal construction of lawfulness.
Senses
1. ruling, having authority — The core adjectival sense: one who rules, exercises mastery, or holds governing authority. Used predicatively of God who rules over the realm of mankind (Dan 4:17, 25, 29; 5:21) and of the heavens that rule (Dan 4:23), and substantivally for human officials -- rulers (Dan 2:10; 5:29) and a captain (Dan 2:15). Multilingual glosses converge on dominion vocabulary: Spanish 'domina,' French 'puissant,' German 'Herrscher.' The Ezra 4:20 use of mighty kings who 'ruled over' (ב) the region fits this same governing sense. 9×
AR["سَلِيطًا", "سَلِيطٌ", "سُلْطَانِ", "وَ-سُلْطَانٍ", "وَ-مُسَلَّطُونَ"]·ben["আর-শাসনকারী", "এবং-শাসক", "শাসককে", "শাসন-করেন", "শাসনকারী"]·DE["Herrschaft", "Herrscher", "[ושליטין]", "und-Herrscher"]·EN["and-ruler", "and-ruling", "captain", "rule", "ruler", "rules"]·FR["[ושליטין]", "domination", "et-puissant", "puissant"]·heb["ו-שליט", "ו-שליטין", "שליט", "שליטא", "שליטים"]·HI["अधिकारी", "और-जिन्होंने-शासन-किया", "और-शक्तिशाली", "प्रभुता-करता-है", "प्रभुता-करते-हैं", "शासक"]·ID["berkuasa", "dan-berkuasa", "dan-penguasa", "pejabat", "penguasa"]·IT["[ושליטין]", "dominio", "e-sovrano", "sovrano"]·jav["ing-sadaya", "lan-panguwaos", "nguwaosi", "ngwaosi", "panguwaos", "panguwasa"]·KO["관리여", "그리고-다스리는자들", "그리고-통치자가", "다스리는-자", "다스리신다", "다스리심-을"]·PT["comandante-de", "domina", "dominam", "e-governando", "e-soberano", "governador"]·RU["властвует", "властвуют", "властвующий", "и-владыка", "и-властвовали", "начальнику"]·ES["domina", "dominan", "el-oficial-de", "gobernante", "y-gobernando", "y-poderoso"]·SW["anatawala", "mkuu", "mtawala", "na-mtawala", "na-wakatawala", "zinatawala"]·TR["egemendir", "komutan", "ve-güçlü", "ve-hukmeden", "yöneten"]·urd["اور-حاکم", "اور-حکمران", "حاکم", "حکمران", "حکمران-ہیں", "حکمران-ہے"]
2. permitted, having power/right — A semantic extension from 'having authority' to 'having the right or permission,' yielding the impersonal sense 'it is permitted, it is authorized.' Attested once at Ezra 7:24 in Artaxerxes' decree forbidding the imposition of tax on temple personnel. Spanish 'está-permitido' and English 'permitted' capture this shift from political power to legal authorization, a usage well attested in Syriac cognates where the same root regularly means 'it is lawful.' 1×
AR["يُسْمَح"]·ben["অধিকার-আছে"]·DE["[שליט]"]·EN["permitted"]·FR["[שליט]"]·heb["שליט"]·HI["उचित-होगा"]·ID["boleh"]·IT["[שליט]"]·jav["saged"]·KO["허락된"]·PT["é-permitido"]·RU["дозволено"]·ES["está-permitido"]·SW["halali"]·TR["yetkili"]·urd["اختیار"]
Related Senses
H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)H3541 1. thus, so, in this manner (569×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† שַׁלִּיט adj. having mastery, ruling;—abs. שׁ׳ Ezr 7:24 +, emph. א—ָ Dn 2:15; mpl. שְׁלִיטִין Ezr 4:20, -טִן Dn 4:23;— 1. having, exercising, mastery: a. of God, sq. ב, Dn 4:14, 22, 29; 5:21; abs., of heavens 4:23. b. of kings Ezr 4:20 (ב). 2. as n. = ruler Dn 2:10; 5:29, captain Dn 2:15. 3. having authority to do a thing (Inf.), hence impers. = it is authorized, Ezr 7:24 (so often in Syriac; cf. S-CA 11 + אנת שליט למבנה).