H7761 H7761
To set, place, or establish; to issue a decree; to appoint someone to a position. Aramaic cognate of Hebrew שׂוּם/שִׂים.
An Aramaic verb appearing almost exclusively in Ezra and Daniel, where royal administration is the backdrop. Its most common use involves decrees: a king 'sets' (issues) a command, or a decree 'is set' (established). But it also covers physical placement—Cyrus 'placed' temple vessels back in Jerusalem (Ezra 5:14)—and personal appointment, as when a chief is 'made' over a group. Spanish 'poner/puso' and French 'placer/établir' reflect the same breadth from physical setting to legal enactment.
Senses
1. put, place, set — The core active meaning: to put, place, or set something in position, including the specialized legal sense of issuing or promulgating a decree. Ezra 5:3 asks 'Who set you a decree to build?' and Ezra 6:1 records Darius ordering a search. French 'placer' and Spanish 'ha puesto' confirm the literal spatial root, while 'établir' captures the extended administrative force. The idiom שִׂים טְעֵם ('set a decree') is the signature collocation. 12×
AR["أَصْدَرَ", "أَصْدَرْتُ", "أَصْدِرُوا", "سَمَّاهُ-", "وَضَعَ", "وَضَعْتَ", "يَضَعُوا", "يَضَعْ"]·ben["দাও", "দিয়েছি", "দিয়েছে", "দিয়েছেন", "দিলেন", "রাখলেন", "রাখেনি", "রেখেছিলেন-", "রেখেছে"]·DE["Name", "[שימו]", "[שמת]", "sein-Name", "setzen"]·EN["gave", "have-made", "made", "placed", "set", "set-"]·FR["il-a-placé", "nom", "placer", "son-nom", "établir"]·heb["שימו", "שם", "שמו", "שמת"]·HI["जारी-किया", "जारी-किया-है", "दिया", "दिया-है", "दो", "रखा", "रखा-है", "रखा-है-तूने"]·ID["keluarkanlah", "memberi", "menaruh", "menetapkan", "mengeluarkan"]·IT["il-suo-nome", "là", "nome", "stabilire"]·jav["damelaken", "dhateng-panjenengan", "dhawuh", "maringi", "maringi-", "netepaken", "nggatosaken", "ngrumaosi", "sampun-maringi"]·KO["내렸다", "놓아라", "놓았다", "두었나이다", "두었더니", "두지", "지었음이라-"]·PT["colocai", "deram", "deu", "emiti", "emitiu", "fez", "puseste", "pôs", "pôs-"]·RU["дайте", "дал", "дал-", "обратил", "положил", "положили", "поставил"]·ES["dad", "ha-puesto", "he-puesto", "pusieron", "pusiste", "puso"]·SW["akaweka", "alimwita-", "alitoa", "aliwapa", "nimetoa", "toeni", "ulitoa", "weka"]·TR["koydu", "koydu-", "koydular", "koydun", "verdi", "verdim", "verin"]·urd["دو", "رکھا", "رکھا-", "رکھتے", "لگایا", "ڑالا-تو-نے", "کرتا"]
2. be placed, be set (Nifal) — The Nifal passive: to be placed, set, or issued. Decrees 'are made,' funds 'are set' aside, and permissions 'are given.' Ezra 4:19 reports that 'a decree was issued' to search the archives, and Ezra 6:11 warns of punishment if the decree 'is violated.' Spanish 'fue puesto/fue puesta' and German 'setzen' in passive contexts track the same grammatical transformation from active placement to passive reception. 10×
AR["صَدَرَ", "وَ-وُضِعَ", "وُضِعَ", "يُوضَعُ"]·ben["এবং-রাখা-হল", "দেওয়া-হয়েছিল", "দেওয়া-হয়েছে", "দেওয়া-হল", "রাখা-হয়েছে", "রাখা-হল"]·DE["setzen", "setzte", "und-setzen"]·EN["and-was-laid", "is-made", "placed", "set", "was-made"]·FR["et-placer", "placer", "établir"]·heb["הונח", "הושם", "ו-הונחה", "שים"]·HI["और-रखा-गया", "जारी-किया-था", "जारी-किया-है", "दिया-आदेश", "रखा-गया", "रखा-गया-है"]·ID["dan-ditaruh", "dikeluarkan", "ditetapkan"]·IT["e-stabilire", "stabilire"]·jav["dipun-damel", "dipun-pasang", "dipundamel", "griya", "lan-dipunsèlèhaken", "maringi"]·KO["그리고-놓였더니", "내려진", "내렸다", "놓여졌다"]·PT["e-foi-posta", "foi-dado", "foi-emitido", "foi-posto", "posto", "é-dado"]·RU["дан", "даю", "и-положили", "поставлен"]·ES["fue-puesta", "fue-puesto", "ha-sido-puesto", "se-pone", "y-fue-puesta"]·SW["ilitolewa", "imetolewa", "na-likawekwa", "nilitoa", "nimetoa"]·TR["konuldu", "ve-konuldu", "verildi", "verilmis"]·urd["اور-رکھا-گیا", "حکم", "دیا-گیا", "رکھا", "صادر-ہوتا-ہے", "ڈالا-گیا"]
3. be placed, be made (Hitpael) — The Hitpael medio-passive, expressing the process of being placed or established with reflexive nuance. In Daniel 2:5, the king's word 'is issued' (irrevocably set forth), and in Ezra 5:8, the work 'is being done' (literally 'being placed/carried out'). This stem adds procedural emphasis—something is in the act of being established—distinguishing it from the simple Nifal result state. 3×
AR["تُجْعَلُ", "يُصْدَرُ", "يُوضَع"]·ben["করা-হবে", "দেওয়া-হয়", "রাখা-হচ্ছে"]·DE["[יתשם]", "[מתשם]", "setzen"]·EN["being-placed", "is-made", "will-be-made"]·FR["placer", "établir"]·heb["יושמו", "יתשם", "מתשם"]·HI["किए-जाएंगे", "दिया-जाए", "रखी-जा-रही-है"]·ID["akan-dijadikan", "dikeluarkan", "ditempatkan"]·IT["stabilire"]·jav["badhe-dipun-damel", "dipun-damel", "ing-tembok"]·KO["놓여지라", "놓여진다", "될-것이다"]·PT["está-sendo-colocada", "seja-posto", "serão-feitas"]·RU["будут-сделаны", "кладётся", "не-будет-дан"]·ES["puesta", "sea-dada.", "serán-convertidas"]·SW["itatolewa", "zinawekwa", "zitafanywa"]·TR["konuluyor", "verilsin", "yapılacak"]·urd["بنائے-جائیں-گے", "دیا-جائے", "رکھی-جاتی-ہے"]
4. appoint, make someone as — A Qal usage with a personal object: to appoint or constitute someone to a role. Ezra 5:14 records that Cyrus 'appointed' Sheshbazzar as governor. Spanish 'puso' (he placed/appointed) and French 'établir' both handle this personnel sense naturally, showing how the physical metaphor of 'setting' someone in place extends to formal investiture in office. 1×
AR["جَعَلَهُ"]·ben["নিযুক্ত-করা-হয়েছিল"]·DE["[שמה]"]·EN["appointed"]·FR["établir"]·heb["שמה-ו"]·HI["उसने-बनाया-था"]·ID["diangkatnya"]·IT["stabilire"]·KO["세웠다-그-를"]·PT["o-nomeou"]·RU["поставил-его"]·ES["puso."]·SW["alimweka"]·TR["atamisti-onu"]·urd["مقرر-کیا-اُسے"]
Related Senses
H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)H8033 1. There (locative adverb) (835×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
[שׂוּם], שִׂים vb. set, make (v. BH; for Pers. infl. on usage cf. Scheft65);— Pe. Pf. 3 ms. שָׂם Ezr 5:3 +, sf. שָׂמֵהּ 5:14; 2 ms. שַׂ֫מְתָּ Dn 3:10; 1 s. שָׂ֫מֶת טְעֵם Ezr 6:12; 3 mpl. שָׂמוּ Dn 3:12; Imv. mpl. שִׂ֫ימוּ Ezr 4:21;— 1. make, acc. טְעֵם = make decree Dn 3:10; Ezr 6:1, 12, + vb. fin. v 3, + inf. 4:21; 5:13 and (c. ל pers.) v 3, 9. 2. make, appoint, one’s name Dn 5:12 (2 acc.), one…